ASAP Portfolio

Home , Bioline International, Copernicus Publications, History of open access, Jeremy Farrar, Open Book Publishers

For a digital version and more information about the Accelerating Science Award Program, visit asap.plos.org

innovationclosedopenaccessdelayed globalingenuityknowledgejobcreation barriervisionarybusinessespublichealth advocateembargoedeconomicengine unlockcontentleadershipimpactremix restrictedpossibilities constrained curation transformglobalsiloedsharecollaboration breakthrough unrestrictedadvancediscovery benefitsocietyopendatacitizenscience This portfolio and its contents are Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons limitedconstrainedsiloedsubscription Attribution License (CC BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Published 2013.

13396_ASAP_Cvr_CS6.r3.indd 1 10/10/13 8:21 AM Health Research Alliance Logo Final Blue = PMS 293 (100%C, 56%M, 0%Y,0%K) (0R,107G,182B) (Web#0066CC Gray = PMS Cool Gray 7 (0%C, 56%M, 0%Y,46%K)(138R, 138G,138B)(Web#8A8A8A)

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How the unrestricted exchange of information can advance science and medicine and benefit society

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An Introduction...... 7

Accelerating Science Award Program (ASAP)...... 11

. Finalists...... 12

. Award.Recipients...... 14

. Honorable.Mention...... 20

. Recognizing.the.Original.Open.Access.Research...... 27

. The.Judges...... 30

. ASAP.Sponsors...... 32

The Economy of Open Access...... 39

Major.Sponsors

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Policies that mobilize these [peer-reviewed] publications and data for reuse will accelerate scientific breakthroughs and innovation, promote entrepreneurship, and enhance economic growth and job creation.”

— John P. Holdren, Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy, announcing the White House Directive to promote Open Access, February 2013

13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 6 10/8/13 3:11 PM accelerating science award program An Introduction

hose familiar with the Yet even today, Open Access still has history of Open Access its work cut out to convince skeptics. and the meeting in That’s why it’s so important to cele- Budapest in December brate the successes of Open Access 2001 will know it was a and its achievements. Tlandmark moment. By the end of this With the Accelerating Science Awards seminal event, the possibilities of Program (ASAP), we celebrate people Open Access had become obvious. and examples where the very open- Elizabeth Marincola With Open Access, anyone, whether ness of Open Access helps Chief Executive Officer a research specialist or a member of spur innovation. of PLOS the general public, would have the full As you glance over this portfolio benefit of new scientific knowledge, of stories where scientific research over the Internet, without paywalls or published through Open Access was barriers. The excitement was palpable. so instrumental, it’s hard to imagine But not everybody was convinced why we would have knowledge about Open Access. What started as creation any other way. skepticism among some traditional Open Access publishing stimulates publishers gradually turned to fear an economic engine that creates jobs that the publishing industry would and new businesses worldwide. This unravel, and with it, proper knowledge portfolio features examples of these curation and validation. high-impact results. And there was more: jobs would be So, here’s to celebrating ingenuity and lost – indeed, the whole publishing with it, the desire to share its benefits industry could collapse, leading to with the world. the exact opposite of what the Budapest principles were intended And just as important, here’s to to achieve. celebrating the vision, courage and energy of the Budapest signatories In short, according to the pessimists, and all the many individuals and any benefits would be short-lived. organizations that blazed the path. More than a decade after the Buda- pest Declaration, it is clear that those fears were unfounded.

13396_ASAP_CS6.r1.indd 7 10/3/13 4:45 PM open ACCess MoMenTuM

13396_ASAP_CS6.r1.indd 8 10/3/13 4:45 PM 340,130 183 Open Access Articles, 2011 INcrease In Open Access JOurnAls lIsted In dOAJ, 2008-2013

reseA rch funders with Open Access pO l icies 81 wOrldwide, septeMber 2013179AcAdemic institutions with open Access policies, september 2013 9,915 Open Access jOurnAls As Of 09.18.13 n O

reseArch cOuncIls uK (rcuK) 133AggregAte Article grOw%th rAte Of tOp £37funds In 2013- 2015 tO cOver three Open Access publishers, 2010-2012 Open Access publIcAtIOn cOsts Mil l i

free Article dOwnlOAds in pubMed 1,500,000 centrAl eAch weekdAy, 2012

13396_ASAP_CS6.r1.indd 9 10/3/13 4:45 PM Discovery and innovation are key to an exciting future, but risk being hindered if access to important research is restricted. Publication in peer-reviewed journals is an integral part of the research process, validating and advancing new knowledge, but must be accessible to all.

Open Access breaks down unnecessary barriers, stimulating even greater scientific progress and driving forward improvements in health.

Professor Jeremy Farrar, Director, the Wellcome Trust

13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 10 10/8/13 3:11 PM The Accelerating Science Award Program

he Accelerating Science Award Program (ASAP) recognizes individuals who have used, applied or remixed scientific research – published through Open Access – to make a difference in science, medicine, T business, technology or society as a whole. Sponsored by 27 global organizations that value the transformative impact of Open Access, the program attracted over 200 nominations from more than 30 countries.

An international panel of distinguished judges selected three award recipients who each received an ASAP Award of $30,000.

Award recipients were announced and recognized at the Open Access Week kickoff event October 21, 2013, sponsored by the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) and the World Bank.

Three additional nominations were chosen for honorable mention and their stories are included in this portfolio showcasing innovation made possible when individuals have unrestricted access and use of research materials.

Each finalist demonstrated innovation in their field and/or significant contributions to society as a whole, while also showcasing the value of Open Access.

The ASAP Program Sponsors hope these stories inspire you to embrace and advocate for research published through Open Access, and to enable greater global collaboration, scientific progress and economic benefit for all.

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FIASAn A l ISTSP

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Award Recipients

Global Collaboration to Fight Malaria Visualizing Complex Science Matthew Todd, PhD Daniel Mietchen, PhD Organic Chemist, Senior Lecturer Researcher The University of Sydney Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Founder HIV Self-Test Empowers Patients EvoMRI Communications Nitika Pant Pai, MD, MPH, PhD Raphael Wimmer Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine Researcher McGill University Health Centre University of Regensburg Media Informatics Group Roni Deli-Houssein Research Assistant, Student Nils Dagsson Moskopp McGill University Health Centre Student Humboldt University of Berlin Sushmita Shivkumar MD Candidate 2016 McGill University

Caroline Vadnais Research Manager McGill University Health Centre

Honorable Mention

Calculating Ecotourism Impact Measuring and Understanding the Sea Ralf Buckley, PhD Mark J. Costello, PhD Director and Chair Marine Ecologist, Associate Professor International Centre for Ecotourism Institute of Marine Science Research (ICER) University of Auckland

Guy Castley, PhD Senior Research Fellow, ICER Smartphone Becomes Microscope Saber Iftekhar Khan, MA Clare Morrison, PhD Middle School Science Teacher Research Fellow, ICER San Francisco Friends School; Alexa C. Mossaz Technology Integrator PhD Candidate in Tourism Little Red Schoolhouse and and Conservation, ICER Elizabeth Irwin High School, New York City

Clay Alan Simpkins Eva Schmid, PhD Researcher/Teacher, MSc Candidate Research Scientist Griffith School of Environment University of California, Berkeley

Rochelle Steven Oliver Hoeller, PhD PhD Candidate, ICER Postdoctoral Fellow Fernanda de Vasconcellos Pegas University of California, San Francisco Research Fellow Griffith University

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The Innovator Matthew Todd, PhD Organic Chemist Senior Lecturer The University of Sydney

Anti-malaria drug discoveries that otherwise might take years could emerge in weeks or months when dedicated scientists work together across continents to find the next molecule with the potential to treat or cure malaria.

