COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL
MADE EASY
Third Edition
by
T. V. ADIKESAVALU
Digital Version
CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE Adi’s Book.
COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL
MADE EASY
Third Edition
by
T. V. ADIKESAVALU
Digital Version 2007
This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore, for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of the General Superintendent.
2 Adi’s Book. CONTENTS FOREWORD. 6 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. 7 THIRD EDITION: UPDATE. 8 I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS. 9 II. GRAMMAR LESSONS: Lesson No. Page. 1. Greetings and Forms of Address. 10 2. Pronouns, Interrogative and Demonstrative. 12 3. Pronouns, Personal. 15 4. The Verb ‘to be’, implied. 17 5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and Verbs - introduction. 19 6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives. 21 7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials. 23 8. Nouns - forming the plural. 28 9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case. 30 10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case. 34 11. Review, (Revision) No.I. 38 12. Verbs - Infinitives. 40 13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, Dative Case, ‘to’ or ‘for’ & Verbs - Defective. 43 14. Verbs - defective (continued). 47 15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time. 50 16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive. 54 17. Adjectives and Adverbs. 58 18. Post-Positions. 61 19. Nouns - Locative Case, 'at' or 'in'. 64 20. Post positions, (Continued). 67 21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive, and Ordinal Numbers. 70
3 Adi’s Book.
22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative, Page. and Potential Form to express 'may' 75 23. The Vegetable Shop, And Review (Revision) No.II 79 24. Verbs – Future tense, Negative. 82 25. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’, Verbs – to express ‘should’,‘should not’, ‘must’ and ‘must not’ 87 26. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental case accompaniment/association, Verbs – to express ‘need,…need not’ 92 27. Nouns & Pronouns – ablative case, ‘from’, Verbs – to express ‘can’ or ‘able to’ &‘cannot’ or ‘not able to’ 97 28. Nouns & Pronouns – locative case (continued from Lesson 19) 102 29. Nouns & Pronouns, complete declensions 107 30. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ‘thth’ as medial 110 31. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ’thth’ as medial (continued) 114 32. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘dh’ as medial 117 33. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial 120 34. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial (continued) 123 35. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial 126 36. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial (continued) 130 37. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘tt’ as medial 133 38. Review (Revision) No.III 137 39. Verbs – Past Participles 140 40. Verbs – Perfect & Imperfect tenses 144 41. Verbs – conditional form ‘if’ & ‘if not’. 148 42. To express ‘even if’ & ‘even if not’ 153 43. Verbs –Participles – present, past & future forms. 157 44. Comparison and Reflective verbs. 161 45. Intensive verbs & Causal verbs. 166 46. Composite Nouns, Participle Nouns & Verbal Nouns. 170
4 Adi’s Book.
47. Adverbial clause of time Page ‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as soon as’, ‘until’, ‘up to’. 175 48. Adverbial clauses of purpose, manner, cause or reason, ‘in order not to’, ‘according to’, ‘because’. 180 49. Suffix ‘um’ & its uses 184 6XIIL[HVµ¶µ¶µÀ¶DQGµYDGKX¶ 187 III. Everyday dialogues: 51. Greeting and meeting people 192 52. Conversation about one’s work 195 53. Conversation with a servant 197 54. Conversation regarding time 199 55. Conversation about weather 202 56. Conversation with a tailor 203 57. Conversation with a cloth merchant 205 58. Conversation with a fruit merchant 207 59. Conversation with a gardener 209 60. Conversation at the dining table 211 61. Conversation with a dhobi 213 62. Conversation at a railway station 216 IV. SHORT STORIES. 9WKWKXPSRQPXWWH\XP The goose and the golden eggs. 218 3D¼DNNUDQXPQDPELNNDLXººDQ\XP The rich man & the faithful dog.219 7KRSSLY\EULXPNXUDQJXQJDOXP Cap merchant a& the monkeys. 220 2WKWKXPHGKQEDODP Unity is strength. 221 7KDL\DONUDQXP\QH\XP The tailor and the elephant. 222 2ZYDL\U\HQQXPSXODYDU Owaiyar the poetess. 223 V. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where to find a Spoken Tamil Principle. 225 VI. ENGLISH – TAMIL VOCABULARY. Separate File. VII. TAMIL – ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Separate File.
