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Not Seeing Snow _book_id: 0 _book_language: en _book_alttitle: 0 _dedication_title: 0 _publisher_id: 0 _collection_id_series: bjsl i Not Seeing Snow © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/9789004393899_001 Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access ii Brill’s Japanese Studies Library Edited by Joshua Mostow (Managing Editor) Caroline Rose Kate Wildman Nakai VOLUME 64 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bjsl Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access iii Not Seeing Snow Musō Soseki and Medieval Japanese Zen By Molly Vallor LEIDEN | BOSTON Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access iv Cover illustration: Portrait of Musō Soseki (14th century) Important Cultural Property, Jisaiin. Photo Courtesy of Nara National Museum. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vallor, Molly, author. Title: Not seeing snow : Musō Soseki and medieval Japanese Zen / by Molly Vallor. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2019] | Series: Brill’s Japanese studies library, ISSN 0925-6512 ; Volume 64 | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2019002245 (print) | LCCN 2019007700 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004393899 (Ebook) | ISBN 9789004386280 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Musō Soseki, 1275-1351. | Buddhist monks--Japan--Biography. | Rinzai (Sect)--Japan--History. | Zen Buddhism--Japan--History. | Poets, Japanese--Biography. | Waka--History and criticism. | Landscape designers--Japan--Biography | Landscape design--Japan--History. Classification: LCC BQ9399.M877 (ebook) | LCC BQ9399.M877 V35 2019 (print) | DDC 294.3/927092 [B] --dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019002245 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0925-6512 isbn 978-90-04-38628-0 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-39389-9 (e-book) Copyright 2019 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access ContentsContents v Contents Prologue vii List of Figures xiv xiv Introduction Zen in the Generations Before Musō: The Growth of the Gozan System in Medieval Japan 1 1 The Life of Musō Soseki 4 2 Musō’s Early Life: A Turn to Zen 6 3 Practice and Enlightenment 8 4 Recluse and Abbot 14 5 Building a Line Under Emperor Godaigo 18 6 Association with the Ashikaga and the Northern Court 22 7 Death and Legacy 25 1 A Master Defined: Musō Soseki in Muchū mondōshū 28 1 Muchū mondōshū and the Tradition of Kana Hōgo on Zen 33 2 Playing Teacher 36 3 A License to Critique 44 4 Calling Little Jade 50 5 Conclusion 57 2 Beneath the Ice: Musō Soseki and the Waka Tradition 60 1 Shōgaku Kokushishū: An Incomplete Textual History 62 2 Musō and the Way of Waka 66 3 Affirming the Arts: Musō Soseki and Buddhist Discourse on Waka 70 4 Ambivalence and Abstraction: Literal and Figurative Representations of Reclusion in SKS 77 5 New Takes on Old Tropes: Mind Over Lament 89 6 Rarefying the Pine Wind 96 7 Elegantly Unconfused 100 8 Conclusion 103 3 Blossoms before Moss: Medieval Views of Musō Soseki’s Saihōji 105 1 A Long and Sacred History in Saihō shōja engi 110 2 The Temple and the Blossoms 114 3 Blooms After Death in Shōgaku Kokushishū 117 4 Zen in Bloom in Musō’s Chronology 126 Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access vi Contents Contents 5 The Musō Renovations: Musō and Medieval Landscape Design 129 Contents v Prologue vii 6 Saihōji as Musō Memorial 131 1 Not a Model Zen Master: Musō Soseki’s Modern Image x List of Figures xiv 7 Harmonizing Pure Land and Zen at Saihōji 139 Introduction 1 1 The Life of Musō Soseki 4 8 Conclusion 142 2 Musō’s Early Life: A Turn to Zen 6 3 Practice and Enlightenment 8 5 Recluse and Abbot 14 6 Building a Line Under Emperor Godaigo 18 7 Association with the Ashikaga and the Northern Court 22 4 Changing Agendas at Musō Soseki’s Tenryūji 144 8 Death and Legacy 25 Chapter 1 1 Tenryūji: From Imperial Residence to Commercial Center 146 A Master Defined: Musō Soseki in Muchū mondōshū 28 1 Muchū mondōshū and the Tradition of Kana Hōgo on Zen 33 2 Taiheiki’s Tenryūji: Appearance of an Onryō 151 2 Playing Teacher 36 3 A License to Critique 44 4 Calling Little Jade 50 3 Tenryūji in 1345: Reunification and the Rise of Buddhism 155 5 Conclusion 57 Chapter 2 4 Multiple Reconciliations 155 Beneath the Ice: Musō Soseki and the Waka Tradition 60 1 Shōgaku Kokushishū: An Incomplete Textual History 62 5 Securing Imperial Support for Tenryūji 164 2 Musō and the Way of Waka 66 3 Affirming the Arts: Musō Soseki and Buddhist Discourse on Waka 70 6 Enlightening Godaigo and Other Objectives 167 4 Ambivalence and Abstraction: Literal and Figurative Representations of Reclusion in SKS 77 5 New Takes on Old Tropes: Mind Over Lament 89 7 Tying Tenryūji to Ashikaga Takauji in 1351 169 6 Rarefying the Pine Wind 96 7 Elegantly Unconfused 100 8 Conclusion 103 8 Conclusion 177 Chapter 3 Blossoms Before Moss: Medieval Views of Musō Soseki’s Saihōji 105 1 A Long and Sacred History in Saihō shōja engi 110 2 The Temple and the Blossoms 114 Epilogue 179 3 Blooms After Death in Shōgaku Kokushishū 117 4 Zen in Bloom in Musō’s Chronology 126 5 The Musō Renovations: Musō and Medieval Landscape Design 129 6 Saihōji as Musō Memorial 131 7 Harmonizing Pure Land and Zen at Saihōji 139 Appendix: Shōgaku Kokushishū 183 8 Conclusion 142 Chapter 4 Bibliography 237 Changing Agendas at Musō Soseki’s Tenryūji 144 1 Tenryūji: From Imperial Residence to Commercial Center 146 Index 254 2 Taiheiki’s Tenryūji: Appearance of an Onryō 151 3 Tenryūji in 1345: Reunification and the Rise of Buddhism 155 4 Multiple Reconciliations 155 5 Securing Imperial Support for Tenryūji 164 6 Enlightening Godaigo and Other Objectives 167 7 Tying Tenryūji to Ashikaga Takauji in 1351 169 8 Conclusion 177 Epilogue 179 Appendix: Shōgaku Kokushishū 183 Bibliography 237 Index 254 Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access ProloguePrologue vii Prologue Figure 1 Statue of Musō Soseki (14th century), Important Cultural Property, Zuisenji Photo courtesy of Kamakura Kokuhoukan Museum Despite playing a prominent role in the political, religious, and cultural life of the fourteenth century, Musō Soseki 夢窓疎石 (1275-1351) remains largely shrouded in obscurity. An elite monk who was the author of a highly influen- tial Buddhist tract, a skilled poet, a noted calligrapher, and an active garden designer, Musō was also a major contributor to the Gozan 五山 (Five Moun- tains) system of Zen monasteries that spanned the country.1 Throughout his life, he traversed the bounds of what are modernly—and narrowly—defined as art and religion, politics and literature. He navigated the upper echelons of 1 In this book, the term “Zen” 禅 will encompass Chan, Sǒn, Thiền, and Zen unless other wise specified. Molly Vallor - 978-90-04-39389-9 Downloaded from Brill.com11/09/2020 10:09:03AM via free access viii Prologue Figure 2 Poem on the Theme of Snow (Sino-Japanese) by Musō Soseki (14th century). Gift of Sylvan Barnet and William Burto, in honor of Maxwell K. Hearn (2011) The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) the court and aristocracy and rubbed elbows with the warrior elite. He engaged in solitary religious devotions in the far-flung provinces and negotiated a maze of social ties strung between two capitals. In his time and after, Musō was a highly revered Buddhist figure. He was anointed with the title of State Preceptor (kokushi 国師) an unprecedented seven times,2 making him one of the most honored figures in Japanese Bud- dhist history. He left behind a remarkably large number of students; one medi- 2 Musō is known as the Imperial Preceptor to Seven Courts (shichichō teishi 七朝帝師), in refer- ence to the following seven instances in which the title of “State Preceptor” was bestowed upon him (three of them during his life): Musō 夢窓 (by Emperor Godaigo, 1335), Shōgaku 正 覚 (by Emperor Kōmyō 光明天皇, 1346), Shinshū 心宗 (by Retired Emperor Kōgon 光厳上 皇, 1351), Fusai 普済 (by Emperor Gokōgon 後光厳天皇, 1358), Gen’yū 玄猷 (by Emperor Goen’yū 後円融天皇, 1372), Buttō 仏統 (by Emperor Gohanazono 後花園天皇, 1450), Daien 大円 (by Emperor Gotsuchimikado 後土御門天皇, 1471). See Tamamura Takeji 玉村竹二, Musō Kokushi: Chūsei zenrin shuryū no keifu 夢窓国師：中世禅林主流の系譜 (Kyoto: Heirakuji Shoten, 1958), 90, 352, 357, 359. My translation of kokushi as “state preceptor” follows Robert E. Buswell Jr. and Donald S. Lopez Jr. See entry for “Musō Soseki” in Robert E.
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