The Project global, collaborative project, the Open Source Malaria Consortium uses a crowdsourcing model to accelerate drug discovery to fight deadly malaria, by sharing and discussing open data with scientists around the world, in real A time. The open source malaria project is a collaborative approach to screening and testing candidate compounds in the development of new treatments for malaria.

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The Inspiration Although the publication itself was not Open Access, by being deposited in ChEMBL the Investigator Matthew Todd, PhD has data were. Made available under a Creative devoted much of his career to finding Commons CC0 Public Domain Dedication, treatments for tropical diseases that cause the dataset of approximately 13,000 com- millions of deaths each year. To approach pounds is completely free to search and malaria, he did what every researcher does reuse for other projects. The consortium first: he scoured the scientific literature. has deposited an additional 100 new compounds as a separate dataset.

Dr. Todd created the Open Source Malaria If we succeed with Consortium to engage scientists worldwide these efforts, the in a time-saving and cost-effective model of approach could be collaborative, open discovery. The malaria consortium uses online Open Access extended to fight- laboratory notebooks and social media ing other diseases notifications to share data, source expertise and build on findings in real time. such as cancer or Alzheimer s. We can Accelerating the Impact Malaria kills more than 660,000 accelerate science , • Scientists across the globe participate people every year, most of them without a doubt. in the open source malaria project to young children. As drug-resis- evaluate and improve upon new anti- tant strains of malaria emerge, a Dr. Matthew Todd malaria drug options. pipeline of at least 25 new drugs is necessary to have a chance • There is no hierarchy, just the desire to of beating the different strains work collaboratively and to make progress. of the disease. Given minimal financial incentives for pharma- Everyone contributes freely in this virtual ceutical companies to develop dialog, exchanging results, knowledge, new treatments and a high successes and failures. Open Access degree of suffering among the affected communities, a large- Researchers at various stages in their Dr. Todd was alerted to resource data at • scale collaborative research the European Bioinformatics Institute’s open careers – from scientists at universities model provides a solution. chemical biology data repository, ChEMBL, and pharmaceutical companies to by a paper covering potential malaria drug undergraduates – respond to questions compounds authored by a GlaxoSmithKline and help identify promising drug choices (GSK) team in a non-Open Access journal. as quickly as possible.

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The Innovators Nitika Pant Pai, MD, M P H, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Medicine McGill University Health Centre Roni Deli-Houssein Research Assistant, Student McGill University Health Centre Sushmita Shivkumar MD Candidate 2016 McGill University Caroline Vadnais Research Manager McGill University Health Centre

A tailored smartphone application and HIV self-test can save time and increase screening, counseling and treatment rates. By circumventing the social visibility of testing in a healthcare facility, the application could alleviate fears of stigma and discrimination, as well as concern over loss of confidentiality.

The Project o increase awareness, knowledge and access to a convenient HIV screening option, and to expedite connections to treatment in nations hardest hit by the disease, medical staff at McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, developed a strategy T based on the synergy of the Internet, an oral fluid-based self-test and a cell phone. This integrated approach included HIV education, an online test to determine HIV risk level, instructions for testing and interpreting the results, and confidential resources for referrals to trained counselors, support and healthcare workers.

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The Inspiration Several years ago, Dr. Pai began noticing Open Access research articles that des- Dr. Nitika Pant Pai and colleagues are cribed a new oral HIV test that was easy widely recognized for their work on rapid for patients to use and could potentially point-of-care diagnostics for HIV and be administered at home. She and her coinfections to curb the spread of HIV, colleagues conducted initial studies with particularly for marginalized populations this oral test in clinical settings with college in low- and middle-income countries, students in Montreal and pregnant women as well as high-income countries. in India, and published their study results in Open Access journals. These studies formed the basis for developing a simple, private As many as 6 in 10 and inexpensive strategy for self-screening people living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries, which Dr. Pai successfully tested in South Africa. worldwide do not know their HIV status and do The project results and subsequent research are widely distributed in Open Access not seek testing. Knowl- publications and in extensive news reports edge can transform lives and interviews. . . . and improve health. Accelerating the Impact Too many of those at risk for Dr. Nitika Pant Pai HI V, especially 15 to 24 year- This noninvasive self-test approach • olds, the age group with the delivered via a smartphone and an Inter- highest risk of becoming infect- net application met with overwhelming ed with HIV worldwide, forgo approval from more than 250 South screening for HI V/A IDS. Often African healthcare workers who people avoid testing because participated in the pilot study. they fear the stigma and loss of The scientists recognized that for an HIV confidentiality that may come self-test tool to be popular, it had to be • The pilot confirmed that the tool was with a clinic visit. Although confidential, easy to access and administer, preferred by most users, was easy for drugs are now available that and accompanied by links to counseling them to execute correctly and increased can prolong life when HIV is and medical services. screening rates. detected early, an estimated 34 million people worldwide, many of whom live in sub-Saharan Open Access This self-test strategy could also be • Africa, are living with HIV and The availability of Open Access research adapted for use with other potentially 1.7 million die annually from was both the catalyst and the means for serious but treatable infections, such AIDS-related causes. Dr. Pai and colleagues to develop and test as hepatitis C. their novel strategy.

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The Innovators Daniel Mietchen, PhD Researcher Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Founder, EvoMRI Communications Raphael Wimmer Researcher University of Regensburg Media Informatics Group Nils Dagsson Moskopp Student Humboldt University of Berlin

Complex science concepts can be better conveyed through multimedia. To enhance readers’ understanding of scientific research through multimedia imagery, the Open Access Media Importer (OAMI) crawls scholarly publication data- bases to locate audio and video files that can be shared freely and makes them easy to use in Wikipedia pages where millions see them.

The Project he OAMI bot scans the Open Access Subset of articles indexed in PubMed Central to identify articles with licenses that permit reusing, revising, remixing and the redistribution of materials for any purpose. The supplementary audio and video files from these articles T are then uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, which stores the media for Wikipedia and related projects, facilitating their discoverability. OAMI has a modular design to allow for plugins to be written for importing materials from other sources.

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The Inspiration Open Access Dr. Daniel Mietchen, a biophysicist and The Open Access Media Importer “home” researcher at Berlin’s natural history is Wikimedia Commons and usage data are museum (Museum für Naturkunde) and available online at Wikimedia Labs. The orig- an independent consultant in Open Access inal sources for the multimedia files currently and data publishing, had been actively uploaded by OAMI are from thousands of involved with improving scientific content articles in PubMed Central with a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license or CC0 Public Domain Dedication.

I want people to In addition, the OAMI bot software code base is available as open source under a play around with sci- GNU General Public License, which enables entific materials and the reuse of the whole tool or parts of it in new projects. to engage with scientific processes. Scien- Accelerating the Impact tific research should • More than 13,000 multimedia files have play a more public been uploaded to Wikimedia Commons There is a growing body by OAMI and are used in Wikipedia pages of scholarly literature with role in our society. in dozens of languages, with millions of associated multimedia, but files are frequently located in hits each month. Dr. Daniel Mietchen article supplements that may be challenging to find, are not Only multimedia files that are free to reuse • presented in a way that would with the Creative Commons Attribution appeal to a broader audience (CC BY) license or CC0 Public Domain and are often not licensed to Dedication are uploaded by the bot. allow reuse in new settings.

