DOCSLIB.ORG

Hebrew Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hebrew Grammar -NRLF B 4 Sn b37 GESENIITS'S HEBREW GRAMMAR, READING BOOK. GESENIUS'S HEBREW GRAMMAR ENLARGED AND IMPROVED BY E. ROD I GEE, Ph.D., D.D I'ROFESSOR OF ORIENTAL LITERATUEE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HALLE. WITH A HEBREW READING BOOK, B. DAVIE S, Ph.D., OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LEIPSIC. Multffi terricolis liiigute, coelestibus una. LONDON: SAMUEL BAGSTER AND SONS, LIMITED. — VI CON T E NTS PART II -FORMS AND INFLEXIONS, OK. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. Pago Section PttRS Preterite with Pronominal Suffixes . 97 30. The Stem-Words and Roots (Biliterals, Tri- 59. The 60. Future w ith Pronominal Suffixes . 99 literals, Quadriliterals) .... 58 Imperative, and Participle with yi. Graniinatical Structuro .... (;2 61. Infinitive, Suflixes 100 CnAri'EU I. The Fronouu. 11. The Irregular Verb. 3*2. Pronoun . 63 Tlie Personal or Separate .1. Verbs with Gutturals. 33. Suffix Pronoun 65 &1. In General 100 34. The Demonstrative Pronoun 67 63. Verbs Pe (iuttural. E. g. npv, /o »/«/«/ . 102 35. The Article 67 64. Verbs Ayin Guttural. E.g. tiriL", to slaughter 104 36. The Rehilive Pronoun .... 6!) (i5. Verbs Lamedh Guttural. E.g. HX', to sciid 6!) lOJ 87. The Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns . B. Contracted Verbs. Cn.\rTKU II. — The Verb. iMd. Verbs |3. Y^. g. 'C'i^, ti> approach . 106 38— 41. General View 67. Verbs l-y. E.g. 2?D 109 I. The Regular Verh. C. Feeble A'erbs (A'erba Quiescentia). 4-2. In General 74 68. Feeble Verbs nE. E. g. ^?X, to cat . 113 A. Tiie Simple Form, or Kal. 69. Feeble Verbs ^S. First Class, or Verbs ori- 43. Its Form and Signification 10 ginally 12. E.s.yS'l^todiceU. .114 44. Preterite of Kal, and its Tiiflexioii 7.) Feeble A'erbs ^2. Second Class, or Verbs 4.3. The Infinitive ...... 70. 7S Imperative ^2. 46. The ..... properly V.. g. TQ^ , to be good 117 47. The Future, and its Inflexion 70 7 1 . Verbs ^3 . Third Class, or Contracted Verbs 'E 118 4S. Shortening and Lengthening of the Future 72. Feeble Verbs iy. E.g. QJip, to me up . 119 and Imperative (Jussive and Cohortativc . 123 Forms) ....... 81 73. VirbsT. E.g. \'2, to discern Preterite and Future wiih Vav Conversive S3 49. 74. Verbs nS'. E.g. NVrp A>/m/ . 124 50. The Participle ...... 84 75. Verbs n5. E. g. rhi , to rcvcid . 125 B. Derived Conjugations. 76. Verbs doubly anomalous .... 132 77. Relation of the Irregular Verbs to one another 132 51. Niphal 85 78. Defective Verbs 133 5-2. Piel and Pual 87 53. lliphil and Uophal 89 CuArnii HI. — The Xoiin. 54. Uithpaol 91 9-2 79. General View . .134 5^}. Unusual Conjugations . 80. Forms which mark the Gender of Nouns . 135 56. Quadriliterals ...... 94 81. Derivation of Nouns . .136 C Regular Verb with Pronominal Suffixes. 82. Primitive Nouns ... .137 57. In General ...... 94 83. Verbal Nouns in General . .137 55. The Suffix of the Verl> .... 95 84. Nouns derived from the Regular Verb . 1 38 —— — 1 CONTENTS. VI Section Page Section Page 85. Nouns derived from the Irregular Verb . 141 96. List of the Irregular Xouns 164 86. Denominative Xouns 142 97. Numerals. I. Cardinal Numbers . 165 87. The Plural 143 98. Numerals. II. Ordinal Numbers 168 SS. The Dual 145 Chapter IV. — The Particles. 89. The Genitive and the Construct State . 146 90. Traces of Ancient C:\se-Eadings [Paragogic 99. Greneral View 168 Letters] 148 100. Adverbs 170 91. The Noun with Pronominal Suffixes . 150 101. Prepositions .171 92. Vowel Changes in the Xoun . 153 102. Prefix Prepositions . 172 93. Paradigms of Masculine Xouns . 154 103. Prepositions with Suffixes and with the Plural 94. Vowel Changes in the Formation of Feminine Form 173 . Xouns 160 104. Conjunctions . ... 175 95. P;u-aJisjms of Feminine Xouus . 161 105. Interjections 176 PART III.—SYXTAX. Chapxee. I. Syntax of the Noun. 123. Relative Pronoun and Relative Clauses . 200 124. Mode of Expressing those Pronouns for which 106. Relation of the Substantive to the Adjective, the Hebrew has no Proper Forms . 202 —of the Abstract to the Concrete . 178 107. Use of the Genders . .179 Chapter III. Syntax of the J'erb. 108. The Plural, and Collective Nouns . 181 125. Use of the Tenses in General . 203 109. Use of the Article 1S4 126. Use of the Preterite 204 110. Ditto 185 127. Use of the Future 207 111. Ditto 186 128. Use of the Lengthened and Shortened Future 112. Connexion ot the Substantive with the Adjec- (Cohortative and Jussive) .... 209 tive 187 129. Use of the Future with Vav Conversive . 210 113. Apposition ....... 188 130. The Imperative 211 114. Genitive 188 The 131. Use of the Infinitive Absolute . 213 115. Expression of the Genitive by Circumlocution 190 132. Infinitive Construct 215 116. Further use of the Construct State . 190 133. Connexion of the Infinitive Construct with Indication . 117. of the other Cases 191 Subject and Object .... 216 lis. Use of the Accusative .... 192 the Participle 218 134. Use of 119. Modes of Expressing the Comparative and 135. Construction of the Participle . 219 Superlative 194 ...... 136. Expression of the Optative . .219 120. Syntax of the Numerals . 195 137. Persons of the Verb . 220 138. Verbs with the Accusative . .221 139. Verbs with two Accusatives . 223 Chapter II. Syntax of the Pronoun. 140. Verbs with Prepositions .... 224 . Coiistructio 224 121. Use of the Personal Pronoun . 197 141. Pragnans .... 122. The Demonstrative and Interrogative Pro- 142. Construction of two Verbs to express one Idea 225 Construction of Passive . 227 nouns ... .199 143. Verbs THE HEBREW GRAMMAR I N T R I) IT C T I N. Sect. 1. THE SHEMITIC LANGUAGES IN GENERAL. 1 . The Hebrew is but a sino-le branch of a laro-e stock of lang-uao-es in Western Asia, which was native in Palestine, Phoinicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Arabia; that is, in the countries from the Mediterranean Sea to the Tigris, and from the Armenian mountains to the south coast of Arabia. In early antiquity, moreover, it became diffused from Arabia over ^Ethiopia, and, by means of Phoe- nician colonies, over many islands and shores of the Mediterranean, but especially over the Carthaginian coast. There is no name, sanctioned by long usage, for the nations and languages united m this stock. The name Shemites^ Sheniitic laiiguages (suggested by Gen. x. 21, etc., where most of the nations using these tongues are derived from Shem) is, however, generally received at present, and may well be retained in the absence of a better.* 2. This Shemitic class of languages consists of three principal divisions: I.) The Arabic^ which has its seat in the south of the territory of the Shemites. To this belongs ^thiopic (in Abyssinia) as a branch of the southern Arabic (Him- yaritic).f 11.) The Aramcean in the north and north-east; which is called Syriac^ in the form in which it appears in the Christian Aramaean literature, but Chaldee^ as it exists in the Aramaean writinsfs of the Jews. To these writino-s belong: some later portions of the Old Testament, viz., Ezra iv. 8—vi. 18, and vii. 12—26; * From Shem were derived (Gen. x. 21, etc.) the Arumaeiin and Arabian races as well as the Hebrew, but not the Canaanites (Phoenicians), who are derived from Ham (vs. 6, 15, etc.), though their language is decidedly Shemitic. The Assyrian language has been proved, after long uncertainty, to be Shemitic, as might indeed be presumed, since Asshur also stands among the Shemites in Gen. x. 22 ; where too the Elamites stand, whose lan- guage is not yet ascertained. t See Rodiger's Excurs zu Wellsted's Reisen in Arabien (Halle, 1842), Bd. II., S. 361. in d. Zeitschr. d. I See Tuch denhchen Morgenl. Gesellscha/t, Bd. III., S. 129 ff. 2 § — 2 INTUODL'CTION. § 1. TIIK SHEMrilC LANGUAGI'S IN GENKRAL. is Araimcan Dji,,, ii. 4 vii. 28,* The Samaritan an intermixed with Hebrew forms, the idiom of the inscriptions upon tlie peninsuhi of Sinai, but more approxi- mate to the iVrabic.f The Aramajan of the Nassorceam (John's disciples, SabiansJ) is a very low and corrupt dialect, and just so the vernacular Syriac of the present day. III.) Tlie Ifebrew, with Avliich the Canaanitish and Phoenicia?! (Punic) stand in close connection, occupies in a measure, according to its character and o-eoo-raphical situation, a middle place between the Arabic and the Aramaean. As a separate and fourth principal division may be regarded the Assyrian {Old Bahi/lonish) as it is found in the cuneiform inscriptions. All these languages stand to each other in much the same relation, as those of the Germanic familv (Gothic, ancient Northern, Danish, Swedish; High and Low German in more ancient and more modern dialects), or as those of the Slavic (Lithuanian, Lettish; ancient Slavic, Servian, are now partly wholly extinct, as the Phoenician, the Assy- Russian ; Polish, Bohemian). They rian, and partly only exist in a degenerate form, as the modern Syriac among the Jews and ^-Ethiopic in the Syrian Clhristians in Mesopotamia and Kurdistan, j] the newer Abyssinian dialects (Tigre, Amharic), and also the Hebrew among a portion of the modern Jews (although these in their writing aim especially at a reproduction of the Old Testament language). The Arabic is the only one that has, with little change, not only kept to this day its original abode, Arabia proper, but has also spread abroad on all sides into the regions of other tongues. The Shemitic family of languages was bordered on the east and north by another still more widely extended, which became diffused under most diverse forms, from India to the west of Europe, and is called the Indo- Germanic, as embracing the Indian (Sanskrit), ancient and modern Persian, Greek, Latin, Slavic, and Gothic, together with the other German languages.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L2/20-246 Teeth and Bellies: a Proposed Model for Encoding Book Pahlavi
    L2/20-246 Teeth and bellies: a proposed model for encoding Book Pahlavi Roozbeh Pournader (WhatsApp) September 7, 2020 Background In Everson 2002, a proposal was made to encode a unified Avestan and Pahlavi script in the Unicode Standard. The proposal went through several iterations, eventually leading to a separate encoding of Avestan as proposed by Everson and Pournader 2007a, in which Pahlavi was considered non-unifiable with Avestan due to its cursive joining property. The non-cursive Inscriptional Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2007b) and the cursive Psalter Pahlavi (Everson and Pournader 2011) were later encoded too. But Book Pahlavi, despite several attempts (see the Book Pahlavi Topical Document list at https://unicode.org/L2/ topical/bookpahlavi/), remains unencoded. Everson 2002 is peculiar among earlier proposals by proposing six Pahlavi archigraphemes, including an ear, an elbow, and a belly. I remember from conversations with Michael Everson that he intended these to be used for cases when a scribe was just copying some text without understanding the underlying letters, considering the complexity of the script and the loss of some of its nuances to later scribes. They could also be used when modern scholars wanted to represent a manuscript as written, without needing to over-analyze potentially controversial readings. Meyers 2014 takes such a graphical model to an extreme, trying to encode pieces of the writing system, most of which have some correspondence to letters, but with occasional partial letters (e.g. PARTIAL SHIN and FINAL SADHE-PARTIAL PE). Unfortunately, their proposal rejects joining properties for Book Pahlavi and insists that “[t]he joining behaviour of the final stems of the characters in Book Pahlavi is more similar to cursive variants of Latin than to Arabic”.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocative Lamedh in the Psalter by Mitchell
    VOCATIVE LAMEDH IN THE PSALTER BY MITCHELL DAHOOD Rome The various morphemes orthographically represented by the simple letter I in Ugaritic conspire to multiply the problems of the textual critic and the exegete of the Old Testament. Before the Ras Shamra texts emerged from the earth, the Bible translator could fairly assume that every le was a preposition denoting "to" or "for" and go on his way rejoicing. But a perusal of numbers 1337-1340 in the Glossary of C. H. GORDON'S Ugaritic Textbook (Analecta Orienta- lia 38: Roma 1965) reveals that consonantal I might stand for the preposition "to, for, from", or for the negative "no" or "not", with both verbs or substantives. It might also represent the emphatic lamedh, "verily, surely", or the vocative particle "O!". J. AISTLEITNER, Wörterbuch der ugariti.rchen Sprache (Berlin 1963), p. 163, no. 1424, would also distinguish an optative particle, "es m6ge", though he admits that it might not be distinct from the emphatic or corroborative lamedb. Given the close linguistic affinities between biblical Hebrew and Ugaritic, in my opinion a Canaanite dialect of the second millenn- ium B.C., it follows that the Hebraist is now faced with basically the same problems confronting the Ugaritic specialist; when inter- preting the morpheme graphically represented by lamedh, both must weigh four or five possibilities. Of particularly frequent occurrence in the Ugaritic tablets is the vocative lamedh. In the myths it occurs frequently with divine names : lb'l, "0 Baal!", lil, "0 El !", lktr, "0 Kothar!", or with divine appellatives: lrbtajrt, "0 Lady Asherah! ", "0 Virgin Anath!", lrkb "rPt, "0 Mounter of the Clouds!".
    [Show full text]
  • Common Spoken Tamil Made Easy
    COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY Third Edition by T. V. ADIKESAVALU Digital Version CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE Adi’s Book. COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL MADE EASY Third Edition by T. V. ADIKESAVALU Digital Version 2007 This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore, for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of the General Superintendent. 2 Adi’s Book. CONTENTS FOREWORD. 6 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 7 THIRD EDITION: UPDATE. 8 I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS. 9 II. GRAMMAR LESSONS: Lesson No. Page. 1. Greetings and Forms of Address. 10 2. Pronouns, Interrogative and Demonstrative. 12 3. Pronouns, Personal. 15 4. The Verb ‘to be’, implied. 17 5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and Verbs - introduction. 19 6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives. 21 7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials. 23 8. Nouns - forming the plural. 28 9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case. 30 10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case. 34 11. Review, (Revision) No.I. 38 12. Verbs - Infinitives. 40 13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, Dative Case, ‘to’ or ‘for’ & Verbs - Defective. 43 14. Verbs - defective (continued). 47 15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time. 50 16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive. 54 17. Adjectives and Adverbs. 58 18. Post-Positions. 61 19. Nouns - Locative Case, 'at' or 'in'. 64 20. Post positions, (Continued). 67 21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive, and Ordinal Numbers. 70 3 Adi’s Book. 22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative, Page. and Potential Form to express 'may' 75 23.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phoenician Language: Remarks on the Present State of Research
    Originalveröffentlichung in: Atti del I. Congresso Internationale di Studi Fenici e Punici / 2, Rom, 1983, S. 375-385 THE PHOENICIAN LANGUAGE: REMARKS ON THE PRESENT STATE OF RESEARCH W. ROLLIG The topic of the present talk was suggested to me by the organizers of this con­ gress (*). It seems to me, that these illustri colleghi and we are clear what we mean when we speak of the « Phoenician language ». But is this actually the case? Several years ago E. Ullendorff published a rather provocative article entitled « Is Biblical Hebrew a Language? » (')• This question can just as easely be asked of Phoeni­ cian. The same holds true, with slight modification, for Ullendorff's initial statement of purpose: « I am simply interested to know whether the words, forms, and construc­ tions that happen to occur in this corpus of relatively modest size, which we call the Hebrew Bible, would be adequate to serve as a basis for the ordinar day-to-day re­ quirements of a normal speech community ». He comes to the conclusion that it is « clearly no more than a linguistic fragment, ... scarcely a full integrated language which ... could ever have been spoken and have satisfied the needs of its speakers » (2). In view of the corpus of Phoenician and Punic inscriptions our statements must be much more modest. For, notwithstanding the welcome increase of textual material in the past decades (3). Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages. The size of the corpus, numerically so impressive, gives a misleading impression of plenty, since the inscriptions are hallmarked by a monotony of contents and a formulaic and laconic style.
    [Show full text]
  • Solving Cipher Secrets
    - 3 - 2-7 SOLVING CIPHER SECRETS Edited by M. E. Ohaver CONTAINLNG A CIPHER, WITH PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS, TAKEN FROM THE BIBLE—ALSO, A MEW CIPHER OF INTEREST TO " DETECTIVE STORY READERS " T is not so well known, perhaps, that a Hebrew language. Vowels were supplied number of ciphers are believed to exist by the reader, no doubt from memory. I in the Bible. The consonants were also written continu• One instance of these ciphers occurs in ously, without any spaces between words; Jeremiah, chapter xxv, verse xxvi, and in and the direction of writing was from right chapter li, verse xli, where the prophet, to left, instead of left to right, as in English. to conceal the meaning of his predictions In deciphering an example in the athbash from all but the initiated, is supposed to system, the vowels would thus be disregard• have written Sheshach instead of Babel— ed. Consonants would be substituted ac• Babylon—the intended word. cording to the cipher alphabet, and the The cipher used in this case, called ath- necessary vowels added to the resulting bash by Buxtorf from the first two inter• series. Slieshach—sheshak—for instance, changeable pairs, may be constnicted by stripped of its vowels, leaves the consonants writing the first eleven letters of the Hebrew sh-sh-k. Substituting b and / for sh and k, alphabet in regular order, respectively, respectively, gives b-b-l; by vocalizing above the last eleven in reverse order, form• which, transmutation into Babel is com• ing eleven pairs, either letter in any pair pleted. acting as substitute for the other letter.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/145725 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-09 and may be subject to change. fßi The Emergence of Standard Maltese: The Arabic Factor Mathias Hubertus Prevaes Nijmegen 1993 The Emergence of Standard Maltese: The Arabic Factor een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in bet openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 13 januari 1994, des namiddags te 3.30 uur precies door Mathias Hubertus Prevaes geboren op 3 november 1956 te Heerlen Promotores: Prof. Dr. C.H.M. Versteegh Prof. Dr. Μ.Α. Woidich (Universiteit van Amsterdam) CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Prevaes, Mathias Hubertus The emergence of standard Maltese: the Arabic factor / Mathias Hubertus Prevaes. - [S.l. : s.n.] Proefschrift Nijmegen. - Met lit. opg., reg. ISBN 90-9006729-9 Trefw.: Maltees ; geschiedenis / Maltees en Arabische taal. β M.H. Previe, 1993 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter One: Maltese and Arabic: A Relationship in Historical Perspective 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The Study of the Origins of the Maltese Language 1 1.2 Maltese and the Arabic Dialects 4 1.3 Arabic Linguistics and Maltese Studies: Mutual Interests 8 Chapter Two: Malta: Its Arabization in Historical Context
    [Show full text]
  • The Damascus Psalm Fragment Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment oi.uchicago.edu ********** Late Antique and Medieval Islamic Near East (LAMINE) The new Oriental Institute series LAMINE aims to publish a variety of scholarly works, including monographs, edited volumes, critical text editions, translations, studies of corpora of documents—in short, any work that offers a significant contribution to understanding the Near East between roughly 200 and 1000 CE ********** oi.uchicago.edu The Damascus Psalm Fragment Middle Arabic and the Legacy of Old Ḥigāzī by Ahmad Al-Jallad with a contribution by Ronny Vollandt 2020 LAMINE 2 LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937108 ISBN: 978-1-61491-052-7 © 2020 by the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2020. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LATE ANTIQUE AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC NEAR EAST • NUMBER 2 Series Editors Charissa Johnson and Steven Townshend with the assistance of Rebecca Cain Printed by M & G Graphics, Chicago, IL Cover design by Steven Townshend The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ∞ oi.uchicago.edu For Victor “Suggs” Jallad my happy thought oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Table of Contents Preface............................................................................... ix Abbreviations......................................................................... xi List of Tables and Figures ............................................................... xiii Bibliography.......................................................................... xv Contributions 1. The History of Arabic through Its Texts .......................................... 1 Ahmad Al-Jallad 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Definite Articles in the Semitic Languages: a Comparative Study
    Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics www.iiste.org ISSN 2422-8435 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.46, 2018 The Definite Articles in the Semitic Languages: A Comparative Study Dr. Ali Za'al Al-Khamayseh Isra University – Jordan, Faculty of Arts and Sciences - Department of Arabic Language and Literature Abstract In languages, definite articles have great importance in revealing the essence of the speech and its connotations. These definite articles contribute to the coherence of the linguistic text because they show the purpose behind the meanings and denotations. Without them, the speakers' words would be vague and suspicious.This study aims at defining the use of definite articles in the group of Semitic languages. The language texts of the discovered archeological scripts of these languages, which were recognized as geographically Semitic, were found out by a group of specialized archeologists and orientalists, and are considered in this study.The study has completely surveyed the use of definite articles in the Semitic languages. Arabic and its main dialects used the articles (AL, HA, HN, AM), whereas Phoenician and Hebrew used (HA). Ancient Aramaic and its Assyrian vernacular used long (A~) at the endings of names. Acadian, Ugaritian, and Ethiopian, however, did not show any use of the articles. Keywords : Definite Articles, (AL) (HA) (HN) (AM), long (A~) at the endings of names. 1.1- Introduction The conflict between the world powers has never stopped to dominate each other, a legitimate struggle, although it bases on force without a right that supports it. In the way of truth, it is not supported by force, and every nation tries to maintain its foundations for its survival.
    [Show full text]
  • Ed. by Anthony Bonanno and Anthony ). Frendo with the Assistance of Nicholas C
    EXCAVATIONS AT TAS-SILG, MALTA A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE 1996-1998 CAMPAIGNS CONDUCTED BY. THE DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MALTA ed. by Anthony Bonanno and Anthony ). Frendo with the assistance of Nicholas C. Vella INTRODUCTION" THE SITE The area known as Tas-Silg is situated in the south-eastern part of the island of Malta, close to Marsaxlokk harbour (figs. la and Ib). In reality the place name refers to the small church dedicated to Our Lady of the Snows (hence Tas-Silg) situated at the point where the narrow · road from Zejtun fo rks out in two directions: to Delimara and Xrobb il-Ghagin due south-east and la Marsaxlokk village due south-west. A British-period fort occupying the highest point of the elongated hill further south along· the first road also carries the same place name. The lower and more compact hill on which the excavations have been conducted is called 'Ta' Berikka' ,I but since it is so close to the above-mentioned church (only 50 m to the north) the tradition of calling it Tas-Silg is now well established and there is no sense in changing it.2 The site has a commanding view of the Marsaxlokk harbour to the south and overlooks two other bays, Marsascala and St Thomas's bay, to the north-east. On all sides the slope is broken up by man-made terraced fields (pi. 11: I ), There is no doubt that the topography of the site must have been a determining factor in its choice for the establishment of a religious centre in the Temple period of Maltese p rehist~ry (3000--2500 BC), though one must keep in mind that close to Tas-Silg there are three other prehistoric temple sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Elymaic Script in Unicode
    L2/17-055 2017-02-01 Preliminary proposal to encode the Elymaic script in Unicode Anshuman Pandey [email protected] February 1, 2017 1 Introduction The Elymaic script was identified by Michael Everson in 2001 in “Roadmapping early Semitic scripts” (N2311) as a suitable candidate for encoding in Unicode. It was allocated to the Roadmap to the Supple- mentary Multilingual Plane (SMP) in the same year.1 Yet, to date, no additional information for the script has been submitted. Currently, it rests in scarlet on the Roadmap as ¿Elymaic? at the range U+10EE0..10EFF; the Spanish question marks indicating its status as a script “for which detailed proposals have not yet been written”, and for which “[t]here may be a link to an exploratory code table”. In the sixteen years that have passed since Elymaic was first allocated to the Roadmap, no additional information on the script has been submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee, not even ‘an exploratory code table”. This preliminary pro- posal aims to give some digital dignity to Elymaic and to build a foundation for a future encoding for the script. It provides a tentative character repertoire and code chart, a brief description of the script, and a few specimens illustrating usage of the script. Research is ongoing and a formal proposal is forthcoming. 2 Description Elymaic is a historical right-to-left script derived from Imperial Aramaic. Also known as ‘Elymaean’ in English scholarly literature, the name ‘Elymaic’ refers to Elymais, a state within the Parthian empire (247 – 224 ) that is situated in the present-day region of Khuzestan in Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • New Hebrew Text of Ben Sira Chapter 1 in Ms a (Ts 12.863)
    NEW HEBREW TEXT OF BEN SIRA CHAPTER 1 IN MS A (T-S 12.863) (1) Summary The article proposes a reading of some of the offset letters in Hebrew Ms A, that is, the letters that have transferred from the preceding and still missing first folio page of the manuscript. Among other things, the article proposes that the offset letters in Ms A I recto, lines 1-4 are the remnants of Ben Sira chapter 1, the Hebrew text of which is not otherwise known. Surpris- ingly, the Hebrew text matches closely the Syriac translation at the end of chapter 1 and not the Greek. The Syriac translation contains what are consid- ered to be secondary, later additions. It is this additional material that is reflected in the offset Hebrew letters of Ms A I recto, lines 1-4. 1. Introduction N the Hebrew Ben Sira manuscript commonly titled Ms A, one finds traces of reversed Hebrew letters, letters which are the mirror Iimage of how we expect them. These traces of letters are found above, beneath, and overlapping with the letters that are correctly ori- ented. The traces of reversed letters are the result of two separate phenomena: 1) ink bleeding through the paper from the opposite side of the same manuscript sheet and 2) ink being transferred from the opposite, facing page of the manuscript, what is called “offset” (i.e., ink is transferred from the verso of one page to the recto of the next page and vice versa). (2) Although both phenomena result in letter (1) I wish to thank my many colleagues who offered observations and sugges- tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Lectures on the Science of Language by Max Müller
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lectures on The Science of Language by Max Müller This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Lectures on The Science of Language Author: Max Müller Release Date: June 17, 2010 [Ebook 32856] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE*** Lectures on The Science of Language Delivered At The Royal Institution of Great Britain In April, May, and June, 1861. By Max Müller, M. A. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; Correspondence Member of the Imperial Institute of France. From the Second London Edition, Revised. New York: Charles Scribner, 124 Grand Street. 1862 Contents Dedication . .2 Preface. .3 Lecture I. The Science Of Language One Of The Physical Sciences. .4 Lecture II. The Growth Of Language In Contradistinction To The History Of Language. 26 Lecture III. The Empirical Stage. 67 Lecture IV. The Classificatory Stage. 91 Lecture V. Genealogical Classification Of Languages. 136 Lecture VI. Comparative Grammar. 177 Lecture VII. The Constituent Elements Of Language. 208 Lecture VIII. Morphological Classification. 229 Lecture IX. The Theoretical Stage, And The Origin Of Language. 287 Appendix. 329 Index. 335 Footnotes . 387 [v] Dedication Dedicated To The Members Of The University Of Oxford, Both Resident And Non-Resident, To Whom I Am Indebted For Numerous Proofs Of Sympathy And Kindness During The Last Twelve Years, In Grateful Acknowledgment Of Their Generous Support On The 7th Of December, 1860.
    [Show full text]