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Hitrans Best Practice Guide 2: Public Transport

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Hitrans Best Practice Guide 2: Public Transport � � ����������������������������������������� �������������������� ������� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� � ���������������������������������������� ������� ��������������������� HiTrans Best practice guide 2 Public transport – Planning the networks Gustav Nielsen (Civitas Consultants) with John D. Nelson (University of Newcastle) Corinne Mulley (University of Newcastle) Göran Tegnér (Transek AB) Gunnar Lind (Stratega AB) Truls Lange (Civitas Consultants) HiTrans 2005 ISBN 82-990111-3-2 1 HiTrans An introduction to HiTrans HiTrans is an abbreviation for “the development apply to medium sized cities and urban regions. In of principles and strategies for introducing high contrast to that of large cities, public transport in quality public transport in medium size cities and medium size cities and urban regions tends to be urban regions”. Examples of high quality public based on relatively low quality bus services. Smaller transport may be light rail, guided busways or fre- populations and thus lower passenger demand quent, comfortable buses. But the defi ning criterion mean that expensive infrastructure such as heavy rail of “high quality public transport” is the ability to or subways cannot normally be justifi ed. compete with the private car for everyday travel in Medium size cities that are looking for alterna- circumstances where car ownership is widespread. tives to normal bus services rarely have the resources Established by a partnership of cities and transport to adequately research the advantages and disad- agencies in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, vantages of emerging technologies and concepts of HiTrans is specifi cally aimed at cities and urban re- high quality public transport, particularly as these gions in countries bordering the North Sea that have would apply in their circumstances. populations between 100,000 and 500,000 people. HiTrans is a cooperative research eff ort to obtain The project is jointly funded by the European this knowledge; to fi nd suitable and cost eff ective Commission’s Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme and solutions for such cities, and to learn from the best the following partners: examples of relevant cities throughout the world. > Rogaland County Council, Norway, (lead partner) But the aim is not just for high quality public > Aarhus County Council, Denmark transport. The aim is for high quality cities. > Edinburgh City Council, Scotland Most new concepts of high quality public trans- > Helsingborg City Council, Sweden port require new infrastructure. It is a challenge to > Stavanger City Council and Sandnes City Council make such infrastructure fi t into – and better still, (in partnership), Norway enhance – the qualities of the urban landscape. > Sunderland City Council, England High quality public transport can also be used > Jernbaneverket, the Norwegian National Execu- to restructure our cities to enhance the accessibility tive for building and maintaining railways of the people who live in them without the choking > NEXUS, which operates the metro in Tyne and traffi c that diminishes our quality of life. At the same Wear, England time it is expected that spatial planning oriented to- > NSB BA, the Norwegian National Railway operator wards a city’s high quality public transport network > Oslo Sporveier, which plans and operates the bus, can be a critical factor in building patronage that in tram and metro network in Oslo, Norway turn can justify more service. > Statens vegvesen, the Norwegian Public Roads HiTrans’ work has been organised through 5 work Administration. packages called strands. This work has resulted in 5 The North Sea region is characterised by urban net- best practice guides. works with few large but many medium sized cities and urban regions. Urban land use is generally low density when compared to other parts of Europe. There are also similarities in terms of urban culture and climate in the North Sea region that can aff ect the use of diff erent transport modes. Car ownership and usage in European cities is generally increasing, and providing public transport that can compete with the private car is a challenge throughout Eu- rope. But there are some challenges that particularly 2 HiTrans ���������������������������� Best practice guide 1 � Public transport & land use planning � How can we reshape our cities to facilitate the use examples of cities reinventing themselves as attrac- ���������������������������������������� ������������������������������������ ����� of public transport? A series of case studies provides tive places in which to invest and to live. ������������������ �� some inspirational illustrations of what can be done Main consultant: Lynn Devereux (WSP, Cambridge) – as well as some salutary lessons of what to avoid. There are examples of cities regenerating run-down areas, curtailing urban sprawl, building success- ��������������������������������������������������������� ful public transport oriented communities, ridding themselves of traffi c-chocked city streets, as well as ���������������������������� Best practice guide 2 � Public transport – Planning the networks � Medium size cities face special challenges when or concentrated in a few, higher frequency routes. ���������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������� ����� introducing high quality public transport. How can Illustrations and graphs demonstrate principles of ������������������ �� the patronage be raised to generate the frequencies network design, introducing concepts that simplify needed to make public transport a viable alternative and clarify the planning public transport services. to the car? This challenge is on top of well-known Also the report gives an overview of various legisla- dilemmas that lie behind questions such as how tive frameworks and their eff ects on the provision of ��������������������������������������������������������� far apart stops should be and whether resources public transport. should be spread between dense network of routes, Main consultant: Gustav Nielsen (Civitas, Oslo) ���������������������������� Best practice guide 3 � Public transport & urban design � The introduction of high quality public transport can uses case studies to examine the variety of urban ���������������������������������������� ������������������������������� ����� have profound implications for a city’s urban design. design factors that should be considered when ������������������ �� It may be introduced with-out any thought about introducing high quality public transport: overhead how it will look or its impact on people’s ability to wiring, rails, signs, stations, stops, guideways, safety move about and enjoy the city’s public spaces. On barriers, as well as the vehicles themselves. It also the other hand, it may be carefully designed to rein- provides advice on advertising and preventing ��������������������������������������������������������� force or en-hance these aspects – or to play a crucial vandalism. part in the reinvention of the city’s image. This guide Main consultant: Marie Burns (Burns+Nice, London) ���������������������������� Best practice guide 4 � Public transport – Mode options and technical solutions � There is a wide range of options available for those whether to use bus only streets, busways, and/or ���������������������������������������� ������������������ ����� ������������������������������������ planning the introduction of high quality public to adopt one of the evolving technologies to guide ������������������ �� transport. Rail-based options range from ultra buses. The experiences of numerous cities are used light rail to heavy rail, with various permutations to provide lessons of how to introduce cost eff ective and combinations such as tramtrains, light metros, solutions that suit the local circumstances, and avoid metrotrains and so on. Cities opting for bus-based costly mistakes. ��������������������������������������������������������� transport will have to choose between diff erent Main consultant: Trevor Griffi n (Interfl eet forms and combinations of propulsion, as well as Technology, Derby) ���������������������������� Best practice guide 5 � Public transport – Citizens’ requirements � This report investigates what the citizens of medium transport. The study identifi es the qualities that have ���������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������� ����� sized cities require from the public transport system. made a diff erence, as for example fare structure, ������������������ �� The report is split into two parts. Part 1 is a desktop speed, reliability and frequency. study analysing the fi ndings of previous research Main consultant part 1: Alan Howes (Colin Buchanan into the requirements of both users and non-users and Partners, Edinburgh) of public transport. Part 2 presents case studies of Main consultant part 2: Tom Rye (Napier University, ��������������������������������������������������������� medium sized cities and regions that are perceived Edinburgh) as being successful in providing high quality public 3 Foreword This Best Practice Guide on Public transport network ticular been made by the HiTrans expert advisor Axel planning is the result of research and authoring proc- Kühn, Karlsruhe, Germany and the HiTrans external esses in the HiTrans project Strand 2 in the period editor Ian Radbone, University of South Australia, from September 2003 to June 2005. After the fi rst Adelaide,
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