• OAMI extends the reach and visibility of on Wikipedia when he noticed that few Open Access research and its value to Wikipedia articles had media files other scientists and the public. than images. He collaborated with his colleagues to develop the OAMI bot to identify audio and video files that had previously been listed in the supplements of suitably licensed scholarly articles.

13396_ASAP_CS6.r3.indd 19 10/9/13 2:40 PM accelerating science award program Calculating Ecotourism Impact

The Innovators Ralf Buckley, PhD Director and Chair International Centre for Ecotourism Research (ICER) Guy Castley, PhD Senior Research Fellow, ICER Clare Morrison, PhD Research Fellow, ICER Alexa C. Mossaz PhD Candidate in Tourism and Conservation, ICER Clay Alan Simpkins Researcher/Teacher, MSc Candidate Griffith School of Environment Rochelle Steven PhD Candidate, ICER Fernanda de Vasconcellos Pegas Research Fellow, Griffith University

The “value” of endangered animals and plants can be calculated as a kind of currency, based on ecotourism dollars earned by the species’ presence. The ability to calculate this value for individual species could help decisionmakers promote conservation in protected areas.

The Project o make the case for ecotourism as a sound conservation policy, Ralf Buckley and his colleagues at the International Centre for Ecotourism Research at Griffith University, Australia, use a radically different approach based on equal parts ecology and free T market economics. Calculating the ecotourism dollars earned by tourist visits to see at-risk species in protected areas, they compute the value of each remaining member of a species as a percentage of the country’s available conservation budget.

13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 20 10/8/13 1:43 PM accelerating science award program Calculating Ec otourism Impact

The Inspiration Open Access Ralf Buckley and colleagues at the Interna- The scientists’ policy and implementation tional Centre for Ecotourism Research at work is strongly supported by the choice to Griffith University are pioneers in the study make all research results Open Access of conservation tourism, which identifies and to reach park managers and decision- ways that tourism could have a positive makers through multiple media channels, impact on the survival of threatened or including YouTube videos, Open Access endangered plant or animal species. journals and online media. To conduct their research, they used freely available data from the International Union for Conserva- tion of Nature (IUCN). One of the major sources of money to protect Accelerating the Impact endangered species is • The team’s research shows how wildlife from tourism. We have tourism could be used as a mechanism to meet conservation goals in protected to find mechanisms to areas or tourism developments. harness tourism as a • Multiple media channels were created source of support for to extend the communication of the conservation and to share research findings. This enabled wide Do tourists visiting the habitats use by public and private agencies of endangered species cause more that information rapidly and landholders to inform decisions damage than can be justified by with policymakers. about whether and how to manage the revenues their visits generate? tourist activities in protected areas. Dr. Ralf Buckley An obstacle hindering efforts to make the case for ecotourism as a sound conservation policy is the lack of a dollar value put on protected species by policymakers and the public, especially in low- and middle-income coun- What they found from their research greatly tries where national parks must surprised them. For some species, more compete for scarce resources. than half of all remaining individuals survive because of funding from tourism. The challenge: how to convince policymakers that conservation based on ecotourism is a win-win for people and wildlife.

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The Innovator Mark J. Costello, PhD Marine Ecologist Associate Professor Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland

The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is the world’s first standardized, openly accessible database of marine species based on the real-time collaboration of species experts, marine biologists and citizen scientists. In addition, a collection of Open Access articles specifi- cally utilizes the WoRMS Register.

The Project hat began as a regional checklist where scientists could compare nomenclature has grown into an Open Access repository chronicling 220,000 marine species and count- ing. WoRMS has become the international standard for marine species nomenclature W and contains 97% of all known marine species. In addition, the WoRMS collection of Open Access articles provides in-depth reviews of selected repository species’ history, anatomy and taxonomic features, ecology, biogeography, physiology and economic importance.

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The Inspiration Marine Institute) hosts the shared database, simplifying software and hardware issues. Dr. Mark Costello, a marine ecologist at the University of Auckland, first developed Open Access a list of European marine species (EU-funded European Register of Marine Species or The WoRMS database is designed to be ERMS) to resolve data conflicts that emerged Open Access and all participants agree while collaborating with European scientists. to collaborate and contribute for the good of science. This allows the Register to be viewed as the one all-inclusive, accepted central source of information. The WoRMS The motivation for creators attribute the immense traffic and scientists to contribute participation on the site to it being both authoritative and free. to WoRMS was that their information would The related WoRMS collection of Open Access articles synthesizes the knowledge be made freely avail- on groups of species and is a “living” collec- able and that every- tion, as more articles are added over time. body from researchers Accelerating the Impact to students to members • More than 100 organizations and over More new marine species have of the public would 200 specialists worldwide contribute to been discovered in the past ten years than in any previous use this as a first the WoRMS website, which receives more than 600,000 unique visitors and 40 decade and researchers continue to identify up to source. People would million hits each year. 2,000 new species per year. be using the best • The WoRMS shared infrastructure fac- Without a universally accessible available information. ilitates interoperability, data exchange, database and common tax- Dr. Mark J. Costello and a critical mass of support within onomy, scientists could not the scientific community, ensuring that estimate the true number and the Register remains accessible and distribution of marine life. sustainable beyond a single Scientists in different countries institution’s resources. used different names for the same species and incomplete marine life censuses made it Subsequently, the initiative became a global Both the Register and article collection • difficult to evaluate global effort to produce the first worldwide data- continue to grow as valuable Open Access marine species diversity and base to catalog marine life, with all deposit- resources to advance knowledge for conservation efforts. ed information freely available. One institu- species experts, marine biologists and tion (Vlaams Instituut Voor De Zee/Flanders citizen scientists worldwide.

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The Innovators S aber Iftekhar Khan, MA Middle School Science Teacher San Francisco Friends School; Technology Integrator Little Red Schoolhouse and Elizabeth Irwin High School, New York City Ea v Schmid, PhD Research Scientist University of California, Berkeley O liver Hoeller, PhD P ostdoctoral Fellow University of California, San Francisco

A cell phone microscope designed to screen for diseases in developing countries is transformed into a tech-savvy tool enabling middle school students to engage in science anywhere they go.

The Project o longer confined to the classroom, young science students around the globe can take to their streets and parks with the CellScope, easily capturing and sharing magnified images, geotagging sample locations and blogging excitedly about N their findings. A classroom kit with cell phone microscopes and a curriculum turns what had been a clinical diagnostic tool into a new approach to science education. For teens who find the cell phone a natural extension of their inquiry and communications, the device makes science animated and collaborative, using everyday phones as “cool” accessible tools for discovery.

