Dr. B. Maharana Sambalpur University [email protected] “the system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs.” Types of scholarly communication (Formal & Informal)

Changes in Scholarly Communication

 Changes to the publishing market (e.g. new business models like ; new sales models such as consortia licensing; globalisation and the growth of emerging regions) Changes to the way research is conducted (e.g. use of networks; growth of data intensive and data- driven science; globalisation of research)  Changes to public policy (e.g. research funder self-archiving mandates; changes to copyright) What is a Journal

The journal has traditionally been seen to embody four functions: . Registration: third-party establishment by date-stamping of the author’s precedence and ownership of an idea . Dissemination: communicating the findings to its intended audience usually via the brand identity of the journal . Certification: ensuring quality control through peer review and rewarding authors . Archival record: preserving a fixed version of the paper for future reference and citation. History of Scholarly Journals

• The publishing of scholarly journals, begun in the 17th century, expanded greatly in the 19th as fresh fields of inquiry opened up or old ones were further divided into specialties.

• The history of scientific journals dates from 1665, when the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society first began systematically publishing research results Open Access Journals

Open-access journals are scholarly journals that are available online to the reader "without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the itself.”

Peter Suber

History of Open Access

Efforts before Internet

 Physicist Leó Szilárd jokingly suggested in the 1940s…….at the beginning of his career each scientist should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers…….

 Hind Swaraj () intellectual blueprint of India's freedom movement (in Gujarati in 1909) with a copyright legend that read……. "No Rights Reserved". OA History……..

Early years of online OA  Earliest book publisher to provide open access was the National Academies Press (the publisher of National Academy of Science, USA) since 1994…….to promote sales of print editions…

 SPARC developed in 1997, to address the journal crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open access.

 The first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980s……….. Bryn Mawr Classical Review, Postmodern Culture and Psycologuy OA History……..  The first free scientific online archive was arXiv.org, started in 1991, initially a service for physicists, initiated by

 In 1997, the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) made Medline

 In 1999, Harold Varmus of the NIH proposed a journal called E-biomed….later as PubMed Central

 In 1999 that the and its OAI- PMH was launched in order to make online archives interoperable. History of OA….

• In 2000, BioMed Central, a for-profit open access publisher, was launched by the then Current Science Group (by 2013, BioMed Central publishes over 250 journals.) • In 2001, 34,000 scholars around the world signed "An Open Letter to Scientific Publishers", calling for…..establishment of an online public library (Medicine and Life Sciences)……….lead to PLoS • The first major international statement on open access was the Budapest Open Access Initiative in February 2002, launched by the Open Society Institute….first definition of OA • Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities in October 2003. History of OA……2010s

• In 2013, , 's Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, issued a memorandum…. with more than $100M in annual R&D expenditures…….to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year

• In 2013, the UK Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) proposed adopting a mandate that ….all peer-reviewed journal articles submitted after 2014 must be deposited in the author's immediately upon acceptance for publication Two Vehicles of Open Access

• Gold OA…Open Access Journals • Green OA…Open Access Repositories Open Access Journals (Subject wise distribution) Growth of Open access Journals

Academic Spring…few Indian supporters

Prof. Sumeet Agarwal Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - Engineering and Technology •won't publish •won't referee •won't do editorial work

Prof. Maninder Agrawal IIT Kanpur - Computer Science •won't publish •won't referee won't do editorial work I was an editor of Information and Computation and on the Elsevier India Advisory Board. I have quit from both in protest against their practices……

Prof. B. Sury Indian Statistical Institute - Mathematics won't publish won't referee won't do editorial work This kind of commercialism hits hard in a country like mine.

Sir Mark Walport, Director of Wellcome Trust (The largest non-governmental funder of medical research after the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation),

………his organisation is in the final stages of launching a high calibre called eLife that would compete directly with top-tier publications such as Nature and Science • "One of the biggest costs in the whole scientific publishing world is borne by the academic community, which is the peer review," said Walport. "The journals have benefitted from having free, potentially very expensive consultancy. Again, why do we do that, if the end product is going to be locked behind a ?“

• Walport said there was a trend for conservatism in the scientific community because scientists want to get published in the most prestigious journal brands such as Nature, Science or Cell.

Open access at Elsevier – 2013 in retrospect and a look at 2014

• Key themes during 2013 were multi-stakeholder collaboration and scaling up gold open access publishing • we see strong collaboration among authors, institutions, funders, libraries, and publishers • In the UK, we have been helping to support the implementation of the national open access policy, and the new open access policies of the Research Councils UK and Wellcome Trust. Elsevier's contributions have spanned gold open access, green open access,and licensed access. In partnership with JISC Collections, Elsevier has undertaken a number of initiatives focused on affordability for institutions d publishers • We launched a gold open access prepayment pilot plan to help participating universities budget during the transition to open access • Elsevier also facilitated the retrospective conversion to open access of 672 articles published in 2012 by authors in UK universities.