5 Adi’s Book.
FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION For more than fifteen years, the writer has been teaching Tamil to the western students and non-Tamil Indians at the Christian Medical College Hospital. The available Tamil grammars and texts were used for teaching the Tamil script. But at the same time, the writer's own Romanized Tamil notes were used to enable the students to speak the day- to-day language of the people (Common Spoken Tamil) in a short period of time. This is the proper spoken Tamil used even by educated Tamilians with one another. It was found from the writer's experience that these notes were well-suited to his students who could spare only a limited time for learning the language. The students wanted very much to have these notes put in the form of a book. This was done in a limited edition and was well received by the students and others. As the first edition was prepared in a hurry, many mistakes crept in, which have been corrected in this second edition. It will be appreciated if any further mistakes and other suitable suggestions to improve this book are brought to the notice of the author. In this edition the following have also been added: 1. Expansion drills 2. Practical conversation. 3. Everyday dialogues 4. Short stories 5. Sentences 6 Grammar at a glance This book is almost a self-instructor. However, it must be supplemented with recorded tapes by a Tamilian or preferably, by having the pronunciation, intonations, etc., checked by a Tamilian directly. Tamil is spoken somewhat differently in different parts of Tamil Nadu. But all the different dialects cannot be taught at one and the same time. When one dialect has been learned, it will not be hard to learn and understand other dialects as well. The spoken Tamil form, which is commonly heard from the Tamilians at home, at the market, bus stand, etc., in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, is used in this book.
6 Adi’s Book. This book is made for those who want to start speaking Tamil without the help of the Tamil script. As this is just a short course of lessons, only common vocabulary is used. Here and there a few words are inserted at an earlier stage to add interest to sentences and phrases in lessons. Vocabulary must be steadily increased. To achieve this, short stories may be used as a medium. For more advanced study, this book can never be a substitute for the other well-written books. In preparation of this book, the author is indebted to his students, who have been a constant source of encouragement and stimulation and support, and to his wife for her patience and understanding. The works that were consulted in the preparation are: "Direct Method" by Thiru P. Jothimuththu, Arden's Tamil Grammar and Tamil Course for European Schools by Kerslake and Narayanaswamy. Vellore September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu ------THIRD EDITION: UPDATE My great respect for “Adi” is shared by many who have benefitted from his teaching. There is no doubt that this book has been instrumental in making everyday spoken Tamil available to a large number of foreign and Indian people. Most of these have been staff or students in various courses at CMC, Vellore, who would not have been able to give adequate time to learning the language starting with Tamil script. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of short term visitors and it is hoped that this computerised version will make it possible for more of them also to pick up a little Tamil, and thus be able to increase the usefulness of their experience here. The only very noticeable changes now made are the radical revision of Grammar at a Glance to form of an Alphabetical List Of Grammar Principles, and the addition of a Romanised Tamil-English Vocabulary, and extension of the English-Tamil one. These are presented as Separate files, which can be viewed in separate windows for ease of reference on screen. CMC Vellore. February 2007 Brian Witchalls ------7 Adi’s Book. PREFACE To make the best use of this book, students are requested to pay attention to the following:
'Expansion drills' given at the end of each lesson may be studied again and again for a thorough understanding of the grammar principle of the respective lesson and alignment of words in Tamil sentences. 'Practical Conversation' FVKRUWD QG XVHIXOF RQYHUVDWLRQDO sentences which may be memorised if the student has enough time. Otherwise, it will help if one just reads the sentences often, as fast as two Tamilians would speak. Everyday dialogues and short stories are meant for practical use of the language (for communication of ideas in Tamil) whenever and wherever necessary. No conversation in Tamil will either be attractive or effective without the quotation of a few of the Tamil proverbs and hence common proverbs are given for occasional use. To enable the students to have an easy reference to the grammar principles dealt with in the book, 'Grammar at a glance' with examples are given.
One can learn to speak Tamil, the writer has no doubt, by continuous study of this book at least for six months – 2 hours daily; an hour with the Tamil teacher and at least another hour's practice at home, even if one is pessimistic about learning any language in a short period of time. Frequent drilling and repetition of the exercises done already, speaking with the Tamilians as often as possible, listening to the Tamilians talking and comprehending it to the best of one's ability are the only ways of achieving proficiency in the language. The secret of success in speaking Tamil is just to speak it out – right or wrong, good or bad!!