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The Inspiration Open Access Middle school technology teacher Saber The Open Access article discovered by Khan learned of an innovative cell phone Khan described a device intended for clinical microscope, in use as a highly portable diagnosis of diseases in developing coun- diagnostic tool for remote locations, when tries. An optical attachment turns a stan- he was a science teacher at San Francisco dard cell phone’s camera into a diagnostic Friends School. quality clinical microscope, enabling simple, low-cost image capture, organization and transmission. That article has since spawned multiple educational collaborations involving The CellScope plugs elementary schools, museums and nonprofit into abilities and pre- educational organizations, despite the fact that education was not the researchers’ ferences that students original intent. already have in their everyday gadgets, so the Accelerating the Impact technical hurdle is bro- • The middle school students presented their microscopy project at the 2012 ken down and they can American Society for Cell Biology Science teachers often face move on to enjoying and annual meeting. students who are unmotivated or uninterested in part engaging in discovery. • A cell phone microscope traveling kit has because many scientific tools are Dr. Oliver Hoeller been shared, from Hawaii to Austria, to cumbersome, isolating and just engage science students. “old-school.” Peering into a standard classroom microscope can be a frustrating experience for New versions of the device to improve • a modern, tech-savvy student. robustness and ease of use include one for tablets and another that allows stu- Educators search for ways to Excited by the prospect of repurposing the dents to use their own smartphones, awaken students curiosity and CellScope to engage science students in his irrespective of brand, which is popular engage them in discovering and seventh-grade classroom, he approached at science open houses. organizing scientific information about the world around its developers at UC Berkeley. Drs. Oliver them. They seek tools that turn Hoeller and Eva Schmid then collaborated Access to research by anyone – in this • science into a collaborative, with Khan to develop an unexpected appli- case, middle school teachers – leads cutting-edge, “cool” activity. cation for their device – CellScope kits for to real-world applications. Khan’s class and a hands-on curriculum for the students.

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Recognizing the Original Open Access Research The innovations of the ASAP Program Finalists were made possible by research and data published through Open Access.

The ASAP Program recognizes the original authors and researchers who chose to make their work available for reuse, enabling the creation of new resources, applications and breakthroughs.

Global Collaboration and freely, thereby enhancing rapid Measuring and to Fight Malaria dissemination and uptake of new Understanding the Sea knowledge. The work of the malaria project WoRMS provides data to support a depended on pharmaceutical data first of its kind Open Access collec- being released into the public domain. Visualizing tion of research papers that discuss The GSK team submitted data Complex Science and highlight the global diversity of obtained from testing thousands of The media importer brings multi- selected species within the Register. compounds to the ChEMBL data- media files into the Wikimedia family The success of the WoRMS repos- base [1] under a CC0 Public Domain of websites. For this to be possible, itory is built on aggregating data and Dedication, although the research the appropriate permissions must be creating a community around it. The article reporting the availability of the in place not just to read an article, group that brings data together at data was published in a non-Open but to mine it for media files and to WoRMS makes it available under Access journal [2]. The opening of copy those files, with appropriate a Creative Commons Attribution (CC these data, together with those from attribution. The hundreds of thou- BY) license for maximum dissemina- additional groups, has created a rich sands of authors who have published tion and use [18]. WoRMS is extended information resource on compounds papers with a Creative Commons through the Open Access collection with the potential to be developed to Attribution (CC BY) license or a CC0 of articles [19] where more articles fight malaria. Public Domain Dedication make are being added over time. it possible for tools like these HIV Self-Test to operate. Smartphone Empowers Patients Becomes Microscope The inspiration for this work came Calculating This project was inspired by a from Open Access papers [3-9] Ecotourism Impact school teacher who read an Open discussing the challenges and The team published papers [15-17] that Access paper [20] describing the problems of testing a population for discuss or contribute evidence to global health application of a cell HIV, and with the testing systems show how revenue from ecotourism phone microscope, the CellScope, themselves. Key work includes could support the preservation of that led to the collaboration with reports [10-11] by the US Centers endangered species. The Open the UC Berkeley research group. for Disease Control and Prevention, Access data underlying this work Because the publication was Open which is in the public domain as US supported their creation of a novel Access, the teacher could learn about government work. Their choice to methodology to attach a value to the microscope’s development, read publish validation work in Open individual species in protected areas. about its capabilities in detail and find Access journals [12-14] ensures that Open Access publishing was crucial ways that it could contribute to it is available to healthcare workers to making the research and engage- his classroom. and policymakers worldwide, rapidly ment materials available: it helps to inform sound ecotourism policymaking.

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Citations

1. Gamo F-J, Sanz LM, Vidal J, de Cozar C, Alvarez E, et al. (2010) Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification, ChEMBL-NTD https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chemblntd/

2. Gamo F-J, Sanz LM, Vidal J, de Cozar C, Alvarez E, et al. (2010) Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification. Nature 465(7296): 305-310. www.nature.com/nature/journal/v465/n7296/full/nature09107.html

3. Jafa K, Patel P, MacKellar DA, Sullivan PS, Delaney KP, et al. (2007) Investigation of False Positive Results with an Oral Fluid Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test. PLoS ONE 2(1): e185. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0000185

4. Facente SN, Dowling T, Vittinghoff E, Sykes DL, Colfax GN (2009) False Positive Rate of Rapid Oral Fluid HIV Tests Increases as Kits Near Expiration Date. PLoS ONE 4(12): e8217. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0008217

5. Walensky RP, Bassett IV (2011) HIV Self-testing and the Missing Linkage. PLoS Med 8(10): e1001101. www.plosmedicine.org/doi/pmed.1001101

6. ng OT, Chow AL, Lee VJ, Chen MIC, Win MK, et al. (2012) Accuracy and User-Acceptability of HIV Self-Testing Using an Oral Fluid-Based HIV Rapid Test. PLoS ONE 7(9): e45168. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0045168

7. Choko AT, Desmond N, Webb EL, Chavula K, Napierala-Mavedzenge S, et al. (2011) The Uptake and Accuracy of Oral Kits for HIV Self-Testing in High HIV Prevalence Setting: A Cross-Sectional Feasibility Study in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS Med 8(10): e1001102. www.plosmedicine.org/doi/pmed.1001102

8. MacPherson P, Webb EL, Choko AT, Desmond N, Chavula K, et al. (2011) Stigmatising Attitudes among People Offered Home-Based HIV Testing and Counselling in Blantyre, Malawi: Construction and Analysis of a Stigma Scale. PLoS ONE 6(10): e26814. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0026814

9. Pant Pai N, Joshi R, Dogra S, Taksande B, Kalantri S, et al. (2007) Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy, Feasibility and Client Preference for Rapid Oral Fluid-Based Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Rural India. PLoS ONE 2(4): e367. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0000367

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008) False-Positive Oral Fluid Rapid HIV Tests New York City, 2005-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57(24): 660-665. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5724a4.htm

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C itations

11. Branson BM, Handsfield HH, Lampe MA, Janssen RS, Taylor AW, et al.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006) Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. MMWR Recomm Rep 55(RR-14): 1-17. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm

12. Pai NP, Vadnais C, Denkinger C, Engel N, Pai M (2012) Point-of-Care Testing for Infectious Diseases: Diversity, Complexity, and Barriers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries. PLoS Med 9(9): e1001306. www.plosmedicine.org/doi/pmed.1001306

13. Pant Pai N, Sharma J, Shivkumar S, Pillay S, Vadnais C, et al. (2013) Supervised and Unsupervised Self-Testing for HIV in High- and Low-Risk Populations: A Systematic Review. PLoS Med 10(4): e1001414. www.plosmedicine.org/doi/pmed.1001414

14. Pant Pai N, Barick R, Tulsky JP, Shivkumar PV, Cohan D, et al. (2008) Impact of Round-the-Clock, Rapid Oral Fluid HIV Testing of Women in Labor in Rural India. PLoS Med 5(5): e92. www.plosmedicine.org/doi/pmed.0050092

