COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL

MADE EASY

Third Edition

by

T. V. ADIKESAVALU

Digital Version

CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE Adi’s Book.

COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL

MADE EASY

Third Edition

by

T. V. ADIKESAVALU

Digital Version 2007

This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore, for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of the General Superintendent.

2 Adi’s Book. CONTENTS FOREWORD. 6 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 7 THIRD EDITION: UPDATE. 8 I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS. 9 II. LESSONS: Lesson No. Page. 1. Greetings and Forms of Address. 10 2. , Interrogative and Demonstrative. 12 3. Pronouns, Personal. 15 4. The ‘to be’, implied. 17 5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and - introduction. 19 6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives. 21 7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials. 23 8. - forming the . 28 9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case. 30 10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case. 34 11. Review, (Revision) No.I. 38 12. Verbs - Infinitives. 40 13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, , ‘to’ or ‘for’ & Verbs - Defective. 43 14. Verbs - defective (continued). 47 15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time. 50 16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive. 54 17. and . 58 18. Post-Positions. 61 19. Nouns - , 'at' or 'in'. 64 20. Post positions, (Continued). 67 21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive, and Ordinal Numbers. 70

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22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative, Page. and Potential Form to express 'may' 75 23. The Vegetable Shop, And Review (Revision) No.II 79 24. Verbs – Future tense, Negative. 82 25. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’, Verbs – to express ‘should’,‘should not’, ‘must’ and ‘must not’ 87 26. Nouns & Pronouns, accompaniment/association, Verbs – to express ‘need,…need not’ 92 27. Nouns & Pronouns – , ‘from’, Verbs – to express ‘can’ or ‘able to’ &‘cannot’ or ‘not able to’ 97 28. Nouns & Pronouns – locative case (continued from Lesson 19) 102 29. Nouns & Pronouns, complete declensions 107 30. Verbs, , strong verbs, with ‘thth’ as medial 110 31. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ’thth’ as medial (continued) 114 32. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘dh’ as medial 117 33. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial 120 34. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial (continued) 123 35. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial 126 36. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial (continued) 130 37. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘tt’ as medial 133 38. Review (Revision) No.III 137 39. Verbs – Past Participles 140 40. Verbs – Perfect & Imperfect tenses 144 41. Verbs – conditional form ‘if’ & ‘if not’. 148 42. To express ‘even if’ & ‘even if not’ 153 43. Verbs –Participles – present, past & future forms. 157 44. Comparison and Reflective verbs. 161 45. Intensive verbs & Causal verbs. 166 46. Composite Nouns, Participle Nouns & Verbal Nouns. 170

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47. Adverbial clause of time Page ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as soon as’, ‘until’, ‘up to’. 175 48. Adverbial clauses of purpose, manner, cause or reason, ‘in order not to’, ‘according to’, ‘because’. 180 49. ‘um’ & its uses 184 6XIIL[HVµ—¶µ¶µÀ¶DQGµ—YDGKX¶ 187 III. Everyday dialogues: 51. Greeting and meeting people 192 52. Conversation about one’s work 195 53. Conversation with a servant 197 54. Conversation regarding time 199 55. Conversation about weather 202 56. Conversation with a tailor 203 57. Conversation with a cloth merchant 205 58. Conversation with a fruit merchant 207 59. Conversation with a gardener 209 60. Conversation at the dining table 211 61. Conversation with a dhobi 213 62. Conversation at a railway station 216 IV. SHORT STORIES. 9—WKWKXPSRQPXWWH\XP The goose and the golden eggs. 218 3D¼DNN—UDQXPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—\XP The rich man & the faithful dog.219 7KRSSLY\—E—ULXPNXUDQJXQJDOXP Cap merchant a& the monkeys. 220 2WKWKXPHGK—QEDODP Unity is strength. 221 7KDL\DON—UDQXP\—QH\XP The tailor and the elephant. 222 2ZYDL\—U\HQQXPSXODYDU Owaiyar the poetess. 223 V. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where to find a Spoken Tamil Principle. 225 VI. ENGLISH – TAMIL VOCABULARY. Separate File. VII. TAMIL – ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Separate File.

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FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION For more than fifteen years, the writer has been teaching Tamil to the western students and non-Tamil Indians at the Christian Medical College Hospital. The available Tamil and texts were used for teaching the . But at the same time, the writer's own Romanized Tamil notes were used to enable the students to speak the day- to-day language of the people (Common Spoken Tamil) in a short period of time. This is the proper spoken Tamil used even by educated Tamilians with one another. It was found from the writer's experience that these notes were well-suited to his students who could spare only a limited time for learning the language. The students wanted very much to have these notes put in the form of a book. This was done in a limited edition and was well received by the students and others. As the first edition was prepared in a hurry, many mistakes crept in, which have been corrected in this second edition. It will be appreciated if any further mistakes and other suitable suggestions to improve this book are brought to the notice of the author. In this edition the following have also been added: 1. Expansion drills 2. Practical conversation. 3. Everyday dialogues 4. Short stories 5. Sentences 6 Grammar at a glance This book is almost a self-instructor. However, it must be supplemented with recorded tapes by a Tamilian or preferably, by having the pronunciation, intonations, etc., checked by a Tamilian directly. Tamil is spoken somewhat differently in different parts of Tamil Nadu. But all the different dialects cannot be taught at one and the same time. When one dialect has been learned, it will not be hard to learn and understand other dialects as well. The spoken Tamil form, which is commonly heard from the Tamilians at home, at the market, bus stand, etc., in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, is used in this book.

6 Adi’s Book. This book is made for those who want to start speaking Tamil without the help of the Tamil script. As this is just a short course of lessons, only common vocabulary is used. Here and there a few words are inserted at an earlier stage to add interest to sentences and phrases in lessons. Vocabulary must be steadily increased. To achieve this, short stories may be used as a medium. For more advanced study, this book can never be a substitute for the other well-written books. In preparation of this book, the author is indebted to his students, who have been a constant source of encouragement and stimulation and support, and to his wife for her patience and understanding. The works that were consulted in the preparation are: "Direct Method" by Thiru P. Jothimuththu, Arden's Tamil Grammar and Tamil Course for European Schools by Kerslake and Narayanaswamy. Vellore September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu ------THIRD EDITION: UPDATE My great respect for “Adi” is shared by many who have benefitted from his teaching. There is no doubt that this book has been instrumental in making everyday spoken Tamil available to a large number of foreign and Indian people. Most of these have been staff or students in various courses at CMC, Vellore, who would not have been able to give adequate time to learning the language starting with Tamil script. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of short term visitors and it is hoped that this computerised version will make it possible for more of them also to pick up a little Tamil, and thus be able to increase the usefulness of their experience here. The only very noticeable changes now made are the radical revision of Grammar at a Glance to form of an Alphabetical List Of Grammar Principles, and the addition of a Romanised Tamil-English Vocabulary, and extension of the English-Tamil one. These are presented as Separate files, which can be viewed in separate windows for ease of reference on screen. CMC Vellore. February 2007 Brian Witchalls ------7 Adi’s Book. PREFACE To make the best use of this book, students are requested to pay attention to the following:

'Expansion drills' given at the end of each lesson may be studied again and again for a thorough understanding of the grammar principle of the respective lesson and alignment of words in Tamil sentences. 'Practical Conversation' FVKRUWD QG XVHIXOF RQYHUVDWLRQDO sentences which may be memorised if the student has enough time. Otherwise, it will help if one just reads the sentences often, as fast as two Tamilians would speak. Everyday dialogues and short stories are meant for practical use of the language (for communication of ideas in Tamil) whenever and wherever necessary. No conversation in Tamil will either be attractive or effective without the quotation of a few of the Tamil proverbs and hence common proverbs are given for occasional use. To enable the students to have an easy reference to the grammar principles dealt with in the book, 'Grammar at a glance' with examples are given.

One can learn to speak Tamil, the writer has no doubt, by continuous study of this book at least for six months – 2 hours daily; an hour with the Tamil teacher and at least another hour's practice at home, even if one is pessimistic about learning any language in a short period of time. Frequent drilling and repetition of the exercises done already, speaking with the Tamilians as often as possible, listening to the Tamilians talking and comprehending it to the best of one's ability are the only ways of achieving proficiency in the language. The secret of success in speaking Tamil is just to speak it out – right or wrong, good or bad!!

Vellore September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu

8 Adi’s Book. I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS Notes for Pronunciation. Ask Tamil speakers to help. (note ensuing arguments!) (English vowels, “Vellore English Accent pronunciation” not Oxford or London,etc). Long vowels are expressed by a hyphen above the letters. a as in but, shut — as in arm, palm ai as in gait, pain µ¶DVLQFat is not ever used. e as in pen, bed  as in say, made i as in pit, kid ¯ as in sheep, meet o as in dot, pot À as in code, roll ow as in cow, town u as in should, good Ì as in moon, cool Palate sounds are expressed by a comma below the letters. º DVLQXººH inside ¼ DVLQSD¼DPPRQH\ Ä DVLQSDÄDPIUXLW Key for abbreviations used in the book: accus. accusative n. adv. adj. pron. v. verb nom. takes dat takes dative case d.b. takes declensional base intr. intransitive tr. transitive neut. neuter imp. impersonal pers. personal incl. inclusive excl. exclusive m. masculine fem. feminine w. weak verb s. strong verb sing. singular pl. plural

Medials for past tense verbs. dh., in., n., nd., ndh., tt., thth

9 Adi’s Book. II. GRAMMAR LESSONS: LESSON 1 GREETINGS AND FORMS OF ADDRESS.

DSS— … Father, or polite masculine form of addressing, regardless of age. DPP— … Mother, or madam, or polite form of addressing, regardless of age YD¼DNNDP … Greeting, with a reverent bow for any time. QDPDVN—UDP… *UHHWLQJLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµYD¼DNNDm’. VWKÀWKUDP … Greeting, (Tamil Christian). QDPDVWK … Greeting, (all ). Y—QJD … Come (polite form) XNN—UXQJD … Sit (polite form). Q¯QJD … You (polite form). \—U … Who or whose. Q—Q … I nandri … Thanks.- Read the sentences following each lesson, as well as the lesson itself, repeating loudly again and again. Long vowel sounds should be pronounced long – the longer the better. The short vowel sounds should be short and sharp. Endings of sentences should not be complete but muted. Speed in speaking will gradually be gained by running words into one another. Phrasing plays an important part in making others understand the speaker. Hence the drilling sentences are phrased throughout to enable the students to follow the proper form from the beginning. The tonal effects should be learned from the teacher or any Tamilian. ‘English’ Accents should be scrupulously avoided. The verb ‘to be’ is implied in very many instances. The definite and indefinite articles are often omitted. There are no capital letters in Tamil, so none are used in the Tamil words throughout. Doubled letters or double pairs of letters reflect the spellings in Tamil script. ------

10 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DL\—YD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDL\— Good morning sir. 2. DPP—YD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDPP— Good morning madam. 3. DPP—Y—QJD, Madam, come. DL\—Y—QJD Sir, come. 4. DPP—XNN—UXQJD Madam, sit. DL\—XNN—UXQJD Sir, sit. 5. Y—QJDDPP— RUY—QJDPP— Come, madam. 6. Y—QJDDL\— RUY—QJDL\— Come, sir. 7. XNN—UXQJDDPP— RUXNN—UXQJDPP— Sit, madam. 8. XNN—UXQJDDL\— RUXNN—UXQJDL\D— Sit, sir – (formal) 9. DPP—Q¯QJD\—U" Madam, who (are) you? 10. —\—Q¯QJD\—U" Sir, who (are) you? – (formal) 11. Q¯QJD\—UDPP—" Q¯QJD\—UP—" Who (are) you, madam? – (formal) 12. Q¯QJD\—UDL\—" Q¯QJD\—UDL\—" Who (are) you, sir? 13. Q¯QJD\—U" Who (are) you? 14 Q¯QJD\—UDSS—" Q¯QJD\—US—" Who (are) you? 15. Y—QJDDSS— Y—QJDSS— (Please) Come, sir. 16 Q¯QJDXNN—UXQJDSS— You (please) sit, sir. Practical Conversation A, one person, meeting B, another person. A. YD¼DNNDPDPP— Greetings, madam. B. YD¼DNNDPDL\— Greetings sir. A. Y—QJDY—QJDXNN—UXQJD Come in, come in, please sit. B. QDQGULDL\— Thank you sir. A. DPP—Q¯QJD\—U" Madam, who are you? B. Q—QDPP— I (am) (the) mother. ------

11 Adi’s Book. LESSON 2 PRONOUNS, INTERROGATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE Questions in Tamil 4XHVWLRQVDUHIRUPHGLQ7DPLOE\DGGLQJµ—¶WRWKHODVWZRUGLQDVHQWHQFHEXWLI LQWHUURJDWLYHVVXFKDVZKDWZKRHWFRFFXULQDVHQWHQFHµ—¶ZLOOQRWEHXVHGILQDOO\ $OVRµ—¶FDQEHDIIL[HGWRDQ\ZRUGZKLFKQHHGVWREHHPSKDVLVHGDVDTXHVWLRQ Note here also the plural forms of some words, formed by adding ‘nga’ Pronounce the final ‘e’ in the words inge, ange, enge, ille, kude, etc., as the “e” in bent A slight ‘y’ is sometimes added to the beginning of the word enge, to make it yenge, and also to other similar words starting with the ‘e’ sound. The ‘y’ is written occasionally in this and subsequent lessons enna what yenna what edhu which one yedhu which one edhunga which ones yedhunga which ones enge where yenge where inge here ange there idhu this idhunga these adhu that adhunga those GK—Q only, indeed. µGK—Q¶LVXVHGOLEHUDOO\HYHQJUDWXWLWRXVO\DVZLOOEHVHHQLQPDQ\H[DPSOHVLQ subsequent lessons, where a of this word/attachment is often not included. Vocabulary N—LGKDP paper Y—GK\—U teacher NÌGH basket jannal window kude umbrella are room Q—NN—OL chair pusthaham book kadhavu door SQ— pen ille no —P——m yes LOOH\— no? (is it not?) (isn’t that so?) ------

12 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DL\—LGKXHQQD RULGKHQQD " Sir, what (is) this? 2. LGKXQ—NNDOL This (is) a chair. 3. DPP—DGKXHQQD DGKHQQD " Madam, what (is) that? 4. DGKXPVH That (is) a table. 5. edhu pusthaham? Which (is) the book? 6. idhu pusthaham This (is) the book. 7. jannal enge? Where (is) the window? 8. jannal ange There (is) the window. 9. inge enna (or ingenna?) What (is) here? 10. inge kadhavu Here (is) the door. 11. idhu areya? (Is) this the room? 12. —P—LGKXDUHGK—Q Yes, this (is) the room indeed. 13. LGKXSQ—Y—" (Is) this a pen? 14. LOOHLGKXSQ—LOOH No, this (is) not a pen. 15. LGKXY—SQ—" (Is) this a pen? 16 DGKXY—SHQFLO" (Is) that a pencil? 17. —P—DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q Yes, that (is) indeed a pencil. 18. LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH Here only, not there. 19. LQJH\—DQJH\— Here or there? 20. —P——P— RU—P—P— DGKXGK—Q Yes, yes, that (is) it. ------Practical Conversation. L: Language teacher, S: student L. QDPDVN—UDPXNN—UXQJD Greetings, please sit S QDPDVWKDL\—QDQGUL Greetings sir, thank (you) L. DPP—LGKXHQQD" Madam, what (is) this? S. DL\—DGKXQ—NN—OL Sir, that (is a) chair L. SXVWKDKDPHQJHDQJH\—" Where is (the) book, there? S. LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH Right here, not there

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L. LGKXSQ—Y—" (Is) this (a) pen? S. LOOHDGKXSQ—LOOH No, that is not a pen, DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q That (is) (a) pencil indeed. L. —P—P—DGKXGK—Q Yes, yes, that (is it) indeed. Expansion Drills For Lessons 1 & 2 LQJH\— ) avar ) LGKXY— ) ivar ) DQJH\— ) avanga ) DGKXY— ) SQ—" ivanga ) Y—GK\—U enge ) or Q—Q ) or edhu ) pencil? n¯nga ) doctor. enna ) or DQGKDL\— ) LGKX\—U ) pusthaham? DQGKDPP— ) DQJH\— ) evar ) Y—GK\—U" LQJH\— ) evanga ) Y—GK\—U" LGKXY— ) \—U ) doctor? ------idhu ) n¯nga ) adhu ) avar ) idhunga ) \—U" Q—Q ) \—U" adhunga ) avanga ) inge ) adhu ) ange ) avan ) ------LGKXNXGHLOOHNÌGH idhu kadhavu ille, jannal. LGKXQ—NN—OLLOOHPVH LGKXSXVWKDKDPLOOHN—LGKDP LGKXSQ—LOOHSHQFLO DYDUGRFWRULOOHY—GK\—U DYDUDSS—LOOHDPP— DYDUY—GK\—ULOOHGRFWRU ------

14 Adi’s Book. LESSON 3 PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular Plural Q—Q I Q—P we,(inclusive of addressed person) Q—QJD we (exclusive) Q¯ you (not polite) Q¯QJD you (polite) (sing.or pl) avan (not polite) avanga they, (personal, pl) ava she (not polite) avar he or she (polite) adhu it (neuter) adhunga they (neuter) ivar this person ivanga these persons evar which person evanga which persons yevar which person yevanga which persons en my (gen) unga your (gen) yen my (gen) indha this, or these andha that, or those endha which (sing. or pl.) yendha which (sing. or pl.) ------paiyan boy SH¼ girl VWKU¯ woman thambi younger brother thangachchi younger sister thambi youngster (male) thangachchi youngster (female) D¼¼DQ elder brother DNN— elder sister doctor doctor ------

15 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DQGKDDL\—\—r? Who (is) that gentleman? 2. DYDU\—U" Who (is) he? 3. avar, doctor He (is) a doctor 4. LQGKDDPP—\—U" Who (is) this lady? 5. LQGKDVWKU¯\—U" Who (is) this woman? 6. LYDUY—WK\—U She (or he) (is) a teacher 7. evar doctor? Which person (is) a doctor? 8. LYDUGRFWRU—" (Is) this person a doctor? 9. LOOHDYDUY—WK\—U No, he (or she) (is) a teacher. 10. DGKX\—U" Who (is) that? 11. DPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U" Mother, who (is) this boy? 12. DL\—DQGKDSH¼\—U" Sir, who (is) that girl? 13. WKDPELLQJHY— Little brother, come here. 14. WKDQJDFKFKLDQJHXNN—U Little sister, sit there. 15. LQWKDSH¼GRFWRU This girl is a doctor. 16. D¼¼—LQJHXNN—UXQJD Elder Brother, sit here. 17. DNN—DQJHY—QJD Elder sister, come there. Practical Conversation. General conversation between A and B. A. Y—QJDPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U" Greetings madam, who is this boy? B. avan yen thambi. He (is) my younger brother. A. LQGKDSH¼XQJDWKDQJDFKFKL\—" (is) this girl your younger sister? B. LOOHDYDHQDNN— No, she (is) my elder sister. A. HYDUGRFWRULYDUGRFWRU—" Which person is a doctor, is this (one) a doctor? B. LOOHLYDUGRFWRULOOHLYDUY—WK\—U No, she is not a doctor, she is a teacher. A. QLQJDGRFWRU—Y—WK\—U—" Are you a doctor or a teacher? B. nan doctordhan. I am a doctor indeed. ------

16 Adi’s Book. LESSON 4 THE VERB “TO BE”,- IMPLIED periya big chinna small, little(size). suham in good health suham ille unwell, sick. SÀLWXYDUQ (guest) good–bye SÀLWXY—QJD (host) good–bye. nalla good ketta bad petti box sari yes, right, well, (OK) sari ille not right, no good. M—VWKL much, too much. romba very, much, too much. konjam a little, just kammi little, short(measure). ------Short Sentences. 1. DPP—QLQJDVXKDP—" Madam, (are) you well? 2. QDQVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL I (am) well, thank you. 3. DL\—VXKDP—" (Is the) gentleman well? 4. DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH The gentleman (is a) little unwell. 5. DYDUURPEDVXKDPLOOH\—" (Is) he very ill? 6. DPP—QDOODVXKDP—" (Is the) lady quite well? 7. LGKXFKLQQDQ—NN—OL This (is a) small chair. 8. DGKXSHUL\DPVH That (is) a big table. 9. indha petti chinna petti. This box (is a) small box. 10. andha paiyan nalla paiyan. That boy (is a ) good boy. 11. LQGKDSH¼NHWWDSH¼ This girl (is a ) bad girl. 12. LGKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—" This (is) too much, no? (is it not?) 13. adhu romba konjam, ( kammi), That (is) too little. (That (is) very little). 14. Q—QSRLWXYDUQYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the guest) 15. SÀLWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the host) ------

17 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. A: Doctor, B: Woman with patient, C: Man. A. QLQJDVXKDP—" (Are) you well? B. —P—Q—QVXKDPGKDQQDQGUL Yes, I (am) indeed well, thank you. A. \—UVXKDPLOOH" Who (is) not well? B. DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH He (is a) little unwell. A. LQJHSHUL\DQ—NN—OLXNN—UXQJDDSS— Here (is a) big chair, (please) sit down, sir. C. QDQGULLQGKDQ—NN—OLQDOODQ—NN—OL Thank you, this chair (is a ) good chair. A. —PDGKXQDOODSHUL\DQ—NN—OL Yes, that (is a) good big chair. ------Expansion Drill For Lessons 3 & 4. idhu yenna? idhu petti. DGKXSXVWKDKDP—SHWWL\— adhu pusthaham. periya petti yenge? DGKXLQJHGK—Q ethu nalla petti? periya petti nallathu. LQWKDFKLQQDSHWWLVDUL\—" ille, athu sariyille. indha pusthaham nallathu. —P—DWKXURPEDQDOODSXVWKDKDP LGKXURPEDM—VWKL athu romba kammi. LGKXM—VWKL\—NDPPL\—" LGKXURPEDURPEDM—VWKL adhu romba romba kammi. LGKXVDUL\—LOOH\—" adhu romba sari. romba nallathu. VDULSÀLWXYDUQ VDULSÀLWXY—QJD ------

18 Adi’s Book. LESSON 5 CARDINAL NUMBERS 1 TO 10, AND VERBS--INTRODUCTION Cardinal Numbers R¼¼X one —UX six UH¼GX two ÄX seven PÌQX three ettu eight Q—OX four ombathu nine anju, (anji) five paththu ten Verbs, Introduction. (Note: w. weak and s. strong, given, with the medials applicable: see lessons 6 & 7). irukkuthu it is, there are. iru (s.ndh) wait, be, nil (s. n) stand HQGKLULHÄXQGKLUL VQGK stand up, wake up, getup, Vocabulary. oru one, a, an, (The Indefinite ) XººH inside YHºL\H outside ivlavu this much avlavu that much (y)evlavu? how much? (y)eththane? how many? iththane this many aththane that many UÌE— rupee Paisa paise kaththi knife WKD¼¼L water V—YL key liter litre (measure) S—O milk pal tooth SÌ flower SDÄDP fruit Short Sentences 1. LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLLUXkkuthu? How many chairs are here? 2. LQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLULNNXWKX There are four chairs here. 3. anjum anjum yeththane? Five and five are how many? 4. anjum anjum pathu. Five and five are ten.

19 Adi’s Book. 5. konjam irunga. Inge irunga. Wait a bit. Wait here. 6. DUHXººHLUXQJDXººHSÀQJD Wait inside the room. Go in. 7. HÄXQGKLUXYHºL\HQLO Get up. Stand outside. 8. LQJHPVHLUXNNXGK—" Is there a table here? 9. PÌQXPQ—OXPHYODYX" Three and four make, how many? 10. PÌQXPQ—OXPÄXLOOH\—" Three and four are seven, no? 11. XººHHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What is inside? 12. XººHPMH\XPQ—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXWKX There are tables and chairs inside. 13. LYºDYXS—ONRQGXSÀQJD Take away this much milk. 14. DYºDYXS—OLQJHLOOH There is not that much milk here. 15. DQJH\HYºDYXS—OLUXNNXWKX" How much milk is there? 16. DQJHNRQMDPS—OGK—QLUXNNXGKX Only a little milk is there. 17. LQJHRUXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY— Bring one chair here. 18. UH¼GXSDÄDPXPRUXNDWKWKL\XPNRQGXY— Bring two fruits and a knife 19. thanni romba kudinga. Drink a lot of water. 20. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say one, two, three. 21. DWKXS—OLGKXGK—QRUXSDO That is milk, this is a tooth! Practical Conversation. T: Tamil Teacher, S: Student. T. QLQJDO—"XººHY—QJD Is that you? Come in. S. QDQGULYD¼¼DNNDP Thank you, Greetings. T. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say 1, 2, 3, etc. S. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXQ—OXDQMX—UX 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ÄXHWWXRPEDWKXSDWKWKX 7, 8, 9, 10. T. LQJH\HWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLirukkuthu? How many chairs are there here? S. DQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX There are four chairs there. T. UH¼GXPPÌQXPHYODYX" How much is two and three? S. UH¼GXPPÌQXPDQMXLOOH\—" Two and three are five, no? ------

20 Adi’s Book. LESSON 6. VERBS; POSITIVE IMPERATIVES. The root of the verb itself is the ‘not polite’ form. The root plus ‘nga’ is the ‘polite’ form. (pl.) (Lesson 7 will develop the use of Medials, given in brackets here). Not Polite. Polite. XNN—U QGK sit XNN—UXQJD sit Y— QGK come Y—QJD come SÀ Q go SÀQJD go Practice the application similarly to other verbs, such as the following:- padi (thth) read, learn, study. Y—VL WKWK read HÄXGKX LQ write sei (dh) make, do. SVX LQ speak sol, sollu (in) say, tell nil, nillu (n) stand, stop kudi (thth) drink NRQGXY— QGK bring NRQGXSÀ Q take away WKD\—UVHL GK make ready, prepare. ------Use the following with nouns and pronouns, as in some of the sentences below:- -um……...-um and -umille…..-umille neither….nor ------Short Sentences 1. WKDPELLQJHY—XNNDU Little brother, come here. Sit. 2. DL\—NRQMDPDQJHSÀQJD Sir, just go there. 3. intha pusthaham padinga. Read this book. 4. WKDQJDFKFKLNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNXGL Little sister, drink a little water. 5. QLQJDLQGKDS—ONXGLQJD You drink this milk. 6. S—OXPWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXSÀQJD Take away the water and milk. 7. idhu WKD¼¼L\XPLOOHS—OXPLOOH. This is neither water or milk. 8. NRQMXPSVXQJD Speak a liittle.

21 Adi’s Book. 9. YD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD Say ‘greetings’. 10. UÌE—YXPSDLVDYXPNRQGXY—QJD Bring the rupee and the paise. 11. LQJHNDWKL\XPLOOHV—YL\XPLOOH There is neither knife or key here. 12. LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXGKX Write here and there. 13. LGKXYXPDWKXYXPWKD\—UVHL Prepare this and that. 14. UH¼GXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVDNRGX Give two rupees and ten paise. 15. QDOODWKDPLÄSVXQJD Speak good tamil. 16. SHUL\DSHWWLNRQGXSÀ Take the big box. 17. Q¯DQJHQLOQ¯LQJHQLOOX You stand here. You, stand here. 18. Q¯QJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD You, sit here. 19. LGKXNHWWDSÌLOOH This is not a bad flower. 20. DQGKDQDOODSÌNRQGXY— Bring that good flower. ------Practical Conversation. B: Boy selling milk. C: Customer. C. WKDPELLQJHY—S—ONRQGXY— Little brother, come here. Bringe the milk. B. HQQDDPP—"\HYºDYXYQXP" What (is it) maam. How much do you want? C. S—OYLOH\HQQD"VROOXQJD What’s the price of the milk? Tell (me). B. RPEDWKXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVHOLWHU Rs9.10 per litre. C. DWKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—" That is too much, no? (isn’t it?) konjam kammi sei. Make it a bit less. B. LOOHDPP—LWKXURPEDNRQMDP No maam, this is very low (price). C. LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH This is neither milk or water! B. LGKXQDOODS—ONRQMDPNXGLQJD This is good milk. (Please) drink some. ------

22 Adi’s Book. LESSON 7. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES, WEAK AND STRONG VERBS, AND MEDIALS,

Negative Imperative. :LWKµ—GKH¶DQGµ—GKLQJD¶µGRQRW¶ (Weak and Strong Verbs – see below). ‘Not polite’ form. 5RRWSOXVµ—GKH¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀK—GH do not go 5RRWSOXVµN—GKH¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLN—GKH do not drink ‘Polite form’. 5RRWSOXVµ—GKLQJD¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀK—GLQJD do not go 5RRWSOXVµN—GKLQJD¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLNN—GKLQJD do not drink

There are some exceptions to the above, Y— YDU—dhe, YDU—GKLQJD do not come. NRQGXY— NRQGXYDU—GKH NRQGXYDU—GKLQJD do not bring. ------

VERBS, Weak And Strong Classification: Verbs Are classified into two groups, strong and weak. ‘Strong’ verbs form their present tense with ‘kr’ as medial. ‘Weak’ verbs use ‘r’ as the medial to form the present tense. Lesson 16 illustrates this further.

Note. Strong verbs are indicated by ‘s’ and weak verbs by ‘w’ in the following lessons.

Medials are ‘joining sounds’ Other Medials are also needed for other tenses. (See below, past tense).

23 Adi’s Book. Past Tense Medials. Weak Verbs. Y— QGK come ÀGX LQ run SÀ Q go SVX LQ speak NRQGXY— QGK bring PÌGX LQ close, cover NRQGXSÀ Q take away WKÌQJX LQ sleep sei (dh) do YOHVHL GK work HÄXWKX LQ write N—WWX LQ show Strong Verbs. padi (thth) study nada (ndh) walk kudi (thth) drink N—PL WKWK show Y—VL WKWK read thira (ndh) open edu, yedu (thth) take vai (thth) place, put, keep S—U WKWK see, look at, look after, take care of nil (ndh)* stand ,UUHJXODUQLOQWKQ QLQWKQ±µO¶LVGURSSHG ------Vocabulary V¯NUDP— quickly V¯NUDP soon YKDP— fast PHGKXY— slowly, gently marapadiyum again YOH work (n) ippo now appo then, at that time padam picture apram afterwards VDUL\— exactly, well ipdi this way, thus VDGKGKDP— loudly, aloud apdi that way epdi how, which way QDOODQDOO— well (adv.) SDººLNÌGDP school thirumba again kadidham thirumba-thirumba repeatedly ------

24 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences LGKXN—WWXQJDDGKXN—WW—GKLQJD Show this, don’t show that. S—ONXGLQJDWKD¼¼LNXGLNN—GKLQJD Drink milk, do not drink water. LQJHY—DQJHSÀKDGKH Come here, don’t go there. YHºL\HSÀXººHYDU—GKH Go out, don’t come in. WKDPELSDººLNÌGDPSÀVLNUDPSÀ Little brother, go to school. Go soon. PHGKXY—YDLQJDDQJHYDLQJD Place it gently. Put it there. LQGKDSDGDPS—UNN—GKLQJD Don’t look at this picture. DQGKDS—GDPSDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t study that lesson. 9. adhu thirumba padinga. Read that again. VDGKGKDP—SDGLQJD Read loudly. QDOO—SDGLQJD Read well. YHKDP—SDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t read fast. LSSRYOHVHL\—GKLQJDDSUDPVHLQJD Don’t work now, work afterwards. LQGKDYOHQDOO—VHLQJD Do this work well. LSGLVHLQJDDSGLVHL\—GKLQJD Do (it) this way, don’t do (it)that way. MDQQDOPÌG—GKLQJD Don’t close (the) window. NDGKDYXWKLUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t open (the) door. DGKXHGXQJDLGKXHGXNN—GKLQJD Take that. Don’t take this. SDGDPSDUNN—GKLQJDS—GDPSDGLQJD Don’t look at (the) picture. Read (the) lesson. LSSRDQJHSÀK—GKH Don’t go there now. YHKDP—QDGDNN—GKLQJD Do not walk fast. URPEDPHGKXY—QDGDQGJD Walk very slowly. LSSRLQJHQLNN—GKH  Don’t stand here now.* QLON—GKH QLNN—GKH±µO¶LVGURSSHG ------

25 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. T: Teacher. S: Younger student 7WKDPELLQJHWKÌQJ—GKH Don’t (go to) sleep here, young fellow. S. ennanga? (-nga = plural ending, denotes respect.) What? (Pardon, madam)? 7LSSRSDGLDSUDPSVX Study now, talk later. 6HQGKDS—GDP"SHUL\DSXVWKDKDPLQJLOOH Which lesson? (There is) no big book here. 7DQJHSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXS—GDPÄXPHGKXY—VDGKGKDP—Y—VL There is a book.. Read lesson 7 slowly (and) loudly. 6WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROO—GKLQJDQDQQDOODSDL\DQ Don’t say (that) again and again. I’m (a) good boy. 7DSGL\—"VDULLSSRSDGL Is that so? All right, now read. S. saringa. All right madam. ------Expansion Drill For Lessons 5, 6, 7. WKDPLÄSDGLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPSDGLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPQDOODSDGLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPY—VLQJD WKDPLÄS—GDPYKDP—Y—VLQJD ingeyum angeyum v—VLNN—GKLQJD HOODPY—VLQJD S—GDP\HOO—PY—VLQJD URPEDPHGKXY—Y—VLNN—GKLQJD 1RWH,QVHUWµHUXWKX¶RUµSVX¶RUµVROOX¶LQVWHDGRIµSDGL¶DQGµY—VL¶LQWKHDERYH ------DYºDYXHÄXGK—GKLQJDDSGLHÄXGK—GKLQJD DQJHHÄXGK—GKLQJD elO—PHÄXGK—GKLQJD LSSRYOHVHLQJD LSSRXQJDYOHVHLQJD

26 Adi’s Book. LSSRXQJDYOHHOO—PVHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHQDOODVHLQJD LSSRXQJDYOHYKDP—VHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHVDUL\—VHLQJD DSUDPSHUL\DYOHVHLQJD DSUDPDQGKDYOHVHL\—dhinga. PDUXSDGL\DPDQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD LGKXPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOH LGKXV—YL\XPLOOHNDWKWKL\XPLOOH LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH QDPXPLOOHQ¯QJDºXPLOOH SHQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOH ipdiyumille / apdiyumille.

Note: Verbs (positive and negative) are to be drilled the same way as shown above. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are also to be drilled in the same pattern. ------S—OLQJHNRQGXY—QJD S—OXPSDÄDPXPLQJHNRQGXY—QJD NDWKWKLNRQGXY—QJD LSSRWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD LSSRQDOO—WKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD LSSRDYºDYXWKD¼¼LNRGXYDU—GKLQJD NHWWDWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD NHWWDWKD¼¼LPDUXSDGL\XPNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD ------PHGKXY—QDGDNN—GKLQJDÀGXQJD YKDP—ÀGXQJDURPEDYKDP—ÀGXQJD PDUXSDGLXPÀGXQJD WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDÀGXQJD LSDGL\XPDSDGL\XPÀG—GKLQJD VDUL\—ÀGXQJD DYºDYXPHGKXY—ÀG—GKLQJD LYºDYXYKDP—ÀGXQJD RUXNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD LQWKDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD XQJDS—GDPHÄXWKXQJD LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXWKXQJD URPEDQDOODHÄXWKXQJD S—GDPHOO—PHÄXWKXQJD ------

27 Adi’s Book. LESSON 8. NOUNS,F)250,1*7+(3/85$/ Nouns, Singular plus ‘nga’ = Plural PVH table PVHQJD tables Q—NN—OL chair Q—NN—OLQJD Chairs

Note: Singular nouns ending in ‘m’ drop the final ‘m’ before adding ‘nga’. maram, tree maranga, trees pusthaham, book pusthahanga, books ------Vocabulary Y—UWKWKH word S—WWX song pudhu, pudhiya new SDÄD\D old (things) DQKD many vayasu age (persons). sila some, a few. pala several V—SSLGX eat YLºD\—GX play S—GX sing padu lie down anuppu send NÌSSLGX call LGKÀ here it is DGKÀ there it is Short Sentences LQGKDSXGKL\DSDL\DQ\—U" Who is this new boy? SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where is the old (former) boy? WKDPELLQJHY—DQJHÀGX Little brother, come here. Run there. YKDP—ÀGX Run fast. LSSRSXGKXWKD¼¼LNRQGXY— Now bring new water DSSRSDÄD\DWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—UDGK Then, do not bring old water. LQGKDS—WWXS—GX Sing this song. LQGKDQDOODS—WWXS—GX Sing this good song. NHWWDS—WWXS—G—GKLQJD Don’t sing (the) bad song. LSGLS—G—GKLQJD Don’t sing like this.

28 Adi’s Book. DQJHYLºD\—GXQJD Play there LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJD Don’t play here. LGKXQDOODSDÄDPURPEDQDOO—SDÄDPV—SSLGXQJD This is good fruit, very good fruit. Eat (please). DSGLQDGDNN—GKLQJDVLNUDPQDGDQJD Don’t walk like that. Walk fast. VLODSXGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXY—QJD Bring some new books. SDÄD\DSXVWKDKDPLQJHYDLNN—GKHNRQGXSÀ Don’t leave (the) old book here, take it away. LQJHVLODQ—NN—OLQJDDQXSSXQJD Send a few chairs here. 18. pala nalla pusthahanga ange ille. Several good books are not there. LQJHNÌSSLG—GKHDQJHNÌSSLGX Don’t call here, call there. DQJHSDGXNN—GKHLQJHSDGX Don’t lie down there, lie here. 21. ipdi sei. inge sei. apdi ille! Do (it) like this. Do (it) here. Not like that! DQGKDFKLQQDSDL\DQLSSRLQJHNÌSSLGX Call that small boy here now. Practical Conversation. A: Any Person. E: New Employee. $Q¯LQJHSXWKXSDL\DQLOOH\—" You (are a) new boy here, aren’t you? (—P—LSSÀQ—QSXWKXSDL\DQGK—Q Yes, I (am) a new boy only. $SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where (is the) old (former) boy? (DYDQLSSÀLQJHLOOH He (is) not here now. $VLODWDPLÄY—UWKWKHQJDVROOXSS—LQJOLVKSV—GKH Speak some Tamil words. Don’t speak English. E. inge romba sadhdham. antha chinna paiyanga kuppidunga. Here (it’s) very noisy. Call those small boys (please) $Q¯QJDXººHYLOD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\HYLOD\—GXQJD Don’t play inside, play outside, (please). E. romba nandri. Many thanks. ------

29 Adi’s Book. LESSON 9. NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, ACCUSATIVE (OBJECTIVE) CASE. To form the accusatives of nouns, the ending ‘e’ is suffixed to the nominatives. Nom. AvanSDL\DQGK—Q He is only a boy. Acc. Avane kuppidunga. Call him. or, where the noun has a final vowel, ‘ye’ is suffixed, Nom. Indha PVH nalla ille. This table (is) not good. Acc. Andha PVH\HNRQGXY—QJD Bring that table.

When the object is unspecified neuter, the ending is generally omitted.

Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘ru’, or ‘du’ are exceptions. ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’. Noun Declensional Base* Accusative pusthaham pusthahathu pusthahathe P—GX P—WWX P—WWH —Uu —WKX —WKWKH

*Declensional Bases also serve as possessive adjectives or as bases of compound nouns. NDLYOH the work of the hand (handicraft) PDUDWKWKXSDÄDP the fruit of the tree. ------

30 Adi’s Book. Pronouns Pronoun Declensional Base* Accusative Q—Q I en enne me Q—P we (incl) Q—P namme us Q—QJD we (excl) HQJDº HQJDºH us Q¯ you un unne you (sing) Q¯QJD you XQJDº XQJDºH you (pl) avan he avan avane him avar he or she (polite) avar avare him or her ava she (impolite) ava DYDºH her adhu it adhu adhe it adhunga they (things) DGKXQJDº DGKXQJDºH them avanga they (persons) DYDQJDº DYDQJDºH them Vocabulary —GX sheep P—GX bullock, (ox) pasu cow maram tree Y¯GX house —VSDWKUL hospital WKÀWWDP garden Y—GDKH rent —UX river NL¼DUX well sadhdham noise kayiru string V—GKDP cooked rice arisi uncooked rice nel paddy (rice from or in the field). SU name, person NÌGD also mundhi early pindhi late L¼¼DNNL today Q—ºDNNL tomorrow Q—ºD¼¼DNNL the day after tomorrow QWKWKX yesterday vettu (w. in) cut (with an axe) kadi (s. thth) bite adi (s.thth) strike, hit kuli (s.thth) bathe mara (s.ndh) forget PDUDQWKXSÀ ZQ forget NO VWW ask D¼¼DNL that day

31 Adi’s Book.

Some parts of the body. thale head muham face PÌNNX nose ND¼ eye N—WKX ear Y—L mouth Q—NNX tongue pal tooth kai hand N—O leg P—U chest vayiru stomach ------Short Sentences HQQHNÌSSLGDGKLQJD Don’t call me. DYDUHNÌSSLGXQJD Call him. LQGKDY¯WWHS—UXQJD Look at this house. 4. epdi irukkuthu? athu yepdi? How is it? How is it? —WWH\XPP—WWH\XPDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t beat the goat and the bullock. 6. andha kayiththe yedunga. Take that string. WKD¼¼LHNXGLQJD Drink (the) Water. V—GGDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SSLGXQJD Eat (the) rice quickly. LGKXQDOODPDUDP—" Is this a good tree? DSSRLQGKDPDUDPYHWW—GKLQJD Then don’t cut this tree. SHUL\D—VSDWKUL\HS—UXQJD Look at (the) big hospital Q—ºDNNLNRQMDPPXQGKLY—QJD Come a little early tomorrow. URPEDSLQGKLYDU—GKLQJD Don’t come very late. L¼¼DNLLQGKDYOH\HVH\—GKLQJD Don’t do this work today. LSSRLOOHDSUDPNXºLQJD Not now, bathe afterwards. LQJHNXºLNN—GKLQJD Don’t bathe here. DQJHQ—ºDNNLSÀQJD Go there tomorrow. Q—ºD¼¼DNNLSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go the day after tomorrow. LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t forget this. LQGKDS—GDWKWKHPDUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t forget this lesson.

32 Adi’s Book. SHQFLOOHDSGLNDGLNN—GKLQJD Don’t bite the pencile like that. —WKWKXWKD¼¼LQDOO—WKD¼¼L (The) river water is good water. XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPN—WWXQJD Show your hands and feet. LGKX\—USU"LGKXQDOODSU Whose name is this? This is a good name. Q¯QJDDSS—NXGH\HNRQGXSÀQJD You take father(’s) umbrella. HQNDQQHNRQMDPS—UXQJD Just look at my eye. GRFWRULGKXNHWWDSDO—" Doctor, is this a bad tooth? ------Practical Conversation. T: Tenant L: Landlord. 7LGKX\—UY¯GX"XQJDY¯G—" Whose house is this? Your house? /—P—QJD\HQQDYQXP" Yes. What do you want? 7LQGKDY¯GXYQXPYDGDKHHYºDYX" (I) want this house. How much (is the) rent? L. vadahe apram. Rent (can be discussed) later. 7LQJHWKÀWWDPLOOH\—" Is there no garden here? NL¼DUX\HQJH" Where is the well? /YDQJDNL¼DUXPWKÀWWDPS—UNNDY—QJD Come (along), come and see the garden and the well T. eththane arenga irukkathu? How many rooms are there. /PÌQXFKLQQDDUHQJDUH¼GXSHUL\DDUHQJDLUXNNXWKX There are three small rooms and two big rooms. ------

33 Adi’s Book. LESSON 10. NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS GENITIVE (POSSESSIVE) CASE. There are two genitive forms. For Pronouns:- In the first, some pronouns have their own possessive case form. others do not change, as seen below. In the second, the addition of ‘udeya’ reinforces the possessive. Q—Q HQPVHHQXGH\DPVH my table Q—QJDHQJDPVHHQJDºXGH\DPVH our table avan DYDQPVH DYDQXGH\DPVH his table avanga DYDQJDPVH DYDQJDºXGH\DPVH their table For Nouns:- SRQQDPP—NDL SRQQDPP—YXGH\DNDL 3RQQDPP—¶VIDFH maram ile marathudeya ile the tree’s leaf Pronoun Possessive Q—Q I en enudeya my Q—P we nam namudeya our (incl) Q—QJD we enga HQJDºXGH\D our (excl) Q¯ you un unudeya your (sing) Q¯QJD you unga XQJDºXGH\D your (pl) avan he avan avanudeya his ava she ava DYDºXGH\D her avar he or she avar avarudeya his or her avanga they (persons) avanga DYDQJDºXGH\D their adhu it adhan adhanudeya its adhunga they (things) adhunga DGKXQJDºXGH\D their Animate Nouns also use ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ to express ‘in posession of’. See Lesson 28, page 102. ------

34 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences DGKXXQNDLLGKX\HQNDLLGKX\—UNDL" That is your hand. This is my hand. Whose hand is this? XQJDSDGDPHQJH"LGKXDYDQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOH\—" Where is your picture? This is their book is it not? DYDUXGH\DSDGDPN—WW—GKLQJDQDPXGH\DSXVWKDKDPHQJH" Don’t show his picture. Where is our book LQGKDNÌGH\—UNÌGH"LQGKDNÌGHDYDQXGH\DNÌGHLOOH Whose basket is this? This basket is not his basket. HGKXXQJDºXGH\DPVH"LGKXXQJDPVH Which is your table? This is your table. Y—\HWKLUDXQY—\HQDOO—WKLUDQ—NNHN—WWX Open (Your) mouth. Open your mouth well.(wide). Show (your) tongue. QDPSDL\DQSDººLNÌGDPHGKX" Which is our boy’s school? LGKX\—U—VSDWKUL"LGKX\HQJD—VSDWKUL Whose hospital is this? This is our hospital. DGKX\HYDUY¯GXDYDUXGH\DY¯G—LYDUXGH\DY¯G—" Whose house is that, that person’s house, or this person’s house. HQQHS—UNN—GKLQJDSDGDWKWKHY—VLQJDVDUL\—Y—VLQJD Don’t look at me. Read the lesson. Read it well. HQXGH\DWKDOHFKLQQDWKDOHDYDQXGH\DPÌNNXSHUL\DWKX My head is a small head. His nose is a big one. XQJDºXGH\DSU\HQQD"DGKDQSU\HQQD" What is your name. What is its name.(what is it called). HQSUMRKQDGKDQSUWRP My name is John. Its name is Tom. PMHPOHHQSQ—LUXNNXWK—" Is my pen on the table? DGKDQV—YLLQJHLOOH Its key is not here. ------

35 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. G: Gardener E: Employer. *Y—QJDLDKWKÀWWDWKWKHS—UXQJD Come sir, look at the garden. (LGKXURPEDQDOODWKÀWWDP This is a very good garden. inge yeththane maranga irukkuthu? How many trees are here? *LQJHSDWKXPDUDQJDGK—QLUXNNXWKX There are only ten trees here. E. adhu enna sedi? What (kind of) plant is that? *DGKXRUXSÌVHGL That is a flower(ing) plant. (DQGKDSÌFKHGLLQJHYDLNN—GKLQJD Don’t put that flowering plant here. G. saringa. All right. Expansion Drill For Lessons 8,9,10. Genitive(Possessive) LGKXHQY¯GX . LGKXXQJDºXGH\DY¯GX LGKX\—UY¯GX" LGKXDYDQJDY¯GX LGKXQDPY¯GXLOOH LGKX\HQJDºXGH\DY¯GXLOOH WKDPELLGKXXQY¯G—" idKXDYDUY¯GXLOOH\—" LGKXDYDUXGH\DY¯GXGK—Q . FKLQQD—GXDPP—HQJH" DGKDQXGH\DDPP—LQJHLOOH DGKDQDPP—YHºL\LUXNNXWKX Accusative(Object) HQQHS—UXQJD HQY¯WWHS—UXQJD HQXGH\DSXVWKDWKWKHS—UXQJD HQSXVWKDKDQJDOHS—UXQJD HQSH¼¼HS—UXQJD HQSDL\DQHS—UXQJD HQJDPDUDWKWKHYHWW—WKLQJD HQJDSDÄDWKWKHV—SLGXQJD HQJDÌU —WKWKHS—UXQJD YLOODJH  HQJD—WWHNÌSLGXQJD \HQJDP—WWHN—WWXQJD WKDPELXQS—GDWKWKHY—VL WKDQJDFKFKLXQPXKDWKWKHN—WWX V—GKDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SLGX P—WWHDGL—WWHDGLNN—GKH XQNDL\HN—WWX XQND¼¼HPXGX idhu en petti indha paiyan yen thambi. ivan enudeya thambi. LQGKDSH¼HQWKDQJDFKFKL iva yenudeya thangachchi.

36 Adi’s Book. Verbs, Positive and Negative. Q¯QJD—VSDWKULSÀQJD Q—ºDNNLLQJHY—QJD QDºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKLQJD Q¯QJDPXQGKLNXºLQJD Q¯QJDDSUDPNXºLQJD V¯NUDPN¯ÄHSÀQJD LSSRPOHSÀK—GKLQJD DYDUSU\HQQD" DYDUSUHNºXQJD XQJDSUHVROOXQJD DYDUSUMRVHSK—" XQJDN—OHN—WW—GKLQJD XQJDºXGH\DY—\HQDOODWKLUXQJD XQJDQ—NNHVDUL\—N—WWXQJD PDUXSDGL\XPPOHSÀQJD DQJHLQGKDGRFWRUHS—UXQJD LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\ÀGXQJD DQJH\HOO—UXPS—WWXS—GXQJD ‘tome’ inge anuppunga. LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSXQJD PDUDWKWKXN¯ÄHSDGXNN—GKLQJD PVHPOHSDGXQJD LGKX\—UXGH\DSHWWL" LQGKDDPP—XQJDDPP— XQJDPP— LYDUXQJDºXGH\DDPP—

------

37 Adi’s Book. LESSON 11. REVIEW (REVISION) No 1. The translation is not given, -read the sentences and understand them. This is a test of your progress. DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPXººHY—QJDXNN—UXQJDDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD DPP—SÀQJDDQJHSÀQJDV¯NUDPSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDLSSRSÀQJDDSUDPSÀQJD LGKX\—U"LYDQ\—U"LYD\—U"LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U"LQGKDSH¼\—U"LQGKDPP—\—U" LYDQHQWKDPELDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKLLQGKDSDL\DQHQWKDPELLQGKDPP—HQDPP— LQGKDSH¼HQXGH\DWKDQJDFKFKLLYDUHQDSS—DYDUHQJDPP—LYDUHQJDSS— Q¯QJDVXKDP—"Q—QVXKDPGK—QDPP—VXKDP—"DPP—URPEDVXKDP DL\—VXKDPLOOH\—"—P—DL\—VXKDPLOOHDL\—YXPDPP—YXPVXKDP—" Q¯QJDHOO—UXP Q¯QJHOO—UXP VXKDP—"Q—QJDHOO—P Q—QJHOO—P VXKDPGK—Q LGKXHQQD"LGKHQQD"LGKXSXVWKDKDP—"—P—LGKXSXVWKDKDPGK—QLGKX\—U SXVWKDKDPXQJDSXVWKDKDP—"DGKXHQSXVWKDKDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDP\—USXVWKDKDP" LQGKDSXVWKDKDPDYDUSXVWKDKDPPMHPOHQDOODSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXNRQGXY—QJD SDGLQJDQDOODSDGLQJDVDGKGKDP—SDGLQJDRUXS—GDPSDGLQJDHOO—PSDGLNN—GKLQJD LGKXXQJDDUH\—"LGKXFKLQQDDUHLGKXURPEDFKLQQDDUHLOOH\—"XQJDDUH\HQJH" HQJHXQJDDUH"DGKXY—LGKXY—"LQJH\—DQJH\—"MDQQDOHPÌGXQJDNDGKDYH WKLUDQJDNRQMDP—WKLUDNN—GKLQJDM—VWKLPÌG—GKLQJDNRQMDPPÌGXQJDQDOOD WKLUDQJDHQSHWWL\HLQJHYDLQJDYHOL\YDLNN—GKLQJDLGKDQV—YLNRQGXY—QJD LGKX—VSDWKULSV—GKLQJDVDGKGKDP—SV—GKLQJDMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJD DQJHSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDURPEDPHGKXY—SVXQJDDYºDYXVDGKGKDP—SV—GKH QDQGULSÀLWXYDUQDSUDPY—QJDSÀLY—QJDWKLUXPEDY—QJDSÀLWXY—QJD PDUXSDGL\XPY—QJDQ—ºDNNLDQJHY—QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDY—QJDQ¯QJDOXP DPP—YXPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX"P̼XQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKXQ—OXQ—NN—OL LOOH\—R¼¼XLQJHYDLQJDUHQGXDQJHNRQGXSÀQJDPVH\XPQ—NN—OL\XP NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOHLQJHSQ—LUXNNXGK—"LOOHLQJH SQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOHLGKXSDÄD\DPVHLQJHVLODQ—NN—OL\XPDQJHDQKD Q—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXGKXQJDDYDQJDºXGH\DQ—NN—OL\HQJH

38 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. $DNN— HOGHUVLVWHU 7WKDQJDFKFKL

39 Adi’s Book. LESSON 12. VERBS F,1),1,7,9(6 Infinitives These are formed by adding ‘a’ and ‘ka’to the roots of weak and strong verbs respectively. solla (w) to say or tell. nadakka (s) to walk

Y—DQGNRQGXY—DUHH[FHSWLRQV vara to come konduvara to bring Vocabulary. SÌQH cat Q—L dog pasu cow idam place, space W¯ tea N—SL coffee chakkare sugar YH¼¼H butter uppu salt vellam jaggary V—SS—GX meal rotti bread Y—ÄDSDÄDP plantain (banana) PLWW—L sweets kade shop sedi (a) plant VXGDWKD¼¼L hot water SDFKFKHWKD¼¼L cold water, raw water, (uncooked, unboiled)

WKD\—UVHL GK prepare WKD\—U readiness WKD\—U—LUu be ready

Q\Q why nalladhu (it is) good ------

40 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences VDSS—GXWKD\—UV—SSLGDY—QJD The meal (is) ready, come to eat. 2. avare konjam irukka sollunga. Tell him to wait a little. DYDQHYHºL\HQLNNDVROOXQJD Ask him to stand outside. DYDOHS—ONXGLNNDNÌSSLGX Call her to drink milk. NDGH\HS—UNNDSÀQJD Go to see (the) shop. URWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPNRQGXY—QJD Bring (the) bread and butter. FKDNNDUHNRQGXYDUDSÀQJD Go to bring sugar. LQGKDYOHVHL\DWKD\—U—LUXQJD Be ready to do this work. YHºL\HSÀKDQ¯QJDWKD\—U—" Are you ready to go out. PLWW—LLUXNNXGK—" Are there sweets? NRQMDPPLWW—LNRQGXYDQJD Bring some sweets. NRQMDPN—SL\XPNRQMDPW¯\XPWKD\—UVHLQJDV¯NUDP Prepare some tea and coffee. Quick. LGKXSDGLNNDSHUL\DSDGDPLOOH\—" This is a big lesson to study, is it not? RUXFKLQQDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDY—QJD Come to write a small letter. HGKXVÌGDWKD¼¼LHGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L" Which is hot water, which is cold water? DGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\—" Is that cold water? DGKXSDVXQDOO—SDVXSDVXYHDGLNN—GKLQJD That is a cow, (a) good cow, do not beat the cow. LGKXNHWWDQ—L This is a bad dog. NHWWDQ—\HQDOO—DGLQJD Beat the bad dog severely. HQSÌQHDQJHLUXNNXGKX My cat is there. DGKHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call that here. PLWW—LM—VWKLV—SSLG—GKLQJD Don’t eat much sweets. LGKXQDOODV—SS—GX This is a good meal. ------

41 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. E: Elder Brother Y: Younger Brother. (WKDPELSDGLNNDSÀ Little brother, go to study. <VDULDQQ—Q¯QJDNXGDY—QJD Alright big brother, you come too. (LGKXSDGLNNDQDOODSXVWKDKDP—" Is this a good book to study? <—P—DQQ—LGKXY—VLNNDQDOODGKX Yes brother, this is good to read. (HQQHS—UNNDDSUDPY— Come to see me afterwards. <QLSSRLOOH" Why not now? (WKDPELWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSV—GKH Brother, don’t keep on talking. XQS—GDPWKD\—UVHL\DSÀ Go to prepare your lesson. <VDULDQQ—SRLWXYDUQ Alright brother, goodbye. Expansion Drill For Lessons 11 & 12. LGKXWKÌQJDQDOODLGDP YHºL\HQDGDNNDSÀQJD LGKXXNN—UDQDOODLGDP SXVWKDKDPSDGLNNDSÀQJD LGKXV—SSLGDQDOODLGDP S—GDPNNNDSÀQJD idhu padukka nalla idam. SDGDPS—UNNDSÀQJD LGKXYOHVHL\DQDOODLGDP NDGKDYXWKLUDNNDSÀQJD LGKXNXºLNNDQDOODLGDP DSS—YHNXSSLGDSÀQJD idhu padikka nalla idam. naiye konduvara pÀnga. WKDPELYOHVHL\DY—QJD DYDUHPHGKXY—SVDVROOXQJD DPP—WKDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD DYDUHWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDUDVROOXQJD DL\—WKDPLÄSVDY—QJD DYDQJDºHNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDVROOXQJD DUHXººHWKÌQJDY—QJD DYDQJDºHLGKXHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDVROOXQJD V—SS—GXV—SSLGDY—QJD DYDQJDºHLGKXQJD\HOO—P\HGXNNDVROOXQJD XQJDWKRWWDWKHN—PLNNDY—QJD DQGKDPP—YHXNN—UDVROOXQJD DYDQY¯WWHN—tta v—nga. andhaiy—ve irukka sollunga. NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNRQGXSÀQJD V—SSLGDS—OXPSDÄDPXPNRQGXY—QJD LSSRQDOO—WKÌQJDSÀQJD DSUDP7KDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD LGKXYDVLNNDQDOODS—GDP DYDQJDWKÀWWDPXPNL¼DUXPS—UNNDY—QJD ------

42 Adi’s Book. LESSON 13. NOUNSAND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, DATIVE CASE & VERBS, DEFECTIVE. Nouns, followed by endings to form Dative Case meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’. ‘ukku’ to µXNN—KD¶ for PVH PVHNNX to the table PVHNN—KD for the table Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘du’ and ‘ru’ are exceptions. ‘m’ and ‘r’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’. Noun Declensional base Declined form maram marathu marathukku Y¯GXY¯WWXY¯WWXNNX —UX —WKWKX —WKWKXNNX

Pronouns, Dative Case:-GHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµXNNX¶RUµXNN—KD¶ Note: ‘ukku’ is commonly used for both ‘to’ and ‘for’ in North Tamil Nadu. Q—Q enakku to me Q—P namakku to us(incl.) Q—QJDHQJDºXNNX to us(excl.) Q¯ unakku to you Q¯QJD XQJDºXNNX to you avan avanukku to him ava DYDºXNNX to her avar avarukku to him/her avanga DYDQJDºXNNX to them adhu adhukku to it adhunga adhungaºXNNX to them

Defective Verbs:- The following are impersonal verbs. Y¼XP¶ is wanted SÀGKXP is enough puri to be clear YLºDQJX to be clear. theri know, see, understand, feel, appear pidi to be liked They cannot be conjugated like regular verbs, excepting neuter present tense and past tense and future tense. 7KHVXEMHFW QRXQRUSURQRXQ WDNHVGDWLYHFDVH DVLQµHQDNNXY¼XP,ZDQW  ------

43 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary YH¼XP is wanted Y¼—P is not wanted SÀGKXP is enough SÀGK—GKX is not enough theriyum is known WKHUL\—GKX is not known pasi hunger dhayavuseidhu please innum more, yet innum enna what else? HOO— all (adj) HOO—P all things HOO—UXP all persons Short Sentences VDSSLGDHOO—UXPWKD\—U—"Y—QJDXNN—UXQJD Is every one ready to eat? Come, sit.) XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XP"DYDUXNNXN—SSLSÀGKXP—" What do you want? Is the coffee enough for him? DYDºXNNNXS—OYQ—P—"XQJDºXNNXW¯Y¼XP—N—SSLY¼XP—" Does she not want milk? Do you want tea or coffee? XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDY¼XP" What else do you want? HQQXNNXW¯LQQXPY¼XP I want more tea. LQGKDW¯SÀGK—GKXLQQXPNRQMDPY¼XPNRQGXY—QJD This tea is not enough, (I) want a little more. Bring (it). DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDW¯SÀGK—GK—"LQQXPY¼XP—" Is this tea not enough for them? Do they want more? HQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLY¼—PNRQMDPSÀGKXP We do not want too much, a little is enough. LQGKXHQQDXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXVROOXQJD What is this, do you know? Please tell me. HQQDNNXVROOXQJDDYDUXNNXVROO—GKLQJD Tell me, do not tell him. LQGKDS—GDQJDHOO—P S—GDQJHOO—P XQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know (or) do you understand all these lessons?)

44 Adi’s Book. 12. enakku HOO—S—GDQJDºum WKHUL\—GKX I do not know all the lessons.(* all without exception). VLODS—GDPGK—QWKHUL\XPSDODS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX I know only a few lessons. Several lessons I do not know. HOO—UXNNXPLGKXWKHUL\—GK—" Does not everyone know this? DYDUXNNXURPEDVDGKGKDP—VROOXQJD Speak to him very loudly. Practical Conversation. M: Mother C: Child. 0V—SS—GXWKD\—U—LUXNNXWKXHOO—UXPY—QJD Food is ready, come (along) everybody. &DPP—HQDNNXLSSRV—SS—GXY¼—P Mother, I don’t want food now. 0\QY¼—PXQQDNNXSDVLLOOH\—" Why not, are you not hungry? &—P—DPP—HQQDNNXkonjam kuda pasi ille. Yes mother, I am not a bit hungry. 0XQDNNXYUXPHQQD YUHQQD Y¼XP" What else do you want? &HQDNNXNRQMDPGK—QV—WKDPXPWKD¼¼L\XPY¼XP I want only a little rice and water 0LYºDYXSÀGKXP—LQQXPY¼XP—" Is this enough or do you want (some) more. &HQDNNXLGKXSÀGKXP This is enough for me. ------

45 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 13. LGKX\—UXNNXY¼XP" DGKXHQQXNNXY¼—P DGKXHQJDOXNNXY¼XP HGKXXQJDOXNNXY¼XP" LGKXYXPDGKXYXPQDPDNNXY¼XP \HOO—PQDPDNNXY¼—P ------LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQDNNXY¼XP—" LQGKDS—GDPHQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP LQGKDQ—NN—OLDYDºXNNXY¼XP LQGKDV—SS—GXHQDNNXSÀGK—GKX LQGKDSÌXQJDSH¼¼XNNXY¼—P—" LQGKDS—OSÌQHNNXSÀGKXP—" DQGKDPVHSDL\DQXNNXY¼—P—" LQGKDWKD¼¼LQ—LNNXSÀWK—WKX LQGKDWKD¼¼LDYDQJDºXNNXY¼—P—" DQGKDN—LGKDPDYDUXNNXSÀGKXP—" ------XQJDºXNNXLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\XP—" HQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX \HQQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPQDOO—WKHUL\XP HQJDOXNNXPLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX XQJDºXNNXLYDUWKHUL\XP—" XQJDºXNNXLGKXLQQXPWKHUL\XP—" HQDNNXLYDUVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX XQJDºXNNXHQQHWKHUL\—GK—" XQJDºXNNXDQGKDDL\—QDOO—WKHUL\XP—" DYDUXNNXSVDWKHUL\—GK—" HQQXNNXDQWKDL\—URPEDQDOODWKHUL\XP LYDUXNNXGRFWRUWKHUL\—GK—" XQJDºXNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PWKHUL\XP—" P—¼DYDUXNNXY—GK\—UHWKHUL\—GK—" HQDNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PNRQMDPWKHUL\XP DYDQJDOXNNXQ—PHOO—UXPWKHUL\—GKX ------DL\—GKD\DYXVHLGKXWKDPLÄSVXQJD HOO—UXNNXPYD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD DPP—GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQJHS—GXQJD HOO—UXNNXPXQJDS—GDPN—WWXQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY—QJD HOO—UH\XPLQJHYDUDVROOXQJD LSSRGKD\DYXVHLGKXV—SS—GXNRQGXY—QJD HOO—UH\XPLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXHOO—UH\XPV—SSLGDNÌSSLGX LGKXQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXHYºDYX" GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDUHLGKXNOXQJD SHWWLQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXPSÌWWXQJD thambi, ‘dhayavuseidhu’ sollu. V—P—QHOO—WKWKH\XPN—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ thambi, ‘nandri’ kuda sollu. SDÄDQJDHOO—WKWKH\XPPVHPOHYDLQJD dhayavuseidhuvum nandriyum sollu. paiyangalukku pusthahanga kodunga. ------

46 Adi’s Book. LESSON 14. VERBS, DEFECTIVE (CONTINUED). Defective Verbs. (follow dative) puriyuthu is clear, understood. puriyale is not clear, not understood. YLºDQJXGKX is clear, understood. YLºDQJDOH is not clear, not understood. Adverbs. (follow dative). (Adverbs are more fully covered in Lesson 17). PXQQ—OH before, in front of, ago. SLQQ—OH after, behind. ------Vocabulary sangadhi matter, news VDPDFK—UDP matter, news kashtam difficulty, problem vile price YDÄD DGM plantain Y—ÄDSDÄDP plantain (fruit) NÌGD also, even. -um also, even Y—QJX ZLQ buy vil (s.thth) sell kodu (s.thth) give WK— ZQGK give. NDWKWKXNNRº ZQG learn VROOLNNRº ZQG learn kaththukkodu (s.thth) teach sollikkodu(s.thth) teach kashtappadu (w.tt) worry, suffer. SÌWWu (n) lock ------Short Sentences. U—PDQHQQDVDPDFKFK—UDPQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDP—" Raman, what news, is it good news. LOOHQJDLOOHDL\—QDOO—VDPDFKFK—UDPLOOH No, no sir, not good news. U—PDQXNNXLQGKDN—LGKDPNRGXQJD Give this letter to Raman. LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHV¯NUDPNRQGXSÀQJD Take this letter quickly. \DUXQJDWKDPLÄY—GK\—U"LYDU—XQJDºXGH\DY—GK\—U" Who is your Tamil teacher? Is he your teacher DL\—WKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXWKDPLÄVROOLNRGXQJD Sir, please teach me Tamil. XQJDOXNNXHQWKDPLÄQDOO—YLODQJXWK—" Is my Tamil very clear to you?

47 Adi’s Book. HQQDNNXM—VWKLYLºDQJDOHNRQMDPGK—QYLºDQJDWKX Not very clear to me, (I) only understand a little. DYDUXNNXWKDPLÄQDOO—SXUL\DGKXXQJDºXNNXSXUL\DOH\—" He understands Tamil well, do you not understand? LQGKDSÌWWXNNXV—YLLUXNNXWK—"LGKXNNXV—YLHQJH" Is there a key for this lock? Where is the key for this. HQY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DY—ÄDPDUDPLUXNNXWKX There is a big plantain tree behind my house. HQDNNXSLQQ—OHYDU—GKLQJDHQQDNNXPXQQ—OHSÀQJD Don’t come behind me, go in front of me. PMHNNXPXQ—OHQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX The chair is in front of the table. —VSDWKULNNXSLQQ—OHRUXWKÀWWDPLUXNNXWKX There is a garden behind the hospital. (OODUXPDQJHYLºD\—GDSÀQJDQ¯NXGDSÀ Everyone go there to play. You go too. DYDUXNNXSHWWLY¼XPDYDUXNN—KDRUXSHWWLY—QJXQJD He wants a box. Buy a box for him. LGKXHQQDNN—KDLOOHDYDUXNN—KD This is not for me, (it’s) for him. LGKX\—UXNN—KDXQJDWKDPELNN—" For whom is this, your little brother? XQJDSHWWL\HSDWKXUÌE—NNXYLNN—GKLQJD Do not sell your box for ten rupees. XQJDºukku* pusthaham irukkuWK—" Do you have a book.*(Dative ending = has, have). \—UXNNXSXVWKDKDPLOOH"HOO—UXNNXPLUXNNXWK—" Who has no book? (does) everybody have one? XQJDºXNNXDUHHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the room for you? XQJDºXNNXHQQDNDVKWDP" XQJDNDVKWDPHQQD" What is your difficulty? NDVKWDSSDG—GKLQJDLGKXSHUL\DNDVKWDPLOOH Do not worry, this is not a big problem. LSSRQ¯QJDVÌKDP—"QDOO—V—SSLGXQJD Are you well now? Eat well. ------

48 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Between friends, A and B. $HQQDVDQJKDGLµS—" What news (friend, mate) %\HOO—PQDOO—VDQJKDGKLGK—Q Everything is good (news). $HQQDNNXNRQMDPNDVKWDPQ—QVÌKDPLOOH I have some trouble. I am not well. %DSGL\—"HQQDNDVKWDP" Is that so? What trouble? $HQQDNNXURPEDND¼NDVKWDP I have a lot of eye trouble. %VDULV¯NUDPND¼GRFWRUHS—UXQJD Alright, see an eye doctor quickly. $SXUL\XGKXGRFWRUSUHQQD" I Understand, what is the doctor’s name? %DYDUSUGRFWRUU—PDQ His name is Doctor Raman. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 14. HQDNNXSDÄDPXPS—OXPNÌGDY¼XP DYDQXNNXURWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPSÀGK—GKX LQQXPXSSXNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXNRQMDPYHOODPNRQGXY—QJD PXQQ—OHURWWLNRQGXY—QJD DSUDPSDÄDPNRQGXY—QJD Q¯QJDDYDUXNNXPXQQ—OHXNN—UXQJD HOO—UXNNXPSLQQ—OHXNN—U—GKLQJD HQY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OH\XPSLQQ—OH\XPPDUDQJDLOOH DYDUY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DWKÀWWDPLUXNNXGKX HQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHQLNN—GKLQJD ------NDGKDYHQDOO—SÌWWXQJD DQGKDSÌWWXNNXLQGKDV—YLVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—" XQJDSHWWLNNXLQGKDSÌWWXSÀGXQJD SÌWWXNN—KDNDGHNNXSÀK—GKLQJD LGKXNN—KDNDVKWDPY¼—P HOO—UXNNXPQDOODGKXVHLQJD ------LGKXLQJH\—UXNN—KDLUXNNXGKX" idhu yennakku, adhu unnakku. DGKXHOO—UXNNXPLOOH\—" DGKHXQJDºXNN—KDGK—QV—SSLGXQJD idhukku yenna vile? LGKXNNX\HYºDYXY¼XP" ------

49 Adi’s Book. LESSON 15. CARDINAL NUMBERS 10 F$1'7,0( SDGKLQR¼¼X 11 SDGKLQ—UX 16 SDQQH¼GX 12 padKLQÄX 17 SDGKLPÌQX 13 padhinettu 18 SDGKLQ—OX 14 paththombadhu 19 padhinanju 15 irubadhu 20 paththu 10. irubadhu 20 LUXQÌUX 200 muppadhu 30 PXQQÌUX 300 Q—SSDGKX 40 Q—QÌUX 400 ambadhu 50 DLQÌUX 500 —UXEDGKX 60 —UXQÌUX 600 ÄXEDGKX 70 ÄXQÌUX 700 H¼EDGKX 80 H¼¼ÌUX 800 WKR¼¼ÌUX 90 WKRºº—\LUDP 900 QÌUX 100 —\LUDP 1000 The Adjective form of ‘paththu’ is ‘baththu’, so we have:- 21 LUXEDWKWKXR¼¼X 22 LUXEDWKWKXUH¼GX 78 yerubaththu ettu etc. 7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµQÌUX¶  LVµQÌWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH 101 QÌWKWKXR¼¼X 102 QÌWKWKXUH¼GX 506 DLQQÌWKWKX—UX etc. 7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµ—\LUDP¶  LVµ—\LUDWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH 925 WKROO—\LUDWKWKXLUXbaththanju 1567 —\LUDWKWKXDLQÌWKWKX—UXEDWKWKX \ ÄX 5439 DQM—\LUDWKWKXQ—QÌWKWKXPXSSDWKWK µX RPEDWKX ------

50 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary N—ODPH N—ODLOH N—ODPEDUHN—WK—OH morning, V—LQJ—ODP V—LQGKDUDP evening, after 4pm. pahal day time U—WKUL U—YX night nadu mid, middle naduppahal noon, midday PDGK\—QDP afternoon PD¼LNNX at…o’clock PD¼L bell, gong, hour, o’clock VDQGKÀVKDP happiness NXÄDQGKH child P—¼DYDU student (incl schoolboys) (m) (f) WKÀWWDNN—UDQ WKÀWWDN—UL gardener YOHNN—UDQYOHN—UL worker, house servant S—ON—UDQS—ON—UL milk seller ------Short Sentences. LSSRPD¼LHQQD" What is the time now. LSSRHQQDPD¼L" What is the time now. LSSRPD¼LHYºDYX" What is the time now. LSSRPD¼LHWKWKDQH" What is the time now. LSSRHWWXPD¼L Now it is 8 o’clock Q¯QJDLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD You come here at 8 o’clock. SDQQH¼GXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDSÀQJD Go to eat at 12 o’clock. DGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀK—GLQJD Don’t go before that. XQJDWKÀWWDNN—UDQHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call your gardener here. DSUDPWKÀWWDWKWKXNNDSRQJD,SSRY¼—P Go to the garden afterwards. No need now. DYDQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLOOH\—" Do they not have a servant? DYDQJDºXNNXLSSRYOHN—UDQLOOH They don’t have a servant now. DQGKDYOHN—UDQXNNXLSSRYOHLOOH That servant has no work now.

51 Adi’s Book. Q¯Y¯WWXNNXSÀQ—ºDNNLN—ODPHY— you go home. Come tomorrow morning. LQQDNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXY—QJD Come at 5 o’clock this evening. DYDUY¯WWXNNXYOHVHL\DSÀQJD Go to his house to work. U—WKULHWWXPD¼LNNXHQQHS—UNNDY—QJD Come to see me at 8 o’clock tonight. UDYXPSDKDOXPYOHVHL\—GKLQJD Do not work day and night. SDKDONRQMDPU—WKULNRQMDPYOHVHLQJD Do some work by day, and some by night. LGKXU—WKULNNXY¼XPLWKXU—WKULV—SS—GX This is wanted for the night.This is night food. L¼¼DNNLSDKDOV—SS—GXURPEDQDOODV—SS—GX Today’s meal is a very good meal. ------Practical Conversation. V: Visitor S: Village Schoolmaster. 9YD¼DNNDPDL\—Q¯QJDGK—QLQJHY—GK\—U—" Greetings sir, are you the teacher here? 6—P—DL\—Q—QGKDQLQJHY—GK\—U Yes sir, I am the teacher here. 9LQJHHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD" How many children are studying here? 6LQJHDPEDWKXNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD Fifty children are studying here. 9HOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNUDQJDO— Do they all study well? 6—P—QJDHOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNU—QJD Yes sir, they are all studying well. 9QDOODGKXLGKHNNNDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP That’s good. I am very happy to hear this. ------

52 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. RUXUÌE—NNXQÌUXSDLVH LSSRPD¼L\HQQD"Q—OXLOOH\—" VDLQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNDPXQHQQHS—UXQJD LOOHV—LQJ—ODPYDU—GKLQJD PDGK\—QDPVDUL\—PÌQXPD¼LNNXY—QJD U—WKULNNXHQQDV—SS—GXY¼XP" L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHV—SS—GXQDOODV—SS—GX LSSRU—WKULLOOHSDKDOWKÌQJ—GKH Q—OXPD¼LNNXYOHVHLDSUDPY¯WWXNNXSÀ ------pathum pathum irubadhu. Q—SSDGKXPLUXEDGKXP—UXEDGKX ambadhum muppadhum enbadhu. HÄXEDGKXP—UXEDGKXPQÌWKXPXSSDGKX LQJHLUXEDWKXDQMXSUV—SSLGXQJD DQGKDDUHNNXSDGKLQHWWXSUSÀQJD Q¯QJDSDWKXSUXPLQJHXNN—UXQJD ------—VSDWKULNNXQ—SSDWKXPÌQXQ—NN—OLNRQGXSÀQJD N¯ÄHPXSSDGKXRPEDGKXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD POHSDGKLQUXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD LQJHHWWXQ—NN—OLYDLQJD DGKXQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHHWWXPVHQJDYDLQJD L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHSUXNNXV—SS—GXY¼XP" L¼¼DNNLLUXEDWKXSUXNNXSÀGKXP Q—ºDNNLQ—SSDGKXRQQXSUXNNXYHQXP ------RUXµWXPEOHU¶S—OV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD ELVNÀWKWKXHYºDYXLUXNNXGKX" SDGKLQ—OXELVNÀWKWKXGK—QLUXNNXGK— QDPDNNX\HOO—PSD¼¼HQGXYDÄDSDÄDPSÀGKXP DYDQJDºXNNXSDWKWKRPEDGKXNDSSXN—SSLDQXSSXQJD ------

53 Adi’s Book. LESSON 16. VERBS, PRESENT TENSE, POSITIVE. Firstly, Memorise the following pronouns with the related verb endings, For ‘weak’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘r’ plus the verb ending,as GHYHORSHGKHUHZLWKWKHYHUEµSÀ¶ Singular Plural Q—QSÀUQQ—P SÀUÀP(excl.) Q—QJD SÀUÀP(incl.) Q¯ SÀUe Q¯QJD SÀUinga avan SÀU—Q ava SÀU— avanga SÀUanga avar SÀU—U adhu SÀdhu* adhunga SÀdhunga* *the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.

For ‘strong’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘kr’ plus the verb ending,as developed here with the verb ‘padi’. Singular Plural Q—QSDGLNUn Q—P padikrÀP(excl.) Q—QJD padikrÀP(incl.) Q¯ padikre Q¯QJD padikringa avan padikr—Q ava padikr— avanga padikranga avar padikr—U adhu padikkdhu* adhunga padikkdhunga* *again, the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.

For the verb ‘Y—¶WKHµ—¶VKRUWHQVWRµD¶LQFRQMXJDWLRQWKXVIRUPLQJµQ—QvarQ¶ and similarly for konduY—, becoming ‘nan konduvarQ¶ ------

54 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary Y—WKX duck NÀÄL chicken NXÄDQGKH child kattadam building N—LGKDPNDGXGK—VL letter, paper. idam place, space. pai bag S—L mat sedi plant kodi vine, creeper ile leaf Y—VDO gate PÌWWH bundle mutte egg WKÌNNDP sleep(n) WKÌQJX ZLQ sleep(v), lie down SÀGX ZWW throw, drop NXºL VQ bathe (intr) NXºLSDWWX ZLQ bathe (tr) ------Short Sentences. YDQJDPPDY—QJDHQJHSÀULQJD" Hello, madam, where are youn going? QDQHQY¯WWXNNXSÀUQVDULSÀLY—QJD I amgoing to my house. OK, goodbye. DYDUHQQDNRQGXYDU—U"PXWWHQJDNRQGXYDU—U—" What is he bringing? Is he bringing eggs? XQJDºXNNX\HQQDPXWWHY¼XPNÀÄLPXWWH\—Y—WKXPXWWH\—" What eggs do you want, chicken eggs or duck eggs? LGKXQDOODS—L,QGKDS—\HDQJHSÀGXQJD. Thisis a good mat. Spread this mat there. (idiom). HQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GXpÀdunga. Serve me food, quick! (idiom). S—LPOHHQQDLUXNNXWKXRUXSDL\—"SDLNNXOOHSDÄDPLUXNNXWK—" What is on the mat, a.bag?. Are there fruits inside the bag. SDQWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNRQGXSÀQJDDQJHYLºD\—GX Take the ball to the garden, play there. DYDQLSSRQDOODWKÌQJU—QU—WKULGK—QDYDQXNNXWKÌNNDPLOOH He is sleeping well now. Only last night he had no sleep

55 Adi’s Book. YHOHNN—UDQHQNDGLGKDPNRQGXSÀUDQ The servant is taking my letter. LQJHN—KLGKDPQSÀGULQJD"NDGXGK—VLLQJHSÀG—GKLQJD Why are you throwing paper here? Don’t throw paper here. 12. dhayavuseidhu enakku oru kadidham pÀdunga. Please drop me a line. (idiom) LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLLOHLOOHSÌGK—QM—VWKLLUXNNXWKX This plant has not many leaves,it has many flowers. DQGKDVHGLNNXURPEDWKD¼¼LY¼XP That plant needs a lot of water. DGKXQDOODLGKDPLOOHDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXSÀK—GKLQJD That is not a good place. do not go to that place. SÌQHQJDDQJHHQQDVHLGKXQJD" What are the cats doing here? QDQLSSRXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUQQ¯QJDHQY¯WWXNNX\HSSRYDULQJD" I am coming to your house now. When are you coming to my house? SHUL\DQ—LPXQQ—OHÀGXWKXFKLQQDQ—LDGKXNNXSLQQ—OHÀGXWKX A big dog is running ahead. A small dog is running behind it. LGKXSHUL\DNDWWDGDPLGKXNNXSHUL\DY—VDOLUXNNXWKX This is a big building. It has a big entrance. \—UXNNXN—LGKDP\HÄXGKULQJDXQJDPP—YXNN—" To whom are you writing a letter, to your mother?  L NDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀU—QJD"  LL NDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀUDGKX" Who is taking the letter? *Note: when the number and gender of the subject are not known, either the 3rd person plural or the neuter singular is used. ------

56 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. C: Customer F: Fruit Seller. &LGKXXQJDSDÄDNDGH\—"HQQDSDÄDQJDLUXNNXWKX" Is this your fruit shop? What fruits do you have. )—P—QJD\HQNDGHGK—QY—ÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXWKXHYºDYXY¼XP" Yes madam,it is my shop. I have plantains. How much do you want? &HQDNNXRUXGD]DQY—ÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH" I want one dozen plantains. How much is a dozen? )RUXGD]DQLUXEDWKXUÌE—PP— Twenty Rupees a dozen madam. &DGKXURPEDYLOHSS—GD]DQSDWKLQDQMXNNXNRGXSS— 7KDW¶VDKLJKSULFH*LYHDGR]HQIRUILIWHHQ¶S— )VDULQJDPP—RUXGD]DQSÀWKXP—" Alright madam, is a dozen enough? &SÀWKXPLSSR\HQQDNNXM—VWKLY¼—P Enough. I don’t want more now. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 16. Q—QHQQDVHLUQ" Q—QLQJHLUXNUQ—" Q—PHQQDVHLUÀP" Q—QJDLQJHLUXNUÀP—" Q¯\HQQDVHLUH" Q¯LQJHLUXNU\—" Q¯QJD\HQQDVHLULQJD" Q¯QJDLQJHLUXNULQJDº—" DYDQHQQDVHLU—Q" DYDQLQJHLUXNU—Q— DYD\HQQDVHLU—" DYDLQJHLUXNU—º— DYDQJD\HQQDVHLU—QJD" DYDQJDLQJHLUXNU—QJDº— ------DYDUXNNXQDOO—WKÌNNDP NXÄDQGKHQJDYKDP—HQJHSÀU—QJD" DYDUQDOODWKÌQJU—U NXÄDQGKHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXSÀU—QJD DYDUHNXSSLGDLSSRSÀK—GLQJD NXÄDQGKHQJDDQJHHQQDVHL\DSÀU—QJD" DYDUPOHWKÌQJU—U DYDQJDDQJHSDQGKHYLºD\—GDSÀU—QJDO—" DYDUSDLPOHWKÌQJU—U DYDQJDLSSRWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HÀGU—QJD DYDUXNNXSLQQ—OHSÌQHWKÌQJDWKX DYDQJD\QDQJHYHºL\HÀGDY¼XP" ------

57 Adi’s Book. LESSON 17. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Adjectives. :RUGVOLNHQDOO—JRRGNHWWDEDGDUHDGMHFWLYHVE\QDWXUH Adjectives can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµ—QD¶RUµXººD¶DVIROORZV suham health VXKDP—QD healthy. VXKDPXººD healthy. VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDP—QD happy, joyful. VDQGKÀVKDPXººD happy, joyful. Adverbs. :RUGVOLNHPXQGKLEHIRUHPOHDERYHDUHDGYHUEVE\QDWXUH Adverbs can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµ—¶DVIROORZV suham health VXKDP— healthy. VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDP— happy, joyful. Vocabulary GKVDP country naharam city P—K—¼DP state, province SDWWD¼DP town MLOO— district JU—PDP village YOÌU Vellore madhurai Madurai, Madura. ÌU place, large area. NRQMDPNRQMDP— gradually VDQGKÀVKDP happiness PÀVDP badness, evil. VDQGKÀVKDP—QD happy (adj) PÀVDP—QD bad, evil (adj). VDQGKÀVKDP— happy (adv) PÀVDP— bad, evil (adv) sulabam ease, easiness varuththam sorrow, sadness. VXODEDP—QD easy (adj) YDUXWKWKDP—QD sorrowful (adj) VXODEDP— easy (adv) YDUXWKWKDP— sorrowful (adv) pathi (follows acc) about, regarding varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, regret kashtappadu (w.tt) be troubled, worry varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, worry

58 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. XQJDWKDPELHQJHLUXNNU—UXººHY—YHºL\HY—" Where is your brother, inside or outside? GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDQHLQJHNRQMDPNÌSSLGXQJD Please just call him here. DQGKDN—KLGKDWKWKHHQJHNRQGXSÀULQJD" Where are you taking that paper? LGKH\—UXNNXNRQGXYDULQJDHQDNN—" To whom are you bringing this, to me? LSSRQ¯QJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDº—" Are you speaking tamil well now? LOOHM—VWKLLOOHNRQMDPSVUQNRQMDPGK—Q No, not much. I speak a little, only a little. HGKXXQJDGKVDP"DGKXSHUL\DGKVDP—" Which is your country? I as that a big country? XQJDGKVDPHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XP Your country is well known to me. HQJDGKVDWKWKHSDWKLXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKHUL\XP—"DGKHNNNDHQQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP You know about our country well? I am happy to hear it! Q—QHQS—GDWKWKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNUQ I am studying my lesson happily. WKDPLÄSDGLNNDVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKXLOOH\—" It’s easy to study Tamil, is it not? LOOHLOOHWKDPLÄSDGLNNDURPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKX No, no, it is very difficult to study Tamil. LGKHVROODHQDNNXYDUXWKDP—LUXNNXGKX I am sorry to say this. LGKHNNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH I am not happy to hear this. YDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJDNRQMDPNRQMDP—SDGLQJDDGKXVXODEDPLOOHNDVKWDPXPLOOH Don’t worry, study little by little. It is neither hard nor easy FKHQQDLSHUL\DQDKDUDPYOÌUFKLQQDSDWWDQXPLUXNNXGKXQ—QÌUXNNXSÀUQ is a big city, Vellore is a small town. I am going (to my family) home. WKDPLÄQ—GXP—K—¼DWKOHDQKDJU—PDQJDLUXNNXWKXLQGKL\—HQJDGKVDP In Tamil Nadu State there are many villages. India is our country. ------

59 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. E: Employer C: Cook.. (DQWRQ\V—SS—GXWKD\—U—" Antony, is the food ready? &—P—DL\—WKD\—UDLUXNNXWKX Yes sir, it is ready. (\HQDNNXURPEDYOHLUXNNXWKXVDSSDGXV¯NUDP—NRQGXYDQJD I have a lot of work, bring the food quickly. &VDULQJDLGKÀNRQGXYDUQ Alright sir, here it is look, I am bringing it. (URWWLYH¼¼HPXWWHN—SLSÀWKXP Bread, butter, egg, coffee are enough. &LSSRXQJDºXNNXV—WKDPY¼—P—" Don’t you want rice now? (LSSRY¼—PDGKHUDWKULNNXV—SLGUQ. I don’t want it now. I will eat that tonight. (Lit: I am eating that for the night). Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. LQGKDSDL\DQVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNLU—Q HQDNNXLGKHSDWKLVDQGKÀVKDP DQGKDL\—YDUXWKWKDP—LUXNU—U enakku idhe pathi varuththam ille. Q—PHOO—PVXKDP—LUXNUÀP DYDUYOHURPEDPÀVDP Y—ÄDLOHS—UNNDQDOO—LUXNNXWKX LQGKDS—GDPSDGLNNDNDVKWDP SHUL\DSDL\DQPÀVDP—LUXNU—Q DYDQJDLSSRVXKDPGK—Q S—GDQJDHOO—PVXODEDP—LUXNNXWKXQJD tKDPLÄSVDURPEDVXODEDPLOOH\—" VLODS—GDQJDGK—QNDVKWDP—LUXNNXWKX DQJHMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVDGKGKDP—SVDGKH ------HQJDJU—PDPXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" HQJDJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLWKHUL\XP—" LSSRQ—QHQJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLVROUQ XQJDÌUHSDWKi apram sollunga. JU—PDWKWKXNNXººHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX DGKXURPEDSHUL\DSDÄD\DNL¼DUX NLQDWKWKXWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDQDOODWKX HOO—UXPLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNRQGXSÀUDQJD DQJHSDODFKLQQDY¯GXQJDLUXNNXGKX VLODSHUL\DY¯GXNXGDLUXNNXGKX HQJU—PDWKWKXNNXSUµNXSSDP¶ HQJU—PDWKWKXSUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\—WK—" ------HQY¯WWXNNXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" XQJDY¯WWXNNXVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ GKD\DYXVHLWKXYDUDPDUDQWKXSÀK—GKLQJD VDULQ—QL¼¼DNNLQ—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ ------

60 Adi’s Book. LESSON 18. POST POSITIONS. There are no prepositions in Tamil, but base endings and Post-Positions are used instead. These postpositions follow nouns and pronouns and the preceding nouns and pronouns have various case endings, as given below. Some postpositions are used as adverbs. Postposition Meaning Preceding Case varekkum upto, as far as ) varelum upto, as far as ) Nominative. mattum upto, as far as ) suththi around ) paththi about, concerning ) thavira except, besides ) Accusative. SÀOD like,such as ) kondu by means of ) PXQQ—OH before, in front of ) mundhi before, in front of ) SLQQ—OH after, behind ) Dative pindhi after, behind ) apram after. ) N¯ÄH down, under, beneath ,below ) POH up, over, above, on ) kitta near ) (Declensional Base) YDÄL\— by way of, via, (through)) PXODP— through, (between)) Vocabulary Y—UWKWKH word Y—N\DP sentence arththam meaning kari meat idadhu left (side) valadhu right (side) QUD straight pakkam side, direction YDÄL way suththi around

61 Adi’s Book. sowkyam good health VRZN\DP— healthy(adv) suham good health VXKDP—QD healthy(adj) sudhdham cleanliness VXGKGKDP— clean sudhdham sei clean (w.dh) LSSRHOO—PLSSROO—P nowadays N—WKWKX wind, breeze, air, veyyil sun, heat (weather) PDÄH rain (noun) PDÄHSHL rain (verb) Short Sentences. L¼¼DNNLHSGLLUXNULQJD"VXKDP—LUXNULQJDº—" How are you today? are you well? —P—Q—QVRZN\DP—LUXNUQQ¯QJDºXPVRZN\DP—" Yes, I am well. are you also well? LGKHSDWKWKLXQJDºDNNXWKHUL\XP—"HQQDNNXVROXQJD Do you know about this? Tell me. HQDNNXDGKHSDWKWKLMDVWKLWKHUL\—GKX I do not know much about that. HQDNNXHOO—PWKHUL\XPQ—QDSUDPVROUQ I know everything. I will tell (you) afterwards. HQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DQGKDSDNNDP—" Which way are you going? That way? QDQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DGKXQDOODYDÄLLOOH Why are you going that way? That is not a good way. LGDGKXSDNNDPSÀQJDYDODGKXSDNNDPSÀK—GLQJD Go to the left. Do not go to the right. LGKHWKDYLUDLQQXPWKHUL\XP—" Do you know more besides this. HQQHWKDYLUDHOO—UXPYLºD\—GKU—QJD All except me are playing. HSSRNXºLNNDSÀULQJDLSSRY—DSUDP—" When are you going to bathe, now or later? 12. maraththe suththi jasthi sediyum kodiyum irukkudhu. There are many plants and vines around the tree. WKÀWWDNN—UDQWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXQUDSÀU—Q The gardener is going straight to the garden.

62 Adi’s Book.

\QHÄXQGKLUXNULQJD"QHQGKLUXNULQJD"QDOO—WKÌQJXQJD Why are you getting up? Why are you getting up? Sleep well. XQJDSDGDQJDºHPDUDNN—GKLQJD Don’t forget ypur lessons. Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—QDGDNNULQJD You are walking well now. \—UHNXSLGULQJDHQQH\—DYDUH\—" Who are you calling, him or me? Q—\XPSÌQH\XPYKDP—HQJHÀGXGKXQJD" Where are the dog and cat running? Q—PDGKHLSSRS—UNNDSÀUÀP We are going to see that now. DYDQLSSROO—PPHGKXYDYOHVHLU—Q He works slowly nowadays. HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXQ—LY¼XP I want a dog like this one. 22. adhu kayithe kondu kattunga. Tie that with string. Practical Conversation. C: Customer M: Meat Man. &LQJHY—¶SS—HQQDNDULLUXNNXWKX" Come here ‘pa. What meat do you have? 0—WWXNDULLUXNNXWKX I have mutton. &P—WWXNDULLOOH\—" No beef? 0LOOHQJDP—WWXNDULQ—ºDNNLNR¼GXYDUQ No, I am bringing (will bring) beef tomorrow. &HQQDNNXVXGKGKDP—QDQDOO—NDULY¼XP I want good clean meat. 0VDULQJDµP—Q—ºDNNLN—OHOHÄXPD¼LNNXNR¼GXYDUQ Alright madam, I am bringing (will bring it) tomorrow morning at 7 o’clock. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 18. WKDPELLQJHY— PVHNLWWDSÀPVHYDUHNNXPSÀQJD LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPVHPOHYDL PHVHNNXPOHRUXSDGDPLUXNNXWKX PVH\HVXWKWKLQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVHNNXPXQQ—OHNÌGDQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX PVHNNXSLQQ—OHQ—OXQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVH\HSDWKWKLDSUDPSVUQ PVHSDNNDPSÀK—GKLQJD PVH\HWKDYLUDLQJHR¼¼XPLOOH ------

63 Adi’s Book. LESSON 19. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS F/2&$7,9(&$6( Locative Case. ‘le’ suffixed to nouns expresses locations, ‘at’ or ‘in’. —VSDWKUL hospital —VSDWKULOH at the hospital, in the hospital. Exceptions. Nouns ending in ‘m’‘du’‘ru’, change to ‘th’‘tt’‘th’, respectively, before ‘le’ is added. Thus we have:- Noun. Locative Case. maram tree marathle in the tree. Y¯GX house Y¯WWOH in the house. NL¼DUX well NL¼DWKOH in the well. Vocabulary —Q— but kadetheru bazaar. mail mile N—O stone, milestone. GKÌUDP distance kilometer kilometre NÀYLO temple, church vali pain SDººLNÌGDP school vali edu (s.thth) feel pain. Short Sentences. Y¯WWOHXQJDDSS—LUXNU—U—"HQQDVHLU—U Is your father at home? What is he doing? DYDULSSRLQJHLOOH—VSDWKULOHYOHVHLU—U He is not here now. he is working at the hospital. LSSRO—PDYDUURPEDYOHVHLUDU He is working a lot these days. PVHOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXGK—" Are my books in the table (drawer)? LOOHXQJDSXVWKDKDQJDPVHOHLOOHSHWWLOHLUXNNXGKX No, your books are not in the drawer. They are in the box. HQJDÌU—WKOHURPEDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LGK—QLUXNNXGKX There is only very little water in the river of our place.

64 Adi’s Book. WKÀWWDWKOHWKÀWWDNN—UDQYOHVHLU—Q The gardener is working in the garden. SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDS—GDQJDSDGLNNU—QJD The boys are studying lessons in the school. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHHWKWKDQHS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX" How many lessons are there in this book? DQWKDSXVWKDKDWKOHLUXEDWKXS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX There are 20 lessons in that book. 11. en kaileLSSRMDVWKLSD¼DPille. I do not have much money now. (idiom). \HQGKDNDGHOHY—ÄDSDÄDPYLNNXGKX" At which shop are plantains sold? 13. arele \—U\—ULUXNU—QJD" Who are in the room. (‘who-all’, idiom). 14. idhule enna enna irukkudhu? What is in this. (‘what-all’, idiom). 15. vali enge yedukkudhu? vali yenge? Where does it hurt? Where is the pain. 16. ennakku vayithle jasthi vali edukkudhu. I have much pain in the stomach. P—UOHURPEDYDOLHGXNNXGK—" Isthere much pain in the chest? LQGKDS—GDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDY—UWKHQJDLOOH There are no difficult words in this lesson. DQGKDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—" Is there water in that well? U—WKULOHQYOHVHLULQJD" Why are you working in the night? XQJDºXNNXN—SLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—" Do you want sugar in your coffee? Practical Conversation. C: Customer A; Autorickshaw Man. &Q—QNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDY¼XP I want to go to the bazaar. $Y—QJD—WÀOHXNN—UXQJD Come on sir, sit in the auto. &NDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP" How much money (do you) want, to go to the bazaar? $SDWKXUÌE—NRGXQJDSÀWKXP Give ten Rupees, (it’s) enough. &NDGHWKHUXHQJH"DWKXURPEDGKÌUDP—" Where is the bazaar? Is it a long way? $WKHUL\XPDL\—DGKXRUXN\HPRUXPDLOLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLOOH—Q—NLWWDYXPLOOH I know, sir. It is one km, Not one mile. It’s not very far, but it’s not near either! ------

65 Adi’s Book.

Expansion Drill, For Lesson 19. LGKX\—UNDGLGKDP" HQSDL\HS—LPOHYDLQJD idhu enna kattadam? S—LNNXXººHSÌQHLUXNNXGKX LQGKDNDGLGWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD S—LNNXXººHRUXSDL\DQLUXNU—Q LQGKDNDWWDGDWKWKXNNXY—VDOHQJH" SDÄDPY—QJDSDL\HNRQGXSÀQJD NDGLGKDPHÄXWKDRUXN—LGKDPNRQGXYD S—LY—QJDNDGHNNXYDQJD

NDGHOHL¼¼DNNLMDVWKLV—P—QLOOH Q—ºDNNLNÀYLOOHHQQHS—UXQJD NDGHOHLSSRNDGHN—UDULOOH HQQDNNXDVSDWKULOHPDGK\—QDPYOHLOOH HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDLOOH

NL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LURPEDN¯ÄHLUXNNXGKX XQJDÌU—WKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—" LOOHQJDHQJDNL¼DWKOHNXGDWKD¼¼LLOOH QDPDNNHOO—PLQGKDÌUOHWKD¼¼LLOOH

HQJDÌUOHDSS—DPP—D¼¼DQWKDPELQJDDNN—WKDQJDFKFKLQJDHOO—UXPLUXNU—QJD LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHVXODEDP—QDS—GDPXPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPXPLUXNNXGKX ------

66 Adi’s Book. LESSON 20. POST-POSITIONS F&217,18(' ‘idam’ or ‘idaththukku’, suffixed to the declensional bases of pronouns, are used to express ‘to’ (in motion).

This form is used for verbs such as ‘go’, ‘come’, ‘bring’, and ‘take’, e.g.:- HQQLGDPDGKHNRQGXYDU—GLQJD Do not bring that to me. DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GLQJD Do not go to him now.

This is interchangable with the Dative Case in some places, where the verbs are not in motion, as in:- HQQLGDPDQGKDSQDYHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me. ------Vocabulary WKDS—O post WKDS—O—S¯V post office WKDS—ON—UDQ postman eppovum always sila samayam sometimes RUXYOH perhaps adikkadi often V—GK—UDQDP— usually, normally. vDÄDNNDP— usually, normally. ------XQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQNLWWDNRQGXY—QJDXQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQQLGDPNRQGXY—QJD Bring your book to me. or Bring your book near me. DYDQLGDPDGKHNRQGXSÀK—GKLQJD Don’t take that to him. HQXGH\DWKDPELNÌGDHQQHSÀODLUXNU—Q My little brother is also like me. Q—PHOO—PSQ—YHNRQGXHÄXGKUÀP All of us write with a pen. DYDQJDLQWKDYDÄL\—HQJHSÀU—QJD Where are they going through this way? Q¯QJDLQGKDYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀULQJD You are going to the church by this way. NÀYLOHQJDY¯WWXNNXNLWWDLUXNNXGKX The temple (church) is near our house.

67 Adi’s Book. —VSDWKULDYDUXGH\DY¯WWXNNXURPEDGKÌUDP—LUXNNXGKX The hospital is far away from his house. XQJDJU—PDPHYºDYXGKÌUDP"DGKHNLWWDY—GKÌUDP—" How far is your village? Near or far? MDQQDOPÌODP—\—UHS—UNULQJD" Who are you seeing through the window? LQGKDNDGLGKDWKHP—QLNNDPPÌODP—DQXSSXQJD Send this letter through Manikkam. WKDS—ONDUDQHQQDNRQGXYDU—Q" What does the postman bring? WKDS—ONDUDQQDPDNNXWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q The postman is bringing us the post. Q¯QJDDGLNNDGLWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀULQJDO—" Do you often go to the post office? LOOHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPGK—QSÀUQ No, I go there only sometimes. HSSRYXPQDOO—YOHVHLQJDDSUDPQDOO—V—SSLGXQJD Always work well. Then eat well. Q—QDGLNNDGLNÀYLOOXNNXSÀUQQ¯QJDHSGL I often go to church, how about you? Q¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄSVXQJDHQJOLVKSV—GKLQJD Always speak Tamil. Do not speak English. VLODVDPD\DPNRQMDPHQJOLVKSVXQJD Sometimes speak a little English. HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXSXVWKDKDPY¼XP I want a book like this. DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GKLQJDQ—ODNNLHQQLGDPY—QJD Don’t go to him now. Come to me tomorrow. 22. ennidam andha nalla pusthaham ille. I don’t have that good book with me. Q—QVXKDPLOOHGRFWRULGDPSÀUQ I am not well, I am going to the doctor. HQQLGDPDQGKDSQ—YHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me. LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNXGHNRQGXSÀQJD It is raining now. Take an umbrella. ------

68 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. D: Driver, V: Villager. 'DL\—LQJHY—QJDFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼XP" Sir, come here. Which way should iI go to Chennai? 9PXQQ—OHQHUDSÀQJDDSUDPLGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD Go straight first, then turn left. 'FKHQQDLHYDºDYXGKÌUDP" How far is Chennai? 9FKHQQDLQXWKXSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDP Chennai is110 kilometers distance. 'HQGKDÌUYDÄL\—FKHQQDLNNXSÀUÀP" Through which town do we go toChennai? 9N—QMLSÌUDPYDÄL\—SÀUÀP We go via Kanjipuram. 'YDÄLOHLQQXPHQQDÌUXQJDYDUXGKX" What other places are on the way? 9—UN—GXPVULSHUXPSXGÌUXPYDÄLOHYDUXGKX Arcot and Sriperumbudur are on the way. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 20. LQGKDSQ—YHSÀODRUXQDOODSQ—Y—QJX XQJDQ—LHQQ—\HSÀODLUXNNXGKX XQJDºXNNXLGKHSÀODY¼XP—" HQQDNNXLSSRDGKHSÀODSÀGKXP DYDUXNNXPXKDP\—USÀODLUXNNXGKX" HQXGH\DNXÄDQGKHQJDHQQHSÀODLUXNNXGKX

LQGKD—WKWKXYDÄL\—F—UOHSÀK—GKLQJD XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDÄL\—Y¯WWXNNXSÀUQ HQJDY¯WWXYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀQJD

Q¯QJDOWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀULQJDO—" Q—QHSSRYXPWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀUQ —P—VLODVDPD\DPDQGKDSDNNDPSÀUQ DGLNNDGLDQGKDYDÄL\——VSDWKULNNXSÀUQ

XQJDºXGH\DÌUHYºDYXGKÌUDP" XQÌUGKÌUDP—NLWWDY—" HQÌUNLWWDLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDP XQJDÌUHGKXDGKXYOÌU——UQL\—" L¼¼DNNLHQQDNNXWKDS—OLOOH\—" L¼¼DNNLXQJDºXNNXR¼¼XPLlle. WKDS—OHQJHNRQGXSÀU—QJD" ------

69 Adi’s Book. LESSON 21. VERBS, FUTURE POSITIVE, AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. Verbs, Future Positive. For Weak Verbs. Root plus ‘v’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural. Q—QSÀYQ I will go Q—QJDSÀYÀP we will go Q¯SÀYH you will go Q¯QJDSÀYLQJD you will go DYDQSÀY—Q he will go DYDQJDSÀY—QJD they will go DYDSÀY— she will go DYDUSÀY—U he/she will go But for neuter, Root plus ‘vum’ plus verbal endings DWKXSÀYXP it will go DGKXQJDSÀYXP they will go For Strong Verbs. Root plus ‘pp’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural. Q—QDGLSSQ I will strike Q—QJDDGLSSÀP we will strike Q¯DGLSSH you will strike Q¯QJDDGLSSLQJD you will strike DYDQDGLSS—Q he will strike DYDQJDDGLSS—QJD they will strike DYDDGLSS— she will strike DYDUDGLSS—U he/she will strike But for neuter, Root plus ‘kkum’ plus verbal endings athu adikkum it will strike adhunga adikkum Ordinal Numbers. WKHVHDUHIRUPHGE\VXIIL[LQJµ—P¶RUµ—YDGKX¶WRWKH&DUGLQDO1XPEHUV R¼¼X one R¼¼—PR¼¼—YDGKX first UH¼GX two UH¼G—PUH¼G—YDGKX second paththu ten SDWKWK—PSDWKWK—YDWKX tenth SDQQH¼GX twelve SDQQH¼G—PSDQQH¼G—YDGKX twelfth ------

70 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary. NLÄDPH day of the week Q—OGKLQDP dayof the month Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPH Sunday Q—OGKÀUXP daily WKLQJDNLÄDPH Monday GKLQDQGKÀUXP daily VHYY—NLÄDPH Tuesday Y—UDP week EXGKDQNLÄDPH Wednesday Y—UDPGKÀUXP weekly Y\—ÄDNLÄDPH Thursday P—VDP month YHººLNLÄDPH Friday P—VDPGKÀUXP monthly VDQLNLÄDPH Saturday varusham year WKGL date YDUXVKDPGKÀUXP yearly, annually PXGKDORQQ—P first kadasi last QWKWKX yesterday mundh—Q—O the day before yesterday Q—ºDNNL tomorrow Q—ODQQDNNL the day after tomorrow SÀQD last, previous (time) aduththa next VQKLGKDU friend theru street badhil reply, answer(n) badhil sol reply, answer(w.n) N—WKWKLUX wait thirumbu return(w.in) ------Sentences. L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHLGKXVDQLNLÄDPH\—" What day is it today, is it Saturday? —P—QHWKXYHººLNLÄDPHPXQGK—Q—ºY\—ÄDNLÄDPHQ—ºDNNLHQQ—" Yes, yesterday was Friday, the day before yesterday Thursday, what’s tomorrow. Q—ºDNNLWKLQJDNLÄDPHLOOHQJDQ—ºDNNLQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHLOOH\—" Tomorrow(‘s) Monday. No, no, tomorrow (‘s) Sunday, isn’t it? DWKXVDULGK—QRUXY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—ODQJDLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—" That’s right. how many days are in one week, do you know? RUXY—UDWKOHÄXQ—ORUXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPÌQÌWKWKXNNXPOHLUXNNXP Seven days in one week, in one year there will be more than three hundred.

71 Adi’s Book. DGKXVDULPÌQÌWKX—UXSDWKXDQMXQ—ORUXYDUDVKDWKOHLUXNNXWKX That’s right, there are 365 days in one year. Q¯QJDY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—OYOHVHLULQJD" How many days are you working in a week? L¼¼DNLWKGLHQQDLGKXSDWKWK—PWKGLLOOH\—" What is today’s date, it’s the 10th, isn’t it? WKGLHQQDNNXWKHUL\DGKXQ¯QJDQ—OGKÀUXPµHQQDWKGL¶NNULQJD I don’t know the date, you ask ‘what’s the date’ every day. LQQDNNLHQDPP—YXPDSS—YXPÀVÌULOLUXQGKXYDUDQJD Today my mother and father are coming from Hosur. th LUXEDWK—PWKGL\—UYDUDQJD" Who is coming on the 20 ? DQQDNLSDQQH¼GXSUYDUDYDQJD That day 12 people are coming. Q—QQ—ºDNNLFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQQ¯QJDºXPYDUDYLQJDO—" I will go to Chennai tomorrow. Will you come too? Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOXNNXSÀYRP We will go to church on Sunday. DQGKDQ—LXQQHNDGLNNXPDGKDQNLWWDSÀK—GH That dog will bite you, don’t go near it. LQGKDSÌQHHQN—OHVXWKWKLÀGXWKX This cat is running round my feet. VLODVDPD\DPHQQ—LNÌGDDSGLVHL\XP Sometimes my dog does that. HQJDYOHN—UDQYHOHVHL\DGKLQDQGKÀUXPYDUXY—QDYDQQ—OGKÀUDPLQJHLUXNU—Q Our servant will come daily to work. He is here every day. Q—QJDDYDQXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPSD¼DPNRGXSSÀP We give him money every month. Q—QSÀQDY—UDPYOÌUOHLOOH I was not in Vellore last week. DGXWKWKDEXWKDQNLÄDPHY—QJD Come next Wednesday. DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPP—UFKP—VDPPÌQ—PWKGLWKLUXPEXQJD Return next year on the third of March. VHULDSGLGK—QVHLYQSÀLWXYDUQ Alright, I’ll do that. Goodbye. ------

72 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Sending a message to a friend. M: Master, S: Servant. 0XQQDNNXRUXNDGLGKDPNRGXSSQDGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀ I will give you a letter. Take it to my friend’s house. 6DSGL\VHLYQDYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—" I will do so. Do you want his answer? 0—P—DYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—S¯VXNNXHWWXPD¼LNNXSÀYDUDGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀ Yes, I want his reply. He will go to the office at eight o’clock. You go before that. 6DYDUY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXWKX"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXN—WWXYLQJDO—" Where is his house? Will you please show me? 0DGKXWKWKDWKHUXOHNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXWKX It is in the next street behind the temple. S. saringa, ippo ennakku theriyum. Alright sir, now I know. 0Q—QXQQDNN—KDN—WKWKLUXSSQV¯NUDPY— I will wait for you. Come quick! 6LSSRYÀGXYQURPEDV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYQ I will run right now. I will return very soon. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 21. Q—QLQJHV—SSLGXYQQ—QDGKHSDGLSSQ Q—PLQJHV—SSLGXYÀP Q—PDGKHSDGLSSÀP Q¯LQJHV—SSLGXYH Q¯DGKHSDGLSSH Q¯QJDLQJHV—SSLGXYLQJD Q¯QJDDGKHSDGLSSLQJD DYDQLQJHV—SSLGXY—Q DYDQDGKHSDGLSS—Q DYDLQJHV—SSLGXY— DYDDGKHSDGLSS— DYDULQJHV—SSLGXY—U DYDUDGKHSDGLSS—U DYDQJDLQJHV—SSLGXY—QJDDYDQJDDGKHSDGLSS—QJD DGKXLQJHV—SSLGXP adhu adhe padikkum DGKXQJDLQJHV—SSLGXP adhunga adhe padikkum Note:- Substitute µWKXQJX¶DQGµHÄXWKX¶ IRUµV—SSLGX¶ and ‘kudi’ and ‘adi’ for ‘padi’.

73 Adi’s Book. GLQDQGKÀUXPN—OHOHHQGKLULSSQ Y—UDPGKÀUXPDYDUNÀYLOOXNNXSÀYDU P—VDPGKÀUXPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ YDUXVKDPGKÀUXPDYDQJDHQQDNNXSXVWKDKDWKHDQXSSXY—QJD

LQGKDY—UDPY¯WWOHLUXSSQ DGXWKWKDY—UDPYOHNNXSÀYQ SÀQDY—UDPQ—QLQJHLOOH DGXWKWKDP—VDPPXWKDOY—UDPEDQJDOÌUOHLUXSSQ LQGKDP—VDPNDGDVLY—UDPLQJHWKLUXPEXYQ Q—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHPXWKDOQ—O VDQLNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHNDGDVLQ—O YDUXVKDWKOHMDQDYDU\P—VDPRQQ—PP—VDP YDUXVKDWKOHGHVHPEDUP—VDPNDGDVLP—VDP ------

74 Adi’s Book. LESSON 22. VERBS, PRESENT AND PAST NEGATIVES, AND POTENTIAL FORM. Present & Past Negatives. infinitive plue ‘le’ irrespective of number, gender and person. SÀKDOHRUQ—QSÀKDOH I do not go, or I did not go. NXGLNNDOHQ—QNXGLNNDOH I do not drink, or I did not drink. ------Potential Form-‘may’. (Permission). LQILQLWLYHSOXHµO—P¶LUUHVSHFWLYHRIQXPEHUJHQGHUDQGSHUVRQ Q¯QJDSÀKDO—P you may go. Vocabulary DGKDQ—OH therefore QLQQ— because DSGL\ just like that DSGL\—" really? is that so? DYºDYXGK—Q that is all DSGLGK—Q that’s it PDWWXPGK—Q only. DQJHGK—Q only there P—WKUXP only. sudu hot (to touch) purukkam sultry, humid NXºLUFKFKL cool, coolness, cold nadu(s.tt) plant. ishtam, piriyam liking (follows Dative) pidi(s.thth) catch, but idiomatically also used for these other meanings:- pidikkum is liked SLGLNN—GKX is not liked these follow the dative case, such as in idhe ennakku pidikkum I like this. DGKHHQQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX I don’t like that. Short Sentences. L¼¼DNNLDYDUXNNXVÌKDPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDULQJHYDUDOH He is not well today, therefore he did not come here. DYDUL¼¼DNNLLQJHYDUDOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXVRZN\DPLOOH He has not come here today because he is not well.

75 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDP—WKUXPNÀYLOXNNXSRULQJDO— Are you alone going to the temple? LQQXP\—UDQJHSÀYDQJD" Who else will go there? Q—QLSSRV—SSLGDOHDSUDPV—SSLGXYQ I am not eating now, I will eat afterwards. DYDQJDQ—ºDNNLHQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLGDO—P They may eat in our house tomorrow. Q—QJDLSSRY¯WWXNNXSÀKDO—P—" May we go home now? Q—QLQQDNNLNDGHNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDP—WKUXPSÀKDO—P I am not coming to the shop today, you may go by yourself. Q—QQLSGLXUXNUQ"QLQQ—Q—QU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJDOH Why am I like this? Because I did not sleep well last night. LQGKDNDGLGKDPHQWKDPELUXGKDOH My little brother did not write this letter. Q¯QJDPDWWXPNDGLGDWKHSDGLNNDO—P Only you may read the letter. DSGL\—"DSSRDGKHQ—QP—WKUXPSDGLSSQ Really? Then I shall read it by myself. DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QDGKHPDUXSDGL\XPVROOXQJD That’s it, that’s it, say that again. XQJDºXNNXHGKXLVKWDPN—SSL\—W¯\—" Which do you like, coffee or tea? XQJDºXNNXHGKXURPEDSLGLNNXPNRÄL\——WWXNDUL\—" Which do you like most, chicken or mutton? DYDUXNNXV—WKDPSLUL\—GKXURWWLGK—QSLUL\DP He does not like rice, he likes only bread. XQJDHOO—UXNNXPLQJHV—SSLGDLVKWDP—" Do all of you like to eat here? QDPHOO—UXPDSUDPV—SSLGDO—P All of us may eat afterwards. XQJDYOHDYODYXGK—QLSSRSÀKDO—P That’s all of your work, you may go now. Q—QPDGKXUDLNNXSÀUQDGKDQ—OHQ—ºDNNLS—GDPLOOH I am going to Madurai, so there is no lesson tomorrow. —Q—Q—ºD¼¼DNLQ—QLQJHLUXSSQ But I shall be here the day after tomorrow. L¼¼DNLSDººLNÌGDPLUXNNXGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLLOOH Today there is school, but not tomorrow. DSGL\—"VDULLQQDNNLSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀUQ Is that so? Okay, I shall go to school today.

76 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNXGLNNDO—PLGKXQDOODWKD¼¼L You can drink this water, this is good water. Q¯QJDP—WKUXPV¯NUDP—QDGDNNDOH You only are not walking briskly. XQJDW¯HSGLXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPSDOY¼XP—Y¼—P—VXGDS—OYQXP—" How do you like your tea, do you want milk or not? Do you want hot milk? Practical Conversation. P: ponnamma S: Shanti. 3Q—PYHºL\HYLºD\—GDSÀKDO—P—" May we go out to play. 6LOOHSRQQDPP—HQQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ—QLQQDNLYDUDOH No ponnamma, I have no time. I am not coming today. 3QWKXPDÄHSHL\DOHDGKDQ—OHYLºD\—GDURPEDQDOODLUXQGDGKX Yesterday it did not rain, so it was very good to play. 6DGKXVHULGK—Q—Q—L¼¼DNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—" That’s right, but today it is very hot, isn’t it? 3—P—URPEDYH\\LOGK—Q\HQQDVHL\DO—P" Yes, very hot. What can be done?! 6LGKXYH\\LON—ODPDSGLGK—QLUXNNXP This is summer. It will be like that. 3V—LQJ—ODWKOHNRQMDPNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—DSSRN—WKXDGLNNXGKX It’s a bit cool in the evening, because it’s breezy then. 6U—WKULURPEDSXUXNNDP—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—N—WKXDSSRNRQMDPNÌGDLOOH It is sultry at night, because then there is no breeze at all. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. DYDULQJHVLODVDPD\DPYOHVHL\—YDU—U —Q—DYDUQWKXYDUDOHQHQDNNX WKHUL\—GKX DYDUXNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OHDYDUYOHNNXYDUDOH DYDQJDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHLUXNU—QJDQLQQ—URPEDYH\\LO—LUXNNXGKX Q—QLGKHSDWKWKLNNNDOHQ¯QJDLGKHDSUDPVROODO—P Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODVDQJDGKLVROODO—P—" HQXGH\DDSS—DQJHGK—QLUXNU—UQ¯QJDDYDUHS—UNNDOH\—" Q—QJDHSSÀYXPV—GKDPV—SSLGUÀPVLODVDPD\DPFKDSS—WKWKLNÌGDV—SLGUÀP HQJDºXNNXLQGKDY¯GXGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXP

77 Adi’s Book. DQGKDY¯WWOHLUXNNDXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—" LQGKDYOHDYºDYXGK—QLSSRQ¯QJDDGKHVHL\DO—P DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QPDUXSDGL\XPDSGL\VHLQJD HGKXXQJDºXNNXM—VWKLSLUL\XPV—WKDP—FKDSS—WKWKL\—" LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQJDºXNN—KDQ¯QJDLGKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNNDO—P L¼¼DNNLS—GDPVXODEDP—LUXNNDO—P—S—USSÀP Q¯QJDS—GDWKWKHPHGKXY—SDGLQJDO—P—"S—NNDO—P Q—QS—ONXGLNNDOHQLQQ—HQQDNNXS—OSLGLNNXPLOOH SÀQDY—UDPHOO—PQ—QNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDOH Q—ºDNNLNDGLGKDQJDHOO—PHÄXWKXYQ Q—QHQDUHOHSDGLSSQQ¯QJDLQGKDLGDWKOHSDGLNNDO—P WKÀWWDNN—UDUVHGLQJDºHQDGXY—U—Q—LQJHY¼—PDQJHQDGDVROOXQJD Q—PQWKWKXVDQJDGKL\HSDWKWKLNRQMDPSVDO—P—" LGKHOO—PURPEDQDOODY—N\DQJDLGKXQJDºHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROODO—P DYDUSXVWKDKDPHQNDLNNXDGXWKWKDY—UXPYDUXP Q—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXSDGLNNDNRGXSSQ ------

78 Adi’s Book. LESSON 23. THE VEGETABLE SHOP, AND REVIEW (REVISION) No.II. 7KH9HJHWDEOH6KRSN—LNDGH Vocabulary N—L vegetable N—LNDUL vegetables WKDNN—OLNN—L tomato(es) NDWKWKDULNN—L brinjal(s) YHQGHNN—L lady’s fingers SDFKFKHSDWW—¼L green peas JÀVHSÌ cauliflower JÀVHPXWWHJÀVHNLÄH cabbage HOO—YLGKDP—QD all kinds of are half Practical Conversation. C: Customer V; Vegetable Seller. &XQJDºLGDPHQQDN—LLUXNNXGKX" What are the vegetables that you have? 9HQQLGDPHOO—PYLGKDP—QDN—LNDULQJDLUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQDN—LY¼XP" I have all kinds of vegetables. What vegetables do you want. &HQQDNNXQDOO—NDWKWKDULNN—LRUXN¯ORY¼XP I want one kilo of fresh brinjals. 9VDULQJDXQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDN—LY¼XP"JÀVHPXWWH\XPJÀVHSÌYXPLUXNNXGKX Alright sir, what other veg do you want? I have cabbage and cauliflower. &L¼¼DNLQ—QDGKHOO—PY—QJDOHXQQLGDPWKDNN—OLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGK—" I am not buying them today. Do you have tomatoes? 9LOOHQJDHQQLGDPURPEDQDOODWKDNN—OLLOOHXQJDºXNNXSDFKFKHSDWW—¼LY¼XP—" No sir, I don’t have very good tomatoes. Do you want green peas. &SDFKFKHSDWW—¼LYLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKXYHQGDLNN—LLUXNNXGK—" The price of peas is too much. Do you have ladies fingers? 9LUXNNXGKX\HYODYXY¼XP" I have. How much do you want? &DUHN¯ORYHQGDLNN—LNRGXQJDLSSRDGKXSÀGKXP Give me half a kilo of ladies fingers. That’s enough now. ------

79 Adi’s Book.

Review No II. DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPHSGLLUXNULQJDVRZN\DP—"XQJDY¯WWOHHOO—UXPVÌKDP—"LQJH HOO—UXPV ÌKDPGK—Q W KDPEL\XPW KDQJDFKFKL\XPN ÌGDV XKDP—" D SS—YXPD PP—YXP VÌKDP—LUXNU—QJDO—"DSS—YXPDPP—YXPLSSRY¯WWOHLOOHDYDQJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDYDQJD L GKX\ —U WKÀWWDP" L GKXX QJDW KÀWWDP—" X QJDºXNNX QDOO—WKÀWWDPL UXNNXGKX XQ JD WKÀWWDPR UXQ DOO—WKÀWWDP  XQJ DºXGH\DW KÀWWDPQ DOODX UXNNXGKX  L QGKDV HGLOHU H¼GX SÌGK—QL UXNNXGKX  D QGKDN RGLOHM —VWKLL OH\XPS ÌYXPL UXNNXGKXQJD  L QGKDW KÀWWD PDUDQJDURPEDSHUL\DPDUDQJDLOOH\—"XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNL¼DUXNÌGDURPEDQDOODGKX WKÀWWDNN—UDQLQJHYOHVHLU—QDYDQXNNXWKÀWWDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHLOOH U —PDQV —SS—GXW KD\—U—"  Q —QJDL SSRV —SSLGDY DUDO—P—"  H QJDºXNNXL SSRV —SS—GX Y¼—P LQQXP\ —UXNNXV —SS—GX Y¼XP"  L YºDYXV —SS—GXH OO—UXNNXPS ÀGKXP—" HOO—UXNNXPQSÀGK—GKX"DGKHHQQDNNXN—WWXQJDGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GX SÀGXQJDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJDV¯NUDPV¯NUDP W KDPEL LQJHY D Q ¯HQJHS ÀUH" \ —U Y¯WWXNNXS ÀUH — VSDWKULNNXD SUDPS À L ¼¼DNL SÀK—GHQ—ºDNNLSÀKDO—PXQWKDQJDFKFKLHQQDVHLU—"DYDY¯WWOHYOHVHLU—DYDOHLSSR LQJHNÌSSLGXDYDLQJHYDUDO—P—"WKDQJDFKFKLYKDP—YDRUXQDOODS—WWXS—GX VDULX QJDºXNN—KDR UX QDOO—S—WWXS —GUQ XQJDºXNNXH Q S—WWXL VKWDP—" — P—XQ S—WWX HQQDNNXU RPEDL VKWDP DSSRQ ¯QJD HQ S—WWHN NNDO—P H Q S—WWXH SGL LUXNNXGKX" X Q S—WWXQJDHSSRYXPQDOO—LUXNNXPVDULQ—QSÀLWXY—UQ6DULWKDQJDFKFKLSÀLWXY— D GKX\ —U SHWWLW KHUL\XP—" D QGKDS HWWL\WKLUDQJD D GKHD SGLP ÌG—GKLQJD D UHX OOH NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHYDLQJDLGKXQDOO—LGDPRUXSHWWLYDLNNDURPEDQDOODLGDPQ¯QJDLSSR SHWWL\HYDLNNDO—PLQGKDFKLQQDSHWWLXQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP—"SHUL\DSHWWLY¼XP—" Q—QJDN—WS—GLNNXV—LQJ—ODPD QMXP D¼LNNXSÀYÀPDGKDQ—OHQ¯QJDPDGK\—QDPQ —OX PD¼LNNXY—QJDQDQN—WS—GLNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDP—WKUXPS ÀKDO—PDSGL\—"VDULQ—Q DSGL\VHLUQ Q —ºDNNLN RQMDP PXQGKLY DUXYLQJDO—" G KD\DYXVHLWKXS LQGKLY DU—GKLQJD HOO—UXPV¯NUDPYDUXYDQJD

80 Adi’s Book.

Q¯QJDGRFWRULGDPSÀULQJDO—"QDYDULGDPSÀULQJD"QLQQ—Q—QVXKDPLOOHLQQXP\—U GRFWRULGDPS ÀYDQJD"  Q ¯QJDP XQQ—OHS ÀQJDQ —QS LQQ—OHY DUQ  GR FWRU LSSR\ HQJH LUXNU—U"Q—QN ÌGDD YDUHS—USSQ Q —PGR FWRU Y¯WWXNNXS ÀKDO—P—"VLODV DPD\DPD YDU LSSR—VSDWKULOHLUXSS—U LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXDGKDQ—OHYHºL\HSÀK—GKLQJDNXGHNRQGXSÀQJDQLQQ—URPEDPDÄH SHLGKXL¼¼DNLHOO—PYH\\LOLOOHLSSRMDVWKLPDÄHSHL\DOH—Q—N—WKWKXNRQMDPDGLNNXGKX DSUDPPDÄHSHL\DO—PDGKDQ—OHV¯NUDPY¯WWXNNXLSSRÀGXQJD L¼¼DNLQDOODQ—OQLQQ—L¼¼DNLQ—QQDOO—WKDPLÄSVUQSÀQDWKLQJDNLÄDPHHQQDWKGL" Q—ºDNNLHQQDPXWKDOWKGL\—"—P—PXWKDOWKGLGK—QVDULURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQLQQ— Q—ºDNNL\ HQ NDLNNX SD¼DPY DUXP  Y HººLNNLUDPHP DGK\—QDPP DUXSDGL\XPY —QJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXY—UDPGKÀUDPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNLYDU—GKLQJD Q ¯QJDNX ºLNNDOH\—" D SSR\ HQJHN XºLNNDS ÀULQJD" XQ JDºXNNXNX ºLNND\ HQQDW KD¼¼L Y¼XP"VXGDWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"LUXNNXGKX—Q—URPEDURPEDVXGDLUXNNXGKXVDULDSSR Q—Q SDFKFKHW KD¼¼LOHNX ºLNUQ L GKX XQJDºXNNXU RPEDN DVKWDP XQJ DN DVKWDWKWKXNNX HOO—PU RPEDQDQGULU—PDQHQ Q—\H DSUDPNX ºLSDWWXYH\—  H Q Q—LNR QMDPNÌGDV XGK GKDP—LOOH H QDNNXH ÄXWKDR UX N—LGKDPY ¼XP XQJ DOLGDPN —LGKDPL UXNNXGK—" L QGKD FKLQQD N—LGKDPSÀWKXP—"DGKXGK—QSÀWKXPWKDPELLGKHSÀODLQQRUXN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—" LQGKDSDNNDPYDUHNNXPHÄXWKDO—PDGXWKDSDNNDWKOHHÄXWK—GKLQJDGKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKD NDGLGKDPW KDS—OOHS ÀGXQJD QDPDNNXW KDS—O\ —U NRQGXYDU—QJD"  W KDS—ON—UDQ GKLQDQ GKÀUXPN—OHLOHHWWXPD¼LNNXQDPDNNHOO—PWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q ------

81 Adi’s Book. LESSON 24. VERBS, FUTURE TENSE, NEGATIVE. Future Negative. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµP—WW¶SOXVYHUEDOHQGLQJVH[FHSWLQJWKHQHXWHUIRUPV SÀKDP—WWQ I will not go. SÀKDP—WW—QJD They will not go. DGLNNDP—WWQ I will not strike DGLNNDP—WWLQJD You will not strike. Exceptions, - Neuter Forms. Weak Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKX¶ SÀK—GKX It will not go. WKÌQJ—GKX It will not sleep.

Strong Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµN—GKX¶ DGLNN—GKX It will not strike NXGLNN—GKX It will not drink.

Plural. as for neuter singular, but with the plural verbal endings SÀK—GKXQJD They will not go. WKÌQJ—GKXQJD They will not sleep. DGLNN—GKXQJD they will not strike. NXGLNN—GKXQJD They will not drink. Vocabulary LQGKL\— India jananga people NLÄDNNX East NLÄDNN in the East PUNX, West PUN in the west vadakku North YDGDNN in the North therku South WKHUN in the South. N—ODP time (long) QUDP time (short) ghavanam care, attention JKDYDQDP— carefully YLWK\—VDP difference YLWK\—VDP—QD different (adj) SD¼DP money SD¼DNN—UDQ rich man NXÄDQGKHSLOODL child SD¼DNN—UL rich woman —Q male SH¼ female, girl NOYL question RU the same DQKDP— almost, mostly P—GKLUL sort, kind, type.

82 Adi’s Book. FKRNN—FKDWWH shirt choli blouse SÀWWXNRºXGXWKWKXNRº wear, put on WKX¼LQJD clothes NDWWLNNRº wear(sari, dhoti) thirumbu(w.in) turn (int) thiruppu(w.in) turn (tr) iduppu waist, hip Short Sentences. Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHYOHVHL\DSÀKDP—WWÀPQLQQ—Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPHQDPDNNXYOHLOOH We will not go to work on Sunday, because on Sunday we have no work. SD¼DNN—UDQLGDPM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXP The rich man will have lots of money. LGKXXQJDºXGH\DNXÄDQGKH\—"NXÄDQGKHSU\HQQD" Is this your child? What is the child’s name. XQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHLUXNNXGKX" How many chidren do you have. HQQDNNXPÌQXNXÄDQGKHUH¼GXSDL\DQRUXSH¼LUXNNXGKX I have three children; there are two boys, one girl. DYDQJDºXNNXSUDQJDQDU—\DQDQ—QDQGNDPDO—LUXNNXGKX Their names are Narayanan, Anand and Kamala. LQGKDNXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD" How old is this child? LGKXNNXYD\DVXQ—OX LGKXNNXQ—OXYD\DVX  It is 4 years old. LSSRXQJDºXNN—KDRUXNOYLLUXNNXGKX Now here is a question for you. RUXN¯OROHHWKWKDQHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXP" How many plantains are in one kilo? DGKXQDOO—NºYLLOOH\—" That is a good question, is it not? URPEDQDOODNºYLGK—Q—Q—NDVKWDP—QDNºYL A very good question indeed, but a difficult question. VXODEDP—QDNºYLDSUDPNSSQ I will ask an easy question later. GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKDNOYLNNXLSSREDGKLOVROOXQJD Please reply now to this question. HQGKDS—GDPXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX" Which lesson is easy for you?

83 Adi’s Book. HQDNNXVLODNºYLVXODEDPVLODNºYLNDVKWDP Some lessons are easy and some are hard for me. XQJDºXNNXHOO—PS—GDPXP sulabam. All the lessons are easy for you. (all the lessons, without exception). Q¯QJDLQGKL\—OHHYºDYXN—ODP— (HYºDYXQ—º—) irukringa? How long have you been in India? Q—QLQGKL\—OHUH¼GXYDUXVKDP—LUXNUQ I have been here since two years (I have been here for two years). —VSDWKULOHQ¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXSSLQJD" How long will you be at the hospital? Q—Q—VSDWKULOHLQQXPPÌQXPD¼LQUDPLUXSSQ I will be in the hospital for three hours more. W—PEDUDPFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPLUXNNXGKX" On which side of Chennai is Tambaram. FKHQQDLNNXW—PEDUDPWKHUNXSDNNDPLUXNNXGKXDGKHFKHQQDLNNXWKHUNLUXNNXGKX Tambaram is on the South side of Chennai. It is South of Chennai. Q—PPDGKXUHNNXYDGDNLUXNUÀP We are North of Madurai. PXGKDOHNLÄDNNHSÀQJDDSUDPWKHUNWKLUXPEXQJD First go to the East, then turn to the South. LSSRHQSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJDDSGLWKLUXPEK—GLQJD Now turn towards me. Don’t turn that way. QUDSÀQJDLQGKDSDNNDPDQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPEK—GKLQJD Go straight. Don’t turn this side or that. DYDUQ—ºDNNLLQJHYDUDP—WW—U He will not come here tomorrow. LGKXURPEDQDOODQ—LDGKXNDGLNN—GKX This is a very good dog, it will not bite. LQGKDSÌQH\XPS—ONXGLNNXP—" *Will this cat also drink milk? *This is also a proverb, similar in meaning to ‘butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth’. ------

84 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. F; Foreigner, I: Indian. )XQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDHQQDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNRºU—QJD" What clothes do men wear in your country? ,HQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDURPEDSUGKÀWLNDWWXNRºU—QJDVLODSUSDQWXGXWKWKXNRºU—QJD In our country many wear a dhoti, some wear pants. (trousers) )SH¼¼XQJDHQQDYLGKDP—QDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºY—QJD" What kind of clothes do women wear? ,DQKDP—SH¼¼XQJDHOO—PVOH SXGDYH NDWWLNNRºU—QJD—Q—LSSRVHOYDNDPLVHLUXNNXWKX Almost all the women wear sarees, but now the selva kamise is here. )LQGKL\—HOO—PMDQDQJDºXNNXRUP—GKLULWKX¼LGK—Q—" Do people dress the same way throughout India? ,LOOHRUP—GKLUL\—LOOHVLODLGDQJDOOHYLWK\—VDP—WKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD No, not all the same way, they dress differently in some places. )DYDQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHHQQDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD" What do they wear above the waist? ,—QXQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHFKRNND\XPSH¼¼XQJDFKÀOL\XPXGXWKWKXNNRºU—QJD The men wear shirts and the women wear cholies above the waist. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 24. Q¯QJDPDUDSDGL\XPNºYLQJDNSSLQJDº—"LOOHQ—QHOO—NºYLQJDºXPNNNDP—WWQ LQGKDSH¼NXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD"\HQXGH\DSH¼YD\DVXUH¼GX DQGKDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXVROODP—WWLQJDº—"Q—QLSSRSVDP—WWQHQDNNXYOHLUXNNXGKX VDULXQJDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHLQJDQ—QDSUDPYDUQ DYDUL¼¼DNLXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WW—UQ—QXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPDGLNNDGLWKDUDP—WWQ DYDQJDURPEDQUDPLQJHLUXNNDP—WW—QJDDYDULQGKDÌUOHURPEDNDODP— Q—º— LUXNU—U LQGKDQ—LDGLNNDGLLQJHYDU—GKXVLODVDPD\DPGK—QYDUXP DQGKDNXÄDQGKHLSSRS—G—GKXQ—ºDNNLV—LQJ—OXPS—GXP DYDDNN—NÌGDL¼¼DNNLS—GDP—WW—HQJDSÌQHV—GKDPV—SSLG—GKXS—OGK—QNXGLNNXP SD¼DNN—UDQXNNXM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXGKX—Q—VDQGKÀVKDPLOOH

85 Adi’s Book. DGXWKWKDY—UDPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDP—WWQQ—QDYDUHWKLUXPEDNÌSSLGDP—WWQ Q—QJDDYºDYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDP—WWÀPQ¯QJDLQGKDDUHOHWKÌQJDP—WWLQJDO—" XQJDSXVWKDKDPPVHPOHLUXNN—GK—"DYDUSDFKFKHWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDP—WW—U Q—QJD\HSSRYXPSDKDOOHWKÌQJDP—WWÀPNXÄDQGKHQJDPDGK\—QDWKOHYLºD\—GDP—WWDQJD Q¯QJDNDGKDYHVDUL\—PÌGDP—WWLQJDXQJDSDGDWKWKHHQDNNXN—WWDP—WWLQJDº—" XQJDºXNN—KDDYDUWKLUXPEDS—GDP—WW—UHQSXVWKDKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSDP—WWLQJDº—" LQGKDY—UDPHQDNNXNDGLGKDQJDYDU—GKXDQGKDSQ—QDOOD VDUL\D HÄXGKDGKX NHWWDQ—LNDGLNNXPQDOODQ—LNDGLNN—GKXHQSHWWL\HWKLUDNNDP—WWQDSUDPWKLUDSSQ N—SSLNRQMDPV¯NUDPWKD\—UVHL\DP—WWLQJDO—"VDULLSSRGK—QVHL\DSÀUQ ------

86 Adi’s Book. LESSON 25. NOUNS & PRONOUNS F,167580(17$/&$6( ‘BY MEANS OF’, ‘WITH’. & VERBS, ‘SHOULD’, ‘SHOULD NOT’, ‘MUST’, ‘MUST NOT’.

‘By Means Of ’, ‘With’. 1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµ—OH¶ Nouns. SQ—Y—OH with the pen NDWKWKL\—OH with the knife

Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWK—OH with the book kayiru ND\LWKWK—OH with the string P—GX P—WW—OH with the ox

The translation ‘with’ in the appropriate places can be replaced by ‘by means of’, and also sometimes by ‘because of’ or ‘on account of’, as seen in sentences 8, 10, and 11. Pronouns. Q—Q HQQ—OH Q—P QDP—OH Q—QJDHQJDº—OH Q¯ XQQ—OH Q¯QJD XQJDº—OH avan DYDQ—OH avanga DYDQJDº—OH ava DYDº—OH avar DYDU—OH adhu DGK—OH adhunga DGKXQJDº—OH

87 Adi’s Book. ‘Should’, ‘Should Not’, ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’. ‘Should’ ‘Should’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µ¼um’ for any verb, regardless of number, gender or person. SÀKD¼XP should go Y—VLNND¼XP should read LQILQLWLYHSOXVµ¼XP¶DOVRH[SUHVVHVµQHHG¶UHIOHVVRQ  ‘Should Not’ ‘Should not’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µNÌG—GKX¶ for any verb, regardless of number, gender or person. SÀKDNÌG—GKX should not go Y—VLNNDNÌG—GKX should not read ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’ These are expressed as above, EXWLQERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUPVWKHZRUGµNDWW—\DP¶SUHFHGHVWKHLQILQLWLYH Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP I must see him. Q¯QJDLQGKDS—OHNDWW—\DPNXGLNNDNÌG—GKX You must not drink this milk. Vocabulary udhe kick (n) V—P—Q thing(s), article(s) udhe (s.th) kick manni (s.th) forgive aru (s.th) cut (with a knife) vettu (w.in) cut (with an axe) Short Sentences. SDL\DQJDSDQGKHN—O—OHXGKHNU—QJD The boys are kicking the ball with the legs. (feet). DYDUURWWL\HNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNU—U He is cutting the bread with the knife. Q¯QJDLQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHPDUDWKHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX You should not cut wood with this knife. DYDUHOO—S—GDQJDºXPNDWW—\XPSDGLNND¼XP He must study all the lessons. Q—PWKDPLÄURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNNXG—GKX We should not speak Tamil very slowly.

88 Adi’s Book. DQGKDPP—LQQXPQDOODWKDPLÄSVD¼XP That lady should speak better Tamil. Q—QHQJOLVKDGLNNDGLNDWW—\XPSVDNNXG—GKX I must not speak English often. DYDU—OHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPLQJHY—UQ I am coming here sometimes because of him. Q¯QJDHQQHNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP You must forgive me. HQQ—OHXQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPLOOH\—" You have this trouble because of me, haven’t you? XQJDº—OHRUXNDVKWDPXPLOOHYDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD There is no trouble at all on account of you, don’t worry. Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHL\D¼XP You should do this work carefully. Q—Q—VSDWKULNNXSÀKDHQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP" Which way should I turn to go to the hospital? PXGKDOOHQUDSÀKD¼XPDSUDPYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP You should first go straight, then turn to the right (side). LGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX You should not turn to the left (side). HQJDQDOODSÌQH\HQ¯DGLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not hit our nice cat. XQJDºXNNX\—USD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP" Who should give you money? DYDUXNNXQ¯QJDLYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDNÌG—GKX You should not give him this much money. Q—QLSSR\HQQDNXGLNND¼XPN—SSL\—S—O—" What should I drink now, coffee or milk? Q¯LSSRM—VWKLS—ONXGLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not drink much milk now. Q—QW¯NXGDNXGLNNDNÌG—GK—" Should I not drink even tea? WKDPELQ¯\QVDGKGKDP—SVUH"LQJHDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX Little brother, why are you talking loudly. You should not speak like that here. Q—PN—ODPHLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXNDWW—\XPLUXNND¼XP We must be here at 8 o’clock in the morning. LQGKDDUH\HSSÀYXPVXGKGKDP—LUXNND¼XP This room should always be clean. Q¯QJDºº—PY¯WWXNNXYHºL\HYLºD\—GD¼XPY¯WWXNNXººHYLºD\—GDNNÌG—GKX All of you should play outside the house. You should not play inside. ------

89 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Leaving the Railway Station. T: Traveller, A: Autorickshaw Driver. 7LGKXXQYDQGL\—" Is this your vehicle? $—PDQJDQ¯QJD\HQJHSÀKDY¼XP" Yes sir, where do you want to go? 7Q—QVDLG—SHWWDLNNXSÀKDY¼XPHYºDYXSD¼DPNNUH I want to go to Saidhapet. How much money do you want? $VDLGK—SHWWDLURPEDGKÌUDPQÌUXUÌE—NRGXQJD Saidapet is a long way. Give me 100 rupees. 7Q—QDYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WWQDPEDWKXUÌE—NRGXSSQ I will not give that much money. I will give 50 rupees. $LOOHQJDQ—QDPEDWKXUÌE—NNXDYºDYXGKÌUDPYDUDP—WWQ No sir, I will not come (go) that far for 50 Rupees. 7XQQÀGXSVDHQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ¯SÀKDO—P I don’t have time to talk to you. You may go. $DL\——UXEDWKDQMXNRGXQJDV¯NUDPSÀKDO—P Sir, give sixty five. We may go quickly. (Quick, let’s go). Expansion Drill, For Lesson 25. HQQLGDWKOHXQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOHXQJDºLGDPGK—QLUXNNXPQ¯QJDDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX DYDUXPDSGLVROODNÌG—GKXQ—QQDGKSÀODVROOD¼XP"LGKXRUXNOYL\—" Q—PQDPXGH\DNXÄDQGKHNNXLGKHSÀODV—SS—GXGK—QNRGXNND¼XP DYDQJDM—VWKLPLWW—LDGLNNDGLV—SLGDNÌG—GKX FKHQQDLNNXSÀKDQ¯QJDYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD Q¯QJDQUDSÀKDNÌG—GKXLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX LQGKDFKLQQDYOH\HVHL\DLYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDNÌG—GKX LGKHURPEDYKDP—VHL\D¼XPPHGKXY—VHL\—GKLQJD DL\—Q¯QJDWKDPLÄYKDP—YDVLNND¼XPHÄXWKD¼XPSVD¼XP WKDPLÄLSGLURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNÌG—GKX Q¯QJDLSSRDQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—PW¯WKD\—UVHL\DY¼XP Q—QV¯NUDPYHºL\HSÀKDQXP SÀKDY¼XP 

90 Adi’s Book. WKDPELDQGKDV—P—QH\QN—O—OHXGKHNUH"DGKHDSGLN—O—OHXGKHNNDNÌG—GKX Q¯QJDGK—QY—UDPGKÀUXPS—WWXS—GD¼XPS—WWHHSSRYXPURPEDVDGKGKDP—S—GDNÌG—GKX Q—QL¼¼DNNLDQKDNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKD¼XPQ¯QJDHOO—PNDVKWDP—QDNºYLNNNDNÌG—GKX DYDUWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀKD¼XPV¯NUDPY—QJDQ¯QJDV¯NUDPEDGKLOVROOD¼XP SDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXLQGKDYDÄLOHGK—QSÀKD¼XPSD¼DPNNNDHQQLGDPYDUDNÌG—GKX Q—QURPEDNHWWDYDQQ¯QJDHQQHPDQQLNNDNÌG—GKX URWWL\HHGK—OHDUXNNDSÀULQJD"LQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHGK—QURWWL\HDUXNND¼XP N—LGDWKWKHNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX ------

91 Adi’s Book. LESSON 26. NOUNS & PRONOUNS Fµ:,7+¶ VERBS.Fµ1(('¶µ1(('127¶

‘With’, (Accompanied, Associated). 1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµÀGX¶ Nouns. SQ—YÀGX with the pen NDWKWKL\ÀGX with the knife

Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWKÀGX with the book kayiru ND\LWKWKÀGX with the string P—GX P—WWÀGX with the ox Pronouns. Q—Q HQQÀGXQ—P QDPÀGX Q—QJDHQJDºÀGX Q¯ XQQÀGXQ¯QJD XQJDºÀGX avan DYDQÀGX avanga DYDQJDºÀGX ava DYDºÀGX avar DYDUÀGX adhu DGKDQÀGX adhunga DGKXQJDºÀGX ‘Need, Need Not’, also ‘should, should not’ 7KHVHDUHH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµY¼XP¶DQGµY¼—P¶UHVSHFWLYHO\WRWKH,QILQLWLYH regardless of number, gender and person. VHL\D¼XP need to do, should do pÀKDY¼—P need not go, should not go ------

92 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary SSRYXP always µSSRYXP¶SOXVDQ\QHJDWLYH never XGDQ at once, immediately FK¯WWX chit, note. nimisham minute YLQ—GLQRGL second (n) LQQRUXYURUX another (adj) inno¼¼XYUR¼¼X another (one, thing)(n) V—NNX excuse, pretext V—NNXVRO ZQ make excuse, (false?) P—OH mountain WKHQLQGKL\— UL lake padahu boat DÄDKX beauty DÄDK—QD beautiful Short Sentences. LYDUÀGXSÀQJDLYDUXQJDºXNNXNDGH\HN—WWXY—U Go with this person. he will show you the shop. DYDUXQJDºÀGXSVDP—WW—UHQQÀGXSVXQJD He will not speak with you. Speak with me. Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPDYDUHS—UNNDO—P—" I should see the doctor. may I see him? Q¯QJDLSSRDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP— Must you see him now? —P—Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XPXGDQSDUNND¼XP Yes, I must see him. I should see him immediately. VDULDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHQLNNDNÌG—GKXAlright, sit there. You should not stand here. DYDUYURUXGRFWRUÀGXSVU—UNRQMDPLUXQJD He is talking with another doctor. Just (please) wait. WKDPELLQGKDSDL\DQÀGX\HSSRYXPYLºD\—G—GKH Little brother, never play with this boy. QDOODSDL\DQJDNHWWDSDL\DQJDOÀGXYLºD\—GDP—WW—QJD Good boys will not play with the bad boys. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHXQJDºÀGXNRQGXSÀKDY¼—P You need not take this book with you.

93 Adi’s Book. LGKHSDGLNNDXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPLUXNN—GKX You will not like to read this. Q—QLQQRUXSXVWKDKDPNRGXSSQQ¯QJDDGKHSDGLNNDO—P I will give another book. You may read that. QDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHMDVWKLV¯NUDP—SDGLNNDNÌG—GKXJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLNND¼XP You should not study a good book too quickly. You should study carefully. VDULQ—QLGKHJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLSSQLGKHURPEDYKDP—SDGLNNDP—WWQ Okay, I will study it carefully. I will not study it very quickly. DGXWKDY—UDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXHQQLGDPY—QJD Next week come to me with this book. DSSRLGKHSDWKLQ—PUH¼GXSUXPSVXYÀP Then both of us will speak about this. QDPPÀGXV—SSLGDLQQXP\—UYDU—QJD" Who else is coming to eat with us? LGKX\—UFK¯WWX"LQGKDFK¯WWÀGX\HQJHSÀULQJD" Whose chit is this? Where are you going with this chit? LQGKDFK¯WWHQ—QHÄXWKDOH I did not write this chit. GKD\DYXVHLWKXLGKHDYDULGDPXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD Please take this to him at once. \HQQHLSSRNÌSSLGDY¼—P\HQQDNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKX You need not call me now. I have a lot of work. DGXWKDP—VDPQ¯QJDHQDNNXNDWW—\DPDQGKDSD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP You must give me that money next month Q¯QJDV—NNXVROODNÌGDGKX You should not make (false?) excuses. Q¯QJDQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDWKWKÀGXYDULQJDLOOH\— You are coming with good news, is it not? \HQNDGLGDWKWKÀGXWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀQJD Go to the post office with my letter. ------

94 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Discussing Summer Resorts. F: Foreigner, I: Indian )LQGKL\—OHNÀGDLN—ODWKWKXNNXHQJHSÀKDO—P" Where can one go for the summer in India? ,YDGDLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPWKHQLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPLUXNNXGKX There are some places in North India and some in South India. )Q—QWKHQLQGKL\—YXNNXSÀKD¼XPWKHQLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPHGKX" I should go to South India. Which is the most beautiful place in South India? ,WKHQLQGKL\—OHQ¯ODJLULPDOH\XPNÀGDLN—QDOPDOH\XPURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJD In South India the Nilgiri Hills and Kodaikanal Hills are very beautiful. DGKXQJDNÌOLUFKL\—QDLGDQJDNÌGD They are cool places also. )YDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJDHGKX" In North India which are the most beautiful places? ,N—VKPLUGK—QYDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPQ¯QJDN—VKPLUHNDWW—\DPSDUNND¼XP Kashmir is the most beautiful place in North India. You must see Kashmir. )Q¯ODJLUL\LOXPNÀGDLN—QDOLOXPULQJDLUXNNXGK—" Are there lakes in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal? ,—P—LUXNNXGKXNÀGDLN—QDOULGK—QURPEDDÄDK—QDULDGKXOHSDGDKXQJDLUXNNXGKX Yes, there are. Kodaikanal lake is indeed a very beautiful lake. There are boats on it. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 26. Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HQXGDQVHL\DNXG—GKX NRQMDPLUXQJDQ—QRUXYLQ—GLOHY—UQ Q—QLQQRUXYOHNRGXNND¼XPLQGKDYOH\HV¯NUDPVHLQJD Q—PXQJDOHSDWKXQLPLVKDWKWKXNNXDSUDPS—UNNDO—P—" LQGKDYOHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDPY¼XP" HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQQR¼¼XNÌGDNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP GKD\DYXVHLGKXV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD µQ—QLGKHVHL\DP—WWQ¶HSSRYXPVRO—GKLQJDQ¯QJDQ—ODNNLNÀYLOXNNX\—UÀGXSÀULQJD" Q—LNXWWL\ÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXURPEDLVKWDP HOO—UÀGXPHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXQJD

95 Adi’s Book.

Q—QNÌGDHQJOLVKOHDGLNNDGLSVDNÌG—GKX \—UXQJDºÀGXYOHVHLU—QJD" LQGKDNXÄDQGKH\ÀGXNDGHNNXSÀQJD S—OÀGXSDÄDPXPV—SSLGXQJD GRFWRUÀGXRUXSH¼URPEDYHKDP—SÀUD LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKÀGXDYDULGDPSÀQJD DYDUEDGKLOÀGXWKLUXPEDYDUD¼XPWKHUL\XP—" VLODVDPD\DPQ—QV—WKDWKWKÀGXFKDSS—WKWKL\XPVDSSLGUQ PVHPOHSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXN—LGKDPXPYDLQJD SQ—YÀGXSHQFLOXPNRQGXY—QJD L¼¼DNNLPDÄH\ÀGXN—WKWKXPURPEDDGLNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXSÌYÀGXLOH\XPNRQGXYD XQJDOÀGXWKDPLÄSVDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP NXÄDQGKHQJDºÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXHSSRYXPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP Q—\ÀGXSÌQH\XPURPEDQUDPYLºD\—GDGKXLQGKDS—GDWKWKÀGXLQQRUXS—GDPSDGLQJD VXGDWKD¼¼L\ÀGXNRQMDPSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXY—QJD LQJHUH¼GXQ—NN—OL\ÀGXRUXPVH\XPSÀGXQJD DYDUL¼¼DNNLDYDQJDºÀGXSÀKDP—WW—U XQJDºÀGXXQJDDPP—YXPFKHQQDLNNXYDU—QJDO—" D¼¼DQÀGXWKDPEL\XPDNN—YÀGXWKDQJDFKFKL\XPUH¼GX—WWÀOHSÀUDQJDO—" ------

96 Adi’s Book. LESSON 27. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ABLATIVE CASE, ‘FROM’, & ‘CAN’, ‘CANNOT’, ‘COULD’, ‘COULD NOT’. ‘From. Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘ilirundhu’. SQ—YLOLUXQGKX from the pen kaththiyilirundhu from the knife As we have seen before:- Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham pusthahaththilirundhu from the book kayiru kayiththilirundhu from the string Y¯GXY¯WWLOLUXQGKX from the house Animate Nouns, and Pronouns. Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idamirundhu’. U—PDQ U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX from Raman. pasu pasuvidamirundhu from the cow. Pronouns, use declensional base plus ‘idamirundhu’ similarly, to give ‘from’ – (me, you, them, etc.). Q—Q ennidamirundhu Q—P namidamirundhu Q—QJDHQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX Q¯ unnidamirundhu Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avan avanidamirundhu avanga DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX ava DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX avar avaridamirundhu adhu adhanidamirundhu adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX Adverbs:- plus ‘irundhu’ ingerundhu from here apdirundhu from that way

97 Adi’s Book. ‘Can’, ‘Cannot’, ‘Could’, ‘Could Not’.

Positives. regardless of number, gender, person:- ‘Can’ ‘am able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyum’ for present and future. SÀKDPXGL\XP am able to go, can go

‘Could’ ‘was able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudindhadhu’ for past. SÀKDPXGLQGKDGKX was able to go, could go.

Negatives. regardless of number, gender, person:- ‘Cannot’. ‘will not be able to’ infinitive plus ‘PXGL\—GKX’ for future. NXGLNNDPXGL\—GKX will not be able to drink, cannot drink.

‘Cannot’. ‘am not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for present kudikkamudiyale am not able to drink, cannot drink.

‘Could not’. ‘was not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for past. kudikkamudiyale was not able to drink, could not drink. Vocabulary UX climb up, get in irangu climb down, alight. YD¼GL vehicle parava ille never mind, no matter. purappadu (w.tt) set out, start YLÄX ZQGK fall, drop. QLFKFKD\DP— certainly Short Sentences. XQJDGKVDWKWKLOLUXQGKXXQJDºXNNXNDGLGKDPDGLNNDGLYDUXWK—" Do you often get letters from your country? HQDPP—YLGDPLUXQGKXHQDNNXDGLNNDGLNDGLGKDPYDUXGKX I often get letters from my mother. LQGKDFK¯WWH\—ULGDPLUXQGKXNRQGXYDULQJD" From whom are you bringing this chit?

98 Adi’s Book. Q—QWKRPDVLGDPLUXQGKXFK¯WWHNRQGXSÀUQ I am taking a chit from Thomas. Q¯QJDLSSRHQJLUXQGKXYDULQJD" Where are you coming from now? Q—QLSSRQUDHQY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDUQ I am coming straight from my house. HYDULGDPLUXQGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXSÀULQJD" From whom are you taking the books? PVH\LOLUXQGKXHQSXVWKDKDQJDºHHGXQJD Take my books from the table. Y¯WWHPOHUXQGKXN¯ÄHSDUNN—GKLQJD Do not look down from the house. QDPY—\LOLUXQGKXHSSRYXPQDOODY—UWKHQJDYDUD¼XP Always good words should come from our mouth. LQJHUXQGKXDQJHDGLNNDGLSÀKDNÌG—GKX You should not often go from here to there. Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—WKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP Now you can talk Tamil well. —P—Q—QWKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP—Q—QHWKXQDOODSVDPXGL\DOH Yes, I can speak Tamil, but yesterday I could not speak well. SDUY—LOOHPXGKDOHPHGKXY—SVXQJD Never mind, speak slowly at first. LGKXVXODEDPDQDS—GDPDGKDQ—OHLGKHNDWW—\DPQ¯QJDYDVLNNDPXGL\XP This is an easy lesson, so you can certainly read this. Q¯QJDQWKXDQWKDSXWKXY¯GXS—UNNDPXGLQGKDGK—" Could you see that new house yesterday? —PDGKHS—UWKQGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQQHPDQQLQJDQ—QXNN—UDPXGL\DOHQ—QSÀKD¼XP Yes, I saw it. Please forgive me , I cannot sit down, I should go. Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLLQJHWKLUXPEDYDUDPXGL\XP—" Can you come here again tomorrow. DYDQJDLQJHYHººLNLÄDPHYDUDY¼—P\QLQQ—D¼¼DNNLQ—QLQJHYDUDP—WWQ They need not come here on Friday, because I will not come here that day. SDWKWKXQLPLVKDWKOHW¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\XP—" Can you make tea in ten minutes?

99 Adi’s Book. Q—QDYºDYXV¯NUDP—W¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\DGKX I cannot make tea that quickly. W¯WKD\—UVHL\DHQDNNXSDGKLQDQMXQLPLVKDPY¼XP I need 15 minutes to make tea. DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPGHOOL\LOLUXQGKXHQDSS—YDUXY—U My father will come from next year. XQJDºXNNXHSSRUXQGKXP—UOHYDOLNNXGKX" Since when do you have pain in the chest. Practical Conversation. - The Traveller’s Bungalow. T: Traveller, L: Local Man, S: Servant. 7Q—QXGDQHWUDYHOOHUVEDQJDOÀNNXSÀKD¼XPDGKXLQJHUXQGKXHYºDYXGKÌUDP" I must go to the travellers Bungalow at once. How far is it from here. /DGKXLQJHUXQGKXRUXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXF—UOHDQMXQLPLVKDPSLGLNNXP It is one kilometer from here. In the car it will take five minutes. 7Q—QHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKD¼XP"LSGLSÀKDO—P—" Which way should I go? May I go this way? /DQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼—PLQGKDYDÄL\—QUDSÀQJD You need not go that way. Go straight this way. 7Q¯QJDHQQÀGXYDULQJDº— Are you coming with me? /LOOHQ—Q\HQJHSÀKDPXGL\—GKXHQLQQ—Q—QLQJHYOHVHL\DLUXNND¼XP No, I cannot go anywhere, because I should be here to work.

S. indha are; are pathinanju. This room; room fifteen. 7LQGKDDUHHQJDºXNNXSÀWK—WKXYURUXDUHLUXNNXGK— This room is not enough for us. Is there another room? 6—P—HQQLGDPDGKXNNXV—YLLOOHRUXYLQ—GLOHNRQGXYDUQDGKXNNXººHXNN—UXQJD Yes, that key is not with me, I will bring it in a second. Meanwhile please be seated. ------

100 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 27. LGKXHOO—P LGKHOO—P LQJHUXQGKXXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD DYDQJDDQJHUXQGKXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSXUDSSDGXY—QJD" HQQLGDPLUXQGKXXQJDSXVWKDKDPHSSRNRQGXSÀULQJD" LSSRSDUY—LOOH—Q—WKLUXPEDLQGKDP—WKLULVHL\DNÌG—GKX LQGKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJDVXODEDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\XP \—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDV—P—QNRQGXY—ULQJD" HSSRUXQGKXWKDPLÄSDGLNULQJD" —S¯VLOLUXQGKXHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUDYLQJD" DYDUND¼¼LOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX YHºL\LOLUXQGKXURPEDVDGKGKDPYDUXGKX HQDUH\LOLUXQGKXXQJDºHNÌSSLGUQ DQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXY—Q Q—QXQJDºHSÀODQDOODSVDPXGL\—GKX Q¯QJDLQJHDQMXQLPLVKDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP—" YDQGLOHPHGKXY—HÄXQJDLSGLHÄXQJD Q—QXQJDºÀGXYKDP—QDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX Q—QDYDUHL¼¼DNLS—UNNDPXGL\—GKX YDQGL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QJDºHV¯NUDPHGXQJD DGXWKDY—UDPQ¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—" LGKHSDWKLQ¯QJDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—" Q—QVXGDWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDPXGL\—GKX HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\XP—" LQGKDUÌEDQNDL\LOLUXQGKXYLÄXGKX" LQGKDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—QDGDNNXPXGL\XP—" LSSRXQJDY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDULQJDº—" LQGKDY—N\DWKWKHQ—QWKDPLÄHVROODPXGL\—GKX WKDPELXQDNNXWKDPLÄWKHUL\XP—" NÌGH\LOLUXQGXNXGH\HHGXQJD Q¯WKDPLÄHSVDPXGL\XP—" XQJDºXNNXNDGH\LOLUXQGKXSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDUXYQ WKDQJDFKFKLPVH\HPOHXNN—U—GKHN¯UHLUDQJX PDUXSDGL\XPPVHPOHUDNXG—GKX ------

101 Adi’s Book. LESSON 28. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS LOCATIVE CASE, ‘IN’, ‘AT’ ‘In’, ‘At’. Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘le’. arele in the room PVHOH in the table (drawer). As seen before:- Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘th’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. V—GKDP V—GKDWKOH in the rice —UX —WKOH in the river Y¯GXY¯WWOH in the house

Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’. U—PDQ U—PDQLGDP in Raman, Note this is also used for the posessive form:- ‘in Raman’s possession’. Pronouns, use declensional base plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ similarly for ‘in’ – (me, you, them, etc.), as seen here:- Q—Q ennidathle Q—P namidathle Q—QJDHQJDºLGDWKOH Q¯ unnidathle Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDWKOH avan avanidathle avanga DYDQJDºLGDWKOH ava DYDºLGDWKOH avar avaridathle adhu adhanidathle adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH and similarly in the above, using ‘idam’ to give ennidam, namidam, etc. ------

102 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary NÌWWDP meeting, assembly pala-sarakku provisions (grain.etc.) YDÄDNNDP habit, custom manushar man, woman railvandi train kudhire horse ND¼¼—GL glass, mirror PÌNNXND¼¼—GL eye-glasses, spectacles nalladhu is good, that’s good kettadhu is bad, that’s bad alladhu or illena if not, otherwise VXP—UFKXP—U approximately VXP—UDLUX to feel better (in health) marunthu medicine uyaram height Short Sentences. LQGKDÌUOHSHUL\D—VSDWKULHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the big hospital in this place? DGKXLQJHUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX That is far away from here. DGKXHWKWKDQHNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX" How many kilometers away is it? LQGKDLGDWKWKLOLUXQGKXVXP—UDQMXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDP It is about five kilometers away from this place. HQGKDYDQGLOHSÀULQJDP—WWXYDQGLO—NXGKLUHYDQGLO—" By which cart are you going, by bullock cart or horse cart? Q—Q—WROHSÀUHQQLQQ—Q—QDYODYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX I am going in an auto, because I can’t walk that distance. HQQLGDPURPEDSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QF—UOHSÀYQ I have a lot of money, so I will go in a car. YOÌULOLUXQGKXDQJHSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP" How much money is needed to go there from Vellore? WKDPELXQLGDWKOHVLODNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDLUXNNXGKX Little brother , you have some bad habits. QDOODGKXY—"LOOHURPEDNHWWDGKXGK—Q Is that good? No, indeed it is very bad. Q¯HSSRYXPQDOO—YDÄDNNDPGK—QNDWKWKXNRººD¼XP You should always learn only good habits.

103 Adi’s Book. Q—QLGKHSDWKLPDUXSDGL\XPXQQÀGXSVDP—WWQ I will not speak again about this with you. XQJDOOXNNXN—SSLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—" Do you want sugar in your coffee? HQQDNNXN—SSLOHS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPNDWW—\DPY¼XP I must have milk and sugar in my coffee. DQGKDSHWWL\DSGLSÀGDNXG—GKX You should not throw that box that way. DGKXOHDQKDND¼¼DGLV—P—QLUXNNXGKX There are many glass things in it. DGKHURPEDPHGKXY—NLÄHYDLNND¼XP You should put that down very gently. SÀQDUH¼GXY—UDPQLQJDQYOHNNXYDUDOH" Why did you not come to work for the last two weeks? Q—QYDUDOHQLQQ—HQDNNXMÀUDP I did not come because I had fever. XQJDºXNNXWKDOHYDOLHGXNNXGK—" Do you have headache? Q—QGRFWRUDGKDQ—OHHQQLGDWKOHHOO—VDQJKDGL\XPVROOD¼XP I am a doctor, you shuld tell me everything. QDOODYDQJDNHWWDGKXVHL\DP—WW—QJD Good people wil not do bad things. FKLQQDYDQJDSHUL\DYDQJDY—UWKH\HNNND¼XP Youngsters should listen to the word of the elders. HQNDLOHDSSRSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHQ—QND¼¼DGLY—QJDOH I had no money then, so I did not buy the mirror. \—ULGDWKOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXWKXQJD" Who has my books? ------

104 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. - At The Bazaar. S: Stranger, M: Merchant. S. kadetheru entha pakkam irukkudhu? Which way is the bazaar? 0NDGHWKHUXNRQMDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXDGKXNLWWDLOOH The bazaar is some distance. It’s not near. 6F—UDQJHSÀKDPXGL\XP—DOODGKXQDGDNNDY¼XP—" Can the car go there, or need I walk? 0NDGHWKHUXNNXXººHF—USÀKDPXGL\—GXQLQQ—URPEDMDQQDQJDLUXSS—QJD The car can’t go inside the bazaar because there will be many people. 6LGKHOO—PHQQDNDGHQJD" What are all these shops? 0LGKHOO—PSDODVDUDNNXNDGHQJD These are all provision stores. 6SÌNDGHSDÄDNDGHN—LNDULNDGHHQJHLUXNXGKXQJD" Where are the flower fruit and vegetable shops? 0DGKHOO—PLGKXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXQJDY—QJDXQJDºXNNXN—WUQ All those are behind this. Come along, I will show you. 6Q—QNRQMDPWKX¼LY—QJD¼XPY—QJDWKX¼LNDGHNNXSÀKDO—P I want to buy some material. Come, let us go to the cloth shop. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 28. XQJDºLGDWKOHDQGKDQDOODYDÄDNNDPLUXNNXGKX Q—QDYDUÀGXQ—ºDNNLPÌQXNLORPHWHUQDGDSSQ HQDNNXNRQMDPN—SSLDOODWKXW¯Y¼XP Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPSÀODXQJDYOHVHLQJD DYDUNXGKLUHPOHYDUXY—UQ—QVDLNNDOOHYDUXYQ YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QHOO—PY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD HQPÌNNXND¼¼DGLNRQGXY—QJDDSSRGK—QQ—QLGKHY—VLNNDPXGL\XP LQGKDND¼¼DGLY¯WWOH\—ULUXNNU—QJD"

105 Adi’s Book. LQJH—QXQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSH¼¼XQJDXNN—UXY—QJD inge —PEDºHQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSRPEDºHQJDXNN—UXY—QJD (same meaning as previous sentence, but colloquial equivalent words) QWKXHOO—PHQDNNXURPEDMRUDP Q—QMRUDWKXNN—KDPDUXQWKXY—QJDSÀUQ Q—ODNNLXQJDMRUDPVXP—U—LUXNNXP VXP—UUHQGXP—VDWKWKXNNXDSUDPHQQHSDUXQJD \—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDNDWKWKXNRºUH" Q—QLQQDNNLUH¼GXS—GDWKWKXNNXPOHSDGLNNDP—WWQ XQJDºLGDWKOHQLFKFKD\DPSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXLOOH\—" XQJDX\DUDP—QDNXGKLUHPOLUXQGKXLUDQJXQJD ippo ennidathle andha nalla pusthaham irukkudhu. HQQDNNXLQGKDV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD RUXQDOODPÌNNXND¼¼—GLLQGKDÌUOHY—QJDPXGL\XP—" Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDPXGL\XPLQQXQ—QVRºUQ LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHXQJDOXNNXHQGKDS—GDPQDOODSLGLNNXP" Q¯QJDLQGKDNDGHOHND¼¼—GLV—P—QY—QJDO—P Q¯QJDXGDQ—VSDWKULNNXSÀKD¼XPQLQQ—XQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLMRUDP HQNDGLGKDWKWKXNNXQ¯QJDQDOODEDGKLONRGXNNDOH DQGKDNÌWWDWKOHFKXPDUHWKWKDQHSULUXNU—QJD" LQQRUXS—GDWKOHRUXQDOODSDGDPLUXNNXGKX P—GXNXGKLUH\HSÀODYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\—GKX XQJDºXNNXDGLNDGLMRUDPYDUXWK—" FKHQQDLLQJHUXQGKXVXP—UQÌWKXPXSSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDPLUXNNXGKX Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDWKWKOHVHL\DPXGL\XP" ------

106 Adi’s Book. LESSON 29. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS – COMPLETE DECLENSIONS. Nouns. Regular. Case Meaning Animate Inanimate Nominative (x=Subj) U—PDQ petti Accusative (x=Obj) U—PDQH pettiye Instrumental (by x) U—PDQSHWWL\—OH Instrumental (with x) U—PDQÀGX SHWWL\ÀGX Dative (to x) U—PDQXNNX pettikku Dative (for x) U—PDQXNN—KD SHWWLNN—KD Ablative (from x) U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX pettiyilirundu Genitive (x’s) U—PDQ petti Locative (in x) U—PDQLGDWKOH pettile Vocative (oh x! ) U—PDQ SHWWL\ RER[ (where x = any noun or pronoun)

Irregular, ending in ‘m’ ‘ru’ ‘du’. Nom (x=Subj) maram —UX P—GX Acc (x=Obj) maraththe —WKWKH P—WWH Inst (by x) PDUDWKWK—OH —WKWK—OH P—WW—OH Inst (with x) PDUDWKWKÀGX —WKWKÀGX P—WWÀGX Dat (to x) maraththukku —WKWKXNNX P—WWXNNX Dat (for x) PDUDWKWKXNN—KD —WKWKXNN—KD P—WWXNN—KD Abl (from x) maraththilirundu —WKWKLOLUXQGX P—WWLGDPLUXQGX DQLPDWH Gen (x’s) maraththu —WKWKX P—WWX Loc (in x) maraththule —WKWKule P—WWXOH Voc (oh x! ) PDUDP —U P—G ------Cases in lists below read vertically in the same order as the first nine in lists above.

107 Adi’s Book. Personal Pronouns. Q—QQ—P Q—QJD Q¯ enne namme HQJDºH unne HQQ—OH QDPP—OH engDº—OH XQQ—OH HQQÀGXQDPPÀGX HQJDºÀGX XQQÀGX enakku namakku HQJDºXNNX unnakku HQDNN—KD QDPDNN—KDHQJDºXNN—KD XQQDNN—KD ennidamirundhu nammidamirundhu HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX unnidamirundhu en nam enga un ennidathle nammidathle HQJDºLGDthle unnidathle Q¯QJD avan ava avar XQJDºH avane DYDºH avare XQJDº—OHDYDQ—OHDYDº—OHDYDU—OH XQJDºÀGX DYDQÀGX DYDºÀGX DYDUÀGX XQJDºXNNX avanukku DYDºXNNX avarukku XQJDºXNN—KDDYDQXNN—KDDYDºXNN—KDDYDUXNN—KD XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avanidamirundhu DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX avaridamirundhu unga avan ava avar XQJDºLGDWKOH avanidathle DYDºLGDWKOH avaridathle avanga adhu adhunga HOO—UXP DYDQJDºH adhe DGKXQJDºHHOO—U\XP DYDQJDº—OHDGK—OHDGKXQJDº—OHHOO—U—OXm DYDQJDºÀGX DGKÀGX DGKXQJDºÀGX HOO—UÀGXP DYDQJDºXNNX adhukku DGKXQJDºXNNX HOO—UXNNXP DYDQJDºXNN—KDDGKXNN—KDDGKXQJDºXNN—KDHOO—UXNN—KDYXP DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX adhanidamirundhu DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX HOO—ULGDPLUXQGKXP avanga adhan adhunga, ell—UXGD\DYXP DYDQJDºLGDWKOH adhanidathle DGKXQJDºLGDWKOHHOO—ULGDWKWKLOXP DGKXQJDºLOLUXQGKX DOWHUQDWLYH ------

108 Adi’s Book. Reflexive Pronouns. To avoid repetition of the pronouns, reflexive pronouns are used inTamil. rd µWK—P¶DQGµWK—QJD¶DUHWKHWZRSOXUDOIRUPVIRUµWK—Q¶7KHVHDUHRQO\XVHGIRU Person. WK—Q VLQJ RQHVHOI WK—P SO WKDQJDº SO thanne thamme WKDQJDºH WKDQQ—OH WKDPP—OH WKDQJDº—OH WKDQQÀGX WKDPPÀGX WKDQJDºÀGX thanakku thamakku WKDQJDºXNNu WKDQDNN—KD WKDPDNN—KD WKDQJDºXNN—KD thannidamirundhu thammidamirundhu WKDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX than tham thanga thannidathle thammidathle WKDQJDºLGDWKOH Vocabulary salave wash (n) salave sei (s.thth) wash , do washing kanji starch (n) kanji podu (w.tt) starch, put starch WKDYDU—PH without fail. Practical Conversation. – With a Dhobi. C: Customer D: Dhobi. &GKÀEL\Q¯QJD\—UY¯WWOHWKX¼LYHºXNULQJD"'KRELIRUZKRPGR\RXZDVKFORWKHV" 'XQJDSDNNDWKWKXY¯WWOHQ—QGK—QYHºXNUQ I am washing in the adjacent house. &QÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPY—QJULQJD" How much do you charge for 100 pieces 'QÌUXWKX¼LNNXSDWKLQDQMXUÌE—Y—QJUQ I charge Rs 15.00 for 100 pieces. &RUXP—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP" How many washes can you give each month? 'RUXPDVDWKOHUH¼GXVDODYHWKDYDU—PHNRGXNNDPXGL\XPWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀGD¼XP—" I can give two washes a month without fail. Do you want starch for your clothes? &HQWKX¼LQJDOOXNNXNDQMLY¼—P—Q—URPEDVXGKGKDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP I don’t want starch for my clothes, but you should wash them very clean. ------

109 Adi’s Book. LESSON 30. VERBS, STRONG, PAST TENSE WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL.. padi study Y—VL read kudi drink vai put, place S—U see, look at, look after edu take, lift, pick up padu lie down adi hit, strike kadi bite NXºL bathe kodu give kaththukodu teach vil sell manni forgive udhe kick aru cut (with knife) LÄX pull XED\ÀJLXED\ÀKL use thude wipe DYLÄ untie kide obtain thai sew, stitch sandhi meet VDPE—GKL earn dhandi punish thuve wash nine think pari pluck, snatch poru bear (suffering) vali feel painful Y—VDQHS—U smell PÀQGKXS—U smell —UDPEL begin uchchari pronounce PL graze gudhi jump DÄL destroy ghavani listen, pay attention NLÄL tear kure reduce, decrease same cook siri laugh nane wet WKL rub ude break madi fold marai hide *pidi (pidi) is liked (catch) valar grow, rear *pasi feel hungry mudi finish, close YU perspire *only neuter present, past and future

110 Adi’s Book. The predicate in the past tense agrees with the number, gender and person of the subject. (as seen before in the present tense and future tense) S—UWKQ I saw, S—UWKÀP We saw, S—UWK—QJD They saw,etc. Vocabulary niram colour vali pain, ache YHººH white vali, vali edu feel pain karuppu black pasi hunger sivappu red pasi, pasi edu feel hunger pachche green GK—KDP thirst PDQMDº yellow GK—KDPHGX feel thirst paruppu brown mukyam importance ÌGK— violet vahappu class, standard Q¯ODP blue VDPH\DON—UDn cook (n) —UDQMX orange padukke bed Short Sentences. QWKXP—UOHM—VWKLYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX Yesterday I had a lot of pain in my chest. DSGL\—VDULLSSRHQJHYDOLNNXGKX" Is that so? Right, where does it hurt now? 3. enakku ippo romba pasi edukkudhu. I am very hungry now. QWKXXQJDºXNNXQDOODSDVLHGXWKWKDGK—" Yesterday were you very hungry? XQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLGK—KDPHGXNNXGK—" Do you often feel thirsty? L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKX This afternoon I was very thirsty. LGKXNRQMDPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPLGKHQDOODJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº—" This is a slightly difficult lesson; did you pay good attention? QWKXQ—QRUXQDOODPDQXVKDUHVDQGKLWWQ Yesterday I met a good man. Q¯QJDPDUXSDGL\XPDYDUHVDQGKLSSLQJDº—" Will you meet him again? HQDNN—KDRUXVDPH\DON—UDQHS—UWKWKLQJDO—" Did you look for a cook for me? LYDUGK—QLQGKDV—SS—WWHVDPHWKWK—U VDPH\DOVHLGK—U  This person himself cooked this food.

111 Adi’s Book. DL\—XQJDºXNNXHOO—YLGKDP—QDV—SS—GXPVDPHNNDWKHUL\XP—" Sir, do you know how to cook all kinds of foods? LGKXHOO—PPXN\DP—QDS—GDQJD These are all important lessons. LGKHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSDGLNND¼XP You should study them again and again. XQJDºLGDPNRQMDPYHººHN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—" Do you have some white (unlined) paper? LQGKDNDUXSSX—GX\—UXGH\D—GX" Whose goat is this black goat? LOHSDFKFKHQLUDP—LUXNNXGKXSÌVLYDSS—LUXNNXGKX The leaf is green, the flower is red. WKDNN—OLSDÄDPXPVLODDSSLOSDÄDPXPVLYDSS—LUXNNXWKX Tomatoes and some apples are red. —UXSDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPXP—UXPDQMDºYDÄDSDÄXPXPY—QJXQJD Buy six green and six yellow plantains. Q—QJDDQGKDNHWWDSDL\DQHSLGLWKÀP—Q—DYDQHDGLNNDOH We caught that bad boy, but did not beat him. \HQGKDQ—LXQJDOHNDGLWKWKDGKX" Which dog bit you? Q—QHQDUHOHSDGXWKQ—Q—WKÌQJDOH I laid down in my room but did not sleep. WKÀWWDN—UDQP—WWHQDGLWKWK—Q" Why did the gardener beat the ox. QLQQ—DQGKDP—GXNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼L\HNXGLWKWKDGKX Because the ox drank the well-water. HQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD" Where did you put my spectacles? ND¼¼—GKLOH\—UPXKDWKWKHS—UWKLQJD" Whose face did you see in the mirror? QWKXQLQJDHQJHNXºLWKWKLQJD Where did you bathe yesterday? U—PDQHQDNNXRUXQDOO—SXVWKDKDPNRGXWKWK—Q Raman gave me a good book. URWWL\HHQGKDNDWKL\—OHDUXWKWKLQJD" With which knife did you cut the bread? XQJDºXNNX\—UWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJD" Who taught you Tamil? ------

112 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – With Your Servant. M: Master, S: Servant. 0DQGKDV—PDQHOO—PHQF—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ Take all this luggage to my car. 6DQGKDSHWWLNÌGDNRQGXSÀKDQXP—" Should I take that box as well? 0—P—SHWWLSDGXNNHHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDY¼XPLSSRHQDN—KDRUXWLFNHWY—QJX Yes, trunk, bedding, everything should be taken. Buy a ticket for me now. 6HQGKDÌUXNNXWLFNHWY—QJD¼XP" To which place should I buy a ticket? 0NRONDWKWK—YXNNXPÌQXPXGKDOYDKXSSXWLFNHWY—QJX Buy three First Class tickets to Calcutta. 6UD\LOYDQGLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXVWVKDQXNNXY—UXP" What time will the train come to the station? 0UD\LOYDQGLVWVKDQXNNXVDUL\—SDWKXPD¼LNNXY—UXP The train will come to the station at 10 o’clock exactly. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 29. Q—\HHQQDNDGLWKWKDGKX" Q—\H\—UDGLWKWK—QJD" Q¯QJDQ—\XPDGLNNDOHSÌQH\XPDGLNNDOH Q—LDYDUHNDGLWKWKDGKX DGKDQ—OHDYDUDWKHDGLWKWK—U Q¯QJDQ—\HQDYLÄWhthinga? LQGKDS—GDPQ¯QJDSDGLWKWKLQJDº—" LQGKDS—GDPNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJDº—" LQGKDS—GDPJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº— L¼¼DNLY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKÀP LGKXNN—KDHQNXÄDQGKHGKDQGLWKWKQ NXÄDQGKHDQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLWKWKDGKX LQGKDVDQJDGKL\HQPDUDLWKWKLQJD" LQGKDVDQJDGL\HQ¯QJDHQDNNXQVROODOH" DQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHQQDNNXQWKXGK—QNLGDLWKWKDGKX DQGKDNDGLGDWKWKHSDGLWKWKQ Q—QURPEDURPEDVLULWKWKQ XQJDºXNNXHQGKDQLUDPSLGLWKWKDGKX" HQDNNXQ¯ODQLUDPURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKX HQJDQ—LGK—QSDÄXSSXQLUDP DYDQJDºXNNXDQGKDNDUXSSXSÌQHSLGLNNDOH DQGKDYHººHQLUDQ—LHQDNNXY¼XP SDFKFKHLOHNNXSLQQ—OHVLYDSSXSÌLUXNNXGKX L¼¼DNNLHQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKDGKX L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQDNNXURPEDSDVLWKDGKX HQDNNXGK—KDPNÌGDHGXWKWKDGKX ippo enakku pasiyum dh—KDPXPHGXNNDGKX HQN—OMDVWKLYDOLWKWKDGKX LQGKDPDUXQGKHN—OOHQDOO—WKLWKQ ------

113 Adi’s Book. LESSON 31. VERBS, PAST TENSE WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary WK—PDGL VWKWK delay pidi (s.thth) catch thaiyal stitch (n) ÄH DGM poor (no money) WKX¼L cloth kuruhal narrowness Q¯ODP length ahalam, agalam breadth, width uyaram height kutte short —UDP depth nadu, madhdhi centre sadhuram square vattam circle NXºLNUDDUH bathroom NDNNÌVX latrine innu that () vishayam news, matter Short Sentences. WKXQL\WKD¼¼LOH\QQDQHWKWKLQJD" Why did you wet this cloth with water? LGKXURPEDQDOODYLVKD\DPLQQXQ—QQLQHWKWKQ I thought it was a very good thing. Q¯QJDDSGLQLQHNNDOHLOOH\—" You did not think so, did you? HQJDNL¼DUX—UDP—QDNL¼DUX Our well is a deep well. XQJD—VSDWKULNDWWDGDPX\DUDP—QDNDWWDGDP Your hospital building is a high building. DYDUDSS—X\DUDP—LUXNU—U His father is tall. HQDUHM—VWKLQ¯ODPLOOH My room is not very long. XQJDYDWWDP—QDWKÀWWDPHQJH" Where is your round garden. RUXSHUL\DVDGKXUDP—QDSHWWLY¼XP I want a big square box. Q¯QJDLQGKDDKDODP—QDDUHOHWKÌQJDO—P You may sleep in this wide room. DYDQJDY¯WWXNNXYDÄLNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX The way to their house is narrow. XQJDNXÄDQGKHHSSRYXPVLULNNXGKX Your child is always laughing. —P—Q—QNÌGDDSGLGK—QQLQHWKWKQ Yes, I thought so too.

114 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDNÌGD\QDSGLVLULWKWKLQJD" Why did you also laugh like that? LQGKDQ—\XQJD\—UYDºDUNU—QJD" Who is rearing these dogs. QNNULQJDXQJDºHNDGLWKWKDQJDº—" Why d’you ask, did they bite you? DQGKDPP—ÄHGK—Q—Q—NXÄDQGKHQJDºHQDO—YDºDUWKWK—U That woman is only poor, but she brought up her children well. Q—QRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHSDGLNND—UDPELWKWKQ I began to study a good book. XQJDYOH\HHSSRPXGLWKLQJD" When did you finish your work? GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKD\DON—UDQHNÌSSLGXQJD Please call a tailor. DL\—XQJDWKDL\DOQDOODLOOHDWKXQLSGLWKDLWKWKLQJD Sir, your stitching is not good, why did you sew it like this. WKDL\DON—UDUPXGKDOOHWKX¼L\HNLÄLWKWK—UDSUDPWKDLNND—UDPELWKWK—U The tailor tore the cloth first, then began to sew. DGKXRUXPXN\DP—QDNDGLGKDPDGKHNLÄLNN—GKLQJD That is an important letter, don’t tear it. HQXGH\DPÌWWH\H\—UDYLÄWKWK—QJDVROOXQJD Tell me, who untied my bundle? Q—QGK—QDGKHDYLÄWKWKQHQQHQ¯QJDNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP I untied it, you must excuse me. Practical Conversation. – At The Hotel. T: Traveller, H: Hotel Manager. 7HQDNNXRUXSHUL\DVXGKGKDP—QDDUHY¼XP I want a big clean room. +QDOODGKXY—QJDXQJDºXNNXRUXSHUL\DDUHNRGXNNUQ Alright, come along, I will give you a big room. 7LQGKDDUHNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DP" How much per day for this room? +LGKXNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXDLQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJDUQXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQ—ºXNNXY¼XP" We charge Rs 500.00 per day for this. For how many days do you want the room? 7DUHRUXY—UDWKWKXNNXY¼XP I want the room for a week. +RQVX¯WNXOLNUDDUHLQJHGK—QLUXNNXGKXHSSRYXPVXGXÀGXGKXWKD¼¼LNLGHNNXWKX Ensuite bathroom is here. Hot running water is always available. 7QDOODGKXW¯HWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXNLGHNNXP" Good. At what time can we get tea? ------

115 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30. LYDUHQJHWKDL\DON—UDU" HQJDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PLYDUGK—QWKDLNU—U DYDUWKX¼LQJDºHPXGKDOOHWKD¼¼LOHQDQHNU—U LSGL\XPDSGL\XPWKX¼L\HNLÄLNU—U LYDUWKDL\DOHQJDºXNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP LQGKDYDÄLURPEDNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX URPEDQ¯ODP—QDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKLQJD HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHLGKXGK—QURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDUDP DQGKDDJDODP—QDYDÄLOHSÀQJD YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LM—VWKLLOOH DGKX—UDP—QDNL¼DUXLOOH Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄSVXYLQJDLQQXQ—QQLQHNUQ QLQJDHOO—UXPWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDLQQXDYDUVROU—U DQGKDWKDL\DON—UDUDÄDK—WKDLNU—ULQQXHQVQKLGKDUVROU—U HOODPXWWHQJDOXPRUNÌGHOHYDLNN—GKLQJD WKX¼LQJDHOO—PRUXPÌWWH\—NDWWXQJD PXWWH\HPÌWWHOHYDLNNDNÌG—GKX NXGH\HNÌGHOHYDLNNDO—P NDGHNNXSÀKDNXGH\XPNÌGH\XPNRQGXY—QJD Y—QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DY—QJD QLQJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DOH LQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD \—ULQGKDYOHVHLU—QJD" WKLUXPEDLQGKDYOHVHLYLQJDº—" LOOHQ—QDGKHVHL\DP—WWQ DYDULQGKDYOHNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP ------

116 Adi’s Book. LESSON 32. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘DH’ AS MEDIAL.. sei make, do nei weave PDÄHSHL rain DÄX cry PDÄHSHLFRQMXJDWHVRQO\IRU1HXWHUSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUH XÄXUXÄX plough WKRÄX worship Vocabulary NDGDYXº God PÀVDP evil, badness RYR¼¼X one of each RYRUXYDU— one by one (person) ovoru each (adj) RYR¼¼— one by one R¼¼— together ovoruvarum each person U plough vayal, nilam field ÌUDYDQ farmer NXGL\—QDYDQ farmer QHVDY—ºL weaver QHVDYXYOH weaving V—\DP colour JHWWLV—\DP fast colour uduppu clothes QÌO thread pattu silk melisu thin, fine SUSÀQDGKX be famous (thing) SUSÀQDYDU be famous (person) buddi bottle marundhu medicine mai-buddi ink-bottle mai ink ÌWKWKX ZLQ pour Y—U VWKWK pour SD¼DSSDL purse Short Sentences. LQGKDYOH\HHOO—UXPR¼¼—VHLGKDQJD They all did this work together. LGKXPÀVDP—QDYOHLGKH\—UVHLGKDGKX" This is a bad job. Who did this. XQJDÌUOHQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGK—" Did it rain hard at your place? —UDQLSDWWXSXGXYHNNXSUSÀQDGKX Arni is famous for silk sarees. N—QMLSXUDWKOHNÌGDSDWWXVOHQHLU—QJD At Kanjipuram also they weave silk sarees. ,QGKDDÄDK—QDVOH\HNDL\—OHQHLGK—QJD They wove this beautiful saree by hand.

117 Adi’s Book.

DQGKDSDL\DQXNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKXDGKDQDOHGK—QDYDQDSGLDÄXGK—Q That boy was very hungry, that is why he cried like that. NXGL\—QDYDQYD\DOOHUÌUDU—Q The farmer is ploughing in the field. NXGL\—QDYDQXNNXµÌUDYDQ¶LQQXLQQRUXSU The farmer has another name, ‘uravan’. SÀQDQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOOHWKRÄXGKÀP We worshipped at church last Sunday RYYRUXPDQXVKDUXPGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHWKÀUD¼XP Each and every person should worship God daily. ,QGKDV—P—QRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH" What is the price of each of these? Q¯QJDRYYRUXYDUXPRUXS—WWXS—GD¼XP Everyone of you should sing a song. XQJDSQ—OHPDLLUXNNXGK— Is there ink in your pen. LOOHHQSQ—OHNRQMDPPDLÌWKWKXQJD No, pour a little ink in my pen. 16. mai buddile enna mai irukkudhu? What ink is in the ink-bottle? 17. mai-buddile karuppu mai irukkudhu. There is black ink in the ink-bottle. Q¯QJDRYYRUXWKDPLÄS—GDPXPQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP You should study each Tamil lesson well. LGKXPDUXQGKXEXGGLGK—Q" This is a medicine bottle, is it not? HQDÄDK—QDXGXSSHQ¯QJDS—UWKWKLQJDO—" Did you see my beautiful garment? Practical Conversation. – At a Cloth Shop. W: Woman Customer, S: Shopkeeper. :DL\—XQJDºLGDPQÌOVOHQJDLUXNNXGK—" Sir, do you have cotton sarees? 6—P—QJDPP—HQJDºLGDPPDGKXUDLFÀLPEDWWÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJDLUXNNXGKX Yes madam, we have Madhurai, Coimbatore, cotton sarees. :PHOLVXWKX¼LOHVLODPDGXUDLSXGXYHQJDS—UNND¼XP—Q—V—\DPJHWWL\—LUXNNX¼XP I want to see some Madhurai sarees in fine material, but they should be fast colours. 6VDULQJDLQGKDQ¯ODQLUDVOHY—QJLNROOXQJDJHWWLVD\DPV—\DPHSSRYXPSÀK—GKX Alright madam, take this blue saree. Fast colour. The colour will never fade. :DQGKDSDWWXVOHQJDHOO—PHQGKDÌUOHQHLU—QJD" Where do they weave all those silk sarees?

118 Adi’s Book.

6SDWWXVOHQJD—UDQL\LOXPN—QMLSÌUDWKWKLOXPQHLU—QJD They weave silk sarees in Arni and Kanchipuram. :LSSRHQDNNXSDWWXVOHY¼—PQÌOVHOHSÀGKXP I don’t want silk sarees now, cotton will do. 6VDULQJDPP—XQJDLVKWDP Alright madam, as you please. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 32. LQGKDYOH\—UVHLGKDGKX" Q—QLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DOH Q¯QJDGK—QLSGLVHLGKLQJDº—" URPEDQ—O—LQJHPDÄHSHL\DOH SÀQDYDUXVKDPNÌGDM—VWKLPDÄHLOOH SÀQDP—VDPURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKX QDºDNNLNÌGDPDÄHSHL\DO—P XQJDNXÄDQGKHU—WKULDÄXGK—Q—" NXÄDQGKHNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKX DGKDQ—OHDGKXURPEDDÄXGKDGKX FKLQQDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—DÄX¼XP DSSRGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOO—SDVLHGXNNXP YOÌUXNNXNLWWDRUXFKLQQDJU—PDWKOHQÌOVOHQJDQHLU—QJD LQGKDJU—PDWKOHHOO—UXNNXPQHVDYXYOHQDOODWKHUL\XP QHVDY—ºLQJDºXNNXLSSRHOO—PNDVKWDPLOOH DYDQJDRUXQ—ººHHWKWKDQHVOHQHLY—QJD" ÌUDYDQLGDPULUXNNXGKX U—OHDYDQQLODWKWKH YD\DOH ÌUDU—Q ÌUDYDQÀGXP—GXQJDQ—ºHOO—PYOHVHLGKXQJD ovvoru paiyanukkum pusthaham irukudhu. RYYRUXYDUXPS—GDWKWKHQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP RYYRUXYDU—DQGKDDUHNNXSÀQJD LQGKDSDÄDPRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH" SDÄDQJDºHRYYR¼¼—PVHPOHYDLQJD ------

119 Adi’s Book. LESSON 33. VERBS, - PAST TENSE WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL. Strong Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense. iru be pira to be born endhiri get up mara forget kida lie down thira open kala mix nada walk para fly DºD measure kara yield milk PL graze Weak Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense. XNN—U sit puhu enter WK— give kuni bend forward Y— come V—L lean NRQGXY— bring ale, thiri wander SÀLVU reach vandKXVU arrive ÀL cease nahar move (intr) YLÄX fall HÄX rise YDºDU grow (intr) Y—Ä live QUDPSRUXWKWKXY— be late, come late The following verbs conjugate only for Neuter; Present, Past and Future. ude break eri burn theri know mudi finish (intr) QÀ ache, pain puri be clear Short Sentences. QWKXN—OHOHQ—QVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXHÄXQGKQ Yesterday I got up at exactly 4 o’clock in the morning. LQGKDQ—NN—OLHSGLXGHQGKDGKX"LGKDQPOH\—UXNN—UQGK—QJD" How did this chair break? Who sat on it?

120 Adi’s Book. HWKWKDQHS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKLQJD"QLQJDS—GDQJDºHPDUDNNDNÌG—GKX How many lessons did you forget? You should not forget lessons. Q¯QJDO—HQSHWWL\HWKLUDQGKLQJD" Did you open my box? DQGKDPP—YXNNXHQQDNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGKDGKX" What was the child born to that lady? LQGKDYOHHSSRPXGLndhadhu? When was this work finished? (intr) Q¯QJDLGKHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXPXGLththinga? At what time did you finish this work? L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPQ¯QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDQDGDQGKLQJD You walked again and again this afternoon. DGKDQDOHGK—QXQJDºXNNXN—OYDOLNNXGKX That is why your legs are aching. QLQJDYOHN—UDQXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPWKDQGKLQJD" How much money did you give to the servant? XQJDNXÄDQGKH\HNRQGXYDQGKLQJDº—Q—QDGKHSDUNND¼XP Did you bring your child? I must see it. L¼¼DNLQ¯QJDQURPEDQUDPSRUXWKWKXYDQGKLQJD" Why did you come very late today? HQQÀGXQ¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXYLQJDº—" Will you always speak with me inTamil? Q—QQ—NN—OLPOHV—LQGKQDGKDQ—OHDGKXNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX I leaned on the chair, therefore it fell down. S—ON—UDQS—OHVDUL\—DºDQGK—Q—" Did the milkman measure the milk properly? QWKXLQGKDN—OQÀQGKDGKXL¼¼DNLLQGKDNDLQÀKXGKX Yesterday this leg ached. Today this leg is aching. Q¯QJDM—VWKLS—OXPSDÄDPXPV—SSLGD¼XPSXULQGKDGK— You should take a lot of fruit and milk, you understand.? LQGKDPDQXVKDUHQJHSLÄDQGK—UHSGLYDODUQGK—U\—UXNNXPWKHUL\—GKX Nobody knows where this man was born and how he was brought up. Q¯QJDNXQLQGKLQJDDSSRXQJDSD¼DSSDLNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX You bent down, then your purse fell down. DGKXXQJDºXNNXHSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"Q¯QJDDGKHS—UWKWKLQJDº—" How did you know that? Did you see it?

121 Adi’s Book. Q—QXQJDOHS—UNNDXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKQ I came to your house to see you. Q—QLSSRGK—QWKÌNNDWKWKLOLULQGKXHÄXQGKQ I woke up just now from sleep.

LQGKDVDQGKÀVKDP—QDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXQWKXGK—QWKHULQGKDGKX Only yesterday I came to know of this happy news. XQJDSÌQHHSGLNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKDGKX" How did your cat fall into the well? HQQDOODND¼¼—GLUHQG—XGHQGKDGKX My nice mirror broke into two. Practical Conversation. – School Caretaker. S: Schoolmaster, C: Caretaker. 6L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKHSS—" At what time did you open the school today ‘pa. &Q—QHWWXPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKQ I opened the school at 8 o’clock. 6NXÄDQGKHQJDHOO—UXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDº—" Did all of the children come to the class in time? &—P—QJDHOO—SLººHQJDºXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDºD" Yes Sir, all the children came to the class on time. 6HQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q Which boy fell from the tree? &U—PDQHQQXPX\DUDP—QDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q The tall boycalled Raman fell from the tree. 6DYDQNDLN—OXGHQGKDGK—HQQD" Did he break an arm or leg? &WKHUL\—GKXQJD—Q—RUXGRFWRUDYDQHS—UWKWK—U I don’t know Sir, but a doctor saw him. ------

122 Adi’s Book. LESSON 34. VERBS, - PAST TENSE WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary pasu cow pul grass YLWK\—VDP difference LQLPOH henceforth WKDQL\— alone R¼¼— together WKD¼¼L\— watery moththam in all, total, on the whole. kodi flag, vine DE\—VDP exercise (n). YLºDNNX lamp puthu new dhadave time, (No. of times) WKÀL wash (clothes) N—L dry Ira wet Short Sentences. QWKWKHOO—PQ¯QJDYH\LOOHWKLULQGKLQJD All of yesterday you wandered in the sun. DGKDQ—OGK—QL¼¼DNLQ¯QJDVXKDPLOOH That is why you are unwell today. XQJDºHVDQGKLNNDÌUHOO—PDOHQGKQ I wandered all over the place to meet you. Q—QURPEDQUDPHQDUHOHLUXQGKQ I was in my room for a very long time. NÀYLOOHPRWKWKDPHWKWKDQHYLºDNNXQJDHULQGKDGK—" How many lamps in all were burning in the temple? U—WKULURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKXN—WKWK—OHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX It rained heavily at night; only in the morning did it cease. QLQJDXQJDYOHVDUL\—VHL\DOHLQLPOHDSGLVHL\DNÌG—GKX You are not doing your work properly. Henceforth you should not do that. Q—QLQJHDQMXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHYOHNNXVUQGKQ I joined here for work five years ago. Q¯QJDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXDQXSSLQLQJD You sent me a good book. DQJHQ¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSÀLVUQGKLQJD" At what time did you reach there?

123 Adi’s Book. DYDQJDV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXLQJHYDQGKXVUQGK—QJD They arrived at here at five o’clock in the evening.

LQGKDPVHNNXPDQGKDPVHNNXP\HQQDYLWK\—VDP" What is the difference between this table and that table? LQGKDPVHSXGKL\DGKX SXWKXVX DQGKDPVHSDÄD\DGKX SDUDVX  This table is new, that table is old. LGKXUH¼GXNNXPDYºDYXGK—QYLWK\—VDP That’s all the difference between these two. WKDPLÄSXVWKDKDQJDºHWKDQL\—YDLQJD Put the Tamil books separately. HOO—SXVWKDKDQJDºXPR¼¼—YDLNN—GKLQJD Don’t put all the books together. Q¯QJDDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXWKDQL\—SÀKDNÌGK—GKX You should not go to that place alone. L¼¼DNLS—OWKD¼¼L\—LOOHDGKXGK—QQDOODGKX Today the milk is not watery, that is indeed good. DYDUQDOODS—ON—UDUDYDUS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODNNDOH He is a good milkman. He did not mix water with the milk. NDWWDGDWKWKXNNXPOHHQJDGKVDWKWKXNRGLSDUDNNXGKX Our national flag is flying over the building. SÀQDY—UDWKOHRUXURSOQ —K—\DYLP—QDP URPEDÌ\DUDWKOHSDUDQGKDGKX Last week an aeroplane flew at a great height. HQJDSDVXURPEDQDOODS—ONDUDNNXGKX Our cow yields a lot of good milk. XQJDSDVXHWKWKDQHO¯WDUS—ONDUDQGKDGKX" How many litres of milk did your cow give? S—ON—UDUSDVXYHS—ONDUDQGK—U The milkman milked the cow. Q—QJDSDODYDUXVKDPVDQGKÀVKDP—YDUQGKÀP We lived happily for many years. LQGKDDE\—VDPÀYYRUXQ—ººHUH¼GXGKDGDYHVHL\DQXP You should do this exercise twice every day. ------

124 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – Housework. H: Housewuife, C: Cleaner. +LQGKDDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHLGKLQJDO—" Have you cleaned this room? &LQQXPLOOHQJDNRQMDPQUDWKOHVXGKGKDPVHL\DSÀUQ Not yet Madam, I am going to clean it in a little while. +PVHQ—NN—OLHOO—PGKÌVL\—LUXNNXGKXGKÌVLQDOODWKXGHQJD The tables and chairs are all dusty. Dust them properly. &VDULQJD¶PDDGKXQJDHOO—PWKX¼L\—OHQDOO—WKXGLSSQ Alright Madam, I will wipe all of them well with a cloth. +WKX¼LQJDURPEDDÄXNNDLUXNNXGKXL¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKÀLNND¼XP The clothes are very dirty. You must wash them today. &L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPWKX¼LQJDHOO—PWKDYDU—PDWKÀLSSQ I shall wash all the clothes this afternoon without fail. +¯UDWKX¼LQJDºHY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OHN—\DSÀG—GKLQJDWKÀWWDWKOHN—\DSÀGXQJD Don’t put the wet clothes to dry in front of the house. Put them in the garden to dry. &VDULQJD¶PDDSGL\VHLUQ Alright Madam, I will do so. Expansion Drill, For Lessons 33&34. S—ON—UDQURPEDN—ODPHYDQGK—QV¯NUDPS—ONDUDQGK—QDGKXOHNRQMDPWKD¼¼L\XP NDODQGK—QLGKHOO—PS—UNNDQ—QDQJHLUXQGKQLQGKDVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNXVROODQ—Q PDUDQGKQXQJDYOHHSSRPXGLQGKDGKX"NRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHPXGLQGKDGKX LQJHYDQGKQRUXQLPLVKDPXNN—UQGKQHQY—WK\—ULQGKDSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDQGK—U SXVWKDKDPNDL\LOLUXQGKXN¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXDGKHHQDNNXSDGLNNDWKDQG—UQ—QDGKH HGXNNDNXQLQGKQS—WWXVDGKGKDPU—WKULSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXÀLQGKDGKXGRFWRUHVDQGKLNND —VSDWKULHOO—PDOHQGKQDYDUVDUL\—SDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXDUHNNXXººHSXKXQGK—UDSSRGK—Q PDÄH\XPÀLQGKDGKXDQGKDYLVKD\DPHQDNNXLSSRGK—QSXULQGKDGKXQ¯QJDPVHPOH V—LQGKLQJDXQJDSQDYLÄXQGKDGKXDSSRDGKXUH¼G—XGHQGKDGKXXQJDY¯WWOHU—WKULHOO—P YLºDNNX\QHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKÌNNDP—"YLºDNNXVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNX HSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULHQWKDOHURPEDQRQGKDGKXHQDNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OH Q—QY¯WWLOLUXQGKXQDKDUDOH LGLRP WKDOHYDOLN—ODPHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX ------

125 Adi’s Book. LESSON 35. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL. Among the following Weak Verbs:- those ending in ‘u’ drop the’u’ and take ‘in’ as medial. those not ending in ’u’ take ‘n’ as medial. ——KX become, happen NDÄXYX wash (dishes not clothes) YLÄXQJXPHO chew, masticate SD¼¼X do, make madakku fold, bend nadaththu conduct Q¯WWX stretch niruththu stop (trans) thodangu begin, start WKDººX push thattu pat, knock thittu scold N—Q—P—OSÀ be lost kattu tie, build WKGX search for P—WKWKX change VHWKWKXSSÀ die thadavu stroke, smear ÀWWX drive XQG—NNX create Q¯QGKX swim virumbu desire thirudu steal P—UX LQWU change P—QGKXSÀ be deceived PDUDQGKXSÀ forget P—WKWKX deceive, cheat WKÀQX appear, seem P—WWX WU hang thongu hang WKÌNNX lift pidungu wrench NDÄDWWX take off, dismantle, strip Vocabulary male mountain siharam hill-top PDLGK—QDP open field, space kulam tank kutte pond, puddle samudhram ocean, sea kare shore, bank ÀWWDO hotel NDFKUL performance arume excellence avasaram urgency

126 Adi’s Book. thuvarppu tartness SXºLSSX sourness uppu saltness thithippu, inippu sweetness kasappu bitterness N—UDP pungence rusi taste (n) UXVLS—U VWKWK taste (v) rasam pepper water PLºDKX pepper Sentences. LQGKL\—YDNNXYDGDNNURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDOHLUXNNXGKX There is a very high mountain in the North of India. WHQVLQJKXPKLODU\XPHYHUHVWVLKDUDWKWKXNNXPXGKDOPXGKDOOHSÀLVUQGK—QJD Tensingh and Hilary reached the top of Everest first of all. SDUDWKWKHWKLUXGDDQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKXPOHULQ—Q That boy climbed up the tree to steal the fruit. YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXHSGLLUDQJLQLQJD" How did you get down from the cart? NDGDOWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKX Sea water is very salty. QDQJDPDGKXUDLOHRUXQDOODÀWWDOOHWKDQJLQÀP We stayed in a good hotel in Madhurai. Q¯QJDU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJLQLQJDº—" Did you sleep well last night? LQJHGK—QQDPNXÄDQGKHQJDQWKXYLOD\—GLQ—QJD Our children played only here yesterday. LGKXYLºD\—WWXPDLGK—QDP This is the playing field. DYDUS—WWXNDFKFKULDQXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX His music performance was excellent. DYDUHOO—S—WWXPQDOODS—GLQ—U He sang all the songs well. QWKXHQQD—QDWKX HQQ—FKX Q¯QJDHOO—UXPHQÀGLQLQJD" What happened yesterday, why did all of you run? DYDUHQDNNXGRFWRUY¯WWHN—WWLQ—U He showed me the doctor’s house. Q—QHQNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODNDGKHVRQQQ I told my children a good story. DQGKDNÌWWDWKOH\—UDUXPH\—SVLQDQJD" Who spoke excellently at that meeting.

127 Adi’s Book. LGKXNXGLWKD¼¼LNXODPLGKXOH\—UXPQLQGKDNXGK—GKX This is a drinking water tank. No one should swim in it. NÀGDLN—QDOULURPEDDÄDK—QDUL The kodaikanal lake is a beautiful one. Q—QXQJDOXNN—KDNÀYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHURPEDQUDPQLQQ I waited for you near the temple for a very long time. DYDQWKLUXGLQ—QDGKDQ—OHDYDQHSÀO¯VN—UDQJDSLGLWKWK—QJD He stole, therefore the police caught him. 20. yenna sonninga? dhayavuseithu marupadiyum sollunga. What did you say? Please say it again. QLQJDXQJDºHSDWKWKLHÄXGKLQLQJD—Q—NXÄDQGKH\HSDWKWKLR¼¼XPHÄXWKDOH You wrote about yourself, but you did not write anything about the child. LQGKDPLWW—\HV—SSLGXQJDLGKXURPEDLQLSS—LUXNNXP Eat these sweets, this will be very sweet. LGKXURPEDNDVDSSXHQDNNXNDVDSS—QDPDUXQGKXY¼—P This is very bitter. I don’t want bitter medicine. ÀWWDOV—SS—GXURPEDN—UDP—Q—URPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXVLODVDPD\DPDGKXVXGXLOOH Hotel food is very hot (taste), but it is very tasty. Sometimes it is not hot (temp). SXºLSS—QDUDVDPHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX I do not like sour pepper water. QLQGKDSDÄDPWKXYDUSS—LUXNNXGKX" Why is this fruit tart. XQJDDUDK—QDNXGH\HHQJHY—QJLQLQJD" Where did you buy your beautiful umbrella? XQSDVXHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKDGKX Your cow came into our garden. DGKXSXOP—WKUXPLOOHVHGLQJDºXPPLQGKDGKX It ate not only grass, but plants as well. LQLPOH—GXP—GXQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDUDNÌG—GKX From now on, goats and cows should not come into the garden. L¼¼DNLQ—QPRWKWKDPDQMXS—GDPSDGLWKWKQ Today I studied five lessons in total ------

128 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – At the Tailor’s. T: Tailor C: Customer. &DL\—HQDNNXVLODXGXSSXQJDDYDVDUDP—Y¼XPV¯NUDPNRGXNNDPXGL\XP—" Sir, I want some garments urgently. Can you give them quickly? 7UH¼GXQ—ººHNRGXSSQVDUL\—" I will give them in two days, alright? &QWKWKXLQGKDWKX¼LY—QJLQQLGKXOHUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPWKDLNND¼XP I bought this material yesterday. Out of this two pants and two shirts should come. 7HQQDVRQQLQJDLQGKDWKXQLUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPSÀGK—GKX (Ibeg your pardon), This is not enough cloth for two pants and two shirts. &Q—QSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LY—QJDPDUDQGKDSÀQQL¼¼DNLVDLQJ—ODPY—QJXYQ I forgot to buy enough cloth. I will buy it this evening. 7LQQRUXWKXQLHQDNNXN—WWLQLQJDLOOH\—"DGKH\HQQDVHL\D¼XP" You showed me some other cloth, didn’t you? What’s to be done with that? &—P—DGKXEORXVWKX¼LLQGKDDºDYXOHPÌQXEORXVWKDLNND¼XP Yes, that is blouse cloth. Three blouses are to be made of this size. 7VDULQJDHOO—PYHººLNLÄDPHNDWW—\DPNRGXSSQ Alright Sir, I will give them on Friday without fail. ------

129 Adi’s Book. LESSON 36. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary PDOKLDSSÌ jasmine UÀM—SSÌ rose dazan dozen kadhambam mixed flowers, garland —LSÀ ZQ be finished adi foot (length) P—GKGKLUH pill N—LFKFKDO fever H¼¼H oil udambu body Sentences. Q—QLQGKDWKDS—OOHSÀGDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ I forgot to post this letter. Q¯QJD\HQQDVHL\DYLUXPELQLQJD" What did you wish to do? LQGKD—GXGK—QY—ÄHLOH\HPHQQDGKX Only this goat chewed the plantain leaf. LQGKDP—GKGKLUH\HPHOODNÌG—GKXQ¯QJDLGKHYLÄXQJD¼XP You should not chew this pill. You should swallow this. XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPQDOODQ¯WWDPXGL\XP—" Can you stretch your arms and legs well? QWKWKXNDLN—ONRQMDPNRQMDP—Q¯WWLQQDSSRQDOO—Q¯WWDPXGLQGKDGKX Yesterday I stretched hands and legs little by little, then I was able to stretch well. SÀQDP—VDPGK—QQ—QJDWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDWKRGDQJLQÀP Only last month we started to learn Tamil. DYDUNDGKDYHURPEDPHGKXY—WKDWWLQ—U He knocked at the door very gently. HQSQDN—¼—PDOSÀQDGKX N—Q—PDOSÀFKX Y¯GHOO—PWKGLQQNLGHNNDOH My pen was lost. I searched for it all over the house; didn’t get it. PÌQXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHDYDUDSS—VHWKWKXSÀQ—U His father died three years ago. DYDUHSGLVHWKWKXSÀQ—U What did he die of? DYDUXNNXURPEDQ—O—N—LFKFKDO—LUXQGKDGKX He had fever for a long time.

130 Adi’s Book. YD¼GLNN—UDQYD¼GL\HURPEDYKDP—ÀWWLQ—Q The cart driver drove the cart very fast. XQJDNDL\HQDOO—NDÄXYLQLQJDº—" Did you wash your hands well. \—ULQGKDYOH\HSD¼¼—QJD" Who did this work? NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKDGKX"NÌWWDWKWKH\—UQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD" Where was the meeting held? Who conducted the meeting? DYDUHLQJHQQLUXWKWKLQ¯QJD" Why did you stop him here? LQGKDSQ—YH\—UNLÄHWKDOOLQ—QJD" Who knocked this pen down? Q—QDYDQHWKLWWLQQ—Q—DGLNNDOH I scolded him but did not hit him. DYDUWKDQY¯WWHWK—QNDWWLQ—U He built his house himself. L¼¼DNNLQDPQ—\HQ¯QJDNXOLSS—WWLQLQJDº— Did you bathe our dog today? HQPVH\HLQGKDSDNNDPQWKLULSSLQLQJD" Why did you turn my table this way? 23. chennaiyilirundhu eppo thirumbininga? When did you return from Chennai. XQJDSDÄD\DWKX¼L\HP—WKWKLQLQJDº—" Did you change your old clothes? LQGKDH¼QH\HXGDPEXHOO—PQDOO—WKDGDYLQLQJDº—" Did you smear well the whole body with this oil? Practical Conversation. – At a Flower Stall. W: Woman, F: Flower Girl. :LQJHYD¶PDXQQLGDP\HQQDSÌLUXNNXGKX" Come here. What flowers do you have? )LSSRHQQLGDPPDOOLKDLSÌP—WKUXPLUXNNXGKX I have only jasmine flowers. :XQNLWWDUÀMDSÌLOOH\— Don’t you have roses? )HQNLWWDLUXQGKDGKX—Q—HOO—P—LSÀQDGKX —LSÀFKFKX  I had, but they are all gone. W. kadhambam oru adi enna vile? How much is a foot of mixed flowers? )LQGKDNDGKDPEDPRUXDGLDQMXUÌE—DGKXHÄXUÌE—DGL This garland is five Rupees a foot, that one is seven Rupees a foot. :UÀM—SÌGD]DQHQQDYLOHYLNUH¶P—" For how much do you sell a dozen roses ‘ma? )QDOO—UÀMDSÌSDQQHQGXUÌE—GD]DQ Good roses, twelve rupees a dozen. ------

131 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30. HQDNNXPDOHPOHUDURPEDLVKWDPPDOH\LOLUXQGKXQ—QVXODPEDP—LUDQJLQQ DYDUL¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXFKHQQDLOHYD¼GLULQ—UN—WS—GLOHPDGK\—QDPLUDQJLQ—U ÀWWDOV—SS—GXHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKXHQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LUL\LOLUXQGKXYDUXGKX FKHQQDLNDGDONDUH NDGDUNDUH URPEDDÄDK—QDGKX PDÄHN—ODWKOHNXºDWKOHNXWWHOHNL¼DWKOHHOO—LGDWKWKLOXPWKD¼¼LS—UNNDO—P HQJDÌU—WKOHHSSRYXPNRQMDWKD¼¼LGK—QÀGXGKX LGKXDUDPH\—QDV—SS—GX—Q—NRQMDPN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX XQJDNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKXLQGKDSDÄDPQURPEDSXºLSS—LUXNXGKX" DYDQJDLQGKDURWWL\UXVLS—UWKWK—QJD DGKXURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXLQQXVRQQ—QJDL¼¼DNNLV—SS—GXUXVLLOOH DPP—LQGKDNDVDSSXPDUXQGKHNXGLNNDP—WWQ DGKXNXGLNNDURPEDURPEDNDVDSS—LUXNNXGKX UDVDPQWKLWKLSS—LUXNNXGKX"DGXOHFKDNNDUHNDODQGKLQJDº—" Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVRQQQQ¯QJDDGKHPDUDQGKDSSÀQLJDº—" DYDUHQQDXQJDºHNNNDYLUXPELQ—U" Q—QLSSRGK—QDGKHSDWKWKLSVDWKRGDQJLQQ HQDNNXXQJDY¯GXWKHUL\—GKXDYDUGK—QDGKHHQDNNXN—WWLQ—U Q¯QJDXQJDY¯WWHHSSRP—WKWKLQLQJD" HQF—UV—YLN—¼—PDOSÀFKFKXDGKHURPEDQUDPWKGLQQ ------

132 Adi’s Book. LESSON 37. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘TT’ AS MEDIAL. In the following verbs, ‘du’ is dropped when adding the medial ’tt’ and endings. V—SSLGX eat thodu touch SÀGX throw vidu leave padu suffer kashtappadu suffer, worry. SUD\—VDSSDGX try, endeavour VDQGKÀVKDSSDGX rejoice ahappadu be found purappadu set out, start (on journey). kumbidu worship NÌSSLGX call nadu plant sudu burn, shoot (with gun). NºYLSSDGX hear Vocabulary NO VWW hear NÌFKFKDOSÀGX make a noise DK—\DPY—QDP sky NDGDYXºGKYDQ God ulaham world EKÌPL the Earth FKDQGUDQQLO— moon nakshathram star DP—YDVH new moon SRZU¼DPL full moon VÌU\DQ sun veyyil sunshine, sun heat. PD¼ mud, earth PD¼DO sand, gravel neruppu fire neruppu petti match box WKXSS—NNL gun NDLWKXSS—NL handgun padippu education miruham animal N—GX forest iruttu dark (n). singam lion puli tiger pul grass pudhar bush, thicket Sentences. WKÀWWDNNDUDQRUXSHUL\DPDUDWKWKHYHWWLQ—Q The gardener cut a big tree. DYDQDQGKDPDUDWKWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HSÀWW—Q He threw the wood out of the garden.

133 Adi’s Book. Q—QJHOO—PLSSRGK—QV—SSLWWÀPQ¯QJDV—SSLGDOH\—" All of us ate just now; are you not eating? Q—QJDQDOODVDQJDGKL\NºYLSDWWÀPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP We heard the good news, we were very happy. Q¯QJDHQQHSDODGKDGDYHNÌSSLWWLQJD—Q—Q—QYDUDPXGL\DOH You invited me several times, but I could not come. DYDQXNNXSDGLSSXLOOHDGKDQ—OHNDVKWDSSDWW—Q He was not educated, so he suffered. HQWKÀWWDWKOHDQKDSÌVHGLQJDQDWWQ I planted many flowering plants in my garden. WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDQ—QURPEDSUD\DVDSSDWWQ I tried hard to learn Tamil. —K—\DWKOHHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What (things) are in the sky? Y—QDWKOHVÌU\DQXPFKDQGKUDQXPQDNVKDWKUDPXPLUXNXGKX The sun moon and stars are in the sky. L¼¼DNLSRZU¼DPLDGKDQ—OGK—QQLO—YHS—UNNDDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX Today is the full moon, so the moon is very beautiful to look at. DP—Y—VHQ—ºFKDQGKUDQWKHUL\—GKX At the new moon time the moon is unseen. D¼¼DNLURPEDLUXWW—LUXNNXP It will be very dark then. Q—PVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNDGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELGD¼XP We should worship God daily to be happy. NDGDYXºURPEDURPEDQDOODYDUDYDUQDPXNNXHOO—PVHLY—U God is very kind, he will do everything for us. N—WWXPLUXKDQJDºHVXGDWKXSS—NNLY¼XPNDLWKXSS—NNLSÀGK—GKX A gun is needed for shooting wild animals, a handgun is not enough. SÀO¯VN—UDQJDWKXS—NNL\—OHSXOL\HVXWW—QJD The police shot a tiger with a gun. VLQJDPXPSXOL\XPN—WWXPLUXKDQJD—GXPP—GXPY¯WWXPLUXKDQJD The lion and tiger are wild animals, the goat and the ox are domestic animals.

134 Adi’s Book. QWKWKXS—GDPXQJDºXNNXQDOO—YLºDQJLQDGK— Was yesterday’s lesson very clear to you. 8QJDSHWWL\HVDUL\—SÌWWLQLQJDº—" Did you lock your box properly? 21. indha marundhe aththane dhadave thadavininga? How many times did you apply this medicine? Q—QDYDULGDSDODGKDGDYHP—QGKXSÀQQ I was deceived by him several times. HQQHDYDUDQKDGKDGDYHP—WKWKLQ—U He cheated me many times. LQGKDLUXWWX LUXWW—QD DUHOHHSGLYOHVHLULQJD How do you work in this dark room. $YDUDQGKDYOH\HYLWWXYLWW—U QLQQ—DGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOH LQWHVLILHGµYLWW—U¶ He left (got out of) that job because he disliked it. Practical Conversation. – At a Rural Hospital. D: Doctor, P: Patient.. 'XQSUHQQD¶P—"XQYD\DVXHQQD"XQÌUHGKX" What is your name? How old are you? Which is your village? 3HQSUFKLQQDPP—QYD\DVXLUXEDWKWKDQMXHQÌUPOÌU My name is Chinnamma. I am twenty five years old. My village is Melur D. unakku enna kashtam? What is your trouble? P. yenakku joram, irumbal, thale vali. I have fever, cough , headache. 'XQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPHWKWKDQHQ—º—LUXNNXGKX" How long have you had this trouble? 3HQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDP—LQGKDNDVKWDP I have had this trouble for two weeks. 'XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQD YUHQQD NDVKWDP" What other trouble do you have? 3DL\—HQDNNXXGDPEXHOO—PURPEDYDOL Sir, there is pain all over my body. 'VDULµPDDQJHXNN—UQ—QPDUXQGKXNRGXNUQ Alright ‘ma, sit there, I will give you some medicine. ------

135 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 37. L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQQDV—SSLWWLQJD"HQQHHQQDNWWLQJD"Q—QDGKHSDWKWKLPDUDQGKXSÀQQ SDUY—LOOHHQQH\QNÌSSLWWLQJD"Q—QDYDQJDºHDSGL\—NÌSSLWWHQ QDSGLVDGKGKDPSÀWWLQJD"\—ULQJHNÌFKFKDOSÀWWDGKX? (making a noise). DYDUXNN—UDQ—QQ—NN—OL\HSÀWWQPXGKDOOHNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXV—SS—GXSÀWW—QJD DGKXNNXDSUDPQ—QJDVDSSLWWÀPXQJDOHSDWKWKLQ—QQWKWKXGK—QNOYLSDWWQ LQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXYDÄLOHDKDSSDWWDGKXHQNXÄDQGKHDGKHDQJHSÀWWDGKX SÌVHGLQJDºHNL¼DWKWKXNNXYDODGKXSDNNDPQDWWLQJDº—" \—U—GXP—GXQJDºHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXXººHYLWWDGKX" LQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDURPEDSUD\DVDSDWWQDGKXNN—KDURPEDNDVKWDSSDWWQ NDGDVLOHDQGKDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSDWW¼ ------

136 Adi’s Book. LESSON 38. REVIEW (REVISION) No.III. Vocabulary DL\À oh dear! DL\ÀS—YDP poor soul GKÀ something palahe, palake plank, board jebam prayer jebam sei pray visanappadu (w.tt) be sad Practical Conversation. – Mother and Father. M: Mother, F: Father. )ND¼¼DQHQJHSÀQ—Q"HSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—Q" Where did Kannan go? When will he come back? 0ND¼¼DQSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀQ—QDQMXPD¼LNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEXY—Q He went to school. He will come back after 5 o’clock. )DYDQQWKWKXY¯WWXNNXQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—Q" Why did he come back very late yesterday? 0DYDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—QQLQQ—SDººLNÌGDWKOHURPEDQUDPYLOD\—GLQ—Q He came very late because he played in the school for a very long time. )L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPHQJHV—SSLWW—Q" Where did he eat this afternoon? 0DYDQL¼¼DNNLWKDQVQKLGKDUÀGXSDººLNÌGDWKOHV—SSLWW—QY¯WWOHV—SSLGDOH Today he ate with his friends in the school. He didn’t eat at home. )DQGKDV—SS—GXDYDQXNNXSLGLWKWKDGK—" Did he like that food? 0DYDQVQKLGKDUDYDQXNNXQDOODV—SS—GXNRGXWKWK—QJD DGKXDYDQXNNXURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKXLQQXVRQQ—Q His friends gave him good food. He said that he liked it very much. ------

137 Adi’s Book. Review No. III DL\—Q¯QJD\—U"XQJDSUQQD"XQJDÌUHGKX"\HQSUNULVKQDQHQÌUVODP VODPL QJLUXQGKXU RPEDG KÌUDP—" X QJDÌ U GKÌUDP—NLWWDY—" V ODPH YºDYX GKÌUDWKOH LUXNNXGKX"\HQÌULQJLUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLQJLUXQGKXDLQÌUXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDWKOH LUXNNXGKXDGKXSHUL\DSDW¼DPFKLQQDQDKDUDPLOOHDQGKDÌUQDOODÌULOOH\—" —P—P—URPEDQDOO—ÌUGK—Q Q—QXGDQHFKHQQDLNNXSÀKD¼XPQ¯QJDºXPHQQÀGXYDULQJDº—HQQÀGXYDUDXQJDºXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP—" L QQXP\ —U FKHQQDLNNXS ÀU—QJD" H QP DQDYL\XPNX ÄDQGKHQJDºXPN ÌGD YDUXY—QJDURPEDQDOODGKXDSSRQ—QXPXQJDºÀGXYDUQQ—QHWKWKDQHP—QLNNXWKD\—U— LUXNND¼XP"Q—ºDNNLN—ODPH—UXPD¼LNNXDQGKDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHWKD\—U—LUXQJDQ—Q VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXXQJDºHVDQGKLSSQDGKXNNDSUDPQ—QJHOO—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDO—P Q¯QJDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHL\D¼XPDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVDUL\—VHL\DOHQ¯QJDLQGKD YOH\HSDODGKDGDYHVHLGKLQJDDGKDQ—OHLGKHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXP L¼¼DNNLN ÌWWDPH QJHQ DGDNNXP"  Q WKXN ÌWWDWKOHQ —QH SGLS VLQQ"  Q ¯QJD DUXPH\— SHVLQLQJDQ—QQDOODSVDOHDQGKDNÌWWDWKOHRUXYDUSVDOH—Q—GKÀSDGLWKWK—U NÌWWDPDQMXPD¼LNNX—UDPELWKWKDGKXHWWXPD¼LNNXPXGLQGKDGKXDQJHSDODVWKU¯QJDNÌGD YDQGKDQJDQ—QµMRKQ¶HNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNÌSSLWWQ—Q—DYDUYDUDOH L QGKD— UDP—QDN L¼DWKWKXW KD¼¼LQ DOO—WKD¼¼L H QJD DQDODP—QDW KÀWWDWKOHX \DUDP—QD PDUDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDQ—QHQWKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXRUXDÄDK—QDSXNRQGXYDQGKQXQJD YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKWKHQ—QNÌGDSDUWKQNXWWH\—QDPDQXVKDUVDGKXUDP—QDSDODNH\HHQJH NRQGXSÀU—UHQJDÌUULDÄDK—QDHULQ—QJDDQGKDULOHQLQGKDDGLNNDGLSÀYÀPNXGL WKD¼¼LNXODWKOHQLQGKDNÌG—GKXNRYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHRUXNXODPLUXNNXGKXHOO—UXPDQGKD NXODWKLOLUXQGKXN XGLNNDW KD¼¼LNR QGXSÀU—QJD   X QJDºXNNXQ LQGKDW KHUL\XP—"   Q —Q XQJDOOXNNXQLQGKDNDWKWKXNRGXNUQVDULURPEDQDQGUL DYDUXNNXLSSRURPEDSD¼DNDVKWDPDYDULGDPSÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDU URPEDN DVKWDSSDGU—U  DYDUXNNXD QMXN XUDQGKHQJDL QQXW KÀQDGKX  L GKHS DWKWKL\ DU VRQQDQJD"DYDUDPP—SRQDYDUXVKDPVHWKXSÀQDUDGKXNN—KDDYDUURPEDYLVDQDSDWW—U Q—Q RUXQ —ºDYDU Y¯WWXNNX SÀQQ   Q —QJDU H¼GX SUXPU RPEDQ UDPS DODY LVKD\DP SVLQÀPLSSRDYDUXNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QXPVDQGKÀVKDSDWWQ

138 Adi’s Book. D QGKDS HUL\DY OH\HP XGLNNDR UX YDUXP— QDGKX Q DQJD HOO—PL QGKDY OH\HR ¼¼— —UDPELWKWKÀP   DGKHP ÌQXP D¼LOHP XGLNNDY LUXPELQÀP DGKXNN—K—URPED SUD\DVDSDWWÀP— Q—PXGL\DOH  R UXQ —ºYOHQ DGDNNDOH QLQQ—D¼¼DNNLM —VWKLP DÄH SHLGKDGKX   D GKDQ—OHU RPEDN RQMDPGK—QY OHV HLGKÀP LGKXV XODEDP—QDY OH LOOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHQ¯QJDWKDQL\—VHL\DPXGL\—GKXDL\ÀS—YDPHQ—OHXQJDºXNNXURPED NDVKWDPXQJ DN DVKWDWKWKXNN—K—URPEDQ DQGUL   L QLPOHQ —QJDL QGKDY LGKDP—QDY OH VHL\DP—WWÀP Q ¯QJDH QQH HQD UHOHV DQGKLNNDO—P QDºDNNLN —ODPHN DWW—\DPY —QJD  Q —QH QD UHOH HSSRYXPLUXNUQQDºDNNLNÌGDLUXSSQU—PDQXPUDK¯PXPM—QXPSRQDVDQLNNLÄDPHHQJD Y¯WWXNNXYDQGK—QJDHQY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—"WKHUL\XPXQJDYLGXNÀYLOXNNX PXQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXVDULGK—Q—"LSSRXQJDY¯WWOH\—ULUXNU—QJD"DYDQJDOO—PQ—ºD¼¼DNNL FKHQQDLOLUXQGKXSXUDSSDGU—QJDHQQLGDPYDUDDYDQJDºXNNXVDQGKÀVKDP — JDVWP —VDPS DGKLQDQM—PW KGLH QJDºXNNX YOHLO OH QLQQ—D¼¼DNNLV XGKDQGKLUD GKLQDP LQGHSHQGHQFHGD\ DGXWKWKDY—UDPWKLQJDNLÄDPHQ—QJDPDUXSDGL\XPYOHNNX SÀYÀPQ—QNLÄHQ—O—YDGKXDUHOHYOHVHLUQQ¯QJDHQDNNXURPEDQ—O—NDGLGKDPSÀGDOH Q—QGK—QXQ JDºXNNX SDODG KDGDYH HÄXGKLQQ       XQJDOLGDPLUXQGKXH QDNNX RUX NDGLGKDPNÌGDYDUDOHGKD\DYXVHLGKXXGDQDYDUXNNXHÄXGKXQJDLGKHQLQJDPDUDQGKX SÀKDNÌG—GKXYLODQJXGK—LOOH\— DYDUSHUL\DSD¼DNN—UDUDYDUXNNXDQKDYOHN—UDQJDLUXNUDQJDDYDUY¯WWOHHSSRYXP SDGKLQDQMX SU YHOHV HLU—QJD L QGKDS D¼DNN—UDU HOO—UXNNXPQ DOODYDU D YDU HOO—UXNNXP QDOODGKXVHLU—U—Q—HOO—SD¼DNN—UDUXPQDOODYDQJDLOOHLYDUHQ¯QJDVDQGKLWWLQJDº—Q—Q DYDUHRURUXGKDGDYHVDQGKLWWQ RURUXRQO\RQFH Q—PLSSRNDGDYXºHNXPELGDSÀYÀPY—QJDQ—PQ—ºGKÀUXPMHEDPVHL\D¼XP Q—PQ—OODYDQJDO—LUXNNDNDGDYXºMHEDP YD¼DNNDP URPEDPXN\DPNDGDYXºYD¼DNNDP SUD\HU WR* RG  HQDNNXV DQGKÀVKDWKWKHN RGXNNXGKX Q¯QJDY DUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD NDGDYXºXQJDºHN —SS—WKWKXY—U  D YDU HQQHN —SS—WKWKLQ—U  L QGKDQ DOODY —UWKWKHNN—KD XQJDºXNNXHQQDQGULXQJDY—UWKWKH\HQ—QNSSQYD¼DNNDPSÀLWXYDUQ ------

139 Adi’s Book. LESSON 39. PAST PARTICIPLES. The meaning and use of the Past participles will be seen from the examples given below. Forming Past Participles. Verbs, past tense not taking ‘in’ as medial:- drop the ending, and substitute ‘u’. Past Tense Past Participle Meaning YDQGKQ vandhu having come DGLWKWKQ adiththu having struck VHLGKQ seidhu having done Verbs, past tense taking ‘in’ as medial:- drop the termination. Y—QJLQQY—QJL having bought N—WWLQQN—WWL having shown S—GLQQS—GL having sung Irregular Past Participles. SÀQQSÀL having gone —QQ —L having become VRQQQ solli having said ------Negative Past Participles. These are formed by DGGLQJµ—PH¶WRWKHLQILQLWLYH vara YDU—PH without coming adikka DGLNN—PH without hitting V—SSLGD V—SSLG—PH without eating.

LOO—PHZLWKRXW follows nouns and pronouns:- SXVWKDKDPLOO—PHY—QJD Come without the book. Q—QLOO—PHQ¯QJDSÀKDO—P You may go without me. ------

140 Adi’s Book. Sentences. NXÄDQGKHQJDSDºLNNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLSDGLNÄDQJD The children go toschool and study. DQJHHOO—UXPR¼¼DVUQGKXYLºD\—GU—QJD There they all join together and play. Q—QRUXFK¯WWXHÄXWKLNRGXNUQDGKHNRQGXSÀLGRFWRULGDPNRGXQJD I shall write a chit and give it to you. Take it and give it to the doctor. DYDQV—SSLWWXYHºL\HSÀQ—Q He ate and went out. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHWKLUDQGKXY—VLQJD Open this book and read. Q—QQ—OGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELWWXWKÌQJDSÀUQ Daily I pray to God and go to sleep. SD¼DWKWKHPVHPOHYDLWKXNXºLNNDSÀQQ I went to bathe having kept the money on the table. GKD\DYXVHLGKXLYDUÀGXSÀLHQY¯WWHDYDUXNNXN—WWLY—QJD Please go with him, show my house and come. Q—QXQJDºXNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLDQXSSLQQ I sent word for you several times. (idiom). SHWWL\HQDOO—PÌGLSÌWWXSÀGXQJD Close the box well and lock it. NXÄDQGKHDPP—YLGDPÀGLYDQGKDGKX The child came running to the mother. Q—PV—SS—WWHHSSRYXPQDOO—PH¼¼XV—SSLGD¼XP We should always chew our food well and eat it. V¯NUDPV—SSLWWXXGDQHDQJHSÀQJD Eat quickly and go there immediately. XQJDEDGKLOHS—UWKXGK—QQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ Only after having seen your reply I shall go to Chennai. Q¯QJDDQJHSRK—PHLQJHLUXNNDPXGL\—GKX You cannot remain here without going there. DYDQJDEDGKLOLOO—PHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀKDP—WWQ I will certainly not go without their reply.

141 Adi’s Book. LQGKDYOH\HVHLGKXDYDQJDY¯WWXNNXSÀQ—QJD Having done this work they went home. FKLQQDSDL\DQJDPDLGK—QDWKOHÀGL—GLYLºD\—GU—QJD Small boys are playing happily in the open field. NÀYLOXNNXSÀKDQUDSÀLLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP To go to the temple, go straight and turn right. DYDQJDHQWKDPLÄS—WWHNWWXYLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWK—QJD Having heard my Tamil song they laughed hilariously. (idiom)(fell about, laughing!) Q—QJDPDPE—\LOLUXQGKXQWKWKXSXUDSSDWWXL¼¼DNNLYOÌUYDQGKXVUQGKÀP Setting out from yesterday, we reached Vellore today. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKHV¯NUDPSDGLWKWKXPXGLWKWKXHQQLGDPNRGXQJD Read and finish this book soon and give it to me. L¼¼DNNLQ—QVDQGKÀVKDPLOO—PHYOHVHLUQQLQQ—NXºLNN—PHYDQGKQ I am unhappily working because I came without bathing. NDGKDYXWKLUDQGXLUXNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXPÌGXQJD The door is open, please close it. L¼¼DNNLHQJDF—UNHWWXSÀQDGKX NHWWXSÀFKX DGKDQ—OHQ—QJDQDGDQGKXYDQGKÀP Our car broke down today, so we came walking. Practical Conversation. – At a Furniture Shop. C: Customer S: Shopkeeper. &DL\—XQJDOLGDPPVHQ—NN—OLQJDWKD\—U—LUXNNXGK—" Do you have chairs and tables ready made? 6—P—LUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQD HQWKD PDUDWKOHYQXP" Yes we have, what wood do you want? &QÌNNDPDUDWKOHYDLWKXLUXNULQJDO—" Do you have them in rosewood? 6PXQQ—OHYDLWKXLUXQGKÀPLSSRWNNXPDUDWKOHGK—QLUXNNXGKX We had before. Now we have them only in teakwood. &XQJDNDGHOHYDWWD YDWWDP—QD V—SS—WWXPVHLUXNNXGK—" Do you have a round dining table in your store?

142 Adi’s Book. 6LSSRWKD\—U—LOOHHQJDºXNNX—UGDUNRGXQJDRUXY—UDWKOHVHLWKXNRGXNUÀP Not ready now. Give us an order. We’ll make it and give it in a week. &L¼¼DNNL—UGDUNRGXSSÀPHQJDV—P—QHSSR HWKWKDQHQ—ººH HQJDºXNNXNLGDLNNXP We’ll give an order today. When can we get our things. 6XQJD—UGDUXNN—KDQDQGULXQJDV—P—PXQJDºXNNXRUXY—UDWKOHNDWW—\DPNLGDLNNXP Thanks for your order. You will get your things without fail in a week. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 39. Q—QV¯NUDPV—SSLWWXWKÌQJDSÀQQWKÌNNDWKWKLOLUXQGKXHÄXQGKXHQQDVHLGKLQJD"NRQMDP QUDPWKÌQJLDSUDPNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLQQNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLDYDULGDPNRGXWKWKQDYDU DGKHY —QJL WKDS—O— S¯VXNNXN RQGXSÀQ—U  D GKHN RQGXSÀL WKDS—OS HWWLOHS ÀWW—U D QGKD NDGLGKDPV UQGKX EDGKLOXPY DQGKDGKX X QJDºXNNX\ HQQDV ROOLD QXSSLQ—U" D YDU XQJDºXNN—KDLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNRGXWKWKXDQXSSLQ—U LGKHV —SSLWWXW KD¼¼LNXG LQJD LQJHUXQGKXH WWXP D¼LNNXS XUDSSDWWXD QJH HWKWKDQHP D¼LNNXS RLVUQGKLQJD" Q—QU —WKUL UH¼GXP DQLNNXY DQGKXV UQGKQ DYDQJDN DVKWDSSDWWXL QGKDS XVWKDKDPH ÄXGKLQ—QJD YOÌUHY¯WWXH SSRS RULQJD" L QGKD DUXPH\—QDW KX¼L\HW KRWWXS —ULQJD X QJDS —WWHN NNX URPEDV DQGKÀVKDSSDWWQ D YDQJDH OO—PNRY LOXNNX SÀLN DGDYXºHN XPELWWX YDU—QJD NDGH\LOLUXQGKXRUXGD]DQSDÄDPY—QJLYDQGKQQ—QJDVDLQJ—ODPHOO—PYLºD\—GLLSSRGK—Q SÀUÀP  D YDU RUXP D¼LQ UDPS VLXN N—UQGK—U  Q LQJDP DUDQGKXSÀLL QGKDY OH\H VHLGKLQJDº—"XQJDPVH\HNRQMDPWKDOOLYDLQJDQ—QJDLQJHYDQGKXRUXYDUXVKDP—QDGKX —FKFKX S—ON—UDQJDS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODQGKXYLNU—QJD Q¯QJDL ¼¼DNNLH QQHS —UNN—PH SÀKDNÌG—GKX WKDPELS DGLNN—PHL QJHH QQDV HLUH  R ¼¼XPP DUDNN—PH HOO— VDQJDGKL\XPVROOD¼XP Q ¯QJDD QGKDW KLUXGDQHS LGLNN—PHY LGDNÌGK—GKX Q —QJDY ¯WWOH V—SSLG—PHÀWWDOOHV—SSLWWÀPDGKHHQDUHOHYDLNN—PHLQJHQYDLWKWKLQJD"LGKXNN—KDQ—Q —Ä—PH HQQDV HLYQ" Q —Q HQQ—OH  VLULNN—PHL UXNNDP XGL\—GKX L QGKDQ DOODY —GK\—U NXUDQGKHQJDºHDGLNN—PHNDWKWKXNNRGXNU—UURPEDQ—O—PDÄHSHL\—PHLUXNNXGKXN—SSL LOO—PHQ—QYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKXSD¼DPLOO—PHNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDP—WWHQVLODVDPD\DP Q—QF KDNNDUHLOO—PHN —SSLNXGLNUQ Y OHLOO—PH DYDUXNNXU RPEDN DVKWDP—LUXNNXGKX DQKDSUY¯GXLOO—PHV—SS—GXLOO—PHWKX¼LQJDLOO—PHNDVKWDSDGU—QJDXQJDXGKDYLLOO—PH Q—QLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKX ------

143 Adi’s Book. LESSON 40. PERFECT AND IMPERFECT TENSES. Perfect Tenses To form Perfect Tenses for any Verb, use the Past Participle plus ‘iru’ plus Personal Endings according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense. e.g. Q—QYDQGKXLUXNUQ Q—QYDQGKLUXNUQ I have come. similarly, Q—QYDQGKLUXQGKQ I had come Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ I will have come Note:- Future perfect also expresses ‘would have’ Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ I would have come. Imperfect Tenses To form Imperfect Tenses for any Verb, use the Past Participle plus ‘kondiru’ plus Personal Endings according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense. DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U avar YDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U He is coming similarly, DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXQGK—U He was coming DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXSS—U He will be coming Colloquial Corruption.-modifying ‘kond’ to ‘knu’ or ‘kittu’, NRQGLUXNU—U NQXXUXNU—U NLWWXLUXNU—U NRQGLUXQGKQ knu irunGKQNLWWXLUXQGKQ NRQGLUXSSQNQXLUXSSQNLWWXLUXSSQ Q—QLSSRHÄXGKLNQXLUXNUQ HÄXGKLNRQGLUXNUQ  I am writing now. Q—QV—SSLWWXNLWWXLUXQGKQ V—SSLWWXNRQGKLUXQGKQ I was eating. Sentences. Q—PLQGKDYLGKDP—QDYOHPXQQ—OHVHLGKLUXNUÀP We have done this kind of work before. XQJDºHS—UNNDQ—QSDODGKDGDYHYDQGKLUXQGKQ I had come to see you several times.

144 Adi’s Book. DYDUQ—ºDNNLVDLQJ—ODP—UN—WWXNNXSÀLLUXSS—U By tomorrow evening he will have gone to Arcot. Q¯QJDDYDUHHQJHHSGLVDQGKLWKWKXLUXNULQJD" Where and how have you met him? Q—QXQJDºHNDGHWKHUXOHS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen you in the bazaar. NXÄDQGKHWKXQJLNLWWXLUXNNXGKX The child is sleeping. DYDUU—WKULWKÌNNDPLO—WKDLUXQGK—UDGKDQ—OHLSSRQDOO—WKÌQJU—U He was without sleep last night, so he sleeps soundly now. Q¯QJDLQQXPNRQMDPQ—ººHQDOO—WKDPLÄSVLNRQGLUXSSLQJD In a few days you will be speaking Tamil fluently. QWKWKXY¯WWOHHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKLQJD" What were you doing yesterday at home? Q—QQWKWKHOO—PNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLNRQGLUXQGKQ Yesterday I was writing letters the whole day. SÌQHS—ONXGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX Tlhe cat is drinking milk. Q—QLQGKDPDUXQGKXNXGLWKWKLUXNUQ I have taken this medicine. DYDQJDLQJHURPEDVDGKGKDP—SVLNRQGLUXNU—QJD They are talking here very loudly. Q—ºDNNLLQQUDPQ—PUHQGXSUXPUD\LOOHSÀLNRQGLUXSSÀP Tomorrow by this time we will both be going in the train. Q—QU—WKULXQJDºHS—UNNDYDUDOHQLQQ—DSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX I did not come to see you last night because it was raining. Q¯QJDQWKWKXNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKLULQGKLQJDº—" Did you come to the meeting yesterday Q—QJDLSSRSDWKWKXSUXNNXV—SS—GGXVDPHWKWKXLUXNUÀP We have cooked food for ten people now. DYDQDQJHQSÀLNRQGLUXNU—Q" Why is he going there? VDQLNNLÄDPHV—LQJ—ODPQ—QJDN—WKWKXY—QJDSÀLNRQGLUXNUÀP. On Saturday evening we were going for a stroll. (lit. getting air, ‘breath of fresh air’)

145 Adi’s Book. DSGL\—"URPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QJDNÌGDL¼¼DNNLSÀKDSÀUÀP Is that so? very glad, we are also going today. DYDUQDPDNN—KDUH¼GXPD¼LQUDPN—WKWKXNRQGKLUXQGK—U He was waiting for us for two hours. DSS—YXPDPP—YXPQDPPLGDPLUXQGXNDGLGKDPHGKLUS—UWKWKXNRQGLUXSS—QJD. Mother and father will be expecting letters from us. (looking for). NXÄDQGKHDGLNNDGLQDÄXGKXNRQGKLUXQGKDGKX" Why was the child crying frequently? DGKXNNXWKÌNNDPYDUDOHDGKDQ—OHHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX It did not get sleep, hence it was giving me trouble. Q—QJD—UXSUWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRQGLUXNUÀP We six people are learning Tamil. Practical Conversation. – Study or Play? M: Mother, C: Child. 0NULVKQ—SDGLNN—PHLSSRHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXNUH" Krishna, what are you doing now instead of studying. &YLºD\—GLNRQGLUXNUQNRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDPSDGLNUQ¶P— I am playing. I will study after a little while, mum. 0Q—QXQDNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLLUXNUQQ¯VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXSDGLNND—UDPELNND¼XP I have told you several times. You should start studying at exactly six. &Q—ºD\LOLUXQGKXDSGL\VHLUQL¼¼DNNLPDWWXPNRQMDQUDPYLºD\—GUQ¶P— From tomorrow I will do just that. Today only I am playing just a little while. 0VXPP—SVLNRQGLUXNN—GKHQ—ºDNNLYLG\—OD\—P—Q—Q¯LSSRNDWW—\DPSDGLNND¼XP Don’t keep talking. Tomorrow you may play, but now you must study. &VDUL¶P—DSS—YDQGK—U—" Alright mum. Has father come? 0LQQXPYDUDOHQ¯V¯NUDPSÀLSDGLLOOQ—DSS—YDQGKXXQQHDGLSS—U Not come yet. You go and study quick, or father will come and hit you. ------

146 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 40. HQJDV DPH\DON—UDU L¼¼DNNLQ DOODV DPH\DOV HLGKLUXNU—U  Q —QD YDUHS DODG KDGDYH VDQGKLWKWKXLUXQGKQXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDQLQHWKWKXLUXQGKQDYDQDQGKDPXN\DP—QD NDGLGKDWKHNLÄLWKWKXL UXSS—Q L YºDYXQUDPD YDQJDS—GDP— UDPELWKWKXL UXSS—QJD Q —Q LQGKDSX VWKDKDPL YºDYXGK—QP XGLWKWKXL UXNUQ  D QGKDS DL\DQJDU RPEDV LULWKWKX NRQGLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJDHSSRYXPDGKHSDWKWKLQQLQHWKWKXNRQGKLUXQGKLQJD" LQQXPP DÄHS HLGKXNRQGLUXNNXGK—"  GRNWRU —VSDWKULOHY OHV HLGKXN RQGLUXNU—U NXÄDQGKHQURPEDDÄXGKXNRQGLUXNU—Q"L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHVOHQJDQHLGKLUXSS—QJD"Q¯QJD HYODYXQUDPXNN—UQGKXNRQGLUXQGK¯QJD"XÄDYDQJDYD\DOOHXÄXGKXNRQGKLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJD SDÄD\DS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKXSÀLLUXNULQJDLOOH\—"DYDQJDLQQXP—V—SSLWWXNRQGLUXNU—QJD LGKXNNXXººHLQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHOO—UXNNXPWKHULQGKXLUXNNXP Q—QXQJDÌUXNNXDGLNNDGLYDQGKXLUXQGKQQ¯QJDDYDUXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKX LUXNULQJD D GKX YKDP—HQJHS ÀLNRQGLUXNNXGKX"  NÌWWDPH WWXP D¼LNNXP XQQ—OH PXGLQGKXLUXQGKDGKXDYDUXNNXSDODNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLLUXNUQFKLQQDSDL\DQJSÌQJD WKLUXGLNRQGLUXQGK—QJD Q¯QJDS —WWXD ÄDK—S—GLNRQGLUXQGKLQJD Q —QD GKHJ KDYDQDP— NWWXNRQGLUXQGKQ  L QGKDY H\LOOH QD OHQGKXNRQGLUXNULQJD" Q—QX QJDºHGK—Q WKGLNRQGLUXQGKQQ¯QJDURPEDQHUDPLQJHLOOHHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD"DQGKDPP—SDWWX VOHQJDOHPDGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNU—QJDQ—QDUHQJDHOO—PSÌWWLLUXQGKQLSSRDGKXQJDHOO—P thirandhu irukkudhu. ------

147 Adi’s Book. LESSON 41. CONDITIONAL FORMS. Positive Conditional-‘if’. Present and Future Conditional is expressed:- (a) by adding µ—¶WRWKHSDVWmedial, Past tense Conditional Meaning YDQGKQYDQGK— if I come S—UWKQS—UWKWK— if I see VRQQQ VRQQ— if I say or (b) by adding µQ—¶WRSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUHWHQVH Q¯QJDYDULQJDQ— if you come Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJDQ— if you come Q¯QJDYDUXYLQJDQ— if you come to make the present and future conditional forms. Past Conditional is expressed:- (a) by adding µ—¶WRWKHSDVWSHUIHFWPHGLDO QLQJDYDQGKXLUXQGK— if you came Negative Conditional ‘if not’. 7KLVLVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶WRan infinitive, regardless of number, gender, person or tense. Q¯QJDYDU—YLWW— or QLQJDYDUDOHQ— meaning:- if you do not come, or if you did not come, or if you will not come. Note:-µ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶IRllows nouns or pronouns. SHQFLOLOOQ—SQ—NRQGXY—QJDRUSHQFLO—YLWW—SQ—NRQGXY—QJD Bring a pen if not a pencil. QLQJDDQJHLOOHQ—Q—QYDUDP—WWQRUQLQJDDQJHLOO—YLWW—Q—QYDUDP—WWQ I will not come of you are not there. ------

148 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary for Lesson 41 aththe aunt FKLWKWKDSS— uncle P¯VH moustache PXºH grow —ºSU person QUDP—FKX it is time LQQRUXYURUX another ghanam, ede weight maththa the other OVX lightness LQQR¼¼XYUR¼¼X another one RUXYºH perhaps NXUHNDPPL—KX decrease NXėL tap, pipe, tube udambu body YUH different, any other jananga people Sentences. Q¯QJDQ—ºGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSDGLWKWK—WKDPLÄQDOODSHVDPXGL\XP If you study Tamil daily, you can speak Tamil well. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLWWDGK—QQ—QSÀYQ Only if he calls me I shall go. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGDOQ— NÌSSLG—YLWW— Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ If he does not call me I shall not go. NXÄDQGKHQJDS—ONXGLWKWK—VXKDP—LUXSS—QJD If the children drink milk they will be healthy. JKDQDPNXUH\D NDPPL—KD NRQMDP—V—SSLGD¼XP You should eat less to lose weight. JKDQDPNXUHQGK—XGDPEXOVDLUXNNXP If you lose weight the body will be light. HQQDNNXLQGKDQ—NN—OLY¼—PYUR¼¼XNRQGXYDQGK—QDOO—LUXNNXP I don’t want this chair, if you bring another one it will be nice. SDWKWKXSULQGKDYOHVHLWK—DGKHV¯NUDPPXGL\XP If ten people do this work it will be finished quickly. NÌWWDWKWKXNNXURPEDMDQDQJDYDQGK—Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ If a lot of people come to the meeting I will not go. Q¯QJDU—PDQS—UWKWKW—LQJHYDUDVROOXQJD If you see Raman, tell him to come here.

149 Adi’s Book. XQJDºXNNXSD¼DPLOO—YLWW—HQDNNXVROOXQJD Tell me if you don’t have money. URPEDQDQGULHQDNNXSD¼DPY¼XP—Q—Q—QXQJDOOXNNXVROYQ Many thanks, if I want money I shall tell you. PDÄHSHLGK—Q¯QJDYHºL\HSÀKDNÌG—GKX If it rains you should not go out. DYDUXNNXVXKDPLOOQ—GRFWRULGDPXGDQHNDWWD\DPSÀKD¼XP If he is not well he must go to the doctor’s at once. Q¯QJDPGKXY—SVLQ—HQDNNXVDUL\—YLºDQJXGKX If you speak slowly I understand properly. Q—QR¼¼XVR¼¼—DYDUYUR¼¼XVHLU—U If I say one thing, he does another. DWKWKHNNXP¯VHPXºHWKWK—FKLWWDSS——Y—U SURYHUE If an aunt grows a moustache, she will become an uncle. (Eng. Pigs might fly!) URPEDGKÌUDPQDGDQGK—XQJDN—OYDOLNNXP If you walk a long distance your legs will ache. Q¯QJDS—GLQ—DYDU—GXY—UQ¯QJDSDG—YLWW—DYDU—GDP—WW—U If you sing she will dance, if you do not sing she will not dance. DÄXGKDGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXS—ONLGDLNNXPA child will get milk only if it cries. Q¯QJDWKD\—U—LUXQGK—Q—PLSSRYHºL\HSÀKDO—P If you are ready, we may go out now. XQJDºXNNXRUX—QNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGK—HOO—UXPVDQGKÀVKDSSDGXY—QJD If a baby boy is born to you, everybody will rejoice. Q—PYOHOHJKDYDQDP—LUXQGK—GK—QYOH\HQDOODVHL\DPXGL\XP Only if we are careful in our work can we do the work well. DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP If he does not come to my house I shall be sorry. RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQ\QLQQ—URPEDQUDP—FKFKX Perhaps I shall not come, because the time is over. ------

150 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – Can I Drink This Water? W: Westerner L: Local Indian. :DL\—XQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LHSGLNLGDLNNXGKX" Sir, how do you get your drinking water? /HQJDºXNNXNXėLPÌODP—WKD¼¼LYDUXGKX We get water through pipes. :NXėLNNX\HQJLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXGKX" From where is the water piped? /—WKWKLOLUXQGKXNXÄDLNNXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX Water comes to the pipe from the river. :—WKWKLOHWKD¼¼LLOO—YLWW—\HQQDVHLYLQJD" If there is no water in the river, what will you do? ,—WKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNN—YLWW—Y¯WWXNL¼DWKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXP If we don’t get water from the river, we’ll get it from the well of our house. :—Q—NL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LXSS—LUXQGK—\HQQDVHLYLQJD" But if the well water is salty, what will you do? ,HQQDVHL\DO—P"\HQJDºXNNXYUHWKD¼¼LLOOHWKD¼¼LNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKXY—QJD¼XP What can we do? We have no other water. We should get water by payingfor it. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 41. DQGKDSHWWLJKDQDP—LUXQGK—Q—QDGKHWKÌNNDPXGL\—GKXSDWKWKX—OLQGKDYOH\HVHLGK— V¯NUDP—PXGL\XPLGKHMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXLUXQGK—YLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWKXLUXSS—QJD Q—QF KHQQDLNNXS ÀQ—R UXYºHD YDUHV DQGKLSSQQ ¯QJDQ DGDQGKXS ÀQ—URPEDQ UDP —KXPWKDPLÄS—GDQJDOVD VXODEDP— LUXQGK—QDOO—LUXNNXPXQJDJKDQDPNX UHQGK— XQJDOXNNXQDOODGKXQDQWKDPLÄOHSHVLQ—Q¯QJDOXPWKDPLÄSHVXYLQJDLOOH\—"DYDUXNNXW¯ SLGLNN—YLWW—N—SSLNX GLNNDO—P  Q LQJDV DPH\DOV HL\DP XGL\—YLWW—V XKDP— KDP—WWLQJD SÌVHGLQJDLOO—YLWW—WKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNN—GKXU—WKULOHWKÌNNDPLOO—YLWW—DGXWKWKDQ—OYHOH VHL\DNDVKWDP—LUXNNXPN—WKWKXDGLNN—YLWW—LQQXPVÌG—LUXNNXPQ—ºGKÀUDPWKDPLÄ SDGLNN—YLWW—S—GXQJDP DUDQGKX SÀKXP  L QGKDV DQJKDGLX QJDºXNNXV ROO—YLWW—HQDNNX WKÌNNDPYDU—GKXDYDUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKXLUXQGK—HOO—PWKHULQGKXLUXNNXPDYDQJD SDQDPNRGXWKWKXLUXQGK—Q—QJDDQGKDV—P—QHY—QJLLUXSSÀP PDÄHS HLGKXL UXQGK—LYºDYXV ÌG—LUXNN—GKX   Q ¯QJDD YDUHN WWXL UXQGK—DYDU DGKH XQJDºXNNXNRGXWKWKXL UXSS—U S DºOLNÌGDPLOO HQ—NXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXU RPEDV DQGKÀVKDP XQJDºXNNXSDVLLOOHQ—V—SSLG—GKLQJDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKXQ—M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNND¼XP

151 Adi’s Book. WKDS—O—S¯VSDNNDPSÀYLQJDQ—DGKHWKDS—OOHSÀGXQJDXQJDYOH\HLSSR—UDPELWKWK—GK—Q V—LQJ—ODWKWKXNNXX ººHP XGL\XP  Y—GK\—U S—GDQJDºHV DUL\—NDWKWKXNNRGXNN—YLWW— P—QDYDUXNNXN DVKWDP Y¯WWOH FKDNNDUHL OOHQ—YHOODPXE D\ÀJLNNDO—P NDLOHS D¼DP LOO—YLWW—URPEDN DVKWDP—LUXNNXGKX D GKXXQ JDOXNNXW KHUL\DOHQ—HQQHN OXQJD P DOH POHLUXQGKXS—UWKWK—JU—PDPHOO—PQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX PÌNNXND¼¼—GLL OO—YLWW—QDQ SDGLNNDP XGL\DOH W KLUXGDQHG KDQGLNNDOHQ—PDUXSDGL\XP WKLUXGXY—Q QDOODGKXQ LQHNN—YLWW—SDUYDLO OH— Q—NHWWDGKXQ LQHNNDNÌG—GKX D QGKD YLºDNNXHUL\—YLWW—LQGKDYLºDNNXSÀGXQJD ------

152 Adi’s Book. LESSON 42. ‘EVEN IF’ AND ‘EVEN IF NOT’. ‘even if’:- use conditional form plus ‘lum’ irrespective of number, gender and person. Conditional ‘even if’ DYDQYDQGK— if he comes DYDQYDQGK—OXP even if he comes DYDQDGLWKWK— if he strikes DYDQDGLWK—OXP even if he strikes ‘even if not’ and ‘although’:- use negative conditional form plus ‘lum’ irrespective of number, gender and person. DYDQYDUDOHQ— if he does not come DYDQYDUDOHQ—OXP even if he does not come DYDQYDU—YLWW— if he does not come DYDQYDU—YLWWDOXP even if he does not come Vocabulary VXPP—FKXPP— just, simply, purposeless, costless, free VXP—UVXP—U— aproximately, not bad, about right VXPP—LUX VQGK be quiet sumara iru (s.ndh) be better(health) nadaththu (w.in) conduct (meeting), treat(guest) LUXQGK—OXP nevertheless —Q—OXP nevertheless mahan son mahal daughter VDKÀGKDUDU brother VDKÀGKDUL sister VQKLGKDUQDQEDU friend (m.) VQKLGKL friend (f) erume buffalo S—GKL half (measure) N—O EHIRUH a quarter PXNN—O EHIRUH three quarters Sentences. Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPHYºDYXS—OY—QJULQJD" How much milk do you buy daily? Q—QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPDUHOLWDUHUXPHSDOY—QJUÀP We buy half a litre of buffalo milk every day. VLODVDPD\DPV—LQJ—ODWKOHN—OOLWDUSDVXPS—OY—QJUÀP Sometimes we buy a quarter litre of cow’s milk in the evening. Q¯QJDSÀK—OXPQ—QSÀKDP—WWQ Even if you go I shall not go.

153 Adi’s Book. DYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPQ—QNDWW—\DPSRKD¼XP Even if he does not come I must go. DYDQJDHWWXPD¼LNNXYDQGK—OXPSÀGKXP It is enough even if they come at eight o’clock LGKXNNXQ¯QJDSDWKWKXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—OXPSÀGK—GKX Even if you give ten rupees for this it is not enough. DYDUSD¼DPNRGXNN—YLWW—OXPSXVWKDKDWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRGXQJD Give him the book, even if he does not give the money,. Q—PDYDQJDºHNXSSLG—YLWW—OXPDYDQJDLQJHYDU—QJD They are coming here even if we do not call them. Q¯QJDSDQDPNRGXWKWK—OXPDYDUXNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH He is not happy even if you give him money. XQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUÀGXSHVD¼XP Even if you do not like it you should speak to him. DYDUXQJDVQKLGKDU—LUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDSGLVHL\DNXG—GKX You should not do that, even if he is your friend. PDÄHSHLGK—OXPHQPDKDQYHºL\HYLºD\—GXY—Q Although it is raining my son will play outside. Q¯QJDVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXPLQGKDPDUXQGKHNXGLNND¼XP You should take this medicine even if you are better. Q—QJDDUXPH\—SDGLQ—OXPHQJDS—WWHQ¯QJDNNNDOH Even if we sing excellently you are not listening to our song. DYDUHQPDKDOHSDUNN—YLWW—OXPHQPDKDQHS—UNNDO—P He may see my son even if he did not see my daughter. DYDQJDLQGKDDUH\HNDÄXYLQ—OXPLGKXVXGKGKDP—LOOH Even if they wash this room this is not clean. LQLPOHQ—QPXQGKLYDU—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDPXQGKLYDUD¼XP +HQFHIRUWKHYHQLI¯GRQRWFRPHHDUO\\RXVKRXOGFRPHHDUO\

154 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDWKDPLÄHÄXGK—YLWW—OXPQDOO—SVULQJD Even if you are not writing Tamil you are speaking well. LGKXNNXPDGKXNNXPYLWK\—VDPLUXQGK—OXPSDUY—LOOH Never mind even if there is a difference between this and that. LQGKDS—GDPHQDNNXYLºDQJ—YLWW—OXPQ—QDGKHQDOODSDGLNNDPXGL\XP Even if this lesson is not clear to me I can read it well. DQGKDPP—XQJDVDKÀGKDULGK—QLUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUHDSGLQDGDWKWKDNÌG—GKX Even if she is only your sister you should not treat her like that. DYDUQDOODY—GK\—UGK—Q—Q—OXPDYDUDGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSVU—U He is indeed a good teacher, nevertheless he often speaks English. DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP I will be sorry if he does not come to my house. RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQQLQQDURPEDQUDPDFKFKX Perhaps I shall not come, because it is very late. Practical Conversation. – At a Conference. F: First Member, S: Second member. )VQHKLGKDUNÌWWDPHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNX—UDPELNNXGKXWKHUL\XP— Friend, what time does the meeting start, do you know? 6N—ODPHSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXLQQXQLQHNUQ 10 o’clock in the morning, I think. F. adhu yeppo mudiyum. When will it finish. 6DGKXSDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXPXGL\D¼XPLUXQGK—OXPDGXNNXDSUDPSVLNRQGLUXSS—QJD It should finish at 12 o’clock, nevertheless they will keep on talking after that. )QLQJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNDWW—\DPYDUXYLQJDº—" Will you definitely come to the meeting? 6—P—Q¯QJDSÀK—YLWW—OXPQ—QSÀYQ Yes, I will go even if you don’t. )Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKOHSHVXYLQJDº—"Q¯QJDSVLQ—OXPQ—QSVDP—WWQ Will you speak at the meeting? Even if you speak I will not. 6XQJDLVKWDP—Q—Q¯QJDSV—YLWW—OXPQ—QSVDSÀUHQ As you like, but I am going to speak even if you don’t. ------

155 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 42. DL\—LQJHVXPP—XNN—UXQJDM—VWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJDFKXPP—LUXQJDDYDURUX Y—UDP—VXKDPLOOHLSSR\HSGLLUXNU—U"DYDULSSRVXP—U—LUXNU—UVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXP NDVKWDP—QDYOHVHL\DNÌGK—GKXN—OOHRUXFKLQQDNDVKWDPGK—Q—Q—OXPDGKXURPED YDOLNNXGKXHQJDºXNNXUH¼GDUHN¯ORFKDNNDUHSÀGKXP\HQDNNXLYODYXFKDNNDUHY¼—P DGKDQ—OHS—GKLQ¯QJDNRQGXSÀKDO—P L¼¼DNNLHQJDºXNNXPÌQN—OO¯WDUS—OY¼XPUH¼GPXNN—OO¯WDULSSRSÀGK—GKXQ—ºDNNL VXP—UDQMDUHO¯WDUS—OY—QJXYQHQPDKDQXPPDKDºXPSDOOLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLLUXNU—QJD WKDPELXQVQKLGKLQDOODDÄDK—QDSH¼LQQXWKHUL\DGKXYDVDQWK—XQVQKLGKDUURPED QDOODYDULQQXWKÀ¼XGKXXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHVDKÀGKDUDUVDKÀGKDULQJDLUXNU—QJD"MHED NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX"DGKH\—UQDGDWKU—QJD" DYDUXNN—KDQ¯QJDURPEDQUDPLUXQGK—OXPDYDUYDUDOHDYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPSDUYDLOOHQ—Q NRQMDPQHUDPLUXSSQHQDNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGK—OXPQ—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXVROODOH SDUYDLOOHQ¯QJDVROO—YLWW—OXPHQDNNXDGKXQDOO—WKHUL\XPDYDQJDY—UDPGKÀUDP YDQGK—OXPHQY¯WWXNNXYDUDP—WWDQJDQ¯QJDHYºDYXSUD\—VDSDWW—OXPDGKXL¼¼DNNL PXGL\—GKXQ—\HNXºLSDWWLQ—OXPDGKXVXGKGKDP—LUXNN—GKXURPEDYKDP—ÀGLQ—OXP HWWXPD¼LNNXYD¼GL\HSLGLNNDPXGL\DOHQ¯QJDYLUXPELQ—OXPDQJHLSSRSÀKDPXGL\—GKX ------

156 Adi’s Book. LESSON 43. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES. AND PARTICIPIAL NOUNS. Relative pronouns in English are words such as in He who opens.. The gate which shuts.. A dog that barks.. These follow the pronoun or noun. There are no relative pronouns in Tamil. There are relative participles attached to a verb. These go before the pronoun or noun. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F326,7,9( The present and past relative participles are formed by dropping the ending and substituting ‘a’, regardless of number, gender and person. Present Tense Pres. Rel. Participle YDUQ I come vara who comes DGLNUQ I strike adikra who strikes Past Tense Past. Rel. Participle YDQGKQ I came vandha who came DGLWKWKQ I struck adiththa who struck The future relative participle is the same as the neuter future tense form, Future Tense Future Rel. Participle varum it will come varum who will come adikkum it will strike adikkum which will strike NB: Present and future Positive Relative Participles are interchangeable. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F1(*$7,9( ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKD¶UHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH YDU—GKD who does not come, who did not come, who will not come. SDGLNN—GKD who does not study, who did not study, who will not study.

157 Adi’s Book. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F326,7,9( Present. Present positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns. vara + avan = varavan The man who comes, he who comes. (Also means ‘He who will come’; pres. and fut. forms are interchangeable, see below.) Note the forms using other pronouns – varava, varavar, varavanga, varadhu, varadhunga. Past. Past positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns. vandhavan He who came. Similarly:- vandhava, vandhavar, etc. Future. For Weak Verbs:- For persons; Root + ‘b’ + 3rd person pronouns For neuter; Root + ‘v’ + 3rd person pronouns varubavan He who will come.. Similarly:- varubava, varubavar, etc. For Strong Verbs:- For persons or neuter Root + ‘pp’ + 3rd person pronouns nadappavan He who will walk.. Similarly:-nadappava, nadappavar, etc. and also neuter nadappadhu, nadappadhunga. NB. Present and future Positive Relative Participial nouns are interchangeable. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F1(*$7,9( Negative relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns, regardless of number, gender person and tense. YDU—GKDYDQYDU—GKDYDYDU—GKDYDUYDU—GKDYDQJDYDU—GKDGKXYDU—GKDGKXQJD He who:- did not come does not come will not come. Vocabulary PXQGKL\ already V—GK—UDQDP— ordinarily D¼DL dam YHººDP flood anbu love, kndness muyal rabbit YLVVKDP— particularly N¯ÄSDGL ZQGK obey kada (s.ndh) cross HÄXSSX ZLQ WU wake vasi (s.thth) live, reside kudi iru (s.ndh) live, reside ------

158 Adi’s Book. Sentences. QLQJDLSSRSDGLNUDS—GDPVXODEDP—QDGKX The lesson which you are now studying is easy. Q—QQWKWKXVRQQDS—GDPLGKXGK—Q—" Is this the lesson which I said yesterday? DYDUQ—ºDNNLY—VLNNXPS—GDPHQDNNXWKHUL\—GKX I don’t know the lesson which he will read tomorrow. Y—GK\—UNDWKWKXNRGXNN—GKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJD\QSDGLNND¼XP" Why should you read the lesson which your teacher has not taught you? V—GK—UDQDP—HOO—UXPSVUDWKDPLÄQ—QPXGKDOOHNDWKWKXNNRºYQ I shall first learn the Tamil which everyone normally speaks. Q¯QJDS—GLQDS—WWHNWWXQ—QJDURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP We enjoyed very much hearing the song which you sang. GRNWRUQ¯QJDNRGXWKWKDPDUXQGKXURPEDNDVDSSX Doctor, the medicine which you gave was very bitter. DYDUVRQQDVDQJDGKLHQDNNXPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP I know already the news which he said. D¼DLNDGDQGKDYHººDPDÄXGK—OXPYDU—GKH (No good crying over spilt milk!) The flood which has crossed the dam will not come back, even if one cries. DGL\—GKXP—GXSDGL\—GKX (Spare the rod and spoil the child.) The ox that is not beaten will not obey. Q—QSLGLWKWKXPX\DOXNNXPÌQXN—O (To swear black is white) The rabbit which I caught has only three legs. DGXWKWKDY—UDPQDPY¯WWXNNXYDUXP—ºSU\HQQD" What is the name of the person coming to our house next week? QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHSVLQDYDUXQJDD¼¼DQ—" Is he your elder brother who spoke in the meeting yesterday? LQJHVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÌQHLSSRLOOH The cat which made the noise is not here now. Q—QXQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLWWDV—SSDGXDUXPH\—QDV—SS—GX Th food which I ate inyour house was excellent.

159 Adi’s Book. DGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSHV—GKDWKDPLÄY—GK\—ULGDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººXQJD Learn Tamil from aTamil teacher who does not speak english often. WKÌQJUDNXÄDQGKH\HGKD\DYXVHLGKXHÄXSS—GKLQJD Please do not wake up the child who is sleeping. DÄDUHNXÄDQGKHNNXGK—QS—ONLGHNNXP (the squeaky door gets the oil) Only the child that cries will get milk. DėGKDNXÄDQGKHNNX\DUXPS—ONRGXNNDP—WW—QJD Nobody will give milk to the child that does not cry. Q¯QJDY—QJLQDSHWWLNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKLQJD" How much did you pay for the box that you bought. Q¯QJDNXGLNNXPWKD¼¼L—WKWKXWKD¼¼L The water which you drink is river water. LQGKDS—WWXS—GLQDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKL It is my younger sister who sang this song. RFWREHUUH¼G—PWKGLP—KDWKP—J—QGKLSLUDQGKDQ—O October 2nd was Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday. Practical Conversation. – With a Neighbour. H: Householder, N: Neighbour. +LSSRXQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDPDQXVKDUHWKWKDQHSU" How many are the persons who are in your house? 1LSSRHQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDYDQJDPRWKWKDPHWWXSU There are eight persons who are in our house now. +QWKWKXXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKD—O\—U" Who was the person who came to your house yesterday? 1QWKWKXHQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKDYDUHQVQKLGKDU The person who came to our house yeaterday is my friend. H. kaile andha pusthaham enna? What is that book in your hand? 1LGKXQ—QSDGLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQ¯QJDLGKHSDGLWKWKXLUXNULQJDº—" This is the book which I am reading. Have you read this? +LOOHQ—QSDGLNN—GKDSXVWKDKDQJDººHLGKXR¼¼X No, this is one of the books which I have not read. ------

160 Adi’s Book. LESSON 44. COMPARISON, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS. COMPARISON. There are no degrees of comparison in Tamil, but Comparatives are expressed by adding µHYLGD¶RUµHNN—WWLOXP¶RUGDWLYHFDVH to the declensional baseof the nouns and pronouns compared to, as en pusthaham unga pusthahathevida periyadhu. or en pusthaham unga pusthahaththukku periyadhu. My book is bigger than yours. Superlatives are expressed by adding µHOO—UDL\XPYLGD¶RU¶HOO—UDLNDWWLOXPRUµHOO—UXNNXP¶IRUSHUVRQV and µHOO—PYLGD¶RUµHOO—WKWKXNNXP¶IRUWKLQJV to the item compared to. as in LQGKDSDL\DQÀWWDWKOHSDL\DQJDHOO—UDL\XPYLGDJHWWLNN—UDQ This boy is the best of all the boys in running. or in UÀM—SÌSÌHOO—PYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX or UÀM—HOO—SÌYH\XPYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX The rose is the most beautiful of all flowers. REFLEXIVE VERBS. 5HIOH[LYH9HUEVDUHIRUPHGE\DGGLQJµNRº¶WRWKHYHUEDOSDUWLFLSOHV They take ‘nd’ as medial in the past tense. edu take HGXWKWKXNRº take for yourself podu throw SÀWWXNRº put on Y—QJX buy Y—QJLNNRº buy for yourself N.B.7KHµº¶LVGURSSHGLQWKHFROORTXLDOIRUPZKLFKLVYHU\ZLGHO\XVHG Vocabulary thani thaniya separately adhisayam wonder(n.) U—M— king DGKLK—UDP power nijam, unme truth VLUHFKFK—OH jail thennai maram coconut tree P—PSDÄDP mango kadal sea, ocean SDO—SDÄDP jack fruit

161 Adi’s Book. NDOOÌUL college YDLGK\DNDOOÌUL medical college budhdhi wisdom, answer budhdKLV—OL wise person V—QWKDP peace, forbearance periyavar old person, adult S—UNNDYQGL\D worth seeing YQGLLUX VQGK GDW to have to Sentences. ,GKHYLGDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXY¼XP I want a better book than this. PÌQ—YDGKXS—GDWKWKHYLGDQ—O—YDGKXS—GDPNDVKWDP—QDGKX The fourth lesson is harder than the third. DQGKDSH¼WKDQWK—\HYLGDURPEDDÄDK—QDYD That girl is more beautiful than her mother. HQDNNXV—GKDWKWKHYLGDFKDSS—WKWKLGK—QM—VWKLSLGLNNXP I like chappathies much more than rice. WKDQL\—SÀYDGKHYLGDHOO—UXPVHUQGKXSÀYDGKXQDOODGKX Going together is better than going alone. SDVXQDPXNNXQ—\HYLGDXED\ÀKDP—QDGKX The cow is more useful to us than a dog. DYDUPÌNNXHQPÌNNHN—WWLOXPQ¯ODP—LUXNNXGKX His nose is longer than mine. WKHQQDLPDUDPHOO—PDUDWKWKH\XPYLGDX\DUDP—LUXNNXGKX The coconut tree is the tallest of all the trees. DYDUHN—WWLOXPEXGKGKLV—OL\—UXPLOOH No one is wiser than he. P—PSDÄDPY—ÄDSDÄDWKWKHN—WWLOXPWKLWKWKLSS—LUXNNXP A mango is sweeter than a plantain. NXGKLUH\HYLGDQ—LYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\XP—" Can a dog run faster than a horse? LYDQXNNXSÀWWXNNRººDSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LLOOH This man does not have enough clothes to wear. Q¯QJDXQJDSQ—YHHGXWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—" Did you pick up your pen?

162 Adi’s Book. WKDS—ON—UDUWKDS—OHGXWKWKXNRQGXSÀU—U The postman is carrying the post. DYDQJDWKDQJDSHWWL\HQPÌGLNRQG—QJD" Why did they close up their box? HYºDYXQUDP—WKÌQJLNRQGLUXNULQJD" How long have you been sleeping? WKDPLÄQDOO—SDGLWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—" Did you learn Tamil well. DQGKDPP—WK—QVDPH\DOVHLGKXNRººDPXGL\DOH That woman cannot cook by herself. LQGKDNDVKWDPLOO—GKXYOH\HQ¯QJDO QLQJDGK—Q VHLGKXNRººD¼XP You yourself should do this easy work. PXGKDOOHWKDPLÄQDOODSVDNDWKWKXNRººXQJD First learn to speak Tamil well. HOO—UXNNXPSHUL\DYDUNDGDYXº God is the greatest of all. V—QWKDPNDGDOLOXPSHUL\DGKX SURYHUE Forbearance is mightier than an ocean. QLMDPSVUDGKLOHJ—QGLML\HYLGDX\DUQGKDYDQJD\—U" Who is greater than Gandhiji in speaking the truth? Q—ODNNLYDUXPSDO—SDÄDWKWKHYLGDL¼¼DNNLLUXNNXPNDº—SDÄDPHPO—QDGKX SURYHUE A carissa fruit today is better than a jack fruit tomorrow. (A bird in the hand…) L¼¼DNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDSHVDY¼GLLUXNNXP You will have to speak in today’s meeting. Q—QLQJOLVKHYLGDWKDPLÄOHQDOODSVDYXP HÄXGKDYXP PXGL\XP I can speak and write Tamil better than English. * Note the use of ‘-um…-um’ after the infinitves. Practical Conversation. – Visiting Vellore. V: Visitor, L: Local Vellorian. 9YOÌUFKHQQD\HYLGDSHUL\DQDKDUDP—" Is Vellore a larger city than Chennai? /LOOHFKHQQDL\HN—WWLOXPFKLQQDQDKDUDP No, Vellore is smaller than Chennai. 9YOÌUOHS—UNNHY¼GL\DLGDQJDHQQHQQD" What are the places worth seeing in vellore? /RUXSHUL\DNÀWWHYDLGK\DNDOOÌUL&0&—VSDWKUL—¼JDºXNNXPSH¼JDOXNNXPWKDQLWKDQL\— VLUHFKFK—OHQJDLGKHOO—PYOÌUOHS—UNNDYQGL\DLGDQJD A big fort, Medical College, CMC Hospital, jails separately for men and women, these are all places worth seeing in Vellore.

163 Adi’s Book. 9Q—PDGKHOO—PS—UNNDSÀKDO—P—" May we go to see all of them? /VDULQ—PSÀKDO—PLQGKDWDYXQEDVOHXNN—UQGKXNR ººX QJD Alright, let’s go. Sit in this town bus. 9YOÌUHSDWKWKLQ—QÄXDGKLVD\DQJDNOYLSDWWQDGKXQJDOO—PXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" I heard about seven wonders of Vellore. Do you know all of them? L. theriyum, V. Yes I know, U—M—LOO—GKDNÀWWH a fort without a king, V—PLLOO—GKXNÀYLO a temple without a deity, WKD¼¼LLOO—GX—UX a river without water, PDUDQJDLOO—GKDPDOH a hill without trees, DGKLK—UDPLOO—GKDSÀO¯V police without power, DÄDKXLOO—GKDSH¼¼XQJD women without beauty EXGKGKLLOO—GKXNDOOÌULPDQDYDU college students without sense, —Q—LGKXOHNDGDVLPÌQXPQLMDP—LUXNNDPXGL\—GKX but the last three cannot be true! Expansion Drill, For Lesson 44. Q¯QJDL QJHP XQGKL\YDQGKXL UXQGKLQJDº—"  L QGKL\—OHS DOD— UXQJDºXNNXD ¼DL NDWWLNR¼GLUXNU—QJD S HUL\DYDQJDºXNNXN ¯USDGLUDN XÄDQGKHQJDH QDNNXS LGLNNXP — WKWKX YHººDWKOHV LODP DUDQJDºHN ÌGDS —UWKQ D YDU URPEDQ UDPW KÌQJLN RQGLUXNU—UV LNUDP HÄXSSXQJDHQDNNXV—GK—UDQDP—QDV—SS—GXSÀGKXPYLVVKDP—QDV—SS—GXY¼—P WKDPLÄHY LGDK LQGLV XODEDP—LUXNNXGKXL QQXV LODS HU VROU—QJD  W ¯\HN —WWLOXPN —SSL QDOODGKXL QQX NOYLSDWWQ  HOO—SH¼¼XQJDºHYLGDL QGKDS H¼QDOO—S—GU—  S H¼¼XQJD HOO—UH\XPYLGDLYDGK—QQDOODS—GU—P—PEDUDPHOO—SDÄDQJDOH\XPYLGDUXVL\—QDGKX SDÄDPH OO—PYLGDP —PSDÄDPU RPEDW KLWKWKLSS—LUXNNXGKX   L QGKDS DL\HNRQ MDP SLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD W KDL\DON—UDU NRGXWKWKDW KX¼LQJDºHS ÀWWXNRQGLQJDº—" Q—PL ¼¼DNNL SDWKWKX S—GDQJDN DWKWKXNNRºYÀP Y D¼¼—QW KX¼LQJDH GXWKWKXNR QGXSÀQ—Q—" DYDU DQJH WKÌQJLNR QGLUXNU—U—" LGKHX QJDºXNN—KDY DLWKWKXNRººXQJD D YDU SDODGK DGDYHW K—Q VLULWKWKXNNRQG—U

164 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDV HLUDS HWWL\ —UXNN—KD"  D QGKDPP—VHLGKX YOHH QDNNX SLGLNNDOH  Q —PQ —ODNNL VHL\XPYOHNDVKWDP—QDGKXLOOHVDUL\—YOHVHL\—GKD—ºXNNXWKLUXPEDYOHNRGXNN—GKH HQJDY ¯WWOHW KÌQJLQDYDU HQJDD SS—VQKLGKDU V DUL\—SDGLNN—GKDS DL\DQJDºHY —WK\—U GKDQGLWKWK—U D YDU N—WWLQDY ¯WWXNNX XººHQ —QS ÀQQ H QDNNX YDUXPF K¯WWHX QJDºXNNX N—PLSSQXSSXLOODGKDVDSS—GXUXVL\—LUXNN—GKXDQEXLOO—GKDY—UWKHQJDXED\ÀJDPLOOH NRYLOLOO—GKDÌUOHNXGLLUXNN—GKH NXGLNN—GKH Y¼G—GKDNHºYLQJDHQQHNNN—GKLQJD DPHULF—OHDQHKDSUS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPLOO—GKDNDUXSSXN—SSLNXGLNU—QJD ------

165 Adi’s Book. LESSON 45. INTENSIVE VERBS, AND CAUSAL VERBS. INTENSIVE VERBS. 9HUEVOLNHµYLGX¶OHDYHµSÀGX¶WKURZµYDL¶SODFHµSÀ¶JRµY—¶FRPHDUHVXIIL[HGWR the verbal participles of certain other verbs in order to intensify their meaning. These are FDOOHG,QWHQVLYH9HUEV7KHLGHDRIFRQWLQXLW\LVJLYHQE\µY—¶DQGµYLGX¶JLYHVWKHLGHD of completeness. Carefully examine the following:- QWKWKXQ¯QJDHQJHSÀL YL WWLQJD" Where did you go away yesyerday? LQGKDWKX¼LHOO—PNDWWLSÀGXQJD Tie up all these clothes. LQJHHYºDYXN—ODP—YOHVHLGKXYDULQJD" How long have you been working here? Q—QXQJDºXNNXLGKHSDWKWKLPXQGKL\VROOLYDLWKWKQ I told you about this already. S—ONHWWDSÀQDGKXDGKHNXGLNN—GKH The milk has gone bad, don’t drink it. CAUSAL VERBS. Causal verbs are formed by adding ‘vai’ or ‘sei’ to the infinitive. Verb Causal. S—GX sing S—GDYDLS—GDVHL cause to sing nada walk, conduct nadakkavai, nadakkasei cause to walk, conduct Transitive forms of verbs like the following also serve as Causal Verbs:- Intransitive. Causal. (transitive) ÀGX run ÀWWX ZLQ cause to run, drive thirumbu turn thiruppu (w.in) cause to turn UX climb up, lift WKWKX w.in) cause to climb, lift irangu climb down irakku (w.in) cause to climb down S—L flow S—LFKFKX ZLQ pour, cause (water) to flow N—L dry N—LFKFKX ZLQ cause to dry, boil —UX cool —WKWKX(w.in) cause to cool HÄX rise, get up HÄXppu (w.in) cause to rise,get up nada walk nadaththu (w.in) cause to walk ------

166 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary mayir, mudi hair V¯SSX Q comb WKDOHY—UX ZLQ comb WKDOHY—ULNRº ZQG comb (oneself) vahidu edu (s.thth) part hair bayappadu (w.tt) fear bayam fear ED\DQJ—ºL coward dhairyam courage dhairiyasali courageous one JX¼DP nature, quality JXQDV—OL good natured one ¯UD wet ÌPH dumb man YQG—GKD DGM unwanted, unnecessary Y¼GL\D DGM wanted, necessary PDUDWKWKXSSÀ ZLQ become numb —UX ZLQ cool (become cool) S—UWKWKXNXOH VWKWK bark at kule (s.thth) bark Sentences. Q—QQDOO—WKXQJLYLWWQQ¯QJDQHQQHHÄXSSDOH" I fell fast asleep, why did you not wake me? GKDLU\DV—OLNDVKWDP—QDYOHNÌGDVHLGKXYLGXY—Q The tough person will do even hard work. Q—QJDDSSRYVROOLYLWWÀPQ¯QJDGK—QNNNDOH We have already told you but you did not pay heed. ND¼¼—GLWDPEODUHNLÄHSÀWWXYLWWLQJDº—" Did you drop the glass tumbler? L¼QDNNLHWKWKDQHNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLSÀWWLQJD" How many letters did you write today? YQGL\DSXVWKDKDQJDºHNDWWLSÀGXQJDY¼G—GKDGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJD Tie up the books which are wanted, throw away the unwanted ones. LGKXND¼¼—GLV—P—QSHWWLWKÌNNLSÀG—GKLQJD This is a box of glassware, don’t throw it! LUDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PYH\LOOHN—\DYDLQJD Put all the wet clothes in the sun to dry. ,¼¼DNNL\—UVDPHWKWKXYDLWKWK—QJD" Who cooked today? SDVXYHLQJHNDWWLYDLNN—GKLQJDQLQQ—HQJDQ—LDGKHS—UWKWKXNXODLNNXP Don’t tie up the cow here, because our dog will bark at it. URPEDQUDPDSGL\XNN—UQGK—N—OPDUDWKWKXSÀKXP

167 Adi’s Book. If one sits like that for a long time the leg will go numb. DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKXDGKDQ—OHDYDU—OHQDGDNNDPXGL\DOH LGLRP He has become very old, so he cannot walk. Q—PXPVLULNND¼XPPDWKWKDYDQJDºH\XPVLULNNDYDLNND¼XP We must laugh and make others laugh too. PXGKDOOHDYDUXNNXS—GDLVKWDPLOOH—Q—Q—QJDDYDUHHSGL\ÀS—GDYDLWKÀP She did not like to sing at first, but we made her sing somehow. QDPDPP—GK—QQDPPHPXGKDOPXGKDOOHQDGDNNDYDLNU—QJD Only our mother makes(helps) us walk the first time. \HQPVH\H\—ULSGLWKLUXSSLQ—QJD" Who turned my table round this way? WKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXP—WWHÀWWXQJD Drive the ox from the garden. NDGDYXºRUXÌPH\HNÌGDSVDYDLNNDPXGL\XP God can make even a dumb person talk. WKLUXGDQSÀO¯VN—UDUHS—UWKWK—ÀGLYLGXY—Q A thief will run away if he sees a policeman. NXUDQGKH\H\DUDÄXYDLWKWK—QJD" Who made the child cry? Q—QDYDQHDQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDWKWKHVROODYDLWKWKQ I made him tell that news. LQGKDSDL\DQH\DUSDGLNNDYDLWKWK—QJD" Who educated this boy? (made him study) &KLQQDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LS—LFK—GKLQJD Do not pour(flow) too much water on (to) the small plant. HSSRYXPWKD¼¼L\HN—LFKFKLNXGLNND¼XP ‘You should always boil water to drink’. Q—QXQJDºHURPEDDOH\DYDLWKWKQ I made you wander (about) too much. Practical Conversation. – At Railway Station. S: Sister, B: Brother. 6DGKÀYDUUDYD¼GLQDPYD¼GL\—" That train which is coming, is it ours? %LOOHDGKXV—P—QNRQGXSÀKXPµJÌGV¶YD¼GL No, that is a goods train carrying freight. 6Q—PUXPYD¼GLVLNUDPYDUXP—DOODGKXLQQXPQUDP—KXP—"

168 Adi’s Book. Will our train come soon or will it take some more time? %LQQXPDQMXQLPLVKDWKOHYD¼GLYDQGKXYLGD¼XP—Q—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDUXP—S—UNNDO—P It should come in five minutes but let us see (whether) it comes in time. 6LQGKDVWVKDQOHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXP" How long will it stop at this station? %LQJHYD¼GLPÌQXQLPLVKDPYDUDLNNXPQLNNXP The train will stop here for three minutes. 6LGKXYDÄLOHHOO—VWVKDQOH\XPQLNNXP—" Will it stop at all stations? %LOOHLGKXPXN\DP—QDVWVKDQOHP—WKUDPQLNNXPQLQQ—LGKXH[SUHVVYD¼GL No, it will stop at important stations only, because it is an express train. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 45. XQJDN —SSL— ULYLGXWKX —ULSÀKXGKX  VLNUDPV DSSLGXQJD Q¯QJDX QJDN —SSLNXG LWKWKX YLWWLQJDº—DQGKDFKLQQDSH¼V¯SS—OHWK—QYDKLGXHGXWKWKXNRQGDGKXDSUDPWKDQWKDOH\H URPED DÄDK—Y—ULNRQGDGKX XQJDOXNNX Y¼GL\DS XVWKDKDQJDºHH GXWKWKXNRººXQJD Q —\H SDUWKWKXQURPEDED\DSDWWXYLWWLQJD"Q¯QJDED\DQJ—OLLOOHLOOH\—"LSSRXQJDED\DPSÀL YLWWDGKXL QQX Q—Q QLQHNUQ  Q ¯QJDX QJDS —GDQJDH OO—PS DGLWKWKXYDULQJD¶QXH QDNNX WKHUL\XP D YDU LQGKDV DQJDGKL\H HOO—UXNNXPV ROOLYLWW—U S —OOHX SSX YLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX DGKDQ—OHNHWWXSÀQDGKXSDL\DQSDQGKHPOHWKÌNNLSÀWW—QDGKXNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX HQV—P—QXQJDHQGKDDUHOHSÀWWXYDLWKWKLQJD"DYDUXQJDºHSDWKWKLHQDNNXVROOLYDLWKWK—U Q—QHOO—PSDGLWKWKXYDLWKWKQ—Q—Q¯QJDHQQHR¼¼XPNNNDOHDQGKDQ—\HNDWWLSÀGXQJD QLQQ—HQDNNXURPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX L¼¼DNNLURPEDY\\LOYH\\LOOHHQQHQDGDNNDYDLNNDGKLQJDNXÄDQGKHQJDOHSDGLNNDYDLNND URPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKXÌUDYDQJDQLODWKWKXNNXGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKD¼¼LS—LFKFKU—QJD DYDQURPEDQ—º—P—WWXYD¼GLÀWWLYDU—QXQJDºXNNXF—UÀWWDQDOO—WKHUL\XP—"YD¼GLOHM—VWKL V—P—QHSSRYXPWKWK—GKLQJDHOO—YLºDNNXQJDºXPWKWKLYLWWLQJDº—"DYDURUXNXUDQGKH POHVDLNNDOHWKWKLYLWW—ULQGKDV—P—QHHQY¯WOHLUDNNLYLGXQJDNXÄDQGKHNN—K—DPP—S—O N—LFKFKLNRQGLUXNU—U ------

169 Adi’s Book. LESSON 46. COMPOSITE, PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS, . COMPOSITE NOUNS. Composite nouns are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to adjectives. Thus ‘nalla’ gives:- nallavan, nallava, nallavanga, nalladhu, nalladhunga. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS. These are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to relative participles for present and past. Present and future forms are interchangeable. Present Past Future varavan vandhavan varubavan varava vandhava varubava varavanga vandhavanga varubavanga varadhu vandhadhu varuvadhu varadhunga vandhadhunga varuvadhunga Meanings, such as ‘the one who comes’ ‘…came’,’…’will come’,and ‘they who…’,etc Neuter participial nouns change for tenses, as in:- padikradhu padiththadhu padippadhu meaning studies, or studying(n.). VERBAL NOUNS. These are formed from verbs (roots or infinitives). These cannot be declined for number, gender, person or tense. Neuter participial nouns are more often used than the verbal nouns, nevertheless verbal nouns are also given below, for practice and for recognition purposes. Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun padi padippu studies padikradhu siri sirippu laughter sirikradhu S—GX S—WWX music S—GUDGKX ÀGX ÀWWDP running ÀGUDGKX NÌGX JDWKHU NÌWWDP meeting NÌGUDGKX

170 Adi’s Book. Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun S—U S—UYH sight S—UNUDGKX Nº NOYL question NNNUDGKX mudi mudivu end mudiradhu thirudu thiruttu theft thirudradhu mara maradhi forgetfulness marakradhu virumbu viruppam desire virumbradhu YLºD\—GX YLºD\—WWX game, sport YLºD\—GUDGKX sei seyal deed, action seiradhu —UDPEL —UDPEDP beginning —UDPELNUDGKX XED\ÀJL XED\ÀJDP use XED\ÀJLNUDGKX ghavani ghavanam attention ghavanikradhu VDPE—GKL VDPE—GKDQH earning/s VDPE—GKLNUDGKX same sameyal cooking samekradhu WK—PDGLWK—PDGKDP delay WK—PDGKLNUDGKX thude thudeppu wiping thudekradhu thai thaiyal sewing thaikradhu YU YUYH perspiration YUNUDGKX DÄDL DÄDLSSX invitation DÄDLNUDGKX Vocabulary WKDP—VKYHGLNNDL fun perukku (w.in) sweep NDLHÄXWKXSÀGX ZWW sign NDLHÄXWKX handwriting,signature Y—Ä live(v.) Y—ÄNH life PXQQUXPXQXNNXY— come forward kudumbam family JHWWLN—UDU clever person PXQQWUDP progress S—PEX snake WKO scorpion S——WWL snake charmer UH poor(adj), poor man(n.) WK—LWK—\—U mother thudeppam broom WKLUDQGDYOL open space nijam truth ------

171 Adi’s Book. Sentences. QDOODGKXVHLUDYDQQDOODYDQLOOH\— One who does good is a good man is he not. WKLUXGUDYDQWKLUXGDQDQKDUXNNXDYDQWKLUXGDQLQQXWKHUL\—GKX One who steals is a thief. Many do not know he is a thief. SDODQ—ºWKLUXGDQRUXQ—ºDKDSSDGXY—Q SURYHUE ‘Several days a thief, one day the caught one’ HQPDUDGKLNN—KDQ¯QJDHQQHNDWWD\XPPDQLNND¼XP You must forgive me for my forgetfulness. PDUDGKLLUXNUDYDQY—ÄNNHOHPXQQXNNXYDUDP—WW—Q PXQQUDP—WW—Q  A man with a short memory will not progress in life. YLUXSSDPLODGKDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—P Those who have no desire (don’t want to) need not do this work. ÀGXYDGKXQDOODYLºD\—WWXÀWWDWKOHQ—QJHWWLN—UDQLOOH Running is a good sport. I am not good at running. QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHDYDUSFKFKXURPEDYHGLNNH\—LUXQGKDGKX His speech(talk) in yesterdays meeting was very humerous(funny). SDVLYºHOHV—SSLGUDGKXQDOODYDUDNNDP Eating when one is hungry(hungry time) is a good habit. Q¯QJDQLMDPSVUDGKXHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDWKWKHNRGXNNXGKX Your speaking the truth makes me happy. 'KLQDQGKÀUXPHÄXGKUDYDQJDNDLHUÌGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXP The handwriting of those who write daily will be beautiful. Q¯QJDM—VWKLYOHVHLUDWKLOOHDGKDQ—OHXQJDVDPE—GKDQHM—VWKLLOOH You don’t work hard so your income is not much. NDVKWDSSDWWXYOHVHLUDYDUXNNXNDGDYXºXGKDYLVHLY—U God will help those who work hard. QWKWKXS—ONRQGXYDQGKDYDUL¼¼DNNL\QYDUDOH" The man who brought milk yesterday, why did he not come today? 15. ivan nalla nadaththe irukra paiyan. This is a well-behaved boy.

172 Adi’s Book. XQJDDÄDLSSXHQDNNXNLGDLWKWKDGKXXQJDDUDLSSXNNXQDQGUL I got your invitation. Thanks for your invitation. LQGKDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXGLYXHSSR" When will this meeting end. LGKX—UDPEDPXPPXGLYXPLOO—GKDNXWWDP LGLRP This is an endless meeting. DYDUND¼S—UYHQDOODLOOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKX He has bad eyesight because he has got old. WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHYLºD\—GKUDGKXNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOODGKX Playing in an open space is good for the child. PDUDV—P—QWKXGDLNUDWKX¼L\H\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD Where did you put the cloth for wiping the furniture. Q¯QJD WKXGDLWKWKDGKXVDUL\—LOOH VDUL\—OOH WKXGDLSSDWKWK—OHSHUXNNXQJD Your wiping was not good. Sweep with a broom. *Note, ‘you wiping’, and not ‘your wiping’ as in English. LQGKDPP—WKDL\DOHS—UWKWKLQJDº—"LYDUWKDLNUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP Did you see this lady’s stitching? I like her sewing very much. S—PE—WWLNNXPXQQ—OHS—PEX—GUDGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX The dancing of the snake before the snake-charmer is beautiful. JKDYDQDP—S—GDPNNNUDGKXPXN\DP—QDYLVKD\DP It is an important thing to listen to the lessons. Practical Conversation. F&RPLQJ)RUD:DON" B: Boy, F: Friend. %Q—PUH¼GXSUXPQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P—" Shall we go for a walk? )VDULSÀYÀPQDGDNUDGKXQDOODDE\—VDP Yes, we’ll go. Walking is good exercise. %NDGDUNDUHOHQDGDQGKXSÀUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP I very much like walking on the seashore. )VDULNDGDUNDUHLOO—GKDÌUOHHQQDVHLYLQJD" Alright, what do you do in a place with no beach?

173 Adi’s Book. %\HQQDVHLUDGKX VHL\DO—P "ULNDUHPOHDOODGKXNXºDNNDUHOHQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P What to do? One may walk on the bank of a lake or tank. XQJDÌUOH—UX QDGKL LUXNNXGK—" Is there a river in your place? )—P—HQJDÌUOHRUXSHUL\D—UXLUXNNXGKX Yes, there is a big river in our place. %DSSRQ¯QJD—WKWKXNDUHPOHQDGDNNDO—P Then you may walk on the river bank. )—P—LSSRHQDNNXNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKXQ—QY¯WWXNNXSÀUQ Yes. Now I am tired. I’m going home. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 46. DQGKDW KDP—VKV HLUDYDQH QW KDPELD QJHQ LNUDYDQH QD ¼¼DQ EX GKGKLV—OLQJDP DWKWK DYDQJDºHEXGKGKLLOO—GKDYDQJDLQQXQLQHNNDP—WWDQJDDYDUWKDQSDGLSS—OHGK—QY—ÄNNHOH PXQQXNNXYDQGK—ULQJHVHGLNRGLQJDM—VWKLDGKDQ—OHLGKXS—PEXQJDY—ÄDQDOODLGDP S—PEXNNXSDOOHYLVKDPWKºXNNXNRGXNNOHYLVKDP—Q—RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDUXNNXXGDPEX HOO—PY LVKDP GK LQDQGKÀUDPS DGLNN—YLWW—PXQQHWUDPL UXNN—GKX H QD UHOHW KXGHSSD WKWK—OHS HUXNN—GKLQJD WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHQ —PGK LQDQGKRUXPNRQ MDGK ÌUDPQ DGDNUDGKX QDOODGKX XQ JDN DGLGKDWKWKOHN DLHÄXGKX SÀGD QP DUDQGKX SÀQLQJD" NLºLQJDººHD QHKD YLGKDPLUXNNXGKXDYDUSVLQDGKXHQDNNXNRQMDPNÌGDSLGLNNDOHXQJDSFKFKXURPED DUXPH\—LUXQGKDGKXQ¯QJDS—UWKWKDGKXHQVQKLGKDULOOHDYDUXNNXVLODQ—º—S—UYHVDUL\— LOOH Q ¯QJDQ WKWKXH QQHN WWDGKXL SSRH QQLGDPL UXNNXGKX X QJDN ºYLNNX Q—QD SUDP EDGKLOVROYQQ—QLQGKDYOH\HPXGLSSDGKXDYDUXNNXLVKWDPLOOHLQGKDNDGKHPXGLYX HQDNNXU RPEDS LGLWKWKDGKX L GKHS DWKWKLX QJDP XGLYXH QQD" L¼¼DNNLQ ¯QJDV DPH\DO VHLGKDGKXHOO—PURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXQDPVDPE—GKDQHQDOODYDÄLOHVHODYXVHL\DQXP DYDQV DPE—GKDQHD YDQN XGXPEDWKWKXNNX SÀGK—GKX   L QGKDSX VWKDKDWKWKHQ ¯QJD XED\ÀKLNULQJDº—" L QGKDS XVWKDKDWKW—OHX QJDºXNNXH QQDX ED\ÀKDP" L SSR YH\LON —ODP DGKDQ—OHURPEDY UNXGKX P XKDPH OO—PY UYH\—LUXNNXGKXYUYH\HW KXGHQJD Q ¯QJD HQQHV—SSLGDDÄDLWKWKDGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOHPDUDGKLHOO—UXNNXPL UXNNXGKXPDUDGKL LOO—GKDP DQXVKDUHQ ¯QJD HQDNNXN—WWDP XGL\XP—"XQJDYLUXSSDPH QQD" D GKXH QDNNX WKHULQGK—QDOODLUXNNXPLGKXNN—KDVLULSSDGK—DÄXYDGK—LQQXHQDNNXSXUL\DOHQDPY¯WOH —GDOXPS —GDOXPQ DGDQGKXNR QGLUXNNXGKX H QP DKDQXNNX SDGLSSHYLGDY LºD\—WWXGK—Q romba ishtam.

174 Adi’s Book. LESSON 47. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME. ‘When’, or ‘While’. µSÀGKX¶LVDGGHGWRWKHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVSUHVHQWSDVWRUIXWXUHDVVHHQLQ DYDUV—SSLGUDSÀGKXSHVDP—WW—U He will not speak when(while) he eats. (pres.) DYDUV—SSLWWDSÀWKXHQQÀGXSHVDOH He did not speak to me when he ate. (past) DYDUV—SSLGXPSÀGKXQ—PV—SSLGXYÀP We shall eat when he eats. (fut.) µSÀ¶LVDOVRXVHGLQVWHDGRIµSÀGKX¶µ3UHVHQWDQGIXWXUHIRUPVDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOH The future form is also used for all tenses. The past form is used only for the past. ‘When…not’, or ‘While…not’. µSÀGKX¶RUµSÀ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHQHJDWLYHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVDVLQ DYDQJDXQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSÀ GKX Q¯QJDQSÀKD¼XP Why should you go when they did not call you? ‘After’. ‘pin’ or ‘apram’ is added to the past relative participle:- Q—QSÀQDSLQQ¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I went. ‘after’ can also be expressed by adding ‘pin’ or ‘apram’ to a neuter past participial noun, dative case: - Q—QSÀQadhukkuSLQ SÀQadhukkDSUDP Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I left. ‘Before’. Similarly, ‘mun’ is added to the future relative participle:- Q—QYDUDPXQQ¯QJDSÀK—GKLQJD Don’t go before I come. ‘before can also be expressed by adding ‘mun’ to a neuter participial noun, dative case, present, past or future, as seen in:- Q—QYDUDGKXNNXPXQSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go before I come. Q—QYDQGKDGKXNNXPXQQ¯QJDSÀKDOH You didn’t go before I came. ‘As Soon As’. µXGDQ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHSDVWUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOH or ‘um’ is added to a neuter past participial noun:- QDQYDQGKDYXGDQH Q—QYDQGKDGKXP Q¯QJDSRKDO—P As soon as I come you may go.

175 Adi’s Book. ‘Until’. ‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the present or future relative participle, being used for both future and present tenses:- Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXP YDUDYDUDLNNXP Q—QLQJHLUXSSQ I will be here until you come. ‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the past relative participle, for past tense only. Q¯QJDYDQGKDYDUDLOXPQ—QLQJHLUXQGKQ I was here until you came. Vocabulary Q¯FKFKDO swimming eli rat udhavi (n.) help, assistance udhavi sei (w.dh) help (v.) kottu (w.in) sting, dump rubbish muyarchchi sei (w.dh) try Sentences. NXÄDQGKHWKÌQJLQDSSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HSÀQQ I went out when the child was sleeping. HQNXÄDQGKHWKÌQJXPEÀGKX Q—QYHºL\HSÀUQ *( ‘p’ after ‘m’ softens to ‘b’ ). I will go out when my child is asleep. Q—QS—PEHSDUWKWKDSÀÀGLSÀQQ I ran away when I saw a snake. SDL\DQJDVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÀGKXQ—QJKDYDQDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\DOH When the boys made a noise I could not study attentively. WKDS—O—SLVXNNXSÀKXPEÀGKXLQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHNRQGXSÀYLQJDº—" When you go to the post office will you take this letter? Y¯WWXNNXSÀQDSLQ SÀQDGKXNNXDSUDP DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGKDGKX They knew about this matter after they went home. Q¯QJDYDQGKDSLQGK—Q YDQGKDGKXNNXDSUDPGK—Q Q—QJDOO—PV—SSLGXYÀP Only after you come all of us will eat. XQJDSS—YDUXPXQ YDUDGKXNNXPXQ SÀLS—GDPSDGLQJD Go and study your lessons before your father comes. VDSSLGXPEÀWKXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDNÌGK—GKX You should not drink much water when eating.

176 Adi’s Book. WKLUXGLQDSÀGKXWKLUXGDQHWKONRWWLYLWWDGKX While stealing the thief was stung by a scorpion. DPP—NLWWDLUXNNXPEÀWKXNXÄDQGKHNNXED\DPLOOH When the mother is near the child is not frightened. XQJDS—WWHNNNXPEÀWKXHOO—UXNNXPVDQGKÀVKDP Everybody was happy when they heard your music. DYDUXNNXMRUDPYDQGKDYXGDQGRFWRULGDPSÀQ—U As soon as he got fever he went to the doctor. 14. yeliye parthavudane adhe pidiththu thinnuvittadhu. As soon as the cat saw the rat (mouse) it caught it and ate it up. ÌUXNNXSÀQDYXGDQHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD ‘Drop us a line’ as soon as you reach your place. NXUDQGKHWKÌQJLQDYXGDQWK—\XPWKÌQJDSÀQ— As soon as the child slept the mother also went to bed. Q¯QJDDQJHLUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPDYDQJDQDOO—YOHVHLGK—QJD As long as you were there they worked well. Q—PDYDUSFKFKXPXGL\XPYDUDLNNXPLUXSSÀP We shall wait until his speech is over. Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QJDNÀYLOOHLUXQGKÀP Until you came we were in the temple. Q—QSDGLWKWKDYDUDLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQDOODLUXQGKDGKX The book was nice as far as I read. Q—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀQDSRGKXNDGDONDUHNNX NDGDUNDUHNNX SÀKDOH We did not go to the sea shore (beach) when we went to Chennai. Q¯LQJHYDUDPXQHQJHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKH VHLGKXYDQGKH  Where were you working before you came here. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPXGLNNXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QWKÌQJDP—WWQ I will not sleep until I finish this book.

177 Adi’s Book. RUXDÄDK—QDNXÄDQGKHHQQHS—UWKDYXGDQHQDNNXYD¼DNNDPVRQQDGKX A beautiful child greeted me as soon as she saw me. Q¯QJDHQQHNXSSLGUDSÀGKXQ—QYDUDWKD\—U—LUXSSQ I shall be ready to come when you call me. Practical Conversation. F$W7KH6ZLPPLQJ3RRO E: Elder, Y: Youngster. (WKDPELXQQDNNXQLFKFKDOWKHUL\XP—" Youngster, do you know how to swim? <HQDNNXQLQGKDWKHUL\—GKXHQDNNXWKD¼¼L\HS—UWKWK—URPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX I don’t know how to swim. I am very frightened of water. (RKDSGL\—"Q¯QLQGKDNDWKWKXNRººDY¼XP—" Oh is that it? Do you want to learn to swim? Q¯NDWKWKXNRººXPEÀGKXQ—QXQQÀGXLUXSSQED\DSSDG—GKH While you learn I will be with you. Don’t be frightened. <VDULQJDQ—QNDWKWKXNRººDPX\DUFKFKLVHLYQ Alright sir, I shall try to learn. WKD¼¼LOHQ—QLUDQJLQDYXGDQHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXSLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD As soon as I get into the water please catch hold of me. (PXGKDOOHDQGKDNDUHYDUDLNNXPQLQGKXDQJHSÀQDGKXNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEDY— First swim upto that side. After you reach there come back. <Q—QDQJHSÀKXPXQHSGLQLQGKD¼XPHQDNNXN—WWXQJD Before I go there, show me how to swim. (Q—QQLQGKXPSÀGKXQ¯\XPDGKHSÀODVHLNDVKWDP—LUXQGK—Q—QXQDNNXXGKDYLVHLYQ When I swim, you do the same. If it is difficult I shall help you. <LSGL\—¶QJD"LSSRQ—QNRQMDPQLQGKDPXGL\XP Like this, sir? Now I can swim a little. ------

178 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 47. Q¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀUDSSÀGKXQ—QXPY—UQQ¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀKXPEÀGKXHQQHNÌSSLGD PDUDNN—GKHQ—QSDººLNÌGDPSÀQDSSÀGKXXQY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKQQ—QJDSDººLNÌGDP SÀK—GKDSÀGKXHQJDQ—\ÀGKXYLOD\—GDYÀPY—GK\—UYDQGKDSLQP—¼DYDQJDSDGLNND —UDPELWKWK—QJDY—WK\—UXNN—UXGKDGKXNNXDSUDPP—QDYDQJDXNN—UQGK—QJDYOÌUXNNX YDUDPXQQ¯QJDHQJHYOHVHLGKLQJD" YOÌUXNNX YDUXYDGKXNNXPXQH QJHL UXQGKLQJD" D YDU WKDQV QKLGKDU YDQGKDGKXP DYDUÀGXV—SSLWW—UQ—\HSDUWKDYXGDQSÌQHÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKXQ¯QJDVDSSLGUDYDUDLNNXPQ—Q SDGLWKWKXNRQGXLUXNNDO—P—"Q—QYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ¯QJDDQJH\XPSÀKDNXGK—GKX SXUXVKDU YDQGKDYDUDLNNXP PDQDYLN DGLGKDPH ÄXGKLQ—U Q —Q YDUXPXQD YDU HQJH SÀLYLWW—U" Q¯QJDYDUDGKXNNXPXQDYDQJDYOH\HPXGLWKWKXYLWW—QJD DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGD YDQGKDSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HLUXQGKQQ—QVXKDP—LUXNUDSÀHQYOH\HQDOODVHLGKDPXGL\XP S—OY—QJXPERWKXS—ON—UDQXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ Q—PYOH VHL\—GKDSÀGKXNDGDYXºHQLQHWKWKXNRQGLUXNND¼XPXQJDÌUSÀLVUQGKDYXGDQNDGLGKDP SÀGXQJD ND\LWKWKHD YLÄWKWKDYXGDQHP —GXU RPEDY KDP—ÀGLSÀQDGKX Q—PL QGKDX ODKDWKOH LUXNNXPYDUDLNNXPQ DOODGKXV HL\D¼XP   Q LQJDS HV—GKDYDULNNXPW KDPLÄHSGLY —UXP" VXODEDP—LUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPW KDPLÄSDGLNNDQ DOODL UXQGKDGKX M RUDPY DUDGKXNNXPXQ LQGKDPDUXQGKHV—SSLGXQJDWKLUXGDQHOO—PSÀQDSLQQ—LNXUDLNND—UDPELWKWKDGKX ------

179 Adi’s Book. LESSON 48. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, (CONTINUED). ‘In Order To’ or ‘So That’. (adverb of purpose) ‘In order to’ is expressed by Future Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’). An infinitive is also used to express this. Q—QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollumbadhiYDQGKÀP:HFDPHKHUHin order to tell this news. Q—QLQJHLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollaYDQGKQ I came here in order to tell this news. ‘In Order To...Not’ or ‘So That…Not’. ‘In order to…not’ is expressed by Negative Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), regardless of number, gender, person and tense. YDºLHGXNN—GKDpadiHQDNNXÌVLSÀGXQJD Please give the injection so that (in such a way that) it will not hurt. ‘As’.(adverb of manner) ‘as’ is expressed by Present Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for present and future, and by Past Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for past tense only. Q¯QJDVROUDSDGLQ—QVHLUQ I will do as you say Q—QVRQQDSDGLDYDQYHOHVHLGK—Q He did the work as I said. ‘Because’ or ‘Since’. (adverb of reason) ‘because’ is expressed by VXIIL[LQJµSDGL\—OH¶RUµSDGL\LQ—OH¶RUµDGK—OH¶RUµDGKDQ—OH¶WR Present Relative Participle, for present. and future, and to Past Relative Participle for past tense only. The negative form ‘Because…Not’LVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—GKD¶WRDQLQILQLWLYH SOXVµSDGL\—OH¶HWFUHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH PDÄHSHLUDGK—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDP—WWQ Because it is raining I will not go out. PDÄHSHLGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDOH Because it rained I did not go out. Q¯QJDNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYDUDOH Because you did not call I did not come. ------

180 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary NDºHSSX tiredness QÀ\—OL sick person NDºHSS—LUX VQGK be tired QÀLY\—GKL disease kadan debt YLºDNNDP clarity NDGDQNº VWW borrow P¯Q fish kadan kodu (s.thth) lend GK—YDGKX something NÌWWDP meeting nada, madhdhi centre, middle NÌWWDPQDGDWKWKX ZLQ conduct meeting NÌWWDPQDGD VWKWK meeting (going on) Sentences. QÀLSÀKXPEDGLQ—PPDUXQGKXV—SSLGD¼XP So that the disease is cured we should take medicine. GKÌVLSRKXPEDGKLHOO—PQDOO—VXGKGKDPVHLQJD Clean everything properly so that the dust goes. SDQDPNDGDQNNNXPEDGL\—UXQQLGDPYDQGK—QJD" Who came to you in order to borrow money? HOO—UXNNXPWKHUL\XPEDGKLYLºDNNDP—HÄXGKXQJD Write clearly so that everybody can understand. NXÄDQGKHSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLNN—GKDSDGLS—UWKWKXNRººXQJD Take care so that the child does not tear the book. DYDULQJHDGLNNDGLYDU—GKDSDGLQ¯QJDHGK—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP You should do something so that he does not come here often. Q—QVROUDSDGLQ¯QJDVHLGK—WKDPLÄV¯NUDP—SVDPXGL\XP If you do as I say you will be able to speak Tamil fluently. Q¯QJDS—GUDSDGLQ—QDÄDK—HSSRYXPS—GDPXGL\—GKX I can never sing as nicely as you do. DYDUNDVKWDSDWWDSDGLYUH\—UXPNDVKWDSSDGDOH No one has suffered as much as he did. Q—QVXKDPLOO—GKDGK—OHQWKWKXLQJHYDUDOH I did not come yesterday because I was sick.

181 Adi’s Book. YLºDNNXHULUDSDGL\—OHQ¯QJDED\DPLOO—PHYOHVHL\DO—P As the light is on you may work without fear. DGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSVUDSDGL\—OHDYDQJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVDPXGL\XP Since they are talking Tamil often they can talk Tamil well. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDQJHSÀKDOH I did not go there because he did not call me. NDGHPÌGLLUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QR¼¼XPY—QJDOH I did not buy anything as the shop was closed. SD¼DNN—UDQÄHNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKDGK—OHÄHVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNU—Q Because the rich man gave him money the poor man is happy. Q—QURPEDGKXUDPQDGDQGKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXURPEDNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKX As I walked very far I am very tired. NÌWWDPHQY¯WWXNNXNLWWDQDGDNNDSÀUDSDGL\—OHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀYQ As the meeting is going to be held near my house, I must go. Q¯QJDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QXPXQJDºXNNXHÄXGKDOH As you did not write a letter to me, I (also) did not write to you. XQJDºHVDQGKLNNXPEDGLGK—Q VDQGKLNNDGK—Q Q—QLQGKDÌUXNNXYDQGKQ I came to this place only in order to meet you. P¯QSLGLNNXPEDGLQ—QULNNXSÀYQ I will go to the lake to catch fish. WK—QJDVROUDSDGLQDGDNUDYDQJD VHLUDYDQJD QDOODYDQJD They who practice what they preach are good people. YDÄDNNDSSDGLQ—QJDSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXWKÌQJDSÀQÀP As usual we went to bed at ten o’clock. XQJDLVKWDSSDGL\HOO—PQDGDNNXP LGLRP Everything will be done according to your wish. HQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDSDGL\—OHV¯NUDPV—SLWWQ I ate earlier because I was very hungry. SÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOO—GKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH Because I do not have enough money I am not happy. ------

182 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. F$7DQN 5HVHUYRLU  V: Visitor, L: Local Man. 9NXGLWKD¼¼LNXºDPHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the drinking water tank? /DGKXJU—PDWKWKXNNXPDGKLOHLUXNNXGKX It is in the middle of the village. 9LQGKDNXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼L\QURPEDDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX Why is this tank water very dirty. /LQGKDNXºDWKOH—GXP—GXQJDºHVXGKGKDPVHLUDSDGL\—OHDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX Because cattle are washed in this tank it is dirty. 9NXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼LDVXGKGKDP DÄXNNX —K—GKDSDGLJU—PDMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXNRººD¼XP The villagers should see that the tank water does not become dirty. /DGKXQLMDP—Q—JU—PDMDQQDQJDºHGK—QNXºDWKOHNXºLNU—QJDWKX¼LQJDWKÀLNU—QJDDSUDP DGKWKD¼¼LNXGLNU—QJD7KDWLVWUXHEXWWKHYLOODJHUVWKHPVHOYHVEDWKHZDVK clothes, then they drink the same water. 9JU—PDMDQDQJDNXGLNND NXGLNNXPEDGL WKD¼QLYUHHQJLUXQGKXNRQGXYDU—QJD" From where else do the villagers bring water to drink? /Q—QVRQQDSDGLLQGKDDÄXNNXWKD¼¼L\GK—QNXGLNNDNRQGXSÀU—QJD As I said, they are taking only this dirty water to drink. 9DL\ÀLGKXPÀVDPLOOH\—" Oh dear, it is a shame, is it not? Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48. Q—QXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDSXUDSDWWQQ¯QJDHQQHLQJHYDUXPEDGLVRQQLQJDLOOH\— NXÄDQGKHY HºL\HS ÀK—GKDSDGLN DGKDYHP ÌGLYLWWQ    DYDU Q—PV RQQDSDGLV HLGK—U DGKXGK—QQDOODGKXWKDPLÄS—GDPNDVKWDP—LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDGKHSDGLNNDOHQ¯QJD HQJDºXNNXV —SS—GX NRGXWKWKDSDGL\—OH DYDQJDºXNNXV DQGKÀVKDP U—WKULH OO—PY LºDNNX HUL\—GKDSDGL\—OHLUXWW—LUXQGKDGKX DYDQJDVLULNNXPEDGLQ—QLGKHDYDQJDºXNNXVROODOHJU—PDMDQDQJDVDPE—GKLNNXPEDGL QDKDUDQJDºXNNXS ÀU—QJD   Q —PN NN—GKDSDGLD YDQJDU RPEDP HGKXY—SHVLNR¼G—QJD Y—ÄNNHOHQ—PQLQHNUDSDGLQDGDQGK—HYºDYXQDOODLUXNNXP"SXVWKDKDQJDºHPVHPHOHQ—Q YDLWKWKDSDGL\YDLQJD        S —GDQJDºHQ ¯QJDV DUL\—JKDYDQLNN—GKDSDGL\—OH DGKXQJD XQJDºXNNXYLºDQJDOHQ—QJDHOO—PNDGDUNDUHNNXQDGDNNDSÀQÀP ------

183 Adi’s Book. LESSON 49. SUFFIX ‘UM’ AND ITS USES. ([SUHVVHVµ$QG¶ðwhen it follows nouns and pronouns. U—PXPUDKLPXPVQKLGKDU Ram and rahim are friends. ([SUHVVHVµ(YHQ¶RUµ$OVR¶ð when it follows a single noun or pronoun. LQJHRUXPVH\XPLOOH There is not even a table here. Q—PXPDGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSHVXYÀP We also will speak in Tamil often. ,QWHUURJDWLRQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV8QLYHUVDOLW\ð \—UXPVXODEDP—WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDO—P Anyone may learn Tamil easily. 9HUEDO3DUWLFLSOHSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµ$OWKRXJK¶ð PDÄHSHLGKXPLQQXPVÌGXDGDQJDOH although it rained the heat has not subsided. &RQGLWLRQDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµHYHQLI¶ð Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPRUXPD¼LQUDPGK—QSDGLWKWK—OXPSÀGKXP It will be enough even if you study only one hour daily. 1HXWHU3DVW3DUWLFLSLDO1RXQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµDVVRRQDV¶ð ÌUXNNXSÀQDGKXPHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD Drop me a line as soon as you reach home. $1XPHUDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV&RPSOHWHQHVV ZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQ ð Q¯QJDQ—OXSUXPL¼¼DNNLS—GD¼XP All four of you should sing today. µ,QQXP«LQQXP¶&RQQHFWV6WDWHPHQWVð WKDPELQ —Q XQJDSS—YHS —UNNDY DQGKQL QQXPP DUXSDGL\XPQ —QD YDUHV DQGKLNND YDUXYQLQQXPY—UXPEÀGKXUH¼GXQDOODSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDUXYQLQQXPXQDSS—YXNNX sollu. Child, tell your father that I came to see him and I shall come again to meet him and will bring two nice books when I come. Vocabulary pirar other people V—OH road ÀUDP edge NXUXNNXYDÄL short cut XEDGKVDP preaching N—KDPN—NN— crow XEDGKVDPVHL ZGK preach SDQDPSDÄXP palmyra fruit XEDGKVL VWKWK preach niraya full, overflowing

184 Adi’s Book. pichche alms nadu, madhdhi centre, middle SLFKFKHN—UDQ beggar RÄXQJX neatness pichche edu (s.thth) beg NDWWD\DP— certainly pichche kodu (s.thth) give alms QLFKFKD\DP— certainly tholle nuisance thondaravu nuisance tholle kodu (s.thth) be a nuisance QVDP Q love thondaravu sei (w.dh) be a nuisance QVL VWKWK love Sentences. DYDUHQQHS—UWKWKXPHQQÀGXSV—PHSÀLYLWW—U Although he saw me he left without speaking to me. N—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXP DGLWKWKDYXGDQH PDÄHSHLGKDGKX It rained as soon as the wind blew. Q¯QJDNÌSSLWW—OXPDYDUYDUDP—WW—U He won’t come even if you call him. HOO—V—P—QXNNXPQ—QHYºDYXNRGXNND¼XP" How much should I pay for all the things DYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\XPVHL\DPXGL\XP They can do this work somehow or other. LQJHHOO—PLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDDGKH\XPV—SSLGDO—P Everything is here, you may eat anything. HSSRYXPX¼PH QLMDP SHVD¼XPLQQXPQ—PQDPPHQVLNUDGKHSÀODYHSLUDUH\XP QHVLNND¼XPLQQXPHVXQ—GKDUXEDGKVDPVHLGK—U The Lord Jesus preached that we should always speak the truth and love others as we love ourselves. Q¯QJDSDWKWKXSUXPLQJHV—SSLGDY—QJD All ten of you come here to eat. Q—PHSSRYXPV—OH\ÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XP We should always walk on the edge of the road. SLFKFKHNDUDQJDQDPDNNXHOO—PLGDWKWKLOXPWKROOHNRGXNU—QJD The beggars are a nuisance to us everywhere. Q—QLSSRWKÌQJDSÀUQ\—UXPHQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\DNÌG—GKX I am going to sleep now, no one should disturb me.

185 Adi’s Book. LGKXNÀYLOOXNNXSÀKDNXUXNNXYDÄL This is a short cut to the temple. QDGXU—WKULGK—QWKLUXGDQXNNXURPEDQDOODQUDP Midnight is a very good time for a thief. LQGKDS—GDPSDODGKDGDYHSDGLWKWK—OXPHQDNNXYLºDQJDOH Although I studied this lesson several times, it is not clear to me. M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLWKWKXPHQGK—KDPSRKDOH DGDQJDOH Although I drank a lot of water my thirst is not quenched. —WKWKXOHSÀWW—OXPDºDQGKXSRGX Even if you throw something in the river, measure and throw it. (Keep account of all you do, even that of little value). \—UXPLQLPHOHLGKHSDWKWKLSVDNÌG—GKX Nobody should talk about this hereafter N—KXPXNN—UQGKDGKXPSDQDPSDÄXPYLÄXQGKDGKX As soon as the crow sat the palmyra fruit fell. (The last straw on the camel’s back) LGKXLQQXPDGKXLQQXPQSVLNRQGLUXNUH" Why keep saying this and that? Q—PHSSRYXPHQGKDYOH\XPRÄXQJ—VHL\D¼XP We should always do any work neatly. DYDUXGXSSXPSFKFKXPS—UWKWK—SHUL\DPDQXVKDUHSÀODLUXNNXGKX He looks like a great man by his dress and speech. LQJH\XPDQJH\XPVXPP—QDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNN—GKLQJD Don’t just keep walking here and there. Q¯QJDHQQDGK—QVRQQ—OXPDYDURUXQDOODPDQXVKDUGK—Q Whatever you say, he is definitely a good man. —WKWKXOHQLUD\DYHººDPYDQGK—OXPQ—LQ—NNLGKDQNXGLNND¼XP Even if the river floods the dog has to lick to drink. (There is a limit to one’s capacity). XQJDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPHQQHYDQGKXS—UXQJD Come and see me as soon as your work is finished. ------

186 Adi’s Book. LESSON 50. 68)),;(6µ–¶µœ¶µ¿¶$1'µ–9$'+8¶ µ—¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ QWKWKXDYDUYDQGK—U—? Did he come yesterday? µ¶([SUHVVHV(PSKDVLV LQGKDSHWWLOH\SD¼DPSRWWXYDL Keep the money in this box. DYDUQWKWKXLQJHYDQGK—U He did come here yesterday. µÀ¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ:LWK$Q(PSKDVLV QWKWKXQ¯QJDOÀ vandhinga? Was it you who came yesterday? µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶ Q¯QJDLSGL\ÀDSGL\ÀSRKDO—P You may go this way or that way. ,QWHUURJDWLRQµÀ¶ LQGHILQLWHQHVV avar HQJH\ÀSÀQ—U He went somewhere. µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµEXW¶ DYDQSD¼DNN—UDQGK—QDYDQÀQDOODV—SSLGDPXGL\—GKX He is indeed a rich man, but he cannot eat well. &DUGLQDO1XPEHUµ—YDGKX¶ 2UGLQDO1XPEHU ,QWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµ—P¶  Q—O—YDGKX (Q—O—P S—GDPYDVLQJD Read the fourth lesson. 6LQJOH:RUGµ—YDGKX¶ µ$W/HDVW¶ Q¯QJDLGKXNNXSDWKWKXUÌE—Y—YDGKXNRGXNND¼XP You should give at least ten rupees for this. µ—YDGKX«—YDGKX¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶ L¼¼DNNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDº—YDGKXQ—Q—YDGKXSVD¼XP In today’s meeting either you or I should speak. Vocabulary NÀEDPNÀYDP anger NXUXNN across (dat.) NÀEDPY— ZQG be angry QUYDÄL straight way vahuppu class, standard, grade P—PVDP meat ------

187 Adi’s Book. Sentences. Q—QLYDUHHQJH\ÀS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen him somewhere. LYºDYXV—SS—GHHQDNNXSÀGKXP This much food is enough for me. Q—QDGKHHQND¼¼—OH\S—UWKWKQ I saw that with my own eyes. Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPS—UNNDOH\À S—UWKWKDGKXLOOH\À " You have never seen me have you? Q—ODNNLXQJDYOHN—UDQNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀY—Q—" Will your servant go to the market tomorrow? HQDNNXLSSRSQ—YÀSHQFLOÀY¼XP I want a pen or pencil now. DYDUSD¼DNN—UDUQ¯QJDOÀÄHQ¯QJDHSGLLGKHVHL\DPXGL\XP" He is a rich man but you are poor. How can you do this? Q¯QJDLQGKDFKLQQDYOH\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP You should at least do this small job. HQDNNXXGDQHNRQMDPN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD Bring me some coffee or tea at once. XQJDPDKDQLSSRHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXYDKXSSXOHSDGLNU—Q In which class (standard) is your son studying now? Q¯QJDLSGL\VHLGKXYDQGK—HQDNNXNÀEDPYDUXP If you keep doing this, I will get angry. DQGKDNDVKWDP—QDYOH\HHSGL\ÀVHLGKXPXGLWKWKQ I have finished doing that difficult job somehow. DYDUQDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀHQDNNXSDUY—OOH I don’t care if he is a good man or a bad man. Q—Q—YDGKXHQVQKLGKDU—YDGKX Q—QÀHQVQKLGKDUÀ XQJDºHVDQGKLSSÀP Either I or my friend will meet you. LQGKDÀWWDOOHHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXDUHOHWKDQJLLUXNULQJD In this hotel in what room number are you staying. ÄHMDQDQJDºXNNXQ—PLQGKDXGKDYL\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP We should give at least this help to the poor people. ¼LQJDXQJDNDGLGKDWKOHNDLHÄXWKXSÀWWLQJDº—" Did you sign your letter?

188 Adi’s Book. DYDUMDQDQJDºXNNXLSGLXEDGKVLNNDO—P—" Can he preach to the people like this? HQVQKLGKDUHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀWW—UQ—QÀLQQXPEDGKLOSÀGKDOH My friend has written a letter to me, but I have not yet sent a reply. HQDNNXHYºDYÀNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKXDGKH\—UXNNXPVROODP—WWQ I have such a lot of trouble, but I will not tell anyone. XEDGKVDPVHLUDGKÀVXODEDPDGKDQSDGLQDGDSSDGKÀNDVKWDP It is indeed easy to preach, but difficult to act accordingly. W¯\ÀN—SSL\ÀHGKÀV¯NUDPNRGXQJD Give me tea or coffee or something quickly. LQGKDYDÄLNXUXNNXYDÄL\—QUYDÄL\—" Is this a short cut or a straight route? Q¯QJDWKLQJDNLÄDPH\—YDGKXVHYY—NLÄDPH\—YDGKXYDUDPXGL\XP—" Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? DYDUNXÄDQGKHNNXNRQMDPPLWW—\—YDGKXY—QJD¼XP I must buy at least some sweets for his child. Practical Conversation. F7DPLOLDQ)RRG F: Foreigner, T: Tamilian. )WKDPLÄQ—WOHN—ODLOHV—GK—UD¼DP—HQQDV—SSLGDY—QJD" In Tamil Nadu what do they usually eat in the morning. 7WKDPLÄDUXNNXGKÀVDL\ÀLGOL\ÀXSSXP—YÀGK—QN—ODPHV—SS—GX Dhosai or idli or uppuma is the common breakfast for Tamilians. )7KDPLÄDUGKÀVDLLGOL\ÀGXN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXV—SSLGDP—WW—QJDº—" Don’t the Tamilians take coffee or tea with idli or dhosai? 7—P——Q—DYDQJDV—GK—UDQDP—W¯\HYLGDNDSSLMDVWKLV—SSLGDY—QJD Yes, but they would usually take more coffee than tea. V—SSLGDHGKXLUXQGK—OXPVDULLOO—YLWW—OXPVDULDYDQJDºXNNXN—SSLNDWW—\DPLUXNND¼XP Whether there is something to eat or not, there must be coffee. )DYDQJDPDGK\—QDV—SS—WWXNNXPU—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXPHQQDV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP" What are they used to eating for lunch and supper. 7PDGK\—QDPV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPN—LNDUL\XPVLODVDPD\DPPXWWH\XPP—PVDPXP For lunch, rice and vegetables, sometimes eggs and meat.

189 Adi’s Book. 7 U—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPUDVDPXPDSSDºDPV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP For supper, rice rasam and appalum are usually eaten. )HOO—WKDPLÄDUXPP—PVDPV—SSLGDY—QJDº—" Do all Tamilians eat meat? 7LOOHHOO—UXPLOOHDQKDSUV—SSLGXYDGKXLOOH No, not all. Many people do not eat it. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48, 49, 50. Q—PGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSVUDSDGL\—OHDGKXVXODEDP—YDUXGKXLQGKDYOHL¼¼DNNL PXGL\—GKDGK—OHQ —ºDNNLN DWW—\DPL GKHP XGLNND¼XP  PDPE—\LOLUXQGKXF KHQQDLNNX V¯NUDPYDQGKXVUXPEDGLUÀSOQOHSXUDSDWWÀPDQKDSUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDU—GKDSDGL\—OH NÌWWDPQDGDNNDOHPDÄHÀL\—GKDGK—OHQ—QJDNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDPXGL\DOH Q¯QJDYLUXPELQDSDGLHOO—PQDOO—PXGLQGKDGKX Q—PQ DPY —\XNNX YDQGKDSDGLS VDNÌGDGKX LGLRP     DYDU Q—NN—OL\HW KDºOLQD SDGL\—OHD GKXN ¯ÄHY LÄXQGKXX GHQGKDGKX  V —SS—GXU RPEDU ÌVL\—LUXQGKDGK—OH DYDQJD M—VWKLV —SSLWW—QJD  — GXQJDS XOP \XPEDGLP OHNNXS ÀQDGKXQJD  LQGKDV HGLQJDºH QDGXPEDGLWKÀWWDN—UDQNRQGXYDQGK—QQ¯QJDVXKDP—KXPEDGLQ—QJDGKYDQHWKRUDUÀP LYDUXNNXW KDPLÄHÄXGKDYXPS DGLNNDYXPU RPEDQ DOODW KHUL\XP LSSRO—PD QKD SH¼¼XQJDºXP— S¯VOHY OHV HLGKXYDU—QJD  H Q SH¼¼XNNXPS ÌURPEDL VKWDPL QQX Q—Q XQJDºXNNXVRQQQ\—UXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHVXODEDP—SDGLNNDO—PDYDUHSGL\XPHWWX PD¼LNNXººHYDQGKXYLGXY—UQ—QDGKHSDWKWKLHGKXYXPVROODPXGL\—GKXLQQXQLQHNUQ Q¯QJDHSSRYXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQQLGDPLUXQGKXYDQJLNRººDO—PLGKXXQJDY¯WWHSÀOD Q¯QJDLQGKDY¯WWOHHQJH\XPSDGXWKWKXNRºODO—PDYDUNÌSSLWWXPQ—QSÀKDOHQLQQ—HQDNNX YOHM —VWKL LUXQGKDGKX   Q —PH YºDYX SD¼DPNR GXWKWK—OXPD YDQXNNXV DQGKÀVKDP LUXNN—GKXNXÄDQGKHNNXYDÄDSDÄDPNRGXWKWKDGKXPDGKXDÄDUDGKHQLUXWKWKLYLWWDGKXV—OH PDGKGLOHQDGDNUDGKXDE—\DP—Q—V—OHÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XPLQQXDQKDSUXNNXWKHUL\DOH L¼¼DNNL LUXEDWKX SUXPY OHV HL\DY DQGKXL UXNU—QJDº—"  DQGKDS XVWKDKDQJDH WWXP XQJDºXNNXGK—QN RQGXSÀKDP DUDNN—GKLQJD Q—ºDNNLN DWW—\DPH Q Y¯WWXNNX YDUXYLQJDº— LOOH\—"Q—QQLFKFKD\DP—VROODYPXGL\—GKX—Q—S—UNNDO—PQ—QNDWW—\DPXQJDY¯WWXNNX YDUXYQLQQXVRQQLQJDºDYDULQJH\XPW KDYDU—PH ZLWKRXWIDLO YDUXY—U—"Q—PY DÄLOH N—SSL\ÀW¯\ÀV—SSLGDO—P—"Q—PSÀUDYDÄLOHÀWWDOLUXNNXGK—"VDULXQJDLVKWDPSÀODHGKXYÀ HGKÀ VDSSLGDO—P

190 Adi’s Book. Q—PL¼¼DNNL—VSDWKULSÀKDQXPQDPXNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDHGKXYXPVHL\DO—P Q¯QJDSD¼DNN—UDUQ—QÀÄHN—SSLLOO—YLWW—SDUY—LOOHWKD¼¼L\—YDGKXNRGXQJDXQJDSH¼ HWKWKDQH\—YDGKX YDKXSOHS DGLNU—" H Q SH¼DQM—PY DKXSOHS DGLNU—S DL\DQ RPEDGK—P YDKXSOHS DGLNU—Q   U RWWL\—YDGKXV —GKDP—YDGKX NRQGXY—QJD  HÄXGKDS Q—Y—YDGKX SHQVLO—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD DYDUXPDSGLPÀVDP—SVDNÌG—GKXLGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—QDGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—Q LQGKDP DQXVKDU \—UXNNXPS LGLNNDOH   H QGKDG KVDWKWKLOXPQ DOODYDQJDN HWWDYDQJD LUXNU—QJDHQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQ—QNLÄHSÀWWXPDGKXXGH\DOHHQDNNXDGKXY¼—PLQQX Q—QVRQQ—OXPD YDUDGKDQXSSLYDLWKWK—U—S¯VOHYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPQ —Q QUDY ¯WWXNNX SÀQQ G KLQDQGKÀUXPS —GDQJDºH HÄXGKD¼XPL QQXPW KLUXPEDW KLUXPED DGKXQJDºH SDGLNND¼XPLQQXPHQJDY—GK\—UHQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLVROU—U SDVLY DQGK—SDWKWKXPS DUDQGKXS ÀKXP ROGV D\LQJ  L GKXY—DQGKDN DWWDGDWKWKXNNX SÀKXPYDVDO"Q—QLQGKDYOHOHVHLGKXPXGLSSQQWKWKXQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGKLQQXP QVÌG—LUXNNXGKX"EHQJDOÌUDNNXSÀKXPQUYDÄLLGKXY—"Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXQGKL\À SLQGKL\ÀHSSRYYDUDO—PQ—QDYDUHNÌSSLWWQDYDUÀµQ—QYDUDP—WWQ¶ LQQXVROODYLWW—U LQGKDN ºYLNNX Q¯QJDº—YDGKX EDGKLOV ROODPXGL\XP—" D YDU DSS—FKHQQDL\LOLUXQGKX L¼¼DNNL\ÀQ—ºDNNL\ÀYDUXY—ULSSRHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPNXGLNNDHGK—YDGKXNRGXQJD Q—QL QJHR UX S—PEHS —UWKQ\ —UH\—YDGKXV ¯NUDPN ÌSSLGXQJD XQJDW KDPEL\—YDGKX D¼¼DQ—YDGKXH QQÀGXD QXSSXQJD    Q —QV DLNLOH\—YDGKX EDVOH\—YDGKX SÀYQ HSGL\—YDGKXSÀLDQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDS—UXQJD DYDU QDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀS—UYDL OOHD YDUHY DUDV ROOXQJD     Q ¯QJD HQJH\—YDGKXS ÀL HGK—YDGKXVHLGKX\—UH\—YDGKXS—UWKWKXLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\—YDGKXPXGLQJDQ—QHQJH SÀQ—OXP\—UH\XPS—UNNDPXGL\—GKXN—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXPPDÄHSHLGKDGK—DOODGKX PDÄHS HLGKDGKXPN —WKWKXD GLWKWKDGK—" D YDU SD¼DNN—UDU—LUXQGKXPH QQDX ED\ÀKDP SUD\ÀMDQDP  D YDU \—UXNNXPXGK DYLV HLUDY DÄDNNXPLOO H Q —QV —SS—GXU XVL\— VDPHWKWKXPQ ¯QJDºº—P QV DUL\—V—SSLGDOH L QGKDS DQQHQGX SUH\XPN ÌWWLNRQGXSÀL YOH\H—UDPELQJDQ—QYDUDOHQ—OXP YDUDYLWW—OXP Q¯QJDYOHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQJD \—UNÌSSLWW—OXPDQGKDQ—LNXWWLVDQGKÀVKDP—ÀGLYDUXP ------

191 Adi’s Book. LESSON 51. GREETING AND MEETING PEOPLE. Vocabulary R¼¼XPLOOH nothing YLVVKDP— particular, special \DU—YDGKX anyone \—UXPLOOH no one, nobody avasaram urgency, hurry (n.) WKDYDU—PH without fail eppovum always, any time HSSRY¼XP—Q—OXP anytime N—WKWKLUX wait (v.) Conversation, Doctor’s Reception Desk.. P: Patient, R: Receptionist. 5Q¯QJDO—"XººHY—QJDQ—NN—OLOHXNN—UXQJD Is that you? Come in. ‘Take a seat’. P. nandri, romba nandri. Thank you, many thanks. 5\HSGLLUXNULQJDVXKDP—" How are you, are you well? Q—QQDOO—LUXNUQ I am well Q¯QJDOXPVXKDP—" Are you well too? 3LOOHQ—QVXKDPLOOH HQDNNXXGDPEXVDUL\LOOH  No, I am not well. 5Q¯QJDVRZN\DPLOOH\—" Are you unwell? 3—P—Q—QNRQMDPVRZN\DPLOOH Yes, I am a bit unwell. 5QLQJDHYºDYXQ—º—VXKDPLOOH" How long are you ( have you been) sick. 3Q—QRUXY—UDP—VXKDPLOOH I have been unwell for one week. 5XQJDNXGDPEDPVXKDP—" Is your family well?  XQJDY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDP—" (Is your household well?) 3—P—HQY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL Yes, everyone in my family is well, thanks. 5Q¯QJDHQJHLUXNULQJD"XQJDY¯GXHQJH" Where do you live? Where is your house? 3\HQY¯GXNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKX My house is behind the temple. R. yedhu unga theru? Which is your street? 3DQGKDQ¯ODP—QDWKHUXGK—QHQJDWKHUX That long street is our street. R. enna sangadhi? What news? 3YLVVKDP—R¼¼LOOH Nothing special. (nothing in particular)

192 Adi’s Book. 5Q¯QJDHQQHS—UWKWKXURPEDQ—OLOOH\—" It is a long time since you saw me, is it not? 3—P—Q—QXQJDºHVDQGKLWKWKXURPEDN—ODP—FKFKX Yes, it is a long time since I met you. 5Q¯QJDQYDQGKLQJD" Why did you come? 3Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPXººHLUXNU—U—" I want to see the doctor. Is he in? 5LOOHDYDUYHºL\HSÀLLUXNU—U SÀL¶NU—U  No, he has gone out. 3DYDUHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U" When will he return? 5DYDUV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U He will return soon. 3Q—QDYDUXNN—KDNRQMDQUDPN—WKWKLUXNNDO—P—" May I wait for him for a little while? 5ÀGK—U—ODP—N—WKWKLUXNNDO—P Oh, by all means you my wait. ------Sentences. 1. enna sonninga? What did you say? (‘I beg your pardon’) XQJDºHS—UNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP I am glad to see you. Q—QXQJDºXNNXHQQDVHL\D¼XP" What can I do for you. HQQDNNXQ¯QJDRUXFKLQQDXGKDYLVHL\D¼XP You can do a small favour for me. Q—QDYDUVQKLGKDU I am his friend. Q¯QJDHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXPDQQLSSLQJDº—" Will you please forgive me? VDULLQGKDGKDGDYHPDWWXPPDQQLNUQ Alright, I will forgive you only this time. QUDPLUXQGK—HQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—" Can you come to our house if you have time VDULDSGL\VHLYQ Alright, I shall do so. Q¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP" How long can you stay. Q—QURPEDQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\—GKXNRQMDQUDPGK—QLUXNNDPXGL\XP I cannot stay long. I can stay only a little while Q—QHSSRYDUDO—P" When may I come? Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDO—P You may come tomorrow. XQJDºXNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP—" Are you in a great hurry?

193 Adi’s Book. —P—HQDNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP Yes, I am in a great hurry. Q¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—" Can you not come? LOOHQJDHQDNNXDYDVDUDP—QDYOHLUXNNXGKX No, I have urgent work. Q¯QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDWWLQJDº—" Did you hear this news? LOOHQDQLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDGDOH No, I did not hear this news. Q—QSÀLYDUDWWXP—" Q—QSÀLYDUDO—P—"  May I take leave? (May I go?). SÀLWWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP Goodbye. Q—QPDUXSDGL\XPXQJDºHHSSRVDQGKLNNDO—P" When can I meet you again? Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPVDQGKLNNDO—P You may meet me anytime. XQJDGKVDPHGKX" Which is your country? HQGKVDPLQGKL\— My country is India. DGKX\—UY¯GX" Whose house is that? DGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯GX That is my friend’s house. DYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know him? —P—DYDUHHQDNNXWKHUL\XP Yes, I know him. DQJH\—U—YDGKXLUXNU—QJDº—" Is there anyone there. $QJH\—UXPLOOH No one is there. LYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know this person? LOOHLYDUHQDNNXWKHUL\DYWKHUL\—GKX No, I don’t know this person at all. Q—QVROUDGKXXQJDOXNNXWKHUL\XGK—" Do you understand what I say? Q¯QJDVROUDGKXHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX I understand well what you say. Q¯QJDHSSRYDQGKLQJD" When did you come. Q—QLSSRGK—QYDQGKQ I came just now. XQJDOHWKLUXPEDHSSRS—UNNDO—P" When can I see you again. Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXP HSSRY¼XP—Q—OXP SDUNNDO—P You may see me any time you like. Q¯QJDHQQHQ—ºDNNLNDWWD\DPS—UXQJD Definitely see me tomorrow. VDULQ—QXQJDºHQ—ºDNNLWKDYDU—PDS—USSQ Alright, I will see you tomorrow without fail. ------

194 Adi’s Book. LESSON 52. CONVERSATION ABOUT WORK. Vocabulary JU—PDMDQDQJD villagers SD\LUWKRÄLO agriculture JU—PDWKWK—U villagers YLYDV—\DP agriculture NXGL\—QDYDU farmer VDPXV—UL farmer QHVDY—ºL weaver NDLWKRÄLO hand craft industry YD¼¼—Q dhobi QHLUDWKRÄLO weaving JXPDVWK— clerk thachchar carpenter WKRÄLOXGK\ÀKDP profession NRWKWKXYOH masonry Y\—E—UL merchant Y\—E—UDP trade, business YUH other, different seruppu sandal DGLKDP— in large numbers surusuruppu activeness uraippu diligence XUDLSS—OL hard worker, diligent one VÀPEDO laziness VÀPEUL lazy fellow PXGLYHWWXNRº ZQG have a haircut kshavara-kade barber’s shop NVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRº ZQG have a shave kshavaram shaving (n.) Conversation. XQJDOXNNXHQQDYOH" What is your occupation. Q—QJXPDVWK—YOHVHLUQ I am a clerk. JU—PDWKOHHGKXPXN\DP—QDYOH" What is the main occupation in the village? YLYDV—\DP SD\LUWKRÄLO PXN\DP—QDYOH Agriculture is the main occupation. JUDPDWKWK—UYUHHQQDWKRULOVHLU—QJD" What other industry do the villagers do? JU—PDMDQDQJDS—LQHLUDWKRÄLOVHLU—QJD The villagers do mat-weaving. LYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U" What is his work? XQJDSXUXVKDUXNNXHQQDYOH What is your husband’s work? HQSXUXVKDUWKDFKFKDYOHVHLU—U My husband is a carpenter. Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUH" With whom are you working as a gardener? Q—QRUXGRFWRUY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUQ I am a gardener at a doctor’s house.

195 Adi’s Book. XQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLUXNNDY¼XP—" Do you want to be a (house) servant? LOOHHQDNNXDQGKDYOHLVKWDPLOOH No, I don’t like that work. Q¯QJDP—GXYD¼GLNN—UDU—" Are you a bullock cart driver? —P—Q—QYD¼GLNN—UDUGK—Q Yes I am a cart driver. HYODYXQ—º—YD¼GLÀWULQJD" How long have you been driving a cart. SDWKWKXSDGKLQDQMXYDUXVKDP—ÀWUQ I have been driving for 10-15 years. 8QJDYD¼¼DQHSSRYDUXY—Q" When will your dhobi come? HQJDYD¼¼DQDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUXY—Q Our dhobi will come next week. LGKXHQQDNDGHNVKDYDUHNDGH\—" What shop is this, a barber’s shop? Q—QPXGLYHWWLNRººD¼XPDSSRQ—QNVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRººD¼XP I want to have a shave then a haircut. 1LQJDQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\XP—"PDGKXUDLOHQHVDY—OLQJDDGKLKDP—LUXNUDQJDº—" Do you know how to weave? In Madhurai are there many weavers? HQDNNXQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\—GKX—Q—PDGKXUDLOHDQKDQHVDY—OLQJDLUXNU—QJD I don’t know how to weave, but in Madhurai there are many weavers. DQGKDNDWWDGDWKOHDYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U What work is he doing in that building? DYDUDQJHNRWKWKXYOHVHLU—U He is working as a mason there. DYDUWKRÄLOHQQDWKHUL\XP—"DYDUVHUXSSXWKDLNUDYDU Do you know what his work is? He is a cobbler. HQJDSS—RUXY\—E—ULDYDUDULVLY\—E—UDPVHLU—U Our father is a merchant, he is doing rice business. XQJDºXNNXYOHLOOH\—"LSSRHQJHYDQGKLQJD" Don’t you have work? What brought you here now? HQDNNXYOHLOOHLSSRYOHWKGLYDQGKQ I have no work. I came in search of a job. LYDQYOHR¼¼XPVHL\DOH\—" Is he not doing any work? DYDQRUXSLFKFKHNN—UDQSLFKFKHHGXNUDGKXDYDQWKRÄLO He is a beggar. Begging is his profession. LQGKD—OSHUL\DVÀPEUL This man is a very lazy one. ------

196 Adi’s Book. LESSON 53. CONVERSATION WITH A SERVANT. Vocabulary mei truth poi lie thuppu (w.in) spit VHLGKLWK—º newspaper YLVLULSÀGX switch on (fan) visiri niruththu switch off (fan) YLOODNNXSÀGX switch on (light) YLOODNNXD¼H switch off (light) sarakku iru be slippery YDÄDYDÄDQQXLUX be slippery MDJUHGKH\—LUX be careful EDGKUDP—LUX be careful S—UWKWKXY—QJD watch out! YOH\—LUX be busy Conversation. L¼¼DNNLVHLGKLWK—ºHQJH"HQDUHNNXV—YLHQJH" Where is today’s newspaper? Where’s my room key? LGKÀLUXNNXGKXQJDV—YLNÌGDNR¼GXYDUQ¶JD Here it is sir. I am bringing the key as well sir. NDGKDYHPÌGX¶S—PÌGLYLWWH\—" Close the door man. Have you closed it? Q—QPXQGKL\PÌGLYLWWQ¶JD I have alredy closed it sir. NDGKDYHWKLUD¶P—QURPEDQUDPVHLUH" Open the door ‘ma. Why do you take such a long time? LGKÀWKLUDQGXYLWWQ¶P—YOH\—LUXQGKQDGKDQ—OHQUDP—FKFKX Look, I am opening it ‘ma. I was busy, so it took time. EDGKUDP—LUX M—JUDGKH\—LUX  Be careful. (Take care of yourself) Q—QVRQQDGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKHWKHULQGKDGK—" Don’t forget what I said, d’you understand? WKHULQGKDGKXQ—QPDUDNNDP—WWQ Understood, I won’t forget. YLºDNNXPYLVLUL\XPSÀGX Put on the light and the fan. YLVLULYKDP—Y¼XP—PHGKXY—Y¼XP—" Do you want the fan fast or slow? YLºDNNHD¼HQJD7KDWWL\HN¯ÄHYLGXQJD Turn off the light. Pull down the thatties WKDWWL\HS—GKLYLWW—SÀGKXP—" If I pull the thatties half way is it enough?

197 Adi’s Book. VDGKGKDP NÌFKFKL VHL\—GKH SÀG—GKH  Do not make a noise. Q—QVDGKGKDPVHL\DOHQ—QPHGKXY—SVUQ I am not making a noise, I am speaking quietly. DSGL\QLOOXDQJHSÀK—GKHQ—QXQQÀGX XQNLWWD SVD¼XPHQDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHL Stand still. Do not go there. I must speak with you. Clean my room. LGKHQ\—EDWKOHYDLWKWKXNNNRº YDLFKFKXNNÀ  Bear this in mind. Q¯XQYOH\HS—UDYDUHXººHYDUDVROOXDYDUHHQQHS—UNNDVROOX Mind your own business. Tell him to come in. Tell him to see me. VDULQJDHSSRXQJDºHS—UNNDVROOD¼XP" Alright sir, when should I tell him to see you? SRLVROO—GKHQLMDP PHL SVX Do not lie, tell the truth. LGKXSRLLOOHQLMDPGK—Q PHLGK—Q  This is not a lie, it is indeed the truth. DQJHWKXSS—GKHJDGLK—UDWKWKXNNXVDYLNRGXHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXNN—GKH Don’t spit there. Wind up the clock. Don’t give me trouble.` HQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\—GKHYDÄDNNDPSÀODY—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHY— Do not worry me. Come as usual. Come on time. QUDPSRUXWKWKX NDÄLWKWKX YDU—GKH SLQGKLYDU—GKH  Do not come late. HQQDVRQQH"Q—QR¼¼XPVROODOHQ¯HQGKDSDNNDPSÀUH" What did you say? I did not say anything. Which way are you going? HQDNNXHOO—PR¼¼XGK—QHQQDNWWH" It is all the same to me. What did you ask? DGKHHGXLGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXYLGXLQGKDFK¯WWHDYDULGDPNRQGXSÀ Take that. (Pick it up) (Pass it on). Take all these away. Take this chit to him. VDULQJDLGKXNNXEDGKLOY¼XP—" Alright sir, do you want a reply for this? Q—QQUDSRUQLQGKDSDNNDPSÀDQGKDSDNNDPSÀK—GKHLQJHURPEDDÄXNN—µNGKX I am going straight. go this way, don’t go that way. It is very dirty here. DQJHGKÌV— GKÌVX\— LUXNNXGKXGKÌVL\HQDOO—WKXGHQJDDQGKDNXSSH\H\HGX It is dusty there. Wipe the dust well. Take away that rubbish. N—OVDUXNNXPS—UWKWKXY—QJD ‘Your feet will slip, watch out!’ ------

198 Adi’s Book. LESSON 54. CONVERSATION REGARDING TIME. QUDP—FKFKX it is time LQQXPQUDP—KDOH it is not yet time DGKLN—ODLOH early in the morning N—WKWKXY—QJDSÀ go for a walk V—GK—UDQDP— usually, ordinarily vidumure holiday, leave SDÄDNNDP custom YDÄDNNDP habit Conversation. ,SSRPD¼LHQQD"LSSRVDUL\DHWWXPD¼LXQJDºXNNXNDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGK— What is the time now? Now it is exactly 8 o’clock. Do you have a watch? —P—HQDNNXRUXQDOO—NDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGKXLSSRGK—QSDWKWKXPD¼LDGLWKWKDGKX Yes, I have a good watch. It has just struck ten! XQJDJDGLK—UDWKOHHQQDPD¼LHQJDGLK—UDWKOHUH¼GPXNN—OPD¼L What is the time by your watch? It is 2.45 by my watch. DGKXQSDWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKX"HQDNNXWKHUL\—GKXQ—ºDNNLNDODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD Why did it strike ten? I don’t know. Come tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock. Q¯QJDL¼¼DNNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPDQLNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—"Q—OXVDPÀV—NRQGXY—QJD Can you come at 5 o’clock this evening? Bring four samosas. LOOHYDUDPXGL\DGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLYDUDPXGL\XPQ—OXLGOLQJDNRQGXYDUD¼XP—" No, I cannot come, but I can come tomorrow. Shall I bring four idlis? PÌQXDGLWKWKXSDWKWKXQLPLVKDP—FKFKXXQJDºXNNXRUXSXWKXJDGLK—UDPY¼XP It is ten past three. You need a new watch. XQJDJDGLK—UDPVDUL\—SÀKXGK—" Is your watch correct? ( does it keep good time?) HQJDGLK—UDPDQMXQLPLVKDPPXQGKL V¯NUDP SÀKXGKXDGKXQWKWKXXGHQGKDGKX My watch is five minutes fast. It broke yesterday. DYDUJDGLK—UDPHWWXQLPLVKDPSLQGKL PHGKXY— SÀKXGKXDGKXNNXND¼¼—GLLOOH His watch is eight minutes slow. That has no glass. LSSR—UXSDWKWKX—FKFKXLOOHHWWXDGLNNDLUXEDGKXQLPLVKDPLUXNNXGKX It is six ten. (Ten past six). No, it is twenty to eight. Q¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" What time are you coming?

199 Adi’s Book. QDQSDGKLQRUXPD¼LNNXYDUDO—P—" Can I come at ten o’clock? LQQXPQUDP—KDOH\—"LOOHLQQXPQUDP—KDOH Is it time yet? No, it is not yet time. DL\ÀQUDP—LSÀFKFKXQ—QXGDQHSÀKD¼XP Oh dear, it is time, I must go at once. Q¯QJDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKLQJD" Why were you very late. HQQHPDQQLFKFKXNÀQJDHQDNNXYDÄLOHNRQMDPYOHLUXQGKDGKX Forgive me , I had some work on the way. LQJH\—UPXQGKLYDQGK—QJD" YDQGKDGKX" Who came here early? Q—QGK—QLQJHPXQGKLYDQGKQ I was the one who came here early. L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHWKLQJDNLÄDPH\— What is today, is it Monday. —P—QDºDNNLVHYY—NLÄDPHQ—ºD¼¼DNNLEXGKDQNLÄDPHLUXNNXP Yes, tomorrow is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow will be Wednesday. DSSRQWKWKXQ—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKXLOOH\—" So yesterday was Sunday, wasn’t it? —P—DSGLGKDQLUXNNXNXPY—UDPGKÀUXPPXQGK—Q—ºVDQLNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKX Yes, it’s like that every week. The day before yesterday was Saturday. Q¯QJDPDGKXUDLNNXQ—ºDNNLSÀYLQJDº—" Will you go to Madhurai tomorrow? LOOHQDQDQJHDGXWKWKDY—UDPSÀYQ No, I will go there next week. N—ODLOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYHºL\HSÀYLQJD" When will you go out in the morning? Q—QDGKLNDODLOHYHºL\HSÀUQ I am going out early in the morning. Q—OD¼¼DNNLQ—QHSSRYDUD¼XP" When shall I come the day after tomorrow? Q¯QJDPDGK\—QDPSD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXWKDYDU—PHY—QJD Come at 12 o’clock without fail. SD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXHQDNNXQUDPLOOH I have no time at noon. Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPDU—WKULOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYLQJD" At what time do you usually eat at night? Q—QGKLQDQGKÀUXPV—GK—UD¼DPDHWWXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYQ I usually eat at eight o’clock daily. SDKDOQUDWKOH SDKDOOH WKÌQJXYLQJDº— Do you sleep during the day time?

200 Adi’s Book. LOOHHQDNNXSDKDOOHWKÌQJDUDSDÄDNNDPLOOH No, I am not in the habit of sleeping in the day-time. Q¯QJDLQJHHYODYX HWKWKDQH Q—º—LUXNULQJD" How long have you been here? Q—QSDODYDUXVKDP—LQJHLUXNUQ I have been here for several years. GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDPYLGXPXUHNRGXQJD Please give me leave for two weeks. LSSRYOHDGLKDP—LUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHRUXY—UDPGK—QYLGXPXUHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP There is a lot of work now, so only one week’s leave can be given. DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UYDU—QJD" Who is coming next week. DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UXPYDUDOH Nobody is coming next week. SÀQDY—UDPHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD" Where had you been last week? Q—QSÀQDY—UDPPDPEDLNNXSÀLLUXQGKQ I had been to Mumbai last week. ------

201 Adi’s Book. LESSON 55. CONVERSATION ABOUT WEATHER. Vocabulary YDVDQWKDN—ODP spring NXºLUNDODP winter idi thunder (n.) idi-idikkudhu (s.thth) thunder (v.) minal lightning (n.) minnudhu(w.in) be lightning flash SXÄXNNDP—LUX be sultry NXºLUFKFKL\—LUX be cool paruva nile weather NXºLU—LUX be cold Conversation. L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the weather today? L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHURPEDQDOODLUXNNXGKX Today the weather is very good. NRQMDQUDWKOHPDÄHSHL\XP—" Will it rain in a short while? —P—PDÄHSHL\XPSÀODLUXNNXGKX Yes, it seems like it will rain. L¼QDNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—" It is very hot today, is it not? —P—L¼QDNNLURPEDVÌG—LUXNNXGKX Yes, it is very hot today. N—ODPHHSGLLUXQGKDGKX" How was it in the morning? N—OHOHURPEDNXºLU—LUXQGKDGKX It was very cold in the morning. QWKWKXU—WKULNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXQGKDGK—" Was it cool last night? LOOHQWKWKXU—WKULSXÄXNNDP—LUXQGKDGKX No, yesterday night was sultry. XQJDXUOHQDOODPDÄHSHLGKDGK—" Have you had heavy rain in your town? M—VWKLPDÄHLOOHOVDSHLGKDGKX Not much rain, it rained lightly. 13. veyyil epdi irukkudhu? How is the heat? (sun) YH\\LOM—VWKLDGLNNDGKX The sun (It) is very hot. QWKWKXN—WKWKXDGLWKDGKX Yesterday it was windy. 16. adhu enna velichcham? adhu enna sadhdham? What is that light? What’s that noise? DQGKDYHºLFKFKDPPLQQDOLUXNNXP That light is lightning. 18. andha sadhdham idi. idi idikkudhu. That noise is thunder. It is thundering. XQJDºXNNXNXºLUN—ODP—YDVDQWKDN—ODP—LVKWDP" Do you like winter or spring? YDVDQWKDN—ODWKOHWKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNNXP In the spring the plants are beautiful. ------

202 Adi’s Book. LESSON 56. CONVERSATION WITH A TAILOR. Vocabulary chatte, chokka shirt P—GKLULWKX¼L pattern uduppu dress (n.) (clothing) thrupti satisfaction WKDºDUWKWKL\—LUX be loose thaiyal tailoring XUXNNXP—LUX be tight NÌOL charge (n.) pidi be tight thiruppi kodu return (v.)(tr.) Conversation. GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKDL\DON—UDUHNÌWWLNRQGXYDULQJDº—" Will you please bring a tailor? VDULQJDNÌWWLNRQGXY—UQ Yes sir, I will bring one. LYDUXNNXRUXFKDWWHY¼XPWKDLNNDPXGL\XP—" He needs a shirt, can you stitch it? PXGL\X¶QJDWKDLWKWKXWKDUQ I can, I will stitch it and give it. FKRNNDLNNXHYºDYXWKX¼LY¼ÌP" How much material is needed for a shirt? RUXFKRNNDLNNXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUWKXQL For a shirt 2½ metres of cloth. HQDºDYXHGXNULQJDº—" Will you take my measurements? —P—NRQM¶RUXQLPLVKDP Yes, just a minute. SQWVNÌGDWKDLNNDQXPSQWVXNNXHYODYDWKXQL" Pants are also to be made. How much cloth for pants? RUXYLQ—GLLUXQJDDºDYXHGXWKWKXS—UNUQ Just a second, I will measure and see. LQGKDWKX¼L\LOLUXQGKXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUHGXWKWKXNÀ¶QJDE—NNLWKLUXSSLNRGXQJD Take 2½ metres from this cloth. Give back the remainder. VDULQJDVHLUQP—GKLULWKX¼LLUXNNXGK— Okay, will do. Is there a pattern? XQJDFK—WWHPÌQXQ—ººHWKD\—U—LUXNNXP Your shirt will be ready in three days. RUXFKDWWHNNXWKDL\DONÌOLHYºDYX" How much do you charge for a shirt? RUXFKDWWHNNXWKRQQÌUXUÌE—YDQJUQ I charge Rs 90 per shirt. 8QJDNÌOLM—VWKLNRQMDPNDPPLSD¼¼XQJD Your charges are high, reduce it a bit. HQNXOLURPEDLOOH—Q—XQJDOXNN—KDDQMXUÌE—NDPPLSD¼UQ My charges are not too much, but I will reduce it Rs 5 for you.

203 Adi’s Book. DºDYHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNND¼XPWKHULQGKDGK— Everything should fit well, understand? ED\DSSDG—GKLQJDDL\—XQJDºXNNXWKUXSWL\—WKDLWKWKXNRGXNUQ Never fear sir. I will make it to your satisfaction. HQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGK—" Is our clothing ready? —P—QJDXQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGKXLSSRQLQJDSÀWWXS—UNNDO—P Yes sir, your clothes are ready. Now you can try them on and see. HSGLLUXNNXGKX"DºDYXHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—" How is it? Does it fit well. WKÀºNLWWDYXPDNNXºNLWWDYXPNRQMDPSLGLNNXGKX It is a bit tight near the shoulder and the armpit. RUXFKÀºLWKDLNND¼XP—Q—DWKHUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNRQMDWKDºDUWKWKL\—LUXNND¼XP A choli is to be stitched, but it should be a little loose on both sides. LGKDºDYXLUXNND¼XPL¼¼DNNLWKX¼LNRGLWKWK—H¼¼DNNLWKDLWKWKXNRGXNULQJD" It should be this size. If I give the cloth today, when will you stitch and give it? Q—ºD¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKDLWKWKXNRGXSSQ I will make it and give it the day after tomorrow. Q¯QJDVRQQDQ—ºQLFKFKD\DP—NRGXNND¼XP You must give it on the promised day. WKDYDU—PHNRGXSSQ¶JD I shall give it without fail ma’am. Q¯QJDQDOO—WKDLNULQJDHQDNNXURPEDWKUXSWL You tailor well. I am very satisfied. URPEDQDQGULQJDXQJDWKUXSWLGK—QHQVDQGKÀVKDP Thank you very much, your satisfaction is my happiness. ------

204 Adi’s Book. LESSON 57. CONVERSATION WITH A CLOTH MERCHANT. Vocabulary puduve, sele saree pattu silk PDWWDP—QD inferior. QÌO cotton NÀGXSÀWWD striped NDWWDPSÀWWD chequered NDPEDºLWKXQL woollen cloth tharchchamayam at present Conversation. XQJDºXNNXVOHQJD SXGDYHQJD LUXNNXGK—" Do you have sarees? LUXNNXGKXHQQDYLGKDP—QDVOHY¼XP" Yes, what kind of sarees do you want? SDWWXSXGDYHY¼XP—QÌOSXGDYHY¼XP—" Do you want silk or cotton sarees? VLOD—UDQLSXGDYHQJDN—WWXQJDN—QMLSÌUDPSDWWXVOHQJDXQJDºLGDPLOOH\—" Show me some Arni sarees. Don’t you have Kanchipuram silk sarees? LUXQGKDGKX—Q——LSÀFKFKXWKLUXPEDRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP We had, but they are all sold out. They will come in again in a week. —UXP¯WDUOHVLODQDOO—QÌOVHOHQJDN—WWXQJD Show me some good six metre sarees. LGKXQJDHQGKDÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJD" From which place do these cotton sarees come? LGKXQJDPDGXUDL\XPNÀLPEDWÌUXPVOHQJD These are Madurai and Coimbatore sarees LQGKDSXGDYHNNXV—\DPSÀLYLGXP—" Will the colour of this saree fade? LOOHQJDV—\DPSÀKDYSÀK—GKX No, the colour will never ever fade. LQGKDSXGDYHNNXJHWWLV—\DP This saree has fast colour. Q¯QJDV—\DWKWKHSDWKWKLQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—" Can you say for certain about the colour? Q—QJDURPEDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP We can certainly guarantee it. LQGKDVOHNNXV—\DPJHWWLLOOH¶PDNRQMDQ—ººHV—\DPSRLYLGXP The colour of this saree is not fast. It will fade after a few days. YLOHX\DUQGKD M—VWKLYLOHOH QDOODFKRNN—WKX¼LN—WWXQJD Show me the more expensive ( superior quality) shirting cloth.

205 Adi’s Book. LGKÀFKRNN—WKX¼LS—UXQJD Here is the shirting cloth, have a look. LGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LLOOH\—" Don’t you have finer material than this? LOOHQJDLGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LHQJDOLGDPLOOH No madam, we don’t have finer material than this. LQGKDWKX¼LPRGKGK—LUXNNXGKXHQDNNXPDWWDP—QDWKX¼LY¼—P This is coarse material. I don’t want inferior cloth. VDULQJDPPDXQJDLVKWDP—Q—LWKXPDWWDWKX¼LLOOH Alright madam, as you wish, but this is not coarse material. NÀGDSÀWWDFKRNN—WKX¼LLUXNNXGK—" Do you have striped shirting? LUXNNXGKXQJDHQJDºLGDPNDWWDPSÀWWDWKX¼LNÌGDLUXNNXGKX We have, we have chequered shirting too. ODLWNDODUGK—QHQDNNXSLGLNNXPJK—GL\—Y¼—P I only like light colours, I don’t want dark. LGKXURPEDDUXPH\—QDWKX¼LURPEDN—ODWKWKXNNXQDOO—XÄDLNNXP This is very excellent material. It will serve well for a long time. QDOODNDPEDºLWKX¼LLUXNNXGK—" Do you have any nice woollen material? LOOHQJDPPDWKDUFKFKDPH\DPLOOHUHQGRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP No madam, not at present, it will come in a week or two. S—UYDLOOHQ—QDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUQ Never mind, I shall come next week. VDULQJDPPDDSGL\VHLQJDYD¼DNNDP Alright madam, please do come, goodbye. ------

206 Adi’s Book. LESSON 58. CONVERSATION WITH A FRUIT MERCHANT. Vocabulary P—PEDÄDP mango GU—NVKHSDÄDP grapes SDSS—OLSDÄDP pappaya DSSLOSDÄDP apple DQ—VLSDÄDP pineapple Y—ÄDSDÄDP banana, plantain JR\\—SDÄDP guava SDO—SDÄDP jack friut N—\— unripe SDÄXWKWK—SDÄDP— ripe YLOHPDOLY— cheap price YLOHM—VWKL expensive DÄXKLSÀ decay YUHQQD what other HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP lime SDÄDP fruit —UDQMX orange (tangerine) V—WKWKXNNRGL sweet lime, (orange) 1RWHð D ORFDOO\DQµRUDQJH¶ —UDQMX is also known by some as a ‘loose jacket’. This is what would be known in U.K. as a ‘tangerine’. E ORFDOO\DµVZHHWOLPH¶ V—WKXNNRGL OLWµVKXWFRDW¶ ZKLFKLVFRORXUHGLQ various mixtures of green and orange, would be known in U.K. as an ‘orange’. F DOLPH HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP VHHPVWREHDOLPHHYHU\ZKHUHIRUWXQDWHO\ Conversation. HQQD¶S—XQNDGHOHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXGK—" Sir, do you have bananas (plantains) LUXNNXGKXQJDHQQDYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XP" I have, what bananas do you want? SDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH" I want green bananas. How much are they a dozen. RUXGD]DQSDWKWKXUÌE—XQJDºXNNXHYODYXY¼XP" Ten Rupees a dozen. How many do you want? SDÄDQJDFKLQQDGK—LUXNNXGKX—Q—YLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKX The fruits are small, but the price is high. DGKXM—VWKLYLOHLOOHQJDHQJH\XPRUYLOHGK—Q The price is not high, everywhere’s the same price. UH¼GXGD]DQSDGKLQHWWXNNXY—QJDO—P—" Can I have two dozen for Rs 18 ?

207 Adi’s Book. LQGKDSDÄDQJDºHV¯NUDP—V—SSLGD¼XP We should eat this fruit quickly. \QDSGLVROULQJD" Why do you say that? QLQQ—DGKXQJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLLUXQGK—DÄXKLSÀLGXP Because by the day after tomorrow they will go bad. (decay). XQJDºLGDPYUHQQDSDÄDPLUXNNXGKX" What other fruit do you have? —UDQMXV—WKWKXNRGLGKU—NVKHDQ—VLPDPEDUDPJR\\—DSSLOHOO—PLUXNNXGKX Oranges, sweet limes, grapes, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, apples, everything! NDUXSSXGKU—NVKHN¯ORHQQDYLOH" How much a kilo of black grapes? RUXN¯ORQ—SDWKWKXUÌE—LUXNNXP—Q—XQJDºXNNXGK—QPXSSDWKWKDQMXNNXNRGXNUQ One kilo is Rs 40, but to you only, I will give them for Rs 35. PDOJÀY—P—PEDÄDPRUXGD]DQYQXPHSGLNRGXNUH" I want a dozen Malgova mangoes, how do you sell them? Q—PPXNNXLQGKDQ—ODQJDPDOJÀY—P—PEDUDPYDUDOHYLOHURPEDMDVWKLLUXNNXP We are not getting Malgovas these days, the price is too high. DGKX\QDSGLLUXNNXGKXHQQD—FKFKX" Why is that? What has happened. LSSRDWKXHOO—PJXOSXNNXSRKDGKXPDPEDL\LO—UXQÌUXUXE—GD]DQLUXNNXP Now they are all going to the Gulf. In Mumbai the price is Rs 600 per dozen! SDO—SDÄDPXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—" Don’t you like jack fruit? SDO—SDÄDPQ—QJDV—SSLGDYDGKXLOOH We don’t eat jack fruit. DYºDYXGK—QHOO—SDÄDPXPLQGKDNÌGHOHSÀWWXNDWWLWKDUDPXGL\XP—" That’s all, can you put all the fruit in this basket and tie them up? DSGL\VHLUQHQQLGDPURPEDQDOO—SDSS—ºLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDY¼XP—" I will do that. I have very good papayas, do you want some? LQGKDSDSS—OLURPEDSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXLGKXY¼—P This papaya is overripe, I don’t want this one. LGKÀLGKXM—VWKLSDÄXNN—GKDSDÄDP,GKXNRQMDPN—\—XUXNNXGKX Here you are, this is not overripe, this a bit unripe (green). VDULSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXSDÄDPRUXQ—ºXNN¶XººHDÄXKLSÀLGXP Okay. Overripe fruit will go bad (rotten ) within one day. ------

208 Adi’s Book. LESSON 59. CONVERSATION WITH A GARDENER. Vocabulary YQGKDGKD unwanted NXSSHN̺DQJD weeds, rubbish PXº thorn YOL fence pasumpul thare lawn, grassy area PXºYOL thorn hedge vidhe seed vidhe (s.thth) sow, seed (v.) Y—GLSSÀ ZLQ wither samappaduththu level (v.) Conversation. YO—QWKWKXVHGLQJDºXNNXWKD¼¼LÌWKWKHQH\—" Vela, did you water the plants yesterday? LOOHQJDQLQQ—QWKWKXPDUHSHLGKDGKX No sir, because it rained yesterday. LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LÌWKWK—GKH Don’t water this plant too much. VDULQJDLWKXNNXM—VWKLÌWKWKDP—WWQ Alright sir, I won’t water it too much. WKÀWWDWKOHY¼G—GKDNXSSHN̺HQJDLUXNNXGKXPXGKDOOHDGKHHGXNNDO—P—" There are unwanted weeds in the garden. May I clear them first. —P—PXGKDOOHDGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXSRGXDSUDPVXGKGKDPVHL Yes, clear them first, then clean up. LQGKDVHGLQY—GLSÀQDGKX" Y—GLSÀFKFKX"  Why has this plant withered away? QLQQ—LGKXNNXSÀGKXP—QDHUXLOOH Because not enough manure has been put on QDOO—HUXSÀWW—VHGLQDOODYDºDUXP Properly manured the plant will grow well. SDSS—OLPDUDWKWKXNNXNLÄHYLGKHYLGKHNN—GKH Do not sow under the papaya tree. LOOHQJDQ—QDQJHYLGKHNNDP—WWQ No sir, I will not sow seeds there. —GXP—GXYDU—PHS—UWKWKXNNÀ See that the cattle do not come here. YOLSÀWW——GXP—GXQJDYDU—GKXQJD If we put a fence cattle will not come. WKÀWWDWKWKHVXWKWKLPXºYOLSÀGD¼XP—" Should we hedge the garden with thorn? —P—DSGLGK—QVHL\D¼XPDSSRGK—Q—GXP—WWXQJDXººHYDUDPXGL\—GKX Yes, that’s it, then the cattle can’t get inside.

209 Adi’s Book. LQJHUXQGKXUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNDOQDWWXQDGDNNDYDÄLVHL Make a path from here by fixing stones on both sides. LQJHURPEDVU—LUXNNXGKXVLODPD¼DOLQJHNR¼GXYDQGKXSÀGX It is very muddy here, bring some gravel and throw it here. Y—ÄDPDUDPHQGKDLGDWKOHQDGD¼XP" Where should we plant the banana tree? SÌVHGLNNXNLWWDYDÄDPDUDPQDGXQJD Plant the banana tree near the flowers. LQGKDLGDWKOHPD¼SÀWWXQLODWKWKHVDPDSSDGDWKWKX Put earth (dry mud) here and level up the ground. DQJHSDVXPSXOWKDUHWKD\—UVHL\D¼XP Prepare the ground there for a lawn. LGKX\—U—GX"QDPWKÀWWDWKWKXVHGLQJDºHWKLQQDGKX Whose goat is this? It eats our garden plants. DQGKD—WWHNDWWLSÀGDVROOX Tell them to keep the goat tied. \WKDPELLQLPOHLQJHYDQGKXSXS—ULNNDNÌG—GKX You, youngster, from now on don’t come here to pluck flowers. VDULQJDHQQHPDQQLFKFKXNNÀQJDDGKHWKLUXPEDVHL\DP—WWQ Alright sir, please forgive me, I won’t do it again. LQGKDWKÀWWDWKOHM—VWKLYOHLOOHXQDNNXHYºDYXVDPEDºDPY¼XP" There is not much work in this garden. How much salary do you want? DL\—P—VDPDLQÌUXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—YOHVHLYQ Sir, if you pay me five hundred Rupees a month I will work. ------

210 Adi’s Book. LESSON 60. CONVERSATION WITH A DHOBI. Vocabulary vilasam address PXQSD¼DP advance DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀOD accordingly RÄXQJ— regularly salave wash (n.) salave sei (w.dh) wash RWKWKXNRº ZQGK agree tholai (s.thth) lose (v.) Conversation. Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKX¼LQJDYHºXNUH" VDODYHVHLUH Whose clothes do you wash? XQJDVQKLGKDUY¯WOHDÄXNNXHGXNUQ I am taking washing for your friend. P—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYH" In a month how many washes do you do? P—VDWKOHQ—OXVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYQ In a month I will give four washes. VDULQÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYODYXNNUH" Okay, how much do you ask for 100 clothes? QÌWKWKXNNXPÌQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJUQ I charge Rs 300 per 100 pieces. VDUL¶SDDGXWKWKDY—UDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYDUDO—P Alright, you can come from next week. VDULQJDDGXWKWKDY—UDPNDWW—\DPY—UQ Yes, I will definitely come next week. HQJDYLWWXYLO—VDPXQDNNXWKHUL\XP—" Do you know our house address? WKHUL\XPDGKHPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP I know, I knew it before. Q—QXQDNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVROOD¼XP I must tell you one thing. Q¯HQJDºLGDPPXQSD¼DPNNNDNÌG—GKX You should not ask advance from us. LQQR¼¼XHQJDºXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPRUXQJ—Q—OXVDODYHY¼XP Another thing, we want the wash regularly four times a month. LGKHURPEDYLOHX\DUQGKDWKXQLM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHL\D¼XPDSGLVHLYH\—" This is very high cost material. you should wash it carefully. Will you do so? VDULQJDDGKHM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHLYQ Yes madam, I will wash it carefully. DQGKDWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀG—GKH Don’t put starch in that cloth. LOOHQJDDGKXNNXNDQMLSÀGDP—WWQ No madam, I will not put starch in it. WKXQLQJDºHNDOPOHEDODP—DGLNNDNÌG—GKX Don’t beat the clothes hard on the stone

211 Adi’s Book. XGXSSHOO—PURPEDEDGKUDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP You should wash the clothing very carefully. WKXQLQJDNLÄL\—PHS—UWKWKKXNROOD¼XP See that the clothes are not torn. WKX¼LQJDWKRODLNNDNÌG—GKX You should not lose the clothes. ,QGKDWKX¼LOHDÄDNXVDUL\—SÀKDOHDGKXVDUL\—VXGKGKDPLOOH The dirt has not gone from this clothing. That is not cleaned properly. VDODYHWKUXSWL\—LOO—YLWW—DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀODSD¼DPNRGXSSQ If the wash is not satisfactory, I will pay you accordingly. DSGL\VHLQJDPP——Q—Q—QQDOO—VDODYHVHLYQ Please do, but I will do the wash properly. LGKHOO—PRWKWKXNNRQG—Q¯DGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUDO—PHQQDVROUH" If you agree to all this you may come next week. What do you say? VDULQJDPP—HOO—PXQJDLVKWDSSDGL\VHLYQ Alright madam, I will do everything just as you wish. ------

212 Adi’s Book. LESSON 61. CONVERSATION ABOUT FOOD. Vocabulary NDGDODNN—L peanut, groundnut NDWKWKDULNN—L brinjal WKDNN—OL tomato SÌVD¼LNN—L pumpkin NXUP— meat curry N¯UDNN—L cucumber NXÄDPEX vegetable curry WKQJ—L coconut poriyal fried veg or meat NRGKLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water rasam pepper water NRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water masiyal mashed veg, cereal veththale betel leaf NDLP—YDGDL cutlet S—NNX betel nut VDLYDV—SS—GX vegetarian food YDUXWKWKDP¯Q fried fish N—UDP— hot (pepper, spices) PLOLWDULV—SS—GX non-veg food WK—\LU curds VÌG— hot, (temp) paruppu dhal PÀU buttermilk DºDYÀGX measure MÀU— excellent QDPDWKXSÀ become soft GKLWWDP— proper —ULSSÀ become cold vikkal hiccups PRUDPRUD¼¼X crisp kuchchappadu be shy, bashful XUXºDLNNLÄDQJX potato NÌWWX curry Conversation. Y¯WOHVDPD\DOXNNXYQGL\DHOO—V—P—QXPLUXNNXGK—" Do you have in the house all the things needed for cooking? —P—QJDPP—HOO—PV—P—QXPLUXNNXGKX Yes yes madam, we have everything. L¼¼DNNLHQQDVDPD\DOVHLGKLQJD" What did you cook today? L¼¼DNNLNDWKWKDULNN—LV—PE—UXUXºDLNNLÄDQJXSRUL\DO Today, brinjal curry and fried potatoes. N¯UDNNDLSDFKFKDGLQVHL\DOH" Why didn’t you make cucumber pachadi?

213 Adi’s Book. L¼¼DNLQUDPLOOHPP—Q—ºDNNLNDWW—\DPVHLUQ There wasn’t time today maam, I will certainly make it tomorrow. —Q—LSSRNDGDODNN—LFKDWQLVHLGKLUXNUQ But I have made peanut chutney. PLºDKXUDVDPNÌGDLUXNNXGK—" Do we have pepper water also? LOOHQJDL¼¼DNNLWKDNN—ºLUDVDPGK—QLUXNNXGKX No maam, we have only tomato rasam today. FKDSS—WKWKL\XPSDUXSSXPDVL\DOXPURPEDMÀU—LUXNNXGKX The chappatties and dhal curry are excellent. VDQGKÀVKDPXQJDLQQXPFKDSS—WKWKLY¼XP—" I am glad maam, do you want more chappatties? LOOHHQDNNXWKD\LUGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXPPÀUY¼—P I very much like curds, I don’t want buttermilk. VLODSRULWKWKDDSSDºDPNRQGXY— Bring some fried appalums. DSSDºDPQQDPDWKWKXSÀFKFKXPRUDPRUD¼¼XLUXNNDY¼—P—" Why have the appalams become soft, shoudn’t they be crisp? HQJDºXNNXHSSRYXPNRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼LGK—QNRGXNND¼XP You should only give us boiled water. ,QQXPNRQMDPV—GKDPY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD I want some more rice, bring it quickly. LGKX—ULSÀFKFKXVÌG—LUXNND¼XP This is cold, it should be hot. UDVDPURPEDN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX The pepper water is very hot. VDULQJDPPDQ—ºDLOLUXQGKXN—UDPGKLWWDP—SÀGUHQ Alright ‘ma, from tomorrow I will put the proper ‘karam’. NXÄDPEXHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the curry? NXÄDPEXNRQMDPSXºLSS—LUXNNXGKX The curry is a bit sour. Y¯WOHSÀGKXP—QDURWWLLUXNNXGK—" Do you have enough bread here? LOOHQJDURWWL—LSÀFKFKXQ—ºDNNLY—QJD¼XP No, the bread is finished, we must buy some tomorrow.

214 Adi’s Book. Y—QJDY—QJDXNNDUXQJDV—SSLWWLQJDº— Come in , sit down, have you eaten? NXÄDQGKHNNXRUXNRSSHS—ONRGX Give a cup of milk to the child. XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XPÀNWWXV—SSLGXQJD Whatever you want to eat just ask. Q—PY¯WOHQ¯QJDNÌFKFKDSSDGDNÌG—GKX Don’t feel shy in our house. HQDNNXNÌFKFKDPLOOHHQDNNXY¼GL\DGKXV—SSLGUQ I don’t feel shy, I will eat whatever I want. 8QJDºXNNXPLOLWDULV—SS—GXY—VDLYDV—SS—GXY—YQXP" Do you want non-veg. or vegetarian food? HQDNNXUH¼GXPSLGLNNXPLQGKDYDUXWKWKDP¯QURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKX I like both. This fried fish is very tasty. LGKX—WWXN—ULNDLP—YDGH\—" Are these mutton cutlets? L¼¼DNLNÀÄLNDULNXUP—NÌGDNLGDLNNXP Today you will get chicken kurma also. NDULVÌSSXNRQMDPXSS—LUXNNXGKX The meat soup is rather salty. V—SS—GXN—UDP—LUXQGK—HQDNNXYLNNDOYDUXP If the food is spicy hot, I will get hiccups. DGKXSDUXSSXWKQJDWKXYDL\DOLGKXSÌVD¼LNN—LSDUXSSXNÌWWX That is dhal coconut chutney, this is pumpkin dhal curry. SDSS—OLSDÄDPWKXQGXWKXQG—DUXWKWKXLQJHNRQGXY—QJD Cut the papaya into pieces and bring them here. WKDPLÄQ—WOHVLODMDQQDQJDV—SS—WWXNNXDSUDPYHWKDOHS—NNXSÀWWXNRºY—QJDY¼XP—" In Tamil Nadu some people take betel nut and leaf after meals, want some? ------

215 Adi’s Book. LESSON 62. CONVERSATION AT A RAILWAY STATION. Vocabulary Q¯U—YLSDKDGX steam boat pahadu boat, (rowing) —K—\DYLP—QDP aeroplane kappal ship V—P—QSHWWLSDGXNH luggage thangu stay, halt HGHSÀGXPLGDP luggage office thangumidam waiting room HGHS—UNNXPLGDP luggage office HGHSÀGXHGHS—U weigh VDV¯GX receipt sellum validity anumadhi permission WKDOOLNÀ move up anumadhi (s.thth) permit (v.) QDKDQGKXNNÀ move up vasadhi, sowharyam comfort, convenience nirandhu full UDLOYD¼GL train QUYDQGL through train SUD\—¼L traveller VXWKWKXSUD\—¼XP tour (n.) SUD\—¼XPVHL ZGK travel SUD\—¼XP travel(n.) Conversation. Q,QJDHQGKDÌUXNNXSÀULQJD" To which place are you going? Q—QGHOOLNNXSÀUQ I am going to Delhi. LQJHUXQGKXGHOOLNNXSÀKDHYºDYXQUDPSLGLNNXGKX" How long does it take to go to Delhi from here? GHOOLNNXSÀKDPXSSDWKWK—UXPD¼LQUDPSLGLNNXGKX It takes 36 hours to go to Delhi. GHOOLOHHQJHWKDQJDSÀULQJD" Where are you going to stay in Delhi? Q—QGHOOLOHRUXVQKLGKDUY¯WOHWKDQJDSRUQ I am going to stay at afriend’s house in Delhi. µRQODLQWLNHW¶Y—QJL—LFKFK—" Did you get an on-line ticket? LOOHWLNHWNRGXNNXPLGDPHQJH¶S— No, where is the booking office please. WLNHW—S¯VDGKÀLUXNNXGKX The ticket office is there, look. XQJDºXNNXHQQDWLNHWY¼XP" What ticket do you want?

216 Adi’s Book. HQDNNXUH¼G—YDGKXYDKXSSXVO¯SSDUY¼XP I want a second class sleeper. 12. adhu sila samayam niraindhu irukkum. That may possibly be full. DSSRQ—QPXGKDOYDKDSSXOHSÀKD¼XP Then I’ll have to go first class. LQGKDWLNHWUH¼GXQ—ºXNNXGK—QVHOOXP This ticket is only valid for two days LSSRQ—QJDDYºDYXV—P—QHGXWKXSÀKDP—WWÀPDGKDQ—OHLGKXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX Now we do not take all that much luggage, so it is is easy. DQGKDQUDWKOHQ—QJDHGHSÀWWDNRGXNND¼XPLQQXPSD¼DPLUXNNXPNDVKWDP—QDGKX In those days we had to get it weighed, give more money; troublesome! —P—µRUXWKDOHNNXPXSSDWKWKXSDYXQGGK—QNRQGXSÀKDO—P¶LQQXVRQQDQJD Yes, ‘you can take only thirty pounds per head’ they said. 18. vandi eppo purappadum? When will the train start? QUDP—FKFKXV¯NUDPUXQJD It is time, climb in quickly. LGKXHQQDEÀJLLQJHLGDPLOOH What carriage is this, there is no room. LGKXVWKULQJDUXPYDQGLQ—QJDDGXWKWKDYDQGLPXODP—QDGDNND¼XP This is a ladies carriage, we have to walk through the next carriage. LGKXGHOOLNNXQU QUDSÀKXP YDQGL\—" Is this a through train to Delhi? —P—LQGKDYDQGLNÌGDQLUDLGKXSÀQDGKXNRQMDPWKDOOLNÀQJD QDKDQGKXNÀQJD  Yes. This carriage is full too. Please move up a bit. (please adjust!). HQYDQGLWKDYDULSÀFKFKXQ—QHQJH\—YDGKXYDÄLOHYDQGLP—WKWKD¼XP—" I missed my train. Do I need to change trains on the way? —P—Q¯QJDQDJSÌUOHP—WKD¼XP Yes, you must change at . YDQGLLQJHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXGKX",QJHSDWKWKXQLPLVKDPQLNNXP How long will the train stop here? Here it will stop for ten minutes. NÌOL\ÀLGKHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDHYºDYXNNUH",UXEDGKXUÌE—NRGXQJD Coolie, to take all these how much do you ask? Give me twenty rupees. LQGKDÌUOHS—UNNDWKDKXQGKDLGDQJDHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What are the places worth seeing in this town? Q—QXQJDºXNNXDQGKDLGDPHOO—PVXWKWKLN—WWXYQ I will take you round and show you all these places. ------

217 Adi’s Book. STORY No 1. 9–7+803210877(<80 pon gold SU—VH greed nashtam loss peru big , great \ÀVDQH idea WKÀQLQDGKX occurred mutte vai (s.thth) lay egg YLSDU¯GKD perverse, strange mutte idu (w.tt) lay egg RURUX only one VROODPXGL\—GKXVDQGKÀVKDP unspeakable joy, (limitless) RUXXUOHRUXNXGL\—QDYDQLUXQGK—QDYDQURPEDUHDYDQLGDPNRQMDPGK—QSD¼DP LUXQGKDGKX D YDQD QGKDSD¼DWKWKHNRQGX RUX Y—WKWKXY —QJLQ—Q DQGKDY —WKWKXG KLQDQ GKÀUXPR UX SRQP XWWHL WWX YDQGKDGKX NXGL\—QDYDQXNNXV ROODPXGL\—GKXV DQGKÀVKDP DYDQSRQPXWWHQJDºHYLWKWKXSD¼DNN—UDQ—Q—Q RUXQ—ºRUXYLSDU¯GKD\ÀVDQHWKÀQLQDGKX³LQGKDY—WKWKXQ—OGKÀUXPRUXSRQPXWWH YDLNNXGKX—Q—DGKDQYD\LWKWKXNNXXººHDQKDSRQPXWWHQJDLUXNNXP DGKHHOO—PR U Q—ººHHGXWKWKXNRQG—LQQXPSHUL\DSD¼DNN—UDQ—LYLGDO—P´LQQXQLQHWKWK—Q DYDQ SU—VH\—OHR UX NDWKWKL\HN RQGXYDQGKXD GKDQ YD\LWKWKHN LÄLWKWKXS —UWKWK—Q —Q—Y—WKWKXYD\LWKWKXNNXººHRURUXSRQPXWWHGK—QLUXQGKDGKXNXGL\—QDYDQXNNXDSSR VROODPXGL\—GKXY LVDQDP  QLQQ—SRQP XWWHS ÀQDGKXPLOO —PHSRQ P XWWHL WWXNRQGX LUXQGKDY—WKWKXPSRLYLWWDGKXHQQDVHL\DO—P"SU—VHSHUXQDVKWDPWKDUXP ------

218 Adi’s Book. STORY No 2. 3$»$..–5$1801$0%,..$,8¹¹$1$<80 PXQRUXN—ODWKOH once upon a time SÀKDYQGKLLUXQGKDGKX had to go LºDLSS—UX ZLQ rest (v.) —ODPDUDP banyan tree À\—PH without stopping Q\—EDKDP memory suttu vittu having shot WKXSS—NNL gun —WKWKLUDP hasty temper GKLG¯UQX sudden N—UD¼DP cause, reason Q\—EDWKWKXNNXY— remember S—YDP poor thing QDPELNNDLXººD faithful pirahu then, afterwards N—UL\XP deed mattu less, limited seththu kidandhadhu lay dead enbadhe* the thing which *Neuter participial noun, used as conjunction PXQ RUXN —ODWKOHR UX SD¼DNN—UDQL UXQGK—Q  D YDQXNNX RUXD ÄDK—QDQ —\XPQ DOOD NXGKLUHR¼¼XPLUXQGKDGKXDYDQWKDQQ—\HNÌWWLNNRQGXNXGKLUHPOHULNNRQGXDQGKD ÌUXNNXSXUDSSDWW—Q D¼¼DNLURPEDYH\\LODGLWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXYH\LOOHURPEDGKÌUDPS UD\—¼XP VHLGKDSDGL\—OH DYDQXNNXU RPEDN DOHSS—LUXQGKDGKX  Y DÄLOHR UXNX ºDPL UXQGKDGKX DQGKDN XºDNNDUHPOHL UXQGKDR UX— ODPDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄHX NN—UQGKXL ºDLSS—ULQ—Q S LUDKX NXGKLUHPOH ULP DUXSDGL\XPSX UDSSDWWXSÀGKXD YDQ Q—LD YDQHS —UWKWKX NXODLWKWKDGKX Q—LÀ \—PHN LODLNN—YH NXODLWKWKDGK—OH  DYDQXNNXU RPEDN ÀEDPY DQGKDGKX D YDQ —WKWKLUDWKWK—OHQ—\HWKDQWKXSS—NNL\—OHVXWWXYLWWXDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q URPEDGKÌUDPSÀQDSLQDYDQXNNXWKDQSD¼DSSDL\HPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHYLWWXYLWWDGKX GKLG¯UQX Q\—EDWKWKXNNX YDQGKDGKX   Q —LN XODLWKWKDN —UD¼DPL SSRGK—QD YDQXNNX YLºDQJLQDGKX X GDQURPEDY KDP—NXºDNNDUHNNXW KLUXPEDY DQGK—Q D YDQD QJH S—UWKWKDGKXHQQDS—YDPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—LDYDQSD¼DSSDLPOH\VHWKXNLGDQGKDGKX WK—QEXGKLLOO—PHVHLGKDN—UL\DWKWKXNN—K—URPEDYLVDQDSSDWW—Q D¼DLN DGDQGKDY HººDPD ÄXGK—ºXPY DUXP—" — WKWKLUDNN—UDQXNNX EXGKGKLP DWWX HQEDGKHDSSRGK—QWKHULQGKXNRQG—Q ------

219 Adi’s Book. STORY No 3. 7+233,9<–%–5,<80.85$1*$¹80 thoppi cap, hat QLÄDO shade XUXU— place to place YLÄLWKWKXNNRº ZQG wake up NÌFKFKDO shout, yell (n.) NÌFKFKDOSÀGX shout, yell (v.) \ÀVDQHVHL ponder, think about VUWKWKX having collected DQKDY DUXVKDQJDºXNNXP XQQ—OHR UX Y\—E—ULL UXQGK—Q D YDQ XU XU—SÀLW KRSSL Y\—E—UDPV HLGKX YDQGK—Q R UX Q—OD YDQW KRSSLQJDºHY LNNXPEDGLR UXÌ UXNNXS ÀL NRQGLUXQGK—QYH\\LOURPEDM—VWKL\—LUXQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHDYDQV—OHÀUDP—LUXQGKDRUX PDUDWKWKXQLÄDOOHXNN—UQGK—QDYDQXNNXURPEDNDOHSS—LUXQGKDGK—OHWKRSSLPÌWWHPOH WKDOHYDLWKWKXNNRQGXV¯NUDP—WKÌQJLYLWW—Q DQGKDPDUDWKOHDQKDNXUDQJXQJDLUXQGKDGKXDGKXQJDN¯ÄHWKRSSLPÌWWH\HS—UWK WKDYXGDQHR UXN XUDQJXV —SS—WWXPÌWWHL QQXQ LQHWKWKXL UDQJLY DQGKXD QGKDP ÌWWH\H DYLÄWKWKXS—UWKWKDGKX—Q—DGKXOHV—SS—GXLOOHWKRSSLQJDGK—QLUXQGKDGKXDGKXXGDQH WKXQJLNRQGLUXQGKDY\—E—ULWKDOHPOHRUXWKRSSL\HSDUWKWKDGKXDGKXPÌWWH\LOLUXQGKX RUXW KRSSL\H HGXWKWKXW K—QXPW KDQW KDOHP OH DGKHS ÀWWXNRQGKDGKX LGKHS —UWKWKD PDWKWKDNX UDQJXQJDºXPN LÄHY DQGKXD SGL\VHLGKDGKX D GKXNNXD SUDPH OO— NXUDQJXQJDºXP PDUDWKWKXPOH ULNNRQGXV DQGKÀVKDP—NÌFKFKDOS ÀGD— UDPELWKWK DGKXQJDDGKXQJDSÀWWDVDGKGKDWKWKHNWWXY\—E—ULYLÄLWKWKXNNRQG—Q DSSRD YDQP OHS —UWKWKDSSÀGKXR YYRUXN XUDQJXNNXPW KDOHP OHR UXW KRSSL LUXQGKDGKX L SSRD YDQP ÌWWHOHU H¼GXW KRSSLQJDP —WKUXPL UXQGKDGKX D GKXQJDºLGDP LUXQGKXH SGL\—YDGKXW KRSSLQJDOHY —QJDY ¼XPL QQXN RQMDQ UDP\ ÀVDQHV HLGK—Q V LOD nimishangalukku apram avan than thaleyilirundha thoppiye eduththu kurangunga S—UNNXPEDGLN LÄHSR WW—Q L GKHS DUWKWKDNX UDQJDºXNNXN ÀEDPY DQGKDGKX D GKXQJDOXP DSGL\WKDQJDWKDOHPOLUXQGKDWKRSSL\HHGXWKWKDN¯ÄHSÀWWDGKXQJD Y\—E—ULNNXU RPEDV DQGKÀVKDP XGDQHD YDQU RPEDV ¯NUDP—HOO—WKRSSLQJDºXP VUWKWKXPXWWH\—NDWWLNNRQGXDQJLUXQGKXYKDP—ÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q ------

220 Adi’s Book. STORY No 4. 27+7+80('+–1%$/$0 singam lion QÀNNL towards oththume unity balam strength GKÀ some N—UDQDP reason, cause US—GX ZWW occur RWKWKXPH\—LUX be united S—L ZQGK leap muyarchchi sei try VQKDP—LUX be friendly NRÄXWKWKXLUX well developed, fat RUXN—WWXNNXNLWWDRUXÌULUXQGKDGKXDQGKDÌUOHQDOXP—GXQJDLUXQGKDGKXQ—OX PDGXPU RPEDV QKLGDP—LUXQGKDGKX S XOP \DS ÀQ—OXPV DULD OODGKXW KD¼¼LN XGLNND SÀQ—QXPVDULQ—OXPR¼¼—SÀKXPÀ¼¼—YDUXPN—WWXNNXSDNDWKOHSXOYDºDUQGKXLUXQGKD SDGL\—OHQ —OXP —GXPW KUXSWL\—SXOW KLQQX NRÄXWKWKXL UXQGKDGKXQJD D GKN—WWLOHR UX VLQJDPXPLUXQGKDGKXVLQJDPLQGKDNDÄXWKWKDP—GXQJDºHS—UWKWKDGKLOLUXQGKXDGKXQJDºH HSGL\—YDGKXDGLWKXNR¼¼XWKLQQD¼XPLQQXQLQHWKWKXNNRQGKDGKX RUXQ—ºDQGKDVLQJDPSXOPLQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDRUXP—WWXPOHS—LQGKDGKXLGKH S—UWKWKDP DWKWKDP ÌQXP DGXQJDºXPV LQJDWKWKHQ ÀNNLS —LQGKDGKX  V LQJDPQ —OX PDGXQJDºXNNXPQ LNNDP XGL\—PHÀ GLSÀLYLWWDGKX  V LQJDPL GKHSÀODS DODG KDGDYH P—GXQJDºHD GLWKWKXP X\DUFKFKLV HLGKDGKX — Q—Q—OXP —GXQJDºXPU RPEDR WKXPH\— LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHVLQJDWKWK—OHR¼¼XPVHL\DPXGL\DOHLSGLNRQMDN—ODP—QDGKX RUXVDPD\DPHGKÀRUXN—UD¼DWKWK—OHQ—OXP—GXQJDºXNNXPYLUÀGKDPUSDWWDGKX YLUÀGKDWKWK—OHRUXQ—ºQ—OXP—GXPR¼¼DLOO—PHWKDQWKDQL\—GKÌUDGKÌUDP—SXOP\D WKRGDQJLQDGKXQJDLGKHS—UWKWKDYXGDQHVLQJDPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWDGKXDGKX P—GXQJDºHRYR¼¼DDGLWKXWKUXSWL\—WKLQQDGKXRWKWKXPHLUXQGKXLUXQGK—VLQJDP P—GXQJDºHNR¼¼XLUXNNDPXGL\XP—"RWKWKXPHGK—QEDODP

221 Adi’s Book. STORY No 5. 7+$,<$/.–5$180<–1(<80 \—QH elephant thumbikkai trunk YGLNNHWKDP—VK fun YGLNNH\—QD funny H¼¼DP thought, idea NHGXY—Q one who perishes WKHQJ—L coconut WKÀ¼LQDGKX idea struck ÌVL needle NXWKWKLNRº ZQG LQWU stick in, stab, pierce V—NNDGH gutter SRUXNNDPXGL\—GKD unbearable urinju (w.in) suck SÀYDGKXYDÄDNNXP usually went NGX evil, ill URPEDX¼PH very true RUXSDWWD¼DWKOHRUXWKD\DONDUDQLUXQGK—QDQGKDWKD\DONDGHLUXQGKDWKHUXYDÄL\D RUX\—QHGKLQDQGKÀUXPNXºLNND—WKWKXNNXSÀYDGKXYDÄDNNDPYDÄDNNDPSÀODRUXGKLQDP DQGKD\—QHDGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXLGKHS—UWKWKDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXRUX YGLNNH\—QDH¼¼DPWKÀQLQDGKX\—QHWKDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHYDQGKDGKXPRUXWKQJ—LNNX XººHRUXÌVL\HYDLWKWKXDQGKD\—QHWKLQQDNRGXWKWK—Q\—QHWKQJ—\HWKLQQXPEÀGKXÌVL DGKDQYDLNNXXººHNXWKWKLNNRQGKDGKX\—QHNNXSRUXNNDPXGL\—GKXYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX —Q—DGKXDQJLULQGKXVXPP—SÀLYLWWDGKXLGKHS—UNNDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXURPEDWKDP—VK— irundhadhu. \—QH—WKWKLOHYDÄDNNXPSÀODNXºLWKWKXYLWWXVXP—UUH¼GXPD¼LQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDP DGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXDGKWKD\DON—UDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHQLQQDGKXNDGHNNXNLWWD LUXQGKDDÄXNNXV—NNDGHWKD¼¼L\HWKDQWKXPELNNDL\—OHXULQMLWKDL\DON—UDQPXKDWKWKXPOH DGLWKWKDGKXWKDL\DON—UDQDQJHQLNNDPXGL\—PHNDGH\HYLWWXYLWWXÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDQGK—QLQQRUXPDQXVKDUXNNXNGXQLQHSS—QNHGXY—QNGX QLQHSS—QHQEDGKXURPEDX¼PHLOOH\—" ------

222 Adi’s Book. STORY No 6. 2:$,<–5<(118038/$9$5 yennum so named, called pulavar poet, poetess QÌO classic, thread arasar king, kings PDUL\—GKH respect kadume severity Q—YDOPDUDP jamoon plum tree, Q—YDOSDÄDP jamoon plum VXG—GKD not hot sutta hot DULY—OL wise person PDUDNLºH tree branch POHVRQQD above mentioned —KDL\—OH therefore EDODP— with great strength WKHUL\—GKDGKX the not knowing S—WWL grandmother WKHUL\—PHSÀQDGKX the not knowing kurumbu mischief, naughtiness vekkam shame RWWLNRº ZGK LQWU stick, adhere vekkappadu (w.tt) feel ashamed pariththu pluck ÌGKX ZLQ blow NWWXNRº request WKLUWKWKXNRº ZQG LQWU quench ones thirst

DQKDYDUXVKDQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHWKDPLÄQ—WOHRUXSH¼SXODYDULUXQGK—U DQGKDPP—SURZDL\—ULYDUSDODQDOODWKDP¯UQÌOXQJDºHHÄXGKLLUXNU—UDQGKDN—ODWKOH LUXQGKDDUDVDUXPMDQDQJDºXPHOO—UXPDYDUHURPEDPDUL\—GKH\ÀGXQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD RZDL\—URUXQ—ºRUXÌUXNNXSÀLNRQGLUXQGK—UYH\\LOURPEDNDGXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX DYDUXNNXU RPEDGK —KDP—YXPS DVL\—YXPL UXQGKDGKX D GKDQ—OH DYDU NDºHSS—LUXQGK—U YDÄLOHRUXQ—YDOPDUDPLUXQGKDGKXDQGKDPDUDWKOHRUXSDL\DQLUXQGK—QRZDL\—UWKDQ GK—KDWKWKHWK¯UWKWKXNNRººDVLODQ—YDOS DÄDQJDºHS ÀGXPEDGLD QGKDS DL\DQHN WWXNNRQG—U DQGKDSDL\DQ³S—WWLXQJDºXNNXVXWWDSDÄDPY¼XP—VXWW—GKDSDÄDPY¼XP—´LQQXNWW—Q RZDL\—U URPED DULY—ºLGK—Q— Q—OXPD QGKDS DL\DQV RQQDGKXD YDUXNNXR ¼¼XPY LºDQJDOH —KDL\—OHDYDUDYDQHS—UWKWKX³WKDPELQ¯VRQQDGKXHQDNNXSXUL\DOH—QDHQDNNXVLODQ—YDO SDÄDQJDGK—QY¼XP´LQQXNWW—U

223 Adi’s Book. SDL\DQL GKHN WWXV LULWKWKXNRQGPDUDN ¯ÄH\HE DODP——WWLQ—Q D QKDQ —YDOS DÄDP N¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXQLODWKWKOHPD¼DOLUXQGKDGK—OHQ—YDOSDÄDQJDººHPD¼DORWWLNRQGKDGKX

RZDL\—UPD¼DOÀGXLUXQGKDVLODSDÄDQJDºHHGXWKWKXDGXQJDºHV—SSLGDPXQWKDQY—\—OHµSKÌ SK̶ LQQDÌ GKLQ—U L GKHS —UWKWKX³ S—WWLS DÄDPU RPEDV ÌG—LUXNNXGK—" U RPEDV ÌG— LUXQGK—DGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJDXQJDººXNNXVÌG—GKDSDÄDPW KDUXYQ´LQQXVROOLVLODSXGKX SDUDQJDºHP DUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXS DULWKWKXN ¯ÄHS ÀG—PH DQGKDPP—NDLOHN RGXWKWK—Q DSSRGK—Q RZDL\—UXNNXV XWWDS DÄDWKWKXNNXPV XG—GKDS DÄDWKWKXNNXPY LGK\—VDP WKHULQGKDGKXDYDUDQGKDSDÄDQJDºHVDQGKÀVKDP—WKLQQXYLWWXSDL\DQXNNXURPEDQDQGUL VRQQ—USDL\DQPDUXSDGL\XPVLULWKWKXNNRQGDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q RZDL\—UXNNXP OHV RQQDY —UWKWKHQJDººXNNXD UWKDPW KHUL\—PHS ÀQDGKX YHNNDP— LUXQGKDGKX D YDU DQGKDP DUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄHNR QMDQ UDPW KDQJLYLWWXD SUDPW KDQ YDÄL\ SÀLYLWW—U ------

224 Adi’s Book. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where To Find A Spoken Tamil Grammar Principle. Item Page Item Page ablative, from 97 may, potentialt 75 able to, not able to, 97 medials (see past tense below) 23 accusative (object) 30 must…must not 87 address 10 need…need not 92 adjectives 58 negative (past,present.) 75 adverbs 58 negative, future 82 after, before 175 numbers, cardinal 19, 50 although), even if…not 153 numbers, ordinal 70 as soon as, until, up to 175 À—YDGKX— 187 as, according to 180 object (acc.) 30 at, in, locative 64, 102 participial nouns 170 —YDGKX—À 187 participles, pres, past, fut 157 be, to be 17 past participles 140 because, because…not 180 past tense (s.thth) 110, 114 before, after 175 past tense (w.dh) 117 by means of, with 87 past tense (w.in) 126, 130 can, cannot, 97 past tense (w.s.ndh) 120, 123 causal verbs 166 past tense (w.tt) 133 comparison 161 perfect, imperfect 144 composite nouns 170 personal pronouns 15 continuous, imperfect, 144 plural nouns 28 dative 43 posessive (gen.) 34 declensions, n.& pron. 107 post-positions 61 67 defective verbs 43, 47 potential, may 75 demonstrative 12 present positive 54 demonstrative pron. 12 pronouns 12, 15 À—YDGKX— 187 reflexive verbs 161 even if, even if not 153 relative participles 157 from, ablative 97 should…should not. 87 future neg. 82 so that, so that…not, 180 future positive 70 strong verbs 23 genitive (posessive) 34 um 184 greetings 10 unless), if not, (cond.) 148 if, if not, (unless)(cond.) 148 until, up to, as soon as, 175 imperatives negative 23 verbal nouns 170 imperatives positive 21 verbal participles 140, 157 imperfect, perfect 144 verbs-introduction 19 implied--‘to be’ 17 weak verbs 23 in order to, in order not 180 when, while, …not 175 in, at, locative 64, 102 with, by means of 87 infinitives 40 instrumental, with 87 intensive verbs 166 interrogative pronoun 12 locative, at, in 64,102

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