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Special feature s e Finding a Place for v i a t c n i the Victims e h p s c The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution r e p YOUQIN WANG This paper argues that acknowledging individual victims had been a crucial problem in writing the history of the Cultural Revolution and represents the major division between the official history and the parallel history. The author discusses the victims in the history of the Cultural Revolution from factual, interpretational and methodological aspects. Prologue: A Blocked Web topic “official history and parallel history” of the Cultural Memorial Revolution. In this paper I will argue that acknowledging individual vic - n October of 2000, I launched a website, www.chinese- tims has been a crucial problem in writing the history of the memorial.org , to record the names of the people who Cultural Revolution and represents the major division be - Idied from persecution during the Cultural Revolution. tween the official history that the Chinese government has Through years of research, involving over a thousand inter - allowed to be published and the parallel history that cannot views, I had compiled the stories of hundreds of victims, and pass the censorship on publications in China. As of today, placed them on the website. By clicking on the alphabeti - no published scholarly papers have analyzed the difference cally-listed names, a user could access a victim’s personal in - between the two resulting branches in historical writings on formation, such as age, job, date and location of death, and the Cultural Revolution. Given that the authorities who con - details about how he/she was murdered or committed sui - trol China’s Internet and media have demonstrated their cide after being tortured and humiliated. “sensitivity” and have resorted to silencing the voice of the The web memorial reached many Internet readers in China, victims, comparative research on the issue is required. I will and I was soon receiving several emails every week, even discuss the victims in the history of the Cultural Revolution though Chinese people had much less Internet access then from factual, interpretational , and methodological aspects. than they do today. Most readers saw this as a very valuable The discussion is based on the documents and interviews I project and some offered me help. However, in March have collected on the Cultural Revolution over the last 20 2002, seventeen months after the Web site was launched, years, and on how the history of the Revolution has been Beijing authorities blocked it, and readers in China cannot written during this time. visit it anymore. Why did the Chinese government block a web memorial Facts: The Forgotten Victims of that contains nothing but the names and life stories of vic - the Cultural Revolution tims? What harm do the authorities find in such information after the Chinese government announced the rehabilitation Naming Ordinary Victims of all of these victims as long ago as 1979? How much dis - tortion has historical writing on the Cultural Revolution suf - A huge number of people died from persecution during the fered through lack of a record of the victims? The blocking Cultural Revolution. Most victims died at their work units of the website raised questions that had been on my mind rather than in remote concentration camps. They were at - for years before I was invited to contribute a paper on the tacked at so-called “mass struggle sessions” and murdered 65 N o 2007/4 Special feature He Dinghua, retired elementary school teacher, killed at her home in Beijing by the Red Guards on August 27, 1966. s e v i a t under the so-called “dictatorship of the masses” advocated larly in two periods which c n i ((1) e by Mao Zedong. The murders were never a secret, but she considers the worst of h p rather were used to terrify the public into submission. In - the Cultural Revolution, s c r deed, widespread knowledge of this ruthless oppression was the Red Guard summer of e p one of the major reasons why so few people openly resisted 1966, and the “cleansing of the class ranks” by revo - the Cultural Revolution. lutionary committees during the winter of 1968. She Two years after Mao Zedong’s death, the Chinese regime does this by recounting, one by one, the fates of many began rehabilitating victims of the Cultural Revolution and hundreds of victims, thus ensuring that they will not paid the families of each 420 Yuan (approximately half a be forgotten. year’s salary on average at that time) in compensation. Nev - ertheless, the new leaders did not publicize the names of the More than 90 percent of the 659 victims named in my book victims, and did not give ordinary researchers access to the died during these two major yundong (movements) of the statistics and archives that