15. Buckley R (2009) Parks and Tourism. PLoS Biol 7(6): e1000143. www.plosbiology.org/doi/pbio.1000143

16. Buckley RC, Castley JG, Pegas FdV, Mossaz AC, Steven R (2012) A Population Accounting Approach to Assess Tourism Contributions to Conservation of IUCN-Redlisted Mammal Species. PLoS ONE 7(9): e44134. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0044134

17. Morrison C, Simpkins C, Castley JG, Buckley RC (2012) Tourism and the Conservation of Critically Endangered Frogs. PLoS ONE 7(9): e43757. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0043757

18. Boxshall G, Mees J, Costello MJ, Hernandez F, Vandepitte L, et al. (eds) (2013) World Register of Marine Species. www.marinespecies.org

19. The World Register of Marine Species (2013) PLOS Collections. www.ploscollections.org/marinespecies

20. Breslauer DN, Maamari RN, Switz NA, Lam WA, Fletcher DA (2009) Mobile Phone Based Clinical Microscopy for Global Health Applications. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6320. www.plosone.org/doi/pone.0006320

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The Judges

The ASAP Program nominations were judged by a panel of unbiased experts who represent a variety of research disciplines and organizations. The sponsors are grateful to these four individuals for their time and support.

Dr. Agnes Binagwaho Agnes Binagwaho, MD is the Minister of Health of the Republic of Rwanda, and has been an integral part of the country’s efforts to make vast improvements in the health and well-being of its people. After practicing as a pediatrician for more than 13 years, Dr. Binagwaho led Rwanda’s National AIDS Control Commission between 2002 and 2008 and then served as Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Health until 2011. She chairs the Rwanda Pediatric Society and is a member of the Global Task Force on Expanded Access to Cancer Care and Control in Devel- oping Countries. She also chairs the Rwanda Country Coordinating Mechanism of The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

Dr. Binagwaho is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School, and Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College. She serves on the editorial advisory boards of Lancet Global Health, PLOS Medicine, and Harvard University’s journal Health and Human Rights. Dr. Binagwaho received her medical degree from the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.

Helga Nowotny Helga Nowotny, PhD is professor emerita of Social Studies of Science, ETH Zurich, and a founding member and the current President of the European Research Council, established by the European Commission to fund research throughout Europe. Her current host institution is the Vienna Science and Technology Fund. Dr. Nowotny is a member of the University Council of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich and of many other international advisory boards and selection committees. She is a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, a longstanding member of the Academia Europaea, and the recipient of numerous prizes and awards. She is on the Board of Reviewing Editors of the journal Science and serves on the editorial board of the journal Science and Public Policy.

Dr. Nowotny has published more than 300 articles in scientific journals. Her latest book publications include Naked Genes: Reinventing the Human in the Molecular Age (with Giuseppe Testa), Insatiable Curiosity: Innovation in a Fragile Future and Cultures of Technology and the Quest for Innovation (Making Sense of History, v. 9, ed.). She holds a PhD in Sociology from Columbia University and a doctorate in jurisprudence from the University of Vienna.

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Tim O’Reilly Tim O’Reilly is the founder and CEO of O’Reilly Media Inc., thought by many to be the best computer book publisher in the world. O’Reilly Media also hosts conferences on technology topics, including the O’Reilly Open Source Convention, the Web 2.0 Summit, Strata: The Business of Data and many others. Mr. O’Reilly’s blog, the O’Reilly Radar, “watches the alpha geeks” to determine emerging technology trends and serves as a platform for advocacy about issues of importance to the technical community. Mr. O’Reilly addresses multiple Open Access issues including the high cost of college textbooks and whether book searches should be as open as web searches.

Mr. O’Reilly is also a partner at O’Reilly AlphaTech Ventures, his early stage venture firm, and is on the board of Safari Books Online, PeerJ, Code for America and Maker Media, which was recently spun out from O’Reilly Media. Maker Media’s Maker Faire has been compared to the West Coast Computer Faire, which launched the personal computer revolution. Mr. O’Reilly earned his bachelor’s degree in classics from Harvard College.

Harold Varmus, MD Harold Varmus, MD, co-recipient of a Nobel Prize for studies of the genetic basis of cancer, is currently Director of the National Cancer Institute. He previously served as co-chair of President Barack Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, President of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Director of the US National Institutes of Health.

Much of Dr. Varmus’s scientific work was conducted during his 23 years as a faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine. He has authored more than 300 scientific papers and five books, including an introduction to the genetic basis of cancer for a general audience and a memoir, The Art and Politics of Science (Norton). He has received the National Medal of Science, the Vannevar Bush Award and several honorary degrees and other prizes, in addition to the Nobel Prize.

Dr. Varmus co-founded the Public Library of Science (PLOS), chaired the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Global Health Advisory Committee and has been involved in several other initia- tives to promote science in developing countries. He is a graduate of Amherst College, then earned a master’s degree at Harvard University and a medical degree at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

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ASAP Sponsors The ASAP Program features global representation from 27 sponsors offering a wide breadth of support across many sectors; they include funders, Open Access publishers, research institutions, professional associations, collabora- tives, and Open Access service providers and directories. These organizations believe Open Access research offers the best opportunity for progress in science, medicine, business, technology and society as a whole.

Major Sponsors

Google Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Google is a sponsor of this program, underscoring a belief in the positive effects that the Internet has in the global economy, which includes facilitating innovation and progress in scientific research. www.google.com/intl/en/about

PLOS The Public Library of Science (PLOS) is a nonprofit publisher and advocacy organization founded to accelerate progress in science and medicine by transforming research communication. PLOS engages in outreach activities to increase Open Access adoption and innovations in the communication of research for scientists and the public. Celebrating its tenth anniversary as an Open Access publisher, PLOS reaches an international audience through immediate availability of research through a suite of peer-reviewed journals. www.plos.org

Wellcome Trust The Wellcome Trust is a global charitable foundation dedicated to achieving extraordinary improvements in human and animal health. Based in the UK, the Trust supports the brightest minds in biomedical research and the medical humanities, focusing on five strategic challenges: genetics, the brain, infectious disease, chronic disease and aging, and the relationship between the environment, nutrition and health. To maximize the impact of its research support, Wellcome Trust requires that all research papers that arise from its funding be made freely available as soon as possible if the Trust covers publication costs, or otherwise within six months of the publication date. www.wellcome.ac.uk

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Sponsors

Electronic Information Electronic Information for Libraries (EIFL) is an international not-for-profit for Libraries organization registered in the Netherlands that is working through effective partnerships with libraries and library consortia in more than 60 developing and transition countries. www.eifl.org

eLife eLife is a nonprofit, researcher-driven initiative to inspire change in the way scientific results are presented and shared; eLife is based in the UK and produces the eLife journal, an Open Access venue for groundbreaking discoveries in the life sciences and biomedicine. www.elifesciences.org

Health Research Alliance The Health Research Alliance (HRA) is a US national consortium of more than 50 nonprofit, nongovernmental funders of biomedical research and training; in aggregate, HRA members provide over $1.5 billion in research awards each year, funding more than 5,500 researchers annually. www.healthra.org

Hindawi Publishing The Hindawi Publishing Corporation is a commercial publisher of peer-reviewed Corporation journals covering a wide range of academic disciplines; with offices in Egypt and the US, it publishes more than 500 Open Access, peer-reviewed journals. www.hindawi.com

