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-NRLF B 4 Sn b37 GESENIITS'S HEBREW GRAMMAR, READING BOOK. GESENIUS'S HEBREW GRAMMAR ENLARGED AND IMPROVED BY E. ROD I GEE, Ph.D., D.D I'ROFESSOR OF ORIENTAL LITERATUEE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HALLE. WITH A HEBREW READING BOOK, B. DAVIE S, Ph.D., OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPSIC. Multffi terricolis liiigute, coelestibus una. LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, LIMITED. — VI CON T E NTS PART II -FORMS AND INFLEXIONS, OK. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Pago Section PttRS Preterite with Pronominal Suffixes . 97 30. The Stem-Words and Roots (Biliterals, Tri- 59. The 60. Future w ith Pronominal Suffixes . 99 literals, Quadriliterals) .... 58 Imperative, and Participle with yi. Graniinatical Structuro .... (;2 61. Infinitive, Suflixes 100 CnAri'EU I. The Fronouu. 11. The Irregular Verb. 3*2. Pronoun . 63 Tlie Personal or Separate .1. Verbs with Gutturals. 33. Suffix Pronoun 65 &1. In General 100 34. The Demonstrative Pronoun 67 63. Verbs Pe (iuttural. E. g. npv, /o »/«/«/ . 102 35. The Article 67 64. Verbs Ayin Guttural. E.g. tiriL", to slaughter 104 36. The Rehilive Pronoun .... 6!) (i5. Verbs Lamedh Guttural. E.g. HX', to sciid 6!) lOJ 87. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns . B. Contracted Verbs. Cn.\rTKU II. — The Verb. iMd. Verbs |3. Y^. g. 'C'i^, ti> approach . 106 38— 41. General View 67. Verbs l-y. E.g. 2?D 109 I. The Regular Verh. C. Feeble A'erbs (A'erba Quiescentia). 4-2. In General 74 68. Feeble Verbs nE. E. g. ^?X, to cat . 113 A. Tiie Simple Form, or Kal. 69. Feeble Verbs ^S. First Class, or Verbs ori- 43. Its Form and Signification 10 ginally 12. E.s.yS'l^todiceU. .114 44. Preterite of Kal, and its Tiiflexioii 7.) Feeble A'erbs ^2. Second Class, or Verbs 4.3. The Infinitive ...... 70. 7S Imperative ^2. 46. The ..... properly V.. g. TQ^ , to be good 117 47. The Future, and its Inflexion 70 7 1 . Verbs ^3 . Third Class, or Contracted Verbs 'E 118 4S. Shortening and Lengthening of the Future 72. Feeble Verbs iy. E.g. QJip, to me up . 119 and Imperative (Jussive and Cohortativc . 123 Forms) ....... 81 73. VirbsT. E.g. \'2, to discern Preterite and Future wiih Vav Conversive S3 49. 74. Verbs nS'. E.g. NVrp A>/m/ . 124 50. The Participle ...... 84 75. Verbs n5. E. g. rhi , to rcvcid . 125 B. Derived Conjugations. 76. Verbs doubly anomalous .... 132 77. Relation of the Irregular Verbs to one another 132 51. Niphal 85 78. Defective Verbs 133 5-2. Piel and Pual 87 53. lliphil and Uophal 89 CuArnii HI. — The Xoiin. 54. Uithpaol 91 9-2 79. General View . .134 5^}. Unusual Conjugations . 80. Forms which mark the Gender of Nouns . 135 56. Quadriliterals ...... 94 81. Derivation of Nouns . .136 C Regular Verb with Pronominal Suffixes. 82. Primitive Nouns ... .137 57. In General ...... 94 83. Verbal Nouns in General . .137 55. The Suffix of the Verl> .... 95 84. Nouns derived from the Regular Verb . 1 38 —— — 1 CONTENTS. VI Section Page Section Page 85. Nouns derived from the Irregular Verb . 141 96. List of the Irregular Xouns 164 86. Denominative Xouns 142 97. Numerals. I. Cardinal Numbers . 165 87. The Plural 143 98. Numerals. II. Ordinal Numbers 168 SS. The Dual 145 Chapter IV. — The Particles. 89. The Genitive and the Construct State . 146 90. Traces of Ancient C:\se-Eadings [Paragogic 99. Greneral View 168 Letters] 148 100. Adverbs 170 91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes . 150 101. Prepositions .171 92. Vowel Changes in the Xoun . 153 102. Prefix Prepositions . 172 93. Paradigms of Masculine Xouns . 154 103. Prepositions with Suffixes and with the Plural 94. Vowel Changes in the Formation of Feminine Form 173 . Xouns 160 104. Conjunctions . ... 175 95. P;u-aJisjms of Feminine Xouus . 161 105. Interjections 176 PART III.—SYXTAX. Chapxee. I. Syntax of the Noun. 123. Relative Pronoun and Relative Clauses . 200 124. Mode of Expressing those Pronouns for which 106. Relation of the Substantive to the Adjective, the Hebrew has no Proper Forms . 202 —of the Abstract to the Concrete . 178 107. Use of the Genders . .179 Chapter III. Syntax of the J'erb. 108. The Plural, and Collective Nouns . 181 125. Use of the Tenses in General . 203 109. Use of the Article 1S4 126. Use of the Preterite 204 110. Ditto 185 127. Use of the Future 207 111. Ditto 186 128. Use of the Lengthened and Shortened Future 112. Connexion ot the Substantive with the Adjec- (Cohortative and Jussive) .... 209 tive 187 129. Use of the Future with Vav Conversive . 210 113. Apposition ....... 188 130. The Imperative 211 114. Genitive 188 The 131. Use of the Infinitive Absolute . 213 115. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution 190 132. Infinitive Construct 215 116. Further use of the Construct State . 190 133. Connexion of the Infinitive Construct with Indication . 117. of the other Cases 191 Subject and Object .... 216 lis. Use of the Accusative .... 192 the Participle 218 134. Use of 119. Modes of Expressing the Comparative and 135. Construction of the Participle . 219 Superlative 194 ...... 136. Expression of the Optative . .219 120. Syntax of the Numerals . 195 137. Persons of the Verb . 220 138. Verbs with the Accusative . .221 139. Verbs with two Accusatives . 223 Chapter II. Syntax of the Pronoun. 140. Verbs with Prepositions .... 224 . Coiistructio 224 121. Use of the Personal Pronoun . 197 141. Pragnans .... 122. The Demonstrative and Interrogative Pro- 142. Construction of two Verbs to express one Idea 225 Construction of Passive . 227 nouns ... .199 143. Verbs THE HEBREW GRAMMAR I N T R I) IT C T I N. Sect. 1. THE SHEMITIC LANGUAGES IN GENERAL. 1 . The Hebrew is but a sino-le branch of a laro-e stock of lang-uao-es in Western Asia, which was native in Palestine, Phoinicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Arabia; that is, in the countries from the Mediterranean Sea to the Tigris, and from the Armenian mountains to the south coast of Arabia. In early antiquity, moreover, it became diffused from Arabia over ^Ethiopia, and, by means of Phoe- nician colonies, over many islands and shores of the Mediterranean, but especially over the Carthaginian coast. There is no name, sanctioned by long usage, for the nations and languages united m this stock. The name Shemites^ Sheniitic laiiguages (suggested by Gen. x. 21, etc., where most of the nations using these tongues are derived from Shem) is, however, generally received at present, and may well be retained in the absence of a better.* 2. This Shemitic class of languages consists of three principal divisions: I.) The Arabic^ which has its seat in the south of the territory of the Shemites. To this belongs ^thiopic (in Abyssinia) as a branch of the southern Arabic (Him- yaritic).f 11.) The Aramcean in the north and north-east; which is called Syriac^ in the form in which it appears in the Christian Aramaean literature, but Chaldee^ as it exists in the Aramaean writinsfs of the Jews. To these writino-s belong: some later portions of the Old Testament, viz., Ezra iv. 8—vi. 18, and vii. 12—26; * From Shem were derived (Gen. x. 21, etc.) the Arumaeiin and Arabian races as well as the Hebrew, but not the Canaanites (Phoenicians), who are derived from Ham (vs. 6, 15, etc.), though their language is decidedly Shemitic. The Assyrian language has been proved, after long uncertainty, to be Shemitic, as might indeed be presumed, since Asshur also stands among the Shemites in Gen. x. 22 ; where too the Elamites stand, whose lan- guage is not yet ascertained. t See Rodiger's Excurs zu Wellsted's Reisen in Arabien (Halle, 1842), Bd. II., S. 361. in d. Zeitschr. d. I See Tuch denhchen Morgenl. Gesellscha/t, Bd. III., S. 129 ff. 2 § — 2 INTUODL'CTION. § 1. TIIK SHEMrilC LANGUAGI'S IN GENKRAL. is Araimcan Dji,,, ii. 4 vii. 28,* The Samaritan an intermixed with Hebrew forms, the idiom of the inscriptions upon tlie peninsuhi of Sinai, but more approxi- mate to the iVrabic.f The Aramajan of the Nassorceam (John's disciples, SabiansJ) is a very low and corrupt dialect, and just so the vernacular Syriac of the present day. III.) Tlie Ifebrew, with Avliich the Canaanitish and Phoenicia?! (Punic) stand in close connection, occupies in a measure, according to its character and o-eoo-raphical situation, a middle place between the Arabic and the Aramaean. As a separate and fourth principal division may be regarded the Assyrian {Old Bahi/lonish) as it is found in the cuneiform inscriptions. All these languages stand to each other in much the same relation, as those of the Germanic familv (Gothic, ancient Northern, Danish, Swedish; High and Low German in more ancient and more modern dialects), or as those of the Slavic (Lithuanian, Lettish; ancient Slavic, Servian, are now partly wholly extinct, as the Phoenician, the Assy- Russian ; Polish, Bohemian). They rian, and partly only exist in a degenerate form, as the modern Syriac among the Jews and ^-Ethiopic in the Syrian Clhristians in Mesopotamia and Kurdistan, j] the newer Abyssinian dialects (Tigre, Amharic), and also the Hebrew among a portion of the modern Jews (although these in their writing aim especially at a reproduction of the Old Testament language). The Arabic is the only one that has, with little change, not only kept to this day its original abode, Arabia proper, but has also spread abroad on all sides into the regions of other tongues. The Shemitic family of languages was bordered on the east and north by another still more widely extended, which became diffused under most diverse forms, from India to the west of Europe, and is called the Indo- Germanic, as embracing the Indian (Sanskrit), ancient and modern Persian, Greek, Latin, Slavic, and Gothic, together with the other German languages.
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  • Lectures on the Science of Language by Max Müller

    Lectures on the Science of Language by Max Müller

    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lectures on The Science of Language by Max Müller This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Lectures on The Science of Language Author: Max Müller Release Date: June 17, 2010 [Ebook 32856] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE*** Lectures on The Science of Language Delivered At The Royal Institution of Great Britain In April, May, and June, 1861. By Max Müller, M. A. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; Correspondence Member of the Imperial Institute of France. From the Second London Edition, Revised. New York: Charles Scribner, 124 Grand Street. 1862 Contents Dedication . .2 Preface. .3 Lecture I. The Science Of Language One Of The Physical Sciences. .4 Lecture II. The Growth Of Language In Contradistinction To The History Of Language. 26 Lecture III. The Empirical Stage. 67 Lecture IV. The Classificatory Stage. 91 Lecture V. Genealogical Classification Of Languages. 136 Lecture VI. Comparative Grammar. 177 Lecture VII. The Constituent Elements Of Language. 208 Lecture VIII. Morphological Classification. 229 Lecture IX. The Theoretical Stage, And The Origin Of Language. 287 Appendix. 329 Index. 335 Footnotes . 387 [v] Dedication Dedicated To The Members Of The University Of Oxford, Both Resident And Non-Resident, To Whom I Am Indebted For Numerous Proofs Of Sympathy And Kindness During The Last Twelve Years, In Grateful Acknowledgment Of Their Generous Support On The 7th Of December, 1860.