United States

• The CHORUS initiative (Clearinghouse for the Open Research of the United States) enables publishers to work with US government funding agencies to provide public access in a very cost-effective manner and in ways that do not increase administrative and compliance burdens for researchers and universities. • SHARE (Shared Access Research Ecosystem), a similar initiative to leverage networked repositories to expand public access and that will be an important conversation to continue in 2014 International Collaboration

• Elsevier was an active participant in the SCOAP3 open access initiative for the high- energy physics community, led by CERN. We adjusted library contracts worldwide to reimburse the subscription prices for the two participating Elsevier journals; Physics Letters B and Nuclear Physics Letter B. In turn, libraries redirected these funds to SCOAP3, which centrally supports the open access costs of the flipped journals. This means article publishing charges are paid centrally and not by individual authors. Read more in our article "CERN-driven open access initiative to take off, and Elsevier's on board.“ • In addition, Elsevier's popular Publishing Connect workshops, run in collaboration with universities around the world, help educate early-career researchers about open access publishing and the new choices they need to consider. We have also been engaged closely with funders and policy makers around the globe about successful, scalable open access policies. In April, for example, we collaborated with the African Academy of Sciences to discuss "Open access in Africa – changes and challenges," and during the year, we visited funders and other stakeholders on every continent except Antarctica.[divider] Gold Open Access

• We launched 35 new open access journals in 2013, and also now host over 90 third-party owned open access journals on ScienceDirect. In these, and in our more than 1,600 established journals that offer open access publishing options, we have adapted a wide array of fresh new open access publishing policies since April Director of Access and Policy for Elsevier, Dr. Alicia Wise (@wisealic) Rachel Martin (@rachelcmartin) is the Access and Policy Communications Manager

• We have made improvements to our ScienceDirect platform to enable users to search, filter and find open access content. • Elsevier hascontinued to establishagreements with funding agencies, which helps us streamline our submission systems and enable authors to publish their research without delay by choosing the right open access options for their article, whether green or gold. This year, for example, we focussed on arrangements with Research Councils UK, the Wellcome Trust and Parkinson's UK. • In fact, we believe that the future of researchers sharing and talking about articles is so promising that we acquired Mendeley. (PKP)

• PKP maintaining and improving Open Journal System (OJS), OMP, and OCS. • In 2012, over 5000 journals published at least 10 articles using OJS, reaching nearly 200,000 articles in that year • We estimate that there are over 1.5 million articles published in OJS journals

1,200 journals available offer free access to two million articles

Market of Journal Publishing

• The total size of the global STM market in 2011 (including journals, books, technical information and standards, databases and tools, and medical communications and some related areas) was estimated by Outsell at $23.5 billion. revenues from journals were estimated by Outsell at $9.4 billion • Journals publishing revenues are generated primarily from academic library subscriptions (68-75% of the total revenue), followed by corporate subscriptions (15-17%), advertising (4%), membership fees and personal subscriptions (3%), and various author-side payments (3%) (RIN, 2008). • By geographical market, Outsell estimates about 52% of global STM revenues (including non-journal STM products) come from the USA, 32% from the EMEA region, 12% from Asia/Pacific and 4% from the rest of the world (principally the Americas excluding USA, though S Africa and some North African countries are showing strong growth potential)

Growth in estimates of the fraction of articles published as Gold open access

Wellcome Trust report on sustainability of Open Access Journals

“The Wellcome Trust released a report on 29th April 2004 into the sustainability of Open Access Journal funding models. In summary it concludes that there is a sustainable business model for Open Access Journals, which would allow the price of publication to fall by as much as 30% compared to traditional models. The report shows that such journals would be cheaper than current models, allow wider access to research material and maintain current standards of excellence and peer review.”

The future for open access

• Given the benefits of open access to the scientific community, it might be asked why open access has not already taken over completely from traditional publishing. One might point to the necessary and proper conservatism of science, which ensures that trusted paradigms are not discarded overnight. On the other hand, one might also note the recent survey by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft on attitudes to open access among its researchers, which found that younger researchers were consistently both more aware of open access, and more enthusiastic in their support for it, than their elder peers (Over, Maiworm and Schelewsky, 2005). Change is never easy, and no doubt many obstacles remain, but the enthusiasm of a new generation of researchers for open access, and the ongoing expansion of activity in this area by funders and policy-makers, together mean that open access to the results of scientific research could soon be the norm rather than the exception

• Article -processing charges cover: • Permanent, immediate, and worldwide open access to the full article text • Developing and maintaining electronic systems for peer review and publication • Preparation in various formats for online publication • Securing inclusion in relevant indexing services as soon as possible after publication • Securing inclusion in CrossRef, enabling electronic citation in other journals that are available electronically

Predatory Open Access

Jeffrey Beall, University of Colorado Denver Librarian and Researcher

• In , some publishers and journals have attempted to exploit the business model of open-access publishing by charging large fees to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with more established and legitimate journals. • The term "predatory open access" was conceived by University of Colorado Denver librarian and researcher Jeffrey Beall. After noticing a large number of emails inviting him to submit articles or join the editorial board of previously unknown journals, he began researching open-access publishers and created Beall's List of Predatory Publishers. Characteristics of

• Accepting articles quickly with little or no peer review or quality control,[4] including hoax and nonsensical papers.[3][5] • Notifying academics of article fees only after papers are accepted.[4] • Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit articles or serve on editorial boards.[2] • Listing academics as members of editorial boards without their permission,[6] and not allowing academics to resign from editorial boards.[7] • Appointing fake academics to editorial boards.[8] • Mimicking the name or web site style of more established journals.[7]

Open access mandates Table copied from Harnad (2013)

The publishing cycle

Journal Sales Channels

• Subscription agents • Aggregators • Bundles of Content • Library Consortia Annual volumes of articles in full immediate Open Access Journals Laakso and Björk BMC Medicine, 2012, 10: 124