Howard Hughes The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a nonprofit medical research Medical Institute organization in the US that engages in the direct conduct of research in the basic life sciences and funds research globally through a vibrant grants program focused on strengthening education in biology and related sciences. www.hhmi.org

ImpactStory ImpactStory is an open source, web-based tool that helps researchers explore and share the diverse impacts of all their research products. This US-based nonprofit aims to help build a reward system that values and encourages new forms of web-native scholarship. www.impactstory.org

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S ponsors

Jisc Jisc inspires UK colleges and universities in the innovative use of digital technologies with the goal of maintaining the UK’s position as a leader in education and research; it offers more than 18 million users access to quality-assured resources through its secure network. www.jisc.ac.uk

Max Planck Society for the The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is an independent, Advancement of Science nonprofit research organization based in Germany; its primary goal is to promote research at its 82 institutes, which perform basic research in the natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences and the humanities. www.mpg.de/en

Mendeley Mendeley is a collaborative global research network with 2.2 million users that offers a cross-platform productivity tool and desktop software that aggregates researchers’ papers into a structured database by extracting keywords and research data from the documents. www.mendeley.com

Microsoft Research Microsoft Research seeks to advance the state of the art, accelerate discovery and inspire the next generation of computer scientists through collaborations with innovative institutions and researchers around the world. research.microsoft.com/en-us/collaboration

O pen Access Scholarly The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) is a trade Publishers Association association that was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access journal publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. oaspa.org

Research Councils UK Research Councils UK (RCUK) is the strategic partnership of the UK’s seven Research Councils; each year the Research Councils invest around £3 billion in research covering the full spectrum of academic disciplines. www.rcuk.ac.uk

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S ponsors

Research Libraries UK Research Libraries UK (RLUK) represents the libraries of 33 research-intensive institutions in the UK and Ireland and works with its partners to shape and realize the vision of the modern research library. www.rluk.ac.uk

S cholarly Publishing and SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition, is an Academic Resources international alliance of academic and research libraries working to create Coalition a more open system of scholarly communication; headquartered in the US, SPARC has a global membership of nearly 800 institutions. www.sparc.arl.org

S ocial Science Research Social Science Research Network (SSRN), currently the #1 web repository in Network the world, is a collaborative of more than 225,000 authors and 1.7 million users devoted to the rapid, worldwide dissemination of social science and humanities research at the lowest possible cost. ssrn.com

SUF R SURF is the collaborative organization for Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Dutch higher education and research and brings ICT professionals together in order to share knowledge regarding ICT-driven innovation. www.surf.nl/en/Pages/default.aspx

The World Bank The World Bank, headquartered in the US, is the world’s largest source of development assistance. In support of its mission – to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity – the World Bank conducts and publishes research on a broad range of topics including economics, finance, agriculture, health, climate change and sustainable growth. www.worldbank.org

13396_ASAP_CS6.r1.indd 36 10/3/13 4:46 PM The ASAP Program Sponsors value the transformative impact of Open Access research to extend the reach Aof science and medicine.S

A13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 37 P10/9/13 8:02 AM Sharing research results helps the scientific community to examine, compare, learn and spread knowledge — faster and better.

For example, openness gives a boost to new tools like large-scale data analysis, meaning breakthroughs in drug treatments; or text mining, helpful in many different fields. And it’s not just scientists who gain: we know that, with simple, instant access to research, innovative small businesses can bring their products to market up to two years earlier.”

– Dr. Neelie Kroes, Vice President of the European Commission

13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 38 10/8/13 3:12 PM The Economy of Open Access

The Economy of Open Access: Creating Jobs and Opportunities

he growth of Open Access publishing spurs an economic engine driving worldwide job creation and economic opportunities. Open Access business extends beyond publishing, with a growing list of new technologies, innova- Ttions and enterprises. New organizations enabled by and supporting Open Access transcend geographic, socio- economic and language boundaries. This, in turn, makes economic innovation possible on a global scale. Every educator, every scientist and every citizen should be able to benefit from any research done anywhere in the world.

The free flow of information – which these organizations champion and embody – means the acceleration of science, improved education for students, better treatments available from doctors, a more fertile atmosphere for R&D companies and entrepreneurs and the consequential benefits across the world.

The following pages offer examples of high-impact organizations that contextualize, process and extend the Open Access flow of information.

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T he Economy of Open Access

Journal Publishers and Content Providers and more. Examples include Creative Commons, …deliver Open Access research that accelerates providing Open Access licenses for global con- scientific discovery by encouraging the broad- tent creators, and the Public Knowledge Project, est possible audience to access and build upon which offers free, open source software for research results. Open Access publishing makes managing and publishing journals. it easier to discover the scientific breakthroughs that both save lives and create new innovations. V isionary Entrepreneurs In addition, Open Access journal publishers and …launch new enterprises that offer or extend content providers are economic forces in their Open Access research and content. These excit- own right, employing a growing legion of workers. ing and impactful companies use new tech- Examples include PLOS and BioMed Central nologies to accelerate discovery and advance Open Access publishers, the arXiv physics product time to market. Examples include: database, the Social Science Research Network Boundless Learning and PeerJ, the venture literature repository and the World Bank clearing- capital funded startups; Genospace, which uses house for international economic research. Open Access genomic data to develop information products geared toward physicians and Sc ientific Tools and Networks drug companies and Unglue.it, which applies …enable researchers around the world to share, crowdsourced funding to convert proprietary discuss and build off Open Access materials, books to freely available editions. stimulating vibrant scientific communities. By bringing together scientists, patients and citizen Publi c Action Advocates scientists, these cooperative tools increase the …foster an environment that recognizes Open workings and outputs of science to a broader Access as a key driver of scientific and techni- audience. Examples include Zooniverse/Galaxy cal innovation, jobs and the research economy. Zoo, the online astronomy project and the These organizations make the case to policy- Science Exchange professional marketplace. makers and the general public that Open Access benefits science, citizens and the economy. I nfrastructure Examples include the Scholarly Publishing and …provides the critical framework to extend Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC), a access and reuse of Open Access information. leading Open Access advocacy organization; These platforms facilitate and extend the free the Open Knowledge Foundation, a worldwide flow of information, and provide the basis for leader in the open data movement and the US millions of people to use Open Access materials – National Library of Medicine/PubMed Central articles, data, figures, government resources federal repository of scientific literature.

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Journal Publishers and Scientific Tools Content Providers and Networks

The Economy of Open Access

Public Action Advocates Infrastructure

Visionary Entrepreneurs

Eamplesx of High-Impact Organizations

Journal Publishers and Scientific Tools Infrastructure Visionary Entrepreneurs Public Action Advocates Content Providers and Networks • Bioline International • @mire • Electronic Information • arXiv • Genomes Unzipped for Libraries • Creative Commons • bepress • BioMed Central • Sage Bionetworks • Health Research Alliance • Dryad • Boundless Learning • eLife • Science Exchange • National Library of • Public Knowledge Project • figshare Medicine/PubMed Central • Hindawi • Zooniverse/Galaxy Zoo • Scientific Electronic • Genospace • Open Knowledge Foundation • Open Book Publishers Library Online • PeerJ • Organisation for Economic • PLOS • Unglue.it Co-operation and • Social Science Research Development Network • Right to Research Coalition • World Bank Open • Scholarly Publishing and Knowledge Repository Academic Resources Coalition

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E xamples of High-Impact Open Access Organizations

Journal Publishers and Hindawi A fast-growing academic Social Science Research Network Content Providers publisher with more than 500 peer- (SSRN) The world’s largest repository

arXiv Serves more than 850,000 reviewed Open Access journals of Open Access literature in the social Open Access papers in physics, covering a wide range of academic sciences, SSRN provides free access mathematics, computer science, disciplines. The Egypt-based Hindawi to more than 400,000 scholarly work- quantitative biology, quantitative Publishing Corporation, founded in ing papers, with over 67 million down- finance and statistics. Established 1997, a decade later became the first loads since its inception. It serves as in August 1991, arXiv provides “green subscription publisher to convert its a hub, driving the research of social Open Access” that makes work entire portfolio of journals to Open scientists looking to keep abreast of openly and freely available via Access. Hindawi is among the largest key developments in their field. self-archiving, where authors job creators in the Open Access www.ssrn.com deposit their work in disciplinary or community, with over 800 employees. World Bank Open Knowledge institutional repositories. www.hindawi.com arxiv.org Repository (OKR) Houses more

BioMed Central Publishes more Open Book Publishers (OBP) than 10,000 Open Access publica- than 250 peer-reviewed Open Access Publishes Open Access social tions, with one million downloads journals, with all research articles science and humanities textbooks in more than 200 countries since made freely accessible online imme- and monographs, with readership its founding in 2012. The OKR is diately upon publication (over 15,000 across 125 countries. Run by scholars, a vital clearinghouse for economic in 2012 alone). The multi-million dollar OBP is a nonprofit based in the UK research, covering every region of acquisition of the UK-based, for-profit that publishes Open Access books on the world and dozens of development scientific publisher by Springer subjects ranging from anthropology topics. The World Bank has used Science+Business Media in 2008 pro- to economics to philosophy. OBP Open Access to extend the reach of vided early validation for the financial demonstrates the impact of Open its research, which makes it easier viability of Open Access publishing. Access beyond the sciences and for the development community to beyond the journal medium. create solutions that help improve the www.biomedcentral.com www.openbookpublishers.com well-being of those living in poverty. eLife A new Open Access journal openknowledge.worldbank.org for important findings in the life PLOS A leading Open Access sciences and biomedicine offering publisher, PLOS has published Sc ientific Tools and Networks approximately 85,000 peer-reviewed a streamlined editorial process to Genomes Unzipped articles from October 2003 – June deliver scientific advances widely and A collaborative blog by respected 2013, in a suite of highly regarded quickly. The eLife journal is a platform genomics researchers that provides journals. In 2006, PLOS launched to maximize the reach and influence genetic-testing consumers with PLOS ONE, which is the world’s larg- of new findings and a showcase for independent analysis of developments est journal. Since PLOS’s founding, new approaches to the presentation, in genetics and the genetic-testing the nonprofit advocacy and evaluation and use of research. eLife industry. The dozen members behind publishing organization has helped is a joint initiative of the Howard the collaborative – active researchers to lead and shape the acceleration Hughes Medical Institute, the Max in various fields of genomics – have of research and discovery through Planck Society and the Wellcome themselves taken commercial genetic Open Access. Trust. www.elifesciences.org www.plos.org tests and made the raw data openly

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E xamples of High-Impact Open Access Organizations

available for anyone to access and classifying over sixty million galaxies. reuse rights, Creative Commons has reuse. The blog’s open sharing of data By opening astronomical data up for facilitated acceleration in the research and analysis generates provocative analysis by the general public, Galaxy and discovery cycle. Creative Com- discussions about new research and Zoo has helped to advance scientific mons tools have been adopted by genome testing, giving readers the discovery (including observations of over 30 federal governments around background to explore their own Hanny’s Voorwerp, a bright blob close the globe to streamline resource dis- genetic data in a safe, informed to spiral galaxy IC 2497 in the constel- semination and help citizens interact manner. www.genomesunzipped.org lation Leo Minor). www.zooniverse.org more efficiently with their elected officials. creativecommons.org Sage Bionetworks Creates Infrastructure technology platforms that facilitate Dryad This Open Access repository Bioline International An online biomedical data sharing, to enable makes the data underlying scientific digital platform providing critical scientists, academics, clinicians, drug publications discoverable, freely infrastructure and visibility for peer- companies and patients to pool data reusable and citable. Dryad has inte- reviewed Open Access journals and brainpower and to accelerate the grated data submission with journals, from 16 developing countries, from scientific process. The main Sage so that scholarly authors can openly Bangladesh to Venezuela. A not-for- Bionetworks technology platform, share the data building blocks of their profit scholarly publishing cooperative Synapse, supports open, collabora- research with the broadest possible developed in collaboration with the tive analysis and allows researchers audience. Open data sharing increas- Centro de Referencia em Informaçao to access and share data in a visible, es discoverability and reusability, Ambiental (CRIA), Bioline reduces open and traceable way. reduces gaps in the research cycle the knowledge gap between the sagebase.org and reduces the likelihood of duplica- northern and southern hemispheres tive research in siloed environments. Science Exchange A marketplace by making research outputs more datadryad.org that connects research scientists widely available in the areas of health, looking to get experiments conducted biodiversity, the environment, conser- Public Knowledge Project (PKP) with scientific service providers who vation and international development. Develops free, open source software have the capacity to perform them. In doing so, Bioline has helped to for the management, publishing and Providers of over 1,000 different globalize the rapid, unfettered indexing of journals and conferences: experimental services are listed on dissemination of research results. Open Journal Systems, Open Confer- Science Exchange, to render the www.bioline.org.br ence Systems and Open Monograph reproduction of experiments more Press. PKP software lowers publi- Creative Commons Free, simple, viable and to help validate the cation costs, which makes it easier standardized licenses allow global scientific record. Science Exchange for Open Access journals in niche content creators to keep their copy- partners with other organizations to subjects or from developing areas right while permitting certain uses of address the issue of reproducibility. to flourish. The Public Knowledge their work and to share more than www.scienceexchange.com Project is a collaboration of faculty, 350 million works since 2001. This librarians and graduate students, Zooniverse/Galaxy Zoo More than has lowered the barriers to research, exploring how new technologies 850,000 citizen scientists worldwide educational and cultural materials can be used to improve scholarly participate in Zooniverse programs, for millions of scientists, students, research; the partnership includes including Galaxy Zoo, the highly policymakers and the general public Canadian and US universities and successful online project to which worldwide. By making it easy for a libraries. pkp.sfu.ca the general public contributes in wide audience to understand its

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Examples of High-Impact Open Access Organizations

Scientific Electronic Library bepress is a vibrant employer and job by patients and their doctors. A Online (SciELO) A model for coop- creator and advances “green Open Boston biotech startup, Genospace erative Open Access publishing of Access” that makes work openly and leverages data published in hundreds scientific journals, with a database freely available via self-archiving, in of different studies, which has been that contains nearly 1,000 Open which authors deposit their work in made freely available by companies Access journals and over 400,000 disciplinary or institutional repositories. and academic researchers, to devel- Open Access articles. By aggregating www.bepress.com op information products for a broad these materials in a common, highly range of users, including scientists, Boundless Learning Offers free trafficked web platform, SciELO drug companies, health care organi- Open Access versions of textbooks overcomes distribution barriers that zations and physicians. Genospace to students at more than 1,000 col- can restrict accessibility of research demonstrates that service layers and leges and universities, saving them findings. Conceived to meet scholarly commercial tools can be built upon hundreds of dollars each semester. communication needs in the develop- Open Access research to meet Boundless Learning identifies popular ing world, particularly in Latin America market needs and generate revenue. introductory textbooks and compiles and the Caribbean countries, SciELO www.genospace.com the best freely available materials on provides an efficient way to assure the same subject, enhanced by free PeerJ An innovative Open universal access to scientific literature study tools including flashcards and Access business model drives this from this region. www.scielo.org quizzes. Venture funded Boundless venture capital funded publishing Visionary Entrepreneurs Learning has introduced an innova- startup. Authors can purchase a tive product to the open educational lifetime membership that allows them @mire Assists institutions world- resources (OER) space that has been a discount from article processing wide in implementing and managing met with enthusiasm by students. charges for future PeerJ publications. DSpace (an open source institutional PeerJ demonstrates that Open Ac- repository platform), offering a suite www.boundless.com cess publishing offers many different of services, including consultancy, figshare An open data repository business models. peerj.com development, support and training. that allows scientists to openly share @mire services are designed to make their figures, datasets, media, papers, Unglue.it Applies innovative contributor deposits and reader ac- posters, presentations and file sets. crowdsourcing techniques to convert cess to Open Access materials easier Founded in 2011, figshare centralizes proprietary books to freely available on DSpace sites. A spin-off company access to these resources, allowing editions. Unglue.it works with authors, of KU Leuven, @mire demonstrates them to be discovered in a way that publishers and other rights holders that open source and Open Access the traditional scholarly publishing to decide on fair compensation for are compatible with private enterprise. model does not allow. All data are releasing a free, legal edition of their atmire.com persistently stored online under the already-published books, under Cre- most liberal Creative Commons ative Commons licensing. The com- bepress Provides Digital Commons, license, waiving copyright where munity is then invited to contribute software and infrastructure that possible. This allows scientists to toward the transitioning of the book to supports hundreds of institutional access and share data openly from a freely available edition. By marrying repositories around the world, making anywhere in the world with minimal crowdsourcing and Open Access, it easy for universities to display the friction. Unglue.it is a model for enabling depth and the breadth of their intel- figshare.com wider accessibility to restricted lectual output. Over 149 million full Genospace Collects and analyzes content. unglue.it text articles and other materials have Open Access genomic data so that it been downloaded. California-based can be quickly and effectively used

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E xamples of High-Impact Open Access Organizations

Public Action Advocates NLM has made millions of research scientific research to the collective articles accessible to physicians, ability to solve big issues such as Electronic Information for patients and the general public. The climate change, renewable energy Libraries (EIFL) Works with libraries usage of PubMed Central – which and affordable health care. to promote the adoption of Open Ac- averages over 1.5 million downloads cess policies and mandates in devel- www.oecd.org each weekday – demonstrates that oping countries across Africa, Asia, Right to Research Coalition expanding access to scientific Europe and Latin America. EIFL sup- Represents nearly 7 million students literature is sound policy. ports deployment of free and open seeking to promote Open Access www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc source software for libraries, including policies on campuses around the software to launch and sustain Open Open Knowledge Foundation (OKF) world. The Right to Research Coali- Access repositories. This results in Develops innovative software that tion was founded by students in 2009 significant cost savings, freeing up is widely used by critical “open” pro- to ensure that the high cost of institu- resources for basic research and jects, including data.gov, data.gov.uk tional subscriptions would not deny other high-yield investments. and the European Commission open students access to the articles they www.eifl.net data portal. OKF is a nonprofit need. A key goal is to educate current organization founded in 2004 that students to support Open Access to Health Research Alliance (HRA) seeks to promote open data and research results, as they evolve into A group of more than 50 nonprofit, Open Access as they apply to govern- scholars and scientists. The Right nongovernmental funders of health ment data, publicly funded research to Research Coalition is uniquely research and training, HRA has and public domain cultural content. influencing a new generation of encouraged its members to make re- Based in Cambridge, UK, the Open Open Access innovators. search they fund openly accessible to Knowledge Foundation has helped the public. The HRA member funders www.righttoresearch.org bring the concept of openness to the – including the American Cancer Scholarly Publishing and Academic general public’s attention in a tangible Society, Burroughs Wellcome Fund Resources Coalition (SPARC) way, demonstrating that free access and Autism Speaks – collectively A leading advocacy organization to information can improve how invest more than $1.5 billion in for Open Access, SPARC is an institutions interact with their research funding per year. HRA has international alliance of more than constituents. www.okfn.org developed a deposit mechanism to 200 academic and research libraries. make it much easier for grant recip- Organisation for Economic Its pragmatic focus is to stimulate the ients to place freely available copies Co-operation and Development emergence of new scholarly commu- of their work in PubMed Central. (OECD) An international organization nication models – notably Open Lowering this barrier makes it easy working to address the economic, Access, open data and open educa- for important research to be more social and environmental challenges tion resources – that expand the widely read and used by researchers, of globalization. Since 2004, OECD dissemination of scholarly research. practitioners and the general public. has cultivated support among its 34 SPARC has been instrumental in www.healthra.org members for the open sharing of developing legislative support for research data. This includes the greater openness at the US federal, National Library of Medicine publication of principles and guide- state and international levels. (NLM)/PubMed Central This lines for access to research data from US federal repository has been the www.sparc.arl.org public funding. OECD reaches key leading force behind expanded public policymakers around the world to access to scientific literature for more stress the benefits of Open Access, than a decade. Through its develop- by linking the rapid sharing of ment and support of PubMed Central,

13396_ASAP_CS6.r2.indd 45 10/8/13 2:40 PM References Image Credits Open Access Momentum p9 Photographs

1. Directory of Open Access Journals – p15 Anopheles. Yasser (2008) flickr.com Internet Archive 183%: Percentage increase in Open Access p17 HIV self-test in use. PLOS (2013) journals listed in DOAJ, 2008-2013 p19 Image still from supplementary video. von Beeren 2. Laakso & Björk BMC Medicine 2012 10:124 C, Schulz S, Hashim R, Witte V (2011) Acquisition 340,130: Number of Open Access articles, 2011 of chemical recognition cues facilitates integration into ant societies. BMC Ecology. 3. ROARMAP DOI :10.1186 /1472-6785-11-30 179: Number of academic institutions with Open Access policies, September 2013 p21 Endangered Puerto Rican Parrot. Tom MacKenzie (2007) US Fish and Wildlife Service, flickr.com 4. Ibid. 81: Number of research funders worldwide with p23 Moon Jelly (Aurelia aurita Linnaeus, 1758) Open Access policies, September 2013 Hans Hillewaert (2008) marinespecies.org

5. Directory of Open Access Journals p25 CellScope in use. PLOS (2013) 9,915: Number of Open Access journals as of 09.18.13

6. RCUK press release, November 8, 2012 £37m: ($57.3m) Research Councils UK (RCUK) funds in 2013-2015 to cover Open Access publication costs

7. Hindawi, PLOS, BMC websites 133%: Aggregate article growth rate of top three Open Access publishers, 2010-2012

8. NIH Public Access Policy Implications – April 2012 1.5 Million: Number of free article downloads in PubMed Central each weekday, April 2012

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