Urban Sustainability in the Arctic: Visions, Contexts, and Challenges Robert W
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CONTENTS Urban Sustainability in the Arctic: Visions, Contexts, and Challenges Robert W. Orttung and Marlene Laruelle The George Washington University CLIMATE CHANGE/ ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Russian Arctic Cities in the Context of Climate Change Oleg Anisimov Russian State Hydrological Institute Arctic Urban Sustainability and Permafrost Dmitry Streletskiy and Nikolay Shiklomanov The George Washington University Environmental Security in the Russian Arctic: Drivers, Pressures and Responses Lev Neretin United Nations Environment Programme Marine Environment Impacts on Urban Sustainability Lee W. Cooper University of Maryland Interaction between Society and Environment Reflected in Urban Climates Igor Esau and Victoria Miles Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research 3 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND PARALLELS Black Carbon Emissions: Impacts and Mitigation Meredydd Evans Pacific Northwest National Laboratory International Cooperation as a Means for Russia’s Arctic Urban Sustainability Strategy Alexander Sergunin St. Petersburg State University Making Policy for the North: Norwegian Perspectives Pål Arne Davidsen Foreign Affairs Adviser for the Progress Party in the Norwegian Parliament Visiting Scholar, The George Washington University The Implications of the 2010 Norwegian-Russian Treaty on Maritime Delimitation in the Barents Sea for the Murmansk economy Valery Konyshev St. Petersburg State University Capacity Building and Sustainable Development: Comparative Lessons and the Russian North Greg Poelzer University of Saskatchewan An economic resource? The Norwegian – Russian border on the outer edges of the Schengen Bjarge Schwenke Fors and Aileen A. Espíritu The Barents Institute at the University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Dealing with Declining Cities: Experience from the US Brent D. Ryan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Социально-экономическая деятельность СССР и Норвегии в Арктике (на примере Шпицбергена в ХХ веке) 4 Александр Константинович Порцель Мурманский государственный технический университет RUSSIA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSPORTATION Dynamics of a Coupled System: Multi-Resolution Remote Sensing in Assessing Social- Ecological Responses during 25 Years of Gas Field Development in Arctic Russia Timo Kumpula University of Eastern Finland Bruce C. Forbes University of Lapland Florian Stammler University of Lapland Nina Meschtyb University of Lapland Access in Flux: Opportunities and Uncertainties in Arctic Transport and Development Scott R. Stephenson University of California, Los Angeles Remoteness and Mobility: Transportation Routes, Technologies, and Sustainability in Arctic Communities Matthew Berman University of Alaska, Anchorage Centralized Power and the Prospects for Sustainability in the Russian Arctic Robert Orttung The George Washington University URBAN POLICIES IN RUSSIA Drivers Shaping Russia’s Arctic Cities 5 Colin Reisser The George Washington University Russia’s Policies for Arctic Cities: Problems and Prospects Alexander Pilyasov Center on the Economy of the North and the Arctic Council for the Study of Resources Strategic Planning and Management in the Cities of the Russian North and the Arctic Vladimir Didyk and Larisa Riabova IES KSC RAS Mega-Projects as a Solution to the Challenges Facing Russia’s Arctic Cities Nadir Kinossian University of Tromsø Social and Cultural Environment of Coastal Territories of European North of Russia Maxim Palamarchuk Murmansk Arctic State University Современные проблемы развития городов Арктической зоны Российской Федерации Жанна Эдуардовна Каспарьян Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц-региона Кольского научного центра РАН More urban, less Arctic? Convergence and Divergence: The case of the Ob river region Yvette Vaguet CNRS UMR IDEES-Rouen, University of Rouen Alla G. Bykova Head of the archives service of JSC “Messoyakhaneftegaz,” Tyumen Armelle Couillet CNRS UMR IDEES-Rouen, University of Rouen 6 MONOCITIES’ CHALLENGES Monotowns, Economic Crisis, and the Politics of Industrial Restructuring in Russia Stephen Crowley Oberlin College and Conservatory Challenges of Economic Diversification in Resource–Based Single– Industry Towns in the Russian North Tuomas Suutarinen University of Helsinki Стратегии Развития Моногородов Российской Арктики (на примере Мурманцкой Области) Владимир Всеволодович Дидык Лариса Александровна Рябова Институт экономических проблем им. Г.П. Лузина Кольского научного центра РАН, г. Апатиты Development challenges of a mining single-industry town in the Russian Arctic: The case of Kirovsk, Murmansk region Vladimir Didyk Russian Academy of Sciences Shrinking Cities in the Post-Soviet Sphere: Perspectives on the Monofunctional City of Kherson, Ukraine Brent D. Ryan Massachusetts Institute of Technology Горнодобывающие районы в Арктике: территории, принесенные в жертву, или устойчивые ландшафты? (На примере Мурманской области) Людмила Викторовна Иванова Институт экономических проблем им. Г.П. Лузина, Кольский научный центр РАН, г. Апатиты 7 URBAN LANDSCAPE AND URBAN HUMAN CAPITAL Architecture and Urbanism of Arctic Cities: Case Study of Resolute Bay and Noril’sk Matthew G. Jull & Leena S. Cho University of Virginia Urbanized Arctic Landscapes: Critiques and Potentials from a Design Perspective Leena S. Cho and Matthew G. Jull University of Virginia From Sustaining Creativity to Creating Sustainability: Talent and Creative Capital for Sustainable Development in Arctic Urban Communities Andrey N. Petrov University of Northern Iowa Vulnerability of Polar Urban Centers: The Case of Western Siberia Yvette Vaguet University of Rouen Human Capital of the Russian Arctic and the Role of Sustainable Cities in Its Preservation and Development Evgeny Shepelev Northern Arctic Federal University Взаимодействие общества и государства как основа устойчивого развития городов (на примере г. Петрозаводска) Надежда Борисовна Полевщикова Ирина Викторовна Щеколдина Петрозаводский Государственный Университет Reluctant Entrepreneurs of the Russian Far East Aimar Ventsel University of Tartu 8 NEW MOBILITY AND NEW MIGRATION PATTERNS The Quality of Life in Arctic Cities: How is Northern Discomfort Compensated For By Vacation Trips? Nadezhda Zamyatina Lomonosov Moscow State University International Migration into the Arctic Timothy Heleniak George Washington University Dynamics of Interregional Migration in post-Soviet Russia Timothy Heleniak George Washington University Boom and Bust: Population Change in Russia’s Arctic Cities Timothy Heleniak University of Maryland The Role of the Long-Distance Commute Worker (LDC) in Connecting the Northern with Central Russian Regions: Influences of LDC on the Host (Vorkuta, Novyi Urengoi) and Home Communities (Republic of Bashkortostan) Gertrude Eilmsteiner-Saxinger Austrian Academy of Sciences Austrian Polar Research Institute (APRI) Elisabeth Öfner University of Vienna Elena Nuykina University of Vienna Intercity Networks as a Factor Promoting Arctic City Sustainability Nadezhda Zamyatina Lomonosov Moscow State University Population and Development Policies in the Arctic: What Role for Non-State Actors? Genevieve Parente University of British Columbia 9 Символический капитал городов России как фактор формирования миграционных потоков (на примере молодежной миграции из Норильска) Надежда Замятина Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова Central Asian Migrants as New Actors in Russia’s Arctic Urban Landscape Marlene Laruelle The George Washington University Murmansk on the Move: Trajectories and Representations of Migrants from the South Caucasus in a Polar City Sophie Hohmann CERCEC, Paris Aleksandra Burtseva Murmansk State Arctic University INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND THE URBANIZATION ISSUE Indigenous Peoples: Urban Resources for Sustainable Development? Vera Kuklina V.B. Sochava Institute of Geography Partnership from Conflict: The Search for a Balance of Interests between an Oil Company, Regional Authorities and the Indigenous Population (The Case of ‘Numto’ Nature Preserve) Irina Olimpieva and Maria Tysiachniouk Centre for Independent Social Research, St. Petersburg The Curse of Social Engineering: Settlement Structures, Urbanization and Native Economies in Chukotka Tobias Holzlehner Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Коренное население Арктики в контексте этнического брендирования (на примере Мурманской области) 10 Ольга Александровна Бодрова Центр гуманитарных проблем Баренц региона Кольского научного центра РАН, г. Апатиты Indigenous Cosmopolitans, Ecological Defense, and Activism in Russia’s Arctic Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer Georgetown University 11 URBAN SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ARCTIC: VISIONS, CONTEXTS, AND CHALLENGES ROBERT W. ORTTUNG AND MARLENE LARUELLE THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY his e-book provides academics and policy makers with an introduc- Ttion to the topic of Arctic urban sustainability. In this wide-ranging collection of short articles, the authors present their own angles and (often competing) takes on what urban sustainability looks like in the Arctic’s extreme conditions; the overall context of climate change and what it means for Arctic cities; and the various challenges of maintaining and growing cities at a time when the market for fossil fuels and other natural resources faces great uncertainty. These articles were presented at various conferences organized between 2013 and 2017 as part of a large multi-disciplinary, multina- tional project supported by the National Science Foundation entitled Research Coordination