Vellore September 1968 T.V. Adikesavalu
8 Adi’s Book. I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS Notes for Pronunciation. Ask Tamil speakers to help. (note ensuing arguments!) (English vowels, “Vellore English Accent pronunciation” not Oxford or London,etc). Long vowels are expressed by a hyphen above the letters. a as in but, shut as in arm, palm ai as in gait, pain µ¶DVLQFat is not ever used. e as in pen, bed as in say, made i as in pit, kid ¯ as in sheep, meet o as in dot, pot À as in code, roll ow as in cow, town u as in should, good Ì as in moon, cool Palate sounds are expressed by a comma below the letters. º DVLQXººH inside ¼ DVLQSD¼DPPRQH\ Ä DVLQSDÄDPIUXLW Key for abbreviations used in the book: accus. accusative n. noun adv. adverb adj. adjective pron. pronoun v. verb nom. takes nominative case dat takes dative case d.b. takes declensional base intr. intransitive tr. transitive neut. neuter imp. impersonal pers. personal incl. inclusive excl. exclusive m. masculine fem. feminine w. weak verb s. strong verb sing. singular pl. plural
Medials for past tense verbs. dh., in., n., nd., ndh., tt., thth
9 Adi’s Book. II. GRAMMAR LESSONS: LESSON 1 GREETINGS AND FORMS OF ADDRESS.
DSS … Father, or polite masculine form of addressing, regardless of age. DPP … Mother, or madam, or polite form of addressing, regardless of age YD¼DNNDP … Greeting, with a reverent bow for any time. QDPDVNUDP… *UHHWLQJLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµYD¼DNNDm’. VWKÀWKUDP … Greeting, (Tamil Christian). QDPDVWK … Greeting, (all India). YQJD … Come (polite form) XNNUXQJD … Sit (polite form). Q¯QJD … You (polite form). \U … Who or whose. QQ … I nandri … Thanks.- Read the sentences following each lesson, as well as the lesson itself, repeating loudly again and again. Long vowel sounds should be pronounced long – the longer the better. The short vowel sounds should be short and sharp. Endings of sentences should not be complete but muted. Speed in speaking will gradually be gained by running words into one another. Phrasing plays an important part in making others understand the speaker. Hence the drilling sentences are phrased throughout to enable the students to follow the proper form from the beginning. The tonal effects should be learned from the teacher or any Tamilian. ‘English’ Accents should be scrupulously avoided. The verb ‘to be’ is implied in very many instances. The definite and indefinite articles are often omitted. There are no capital letters in Tamil, so none are used in the Tamil words throughout. Doubled letters or double pairs of letters reflect the spellings in Tamil script. ------
10 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DL\YD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDL\ Good morning sir. 2. DPPYD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDPP Good morning madam. 3. DPPYQJD, Madam, come. DL\YQJD Sir, come. 4. DPPXNNUXQJD Madam, sit. DL\XNNUXQJD Sir, sit. 5. YQJDDPP RUYQJDPP Come, madam. 6. YQJDDL\ RUYQJDL\ Come, sir. 7. XNNUXQJDDPP RUXNNUXQJDPP Sit, madam. 8. XNNUXQJDDL\ RUXNNUXQJDL\D Sit, sir – (formal) 9. DPPQ¯QJD\U" Madam, who (are) you? 10. L\Q¯QJD\U" Sir, who (are) you? – (formal) 11. Q¯QJD\UDPP" Q¯QJD\UP" Who (are) you, madam? – (formal) 12. Q¯QJD\UDL\" Q¯QJD\UDL\" Who (are) you, sir? 13. Q¯QJD\U" Who (are) you? 14 Q¯QJD\UDSS" Q¯QJD\US" Who (are) you? 15. YQJDDSS YQJDSS (Please) Come, sir. 16 Q¯QJDXNNUXQJDSS You (please) sit, sir. Practical Conversation A, one person, meeting B, another person. A. YD¼DNNDPDPP Greetings, madam. B. YD¼DNNDPDL\ Greetings sir. A. YQJDYQJDXNNUXQJD Come in, come in, please sit. B. QDQGULDL\ Thank you sir. A. DPPQ¯QJD\U" Madam, who are you? B. QQDPP I (am) (the) mother. ------
11 Adi’s Book. LESSON 2 PRONOUNS, INTERROGATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE Questions in Tamil 4XHVWLRQVDUHIRUPHGLQ7DPLOE\DGGLQJµ¶WRWKHODVWZRUGLQDVHQWHQFHEXWLI LQWHUURJDWLYHVVXFKDVZKDWZKRHWFRFFXULQDVHQWHQFHµ¶ZLOOQRWEHXVHGILQDOO\ $OVRµ¶FDQEHDIIL[HGWRDQ\ZRUGZKLFKQHHGVWREHHPSKDVLVHGDVDTXHVWLRQ Note here also the plural forms of some words, formed by adding ‘nga’ Pronounce the final ‘e’ in the words inge, ange, enge, ille, kude, etc., as the “e” in bent A slight ‘y’ is sometimes added to the beginning of the word enge, to make it yenge, and also to other similar words starting with the ‘e’ sound. The ‘y’ is written occasionally in this and subsequent lessons enna what yenna what edhu which one yedhu which one edhunga which ones yedhunga which ones enge where yenge where inge here ange there idhu this idhunga these adhu that adhunga those GKQ only, indeed. µGKQ¶LVXVHGOLEHUDOO\HYHQJUDWXWLWRXVO\DVZLOOEHVHHQLQPDQ\H[DPSOHVLQ subsequent lessons, where a translation of this word/attachment is often not included. Vocabulary NLGKDP paper YGK\U teacher NÌGH basket jannal window kude umbrella are room QNNOL chair pusthaham book kadhavu door SQ pen ille no Pm yes LOOH\ no? (is it not?) (isn’t that so?) ------
12 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DL\LGKXHQQD RULGKHQQD " Sir, what (is) this? 2. LGKXQNNDOL This (is) a chair. 3. DPPDGKXHQQD DGKHQQD " Madam, what (is) that? 4. DGKXPVH That (is) a table. 5. edhu pusthaham? Which (is) the book? 6. idhu pusthaham This (is) the book. 7. jannal enge? Where (is) the window? 8. jannal ange There (is) the window. 9. inge enna (or ingenna?) What (is) here? 10. inge kadhavu Here (is) the door. 11. idhu areya? (Is) this the room? 12. PLGKXDUHGKQ Yes, this (is) the room indeed. 13. LGKXSQY" (Is) this a pen? 14. LOOHLGKXSQLOOH No, this (is) not a pen. 15. LGKXYSQ" (Is) this a pen? 16 DGKXYSHQFLO" (Is) that a pencil? 17. PDGKXSHQFLOGKQ Yes, that (is) indeed a pencil. 18. LQJHGKQDQJHLOOH Here only, not there. 19. LQJH\DQJH\ Here or there? 20. PP RUPP DGKXGKQ Yes, yes, that (is) it. ------Practical Conversation. L: Language teacher, S: student L. QDPDVNUDPXNNUXQJD Greetings, please sit S QDPDVWKDL\QDQGUL Greetings sir, thank (you) L. DPPLGKXHQQD" Madam, what (is) this? S. DL\DGKXQNNOL Sir, that (is a) chair L. SXVWKDKDPHQJHDQJH\" Where is (the) book, there? S. LQJHGKQDQJHLOOH Right here, not there
13 Adi’s Book.
L. LGKXSQY" (Is) this (a) pen? S. LOOHDGKXSQLOOH No, that is not a pen, DGKXSHQFLOGKQ That (is) (a) pencil indeed. L. PPDGKXGKQ Yes, yes, that (is it) indeed. Expansion Drills For Lessons 1 & 2 LQJH\ ) avar ) LGKXY ) ivar ) DQJH\ ) avanga ) DGKXY ) SQ" ivanga ) YGK\U enge ) or QQ ) or edhu ) pencil? n¯nga ) doctor. enna ) or DQGKDL\ ) LGKX\U ) pusthaham? DQGKDPP ) DQJH\ ) evar ) YGK\U" LQJH\ ) evanga ) YGK\U" LGKXY ) \U ) doctor? ------idhu ) n¯nga ) adhu ) avar ) idhunga ) \U" QQ ) \U" adhunga ) avanga ) inge ) adhu ) ange ) avan ) ------LGKXNXGHLOOHNÌGH idhu kadhavu ille, jannal. LGKXQNNOLLOOHPVH LGKXSXVWKDKDPLOOHNLGKDP LGKXSQLOOHSHQFLO DYDUGRFWRULOOHYGK\U DYDUDSSLOOHDPP DYDUYGK\ULOOHGRFWRU ------
14 Adi’s Book. LESSON 3 PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular Plural QQ I QP we,(inclusive of addressed person) QQJD we (exclusive) Q¯ you (not polite) Q¯QJD you (polite) (sing.or pl) avan he (not polite) avanga they, (personal, pl) ava she (not polite) avar he or she (polite) adhu it (neuter) adhunga they (neuter) ivar this person ivanga these persons evar which person evanga which persons yevar which person yevanga which persons en my (gen) unga your (gen) yen my (gen) indha this, or these andha that, or those endha which (sing. or pl.) yendha which (sing. or pl.) ------paiyan boy SH¼ girl VWKU¯ woman thambi younger brother thangachchi younger sister thambi youngster (male) thangachchi youngster (female) D¼¼DQ elder brother DNN elder sister doctor doctor ------
15 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. 1. DQGKDDL\\r? Who (is) that gentleman? 2. DYDU\U" Who (is) he? 3. avar, doctor He (is) a doctor 4. LQGKDDPP\U" Who (is) this lady? 5. LQGKDVWKU¯\U" Who (is) this woman? 6. LYDUYWK\U She (or he) (is) a teacher 7. evar doctor? Which person (is) a doctor? 8. LYDUGRFWRU" (Is) this person a doctor? 9. LOOHDYDUYWK\U No, he (or she) (is) a teacher. 10. DGKX\U" Who (is) that? 11. DPPLQGKDSDL\DQ\U" Mother, who (is) this boy? 12. DL\DQGKDSH¼\U" Sir, who (is) that girl? 13. WKDPELLQJHY Little brother, come here. 14. WKDQJDFKFKLDQJHXNNU Little sister, sit there. 15. LQWKDSH¼GRFWRU This girl is a doctor. 16. D¼¼LQJHXNNUXQJD Elder Brother, sit here. 17. DNNDQJHYQJD Elder sister, come there. Practical Conversation. General conversation between A and B. A. YQJDPPLQGKDSDL\DQ\U" Greetings madam, who is this boy? B. avan yen thambi. He (is) my younger brother. A. LQGKDSH¼XQJDWKDQJDFKFKL\" (is) this girl your younger sister? B. LOOHDYDHQDNN No, she (is) my elder sister. A. HYDUGRFWRULYDUGRFWRU" Which person is a doctor, is this (one) a doctor? B. LOOHLYDUGRFWRULOOHLYDUYWK\U No, she is not a doctor, she is a teacher. A. QLQJDGRFWRUYWK\U" Are you a doctor or a teacher? B. nan doctordhan. I am a doctor indeed. ------
16 Adi’s Book. LESSON 4 THE VERB “TO BE”,- IMPLIED periya big chinna small, little(size). suham in good health suham ille unwell, sick. SÀLWXYDUQ (guest) good–bye SÀLWXYQJD (host) good–bye. nalla good ketta bad petti box sari yes, right, well, (OK) sari ille not right, no good. MVWKL much, too much. romba very, much, too much. konjam a little, just kammi little, short(measure). ------Short Sentences. 1. DPPQLQJDVXKDP" Madam, (are) you well? 2. QDQVXKDPGKQQDQGUL I (am) well, thank you. 3. DL\VXKDP" (Is the) gentleman well? 4. DL\NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH The gentleman (is a) little unwell. 5. DYDUURPEDVXKDPLOOH\" (Is) he very ill? 6. DPPQDOODVXKDP" (Is the) lady quite well? 7. LGKXFKLQQDQNNOL This (is a) small chair. 8. DGKXSHUL\DPVH That (is) a big table. 9. indha petti chinna petti. This box (is a) small box. 10. andha paiyan nalla paiyan. That boy (is a ) good boy. 11. LQGKDSH¼NHWWDSH¼ This girl (is a ) bad girl. 12. LGKXURPEDMVWKLLOOH\" This (is) too much, no? (is it not?) 13. adhu romba konjam, ( kammi), That (is) too little. (That (is) very little). 14. QQSRLWXYDUQYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the guest) 15. SÀLWXYQJDYD¼DNNDP Good–bye (by the host) ------
17 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. A: Doctor, B: Woman with patient, C: Man. A. QLQJDVXKDP" (Are) you well? B. PQQVXKDPGKDQQDQGUL Yes, I (am) indeed well, thank you. A. \UVXKDPLOOH" Who (is) not well? B. DL\NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH He (is a) little unwell. A. LQJHSHUL\DQNNOLXNNUXQJDDSS Here (is a) big chair, (please) sit down, sir. C. QDQGULLQGKDQNNOLQDOODQNNOL Thank you, this chair (is a ) good chair. A. PDGKXQDOODSHUL\DQNNOL Yes, that (is a) good big chair. ------Expansion Drill For Lessons 3 & 4. idhu yenna? idhu petti. DGKXSXVWKDKDPSHWWL\ adhu pusthaham. periya petti yenge? DGKXLQJHGKQ ethu nalla petti? periya petti nallathu. LQWKDFKLQQDSHWWLVDUL\" ille, athu sariyille. indha pusthaham nallathu. PDWKXURPEDQDOODSXVWKDKDP LGKXURPEDMVWKL athu romba kammi. LGKXMVWKL\NDPPL\" LGKXURPEDURPEDMVWKL adhu romba romba kammi. LGKXVDUL\LOOH\" adhu romba sari. romba nallathu. VDULSÀLWXYDUQ VDULSÀLWXYQJD ------
18 Adi’s Book. LESSON 5 CARDINAL NUMBERS 1 TO 10, AND VERBS--INTRODUCTION Cardinal Numbers R¼¼X one UX six UH¼GX two ÄX seven PÌQX three ettu eight QOX four ombathu nine anju, (anji) five paththu ten Verbs, Introduction. (Note: w. weak and s. strong, given, with the medials applicable: see lessons 6 & 7). irukkuthu it is, there are. iru (s.ndh) wait, be, nil (s. n) stand HQGKLULHÄXQGKLUL VQGK stand up, wake up, getup, Vocabulary. oru one, a, an, (The Indefinite Article) XººH inside YHºL\H outside ivlavu this much avlavu that much (y)evlavu? how much? (y)eththane? how many? iththane this many aththane that many UÌE rupee Paisa paise kaththi knife WKD¼¼L water VYL key liter litre (measure) SO milk pal tooth SÌ flower SDÄDP fruit Short Sentences 1. LQJHHWKWKDQHQNNOLLUXkkuthu? How many chairs are here? 2. LQJHQOXQNNOLLULNNXWKX There are four chairs here. 3. anjum anjum yeththane? Five and five are how many? 4. anjum anjum pathu. Five and five are ten.
19 Adi’s Book. 5. konjam irunga. Inge irunga. Wait a bit. Wait here. 6. DUHXººHLUXQJDXººHSÀQJD Wait inside the room. Go in. 7. HÄXQGKLUXYHºL\HQLO Get up. Stand outside. 8. LQJHPVHLUXNNXGK" Is there a table here? 9. PÌQXPQOXPHYODYX" Three and four make, how many? 10. PÌQXPQOXPÄXLOOH\" Three and four are seven, no? 11. XººHHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What is inside? 12. XººHPMH\XPQNNOL\XPLUXNNXWKX There are tables and chairs inside. 13. LYºDYXSONRQGXSÀQJD Take away this much milk. 14. DYºDYXSOLQJHLOOH There is not that much milk here. 15. DQJH\HYºDYXSOLUXNNXWKX" How much milk is there? 16. DQJHNRQMDPSOGKQLUXNNXGKX Only a little milk is there. 17. LQJHRUXQNNOLNRQGXY Bring one chair here. 18. UH¼GXSDÄDPXPRUXNDWKWKL\XPNRQGXY Bring two fruits and a knife 19. thanni romba kudinga. Drink a lot of water. 20. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say one, two, three. 21. DWKXSOLGKXGKQRUXSDO That is milk, this is a tooth! Practical Conversation. T: Tamil Teacher, S: Student. T. QLQJDO"XººHYQJD Is that you? Come in. S. QDQGULYD¼¼DNNDP Thank you, Greetings. T. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD Say 1, 2, 3, etc. S. R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXQOXDQMXUX 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ÄXHWWXRPEDWKXSDWKWKX 7, 8, 9, 10. T. LQJH\HWKWKDQHQNNOLirukkuthu? How many chairs are there here? S. DQJHQOXQNNOLLUXNNXWKX There are four chairs there. T. UH¼GXPPÌQXPHYODYX" How much is two and three? S. UH¼GXPPÌQXPDQMXLOOH\" Two and three are five, no? ------
20 Adi’s Book. LESSON 6. VERBS; POSITIVE IMPERATIVES. The root of the verb itself is the ‘not polite’ form. The root plus ‘nga’ is the ‘polite’ form. (pl.) (Lesson 7 will develop the use of Medials, given in brackets here). Not Polite. Polite. XNNU QGK sit XNNUXQJD sit Y QGK come YQJD come SÀ Q go SÀQJD go Practice the application similarly to other verbs, such as the following:- padi (thth) read, learn, study. YVL WKWK read HÄXGKX LQ write sei (dh) make, do. SVX LQ speak sol, sollu (in) say, tell nil, nillu (n) stand, stop kudi (thth) drink NRQGXY QGK bring NRQGXSÀ Q take away WKD\UVHL GK make ready, prepare. ------Use the following with nouns and pronouns, as in some of the sentences below:- -um……...-um and -umille…..-umille neither….nor ------Short Sentences 1. WKDPELLQJHYXNNDU Little brother, come here. Sit. 2. DL\NRQMDPDQJHSÀQJD Sir, just go there. 3. intha pusthaham padinga. Read this book. 4. WKDQJDFKFKLNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNXGL Little sister, drink a little water. 5. QLQJDLQGKDSONXGLQJD You drink this milk. 6. SOXPWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXSÀQJD Take away the water and milk. 7. idhu WKD¼¼L\XPLOOHSOXPLOOH. This is neither water or milk. 8. NRQMXPSVXQJD Speak a liittle.
21 Adi’s Book. 9. YD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD Say ‘greetings’. 10. UÌEYXPSDLVDYXPNRQGXYQJD Bring the rupee and the paise. 11. LQJHNDWKL\XPLOOHVYL\XPLOOH There is neither knife or key here. 12. LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXGKX Write here and there. 13. LGKXYXPDWKXYXPWKD\UVHL Prepare this and that. 14. UH¼GXUÌESDWKXSDLVDNRGX Give two rupees and ten paise. 15. QDOODWKDPLÄSVXQJD Speak good tamil. 16. SHUL\DSHWWLNRQGXSÀ Take the big box. 17. Q¯DQJHQLOQ¯LQJHQLOOX You stand here. You, stand here. 18. Q¯QJDLQJHXNNUXQJD You, sit here. 19. LGKXNHWWDSÌLOOH This is not a bad flower. 20. DQGKDQDOODSÌNRQGXY Bring that good flower. ------Practical Conversation. B: Boy selling milk. C: Customer. C. WKDPELLQJHYSONRQGXY Little brother, come here. Bringe the milk. B. HQQDDPP"\HYºDYXYQXP" What (is it) maam. How much do you want? C. SOYLOH\HQQD"VROOXQJD What’s the price of the milk? Tell (me). B. RPEDWKXUÌESDWKXSDLVHOLWHU Rs9.10 per litre. C. DWKXURPEDMVWKLLOOH\" That is too much, no? (isn’t it?) konjam kammi sei. Make it a bit less. B. LOOHDPPLWKXURPEDNRQMDP No maam, this is very low (price). C. LGKXSOXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH This is neither milk or water! B. LGKXQDOODSONRQMDPNXGLQJD This is good milk. (Please) drink some. ------
22 Adi’s Book. LESSON 7. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES, WEAK AND STRONG VERBS, AND MEDIALS,
Negative Imperative. :LWKµGKH¶DQGµGKLQJD¶µGRQRW¶ (Weak and Strong Verbs – see below). ‘Not polite’ form. 5RRWSOXVµGKH¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀKGH do not go 5RRWSOXVµNGKH¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLNGKH do not drink ‘Polite form’. 5RRWSOXVµGKLQJD¶IRUZHDNYHUEV SÀSÀKGLQJD do not go 5RRWSOXVµNGKLQJD¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV NXGLNXGLNNGKLQJD do not drink
There are some exceptions to the above, Y YDUdhe, YDUGKLQJD do not come. NRQGXY NRQGXYDUGKH NRQGXYDUGKLQJD do not bring. ------
VERBS, Weak And Strong Classification: Verbs Are classified into two groups, strong and weak. ‘Strong’ verbs form their present tense with ‘kr’ as medial. ‘Weak’ verbs use ‘r’ as the medial to form the present tense. Lesson 16 illustrates this further.
Note. Strong verbs are indicated by ‘s’ and weak verbs by ‘w’ in the following lessons.
Medials are ‘joining sounds’ Other Medials are also needed for other tenses. (See below, past tense).
23 Adi’s Book. