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Guide to Open Science Publishing

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Guide to Open Science Publishing Guide to open science publishing For the online version open access explained | 3 of this guide please visit f1000.com/open the merits of open peer review | 6 understanding post-publication peer review | 9 what is open data? | 12 what is open science? | 15 about F1000Research | 18 facts & figures |19 Introduction What is the history of We hope this will be open access? Where a useful resource for should we share our data? researchers, students, and What are the benefits others with an interest of peer review? Who is in the increasingly open using post-publication nature of scientific peer review? How can research and publishing. I get involved with Finally, we’d like to open science? express our thanks to To answer these and Peter Kraker, Fabiana other key questions, Kubke, Ross Mounce, Liz F1000Research has put Neeley, Anna Sharman, together this guide to Lenny Teytelman, Kaitlin open science publishing. Thaney and Liz Wager The first four chapters for useful feedback on each focus on one of the individual chapters of underlying principles of this document. F1000Research, and the last chapter addresses other areas of open science. About the Author Eva Amsen Outreach Director at F1000Research Eva holds a PhD in Biochemistry from the University of Toronto, and is interested in all forms of communication between researchers, from hallway conversations to academic papers. Before joining F1000Research, she worked at the journal Development, where she launched and ran the Node, a community website for developmental biologists. Guide to open science publishing | 2 Image by KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. Licensed under CC BY SA 2.0 via https://www.flickr.com/photos/kthbiblioteket/4566250874 Re-used under license conditions. Open access explained A short history of open access although researchers could make their manuscripts available by Open access as we know it was self-archiving. Within the life Although the basic defined in a meeting in Budapest sciences, BioMed Central was in 2001. This meeting produced the first open access publisher to idea of open access the Budapest Open Access launch in 2000. (It was founded is indeed to give Initiative: a statement of principles by Vitek Tracz, who went on to about open access publishing. found F1000Research.) The Public everyone access to the Library of Science announced The resulting document, their intent to publish shortly after, published in 2002, described the contents of a research in 2001. paper, the term “open opportunities that the internet could provide in opening up access” implies more scientific literature: Open access today than just making the “…lay the foundation for uniting Since these early open humanity in a common intellectual access publishers, many conversation and quest for content free. others have followed suit, knowledge.” and open access is more popular Despite this occasional lofty than ever. In August 2013, the wording, the document is very European Commission announced clear on the definition of open that access: “open access is reaching the tipping point, with around 50% of scientific “By “open access” to this literature, papers published in 2011 now we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any available for free.” users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to The European Union’s research the full texts of these articles, crawl framework Horizon 2020 requires them for indexing, pass them as all research they fund to be made data to software, or use them for available via open access. Similar any other lawful purpose, without requirements are made by large financial, legal, or technical barriers funding agencies around the other than those inseparable from world, such as the Wellcome gaining access to the internet itself. Trust in the UK and the National The only constraint on reproduction Institutes of Health in the USA. and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the Green and Gold open access integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged How can researchers comply with and cited.” these funder regulations? There At this point there were not yet are currently two possible open many open access publishers, access routes: Green and Gold. Guide to open science publishing | 3 • Green open access is archiving generally retain copyright. (See review process, and to develop of accepted manuscripts in more about Creative Commons new features to support their accessible repositories, for licences in the “further reading” authors and readers, whereas example in their institutional section below). “predatory” journals don’t invest in repository or in PubMed Central. these processes. While this allows researchers to publish in any journal they want 2 Gold open access means But how can you distinguish a and deposit later, the system has “author pays” good journal from a bad one? some limitations: Some journals First of all, you can check if you only allow the archiving of a final No, it just means that it’s accepted manuscript, not of the know people who have published publisher-mediated open access. published and formatted paper. in this journal, or members of Some journals open up access Because the publisher does not the editorial board. Has the to all their archived articles rely on subscription fees from journal attended or sponsored after a certain time period, but readers and libraries for those conferences or supported other in other cases authors will have articles, they cover their costs initiatives? Is the journal a member to remember to deposit their in other ways. Some smaller of the Committee on Publication own paper, which can be a time journals can be funded entirely by Ethics (COPE)? Is the journal consuming process. institutes or societies. Larger open included in scholarly databases access publishers often use article • Gold open access is publisher- such as PubMed? So far, that mediated open access. The processing charges (APCs), which all applies equally to both open benefit of this is that the article is allow them to scale their business access and subscription journals. immediately made open access, model once they start receiving For open access journals, there and authors don’t have to take more submissions. The Directory is even an extra level of scrutiny: any extra steps, but there can be of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) The Open Access Scholarly a cost associated with it. Usually lists which model each journal Publishers Association (OASPA) the entire journal will be available uses. regularly re-reviews its members, as an open access journal, but and publishers must comply with some journals operate a hybrid Although APCs are applied on very strict guidelines to remain a model, where researchers can a per-article basis, in reality member, so you can check their pay to publish an open access many authors do not pay these member list. The DOAJ has also article in an otherwise non-open- fees out of pocket. Funders and access journal. recently tightened their criteria institutes who require open access for inclusion, and has removed publication often support authors several journals that do not fit and cover the cost, and many Three misconceptions about these criteria. Their member list publishers will waive APCs for low open access is easy to search, and provides income countries via the HINARI detailed information about each As the above summary illustrates, programme or on a case-by-case publication. open access has a distinct basis for specific situations of definition, but can be applied in economic difficulty. Finally, if a journal has a different ways. That can lead to transparent peer review model, some confusion, and there are a where names of reviewers and/ Open access implies bad quality few misconceptions about open 3 or content of referee reports or access floating around, such as No. Whether an article is free to editorial decision letters are made the following. access or hiding behind a paywall public, you can see for yourself what the peer review process says nothing about the quality of the research itself or about looks like and make an informed 1 Open access just means “free decision about the journal. to read” the peer review carried out on the paper. Not exactly. Although the basic idea of open access is indeed This misconception comes from to give everyone access to the the fact that there is indeed contents of a research paper, the a small group of so-called term “open access” implies more “predatory” publishers who are than just making the content charging researchers to publish free. It also requires making the articles in their journals for the material available for others to re- sole purpose of making money, use, and allowing content mining without considering the scientific (e.g. for meta-analysis). quality and often without even inviting peer reviewers to look Usually, open access articles at the papers. On the surface, are accompanied by a Creative this charge for publication may Commons licence that describes resemble the APC model used by the details of what can be done many open access journals, but with the content of the paper. it is different. Reliable journals Most of these licences require use APCs to cover the cost of giving credit to the authors, who managing the editorial and peer Guide to open science publishing | 4 REFERENCES & RESOURCES FURTHER READING European Commission: Open Access Claire Redhead/OASPA: Why CC-BY? to Research Publications Reaching (23 October 2012) ‘Tipping Point’ (21 August 2013) http://oaspa.org/why-cc-by/ http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ Paul Klimpel (2013) Free Knowledge IP-13-786_en.htm based on Creative Commons Licenses. Budapest Open Access Initiative Consequences, Risks, and side- declaration (February 14, 2002) effects of the license module Non- http://www.
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