the “political work division” of Cultural Revolution, which consisted of countless acts of each work unit was required to keep on individual employ - cruel persecution conducted nationwide under clear and de - ees. In addition, the authorities strictly controlled the official tailed instructions from Mao Zedong. press (there is no non-official press in China), prohibiting Apart from the alphabetical name index, my book also pro - publication of books or articles on the Cultural Revolution. vides an index of the locations of the killings. Although I For example, Beijing-based Dongfang (East) Magazine identified only a few hundred names, the available informa - compiled a collection of articles on the 30 th anniversary of tion indicates how high the percentage of victims in the gen - the Cultural Revolution for its May 1996 issue. Yet, not long eral population might have been. For example, ten teachers before the printer finished the binding, an order came that and staff members out of a total of 116 employees of the the issue should be destroyed, and a new issue without the Girls’ Middle School Attached to Beijing Teachers Univer - controversial articles should be produced. Although the edi - sity died from persecution, along with one outsider who was tors followed the order, the magazine was still shut down beaten to death on the campus. ((4) At the Beijing Third permanently shortly thereafter. Many authors abandoned Girls’ Middle School, the principal and four teachers died the subject of the Cultural Revolution after finding out that from persecution, along with two outsiders killed on campus investigating and publishing, although not impossible, was and seven spouses of employees. ((5) Two teachers out of 30 extremely difficult. employees were victimized at Mataxiang Middle School in After the web memorial was blocked in 2002, I continued rural Jingyan County, Sichuan Province. ((6) Sixty-three vic - to develop the website and add more content. In 2004, I tims died at Peking University, ((7) and 58 at Tsinghua Uni - published a 570-page book in Chinese entitled Victims of versity. ((8) In addition, my investigations found violent perse - the Cultural Revolution: An Investigative Account of Perse - cution at every workplace examined, without exception. ((9) cution, Imprisonment and Murder in Hong Kong. ((2) In the The number of victims a single researcher can identify is in - book, I reveal details of the tragic stories of 659 victims: when, where , and how they died. The victims include teach - ers, writers, doctors, farmers, factory workers, low and high- 1. Mao Zedong, July 9, 1967. It is an idea Mao emphasized for many years. 2. Wenge shounanzhe: guanyu pohai jianjin he shalu de xunfang shilu (Victims of the Cul - ranking cadres, and aged housewives. It was the first book tural Revolution: An Investigative Account of Persecution, Imprisonment and Murder), on the victims of the Cultural Revolution based on first-hand Hong Kong , Open Press, 2004. investigation. 3. The Foreword was written in English, which I translated into Chinese for publication in the book. This quote is from the original English version. 4. Wang Youqin, “1966: Xuesheng da laoshi de geming” (1966: The Revolution of Students In the Foreword ((3) to the book, Professor Roderick MacFar - persecuting Teachers), Twenty-First Century , n° 4, 1995. The paper has been updated quhar wrote: many times, and the latest version can be accessed on my website. 5. Chen Shouren, “Beijing nü san zhong de sha ren jilu” (Beijing Third Girls Middle School Killing Records), Open Magazine , May 2007. In this book, Professor Wang takes a very important 6. See Wenge shounanzhe , op. cit. , p. 234, 496. step in the direction of making her fellow Chinese 7. Wang Youqin, “63 Victims and the Cultural Revolution at Peking University,” Twenty-First confront their recent past. With painstaking efforts, Century , n° 2, 2006. 8. Tao Shaojie, “Unnatural Deaths at Tsinghua University during the Cultural Revolution,” and doubtless much frustration and many impedi - Twenty-First Century , n° 2, 2006 ments, she has lifted the veil on the violence, particu - 9. See Wang Youqin, Wenge shounanzhe , op. cit .. 66 N o 2007/4 Zhang Fang, teacher of Beijing Erlonglu Middle School. She escaped from Beijing and was caught and died in Xinxiang, Henan Province, May 19, 1968. s e v i a evitably limited. Yet, if the proportion of the victims I found high-ranking or famous victims t c n i is applied throughout China’s working population at the as a means of restoring their e h time, the total number of victims can be estimated to be in reputations. The articles re - p s c the millions. vealed little about how the vic - r e Most of the victims identified in my book were never re - tims were persecuted or murdered.
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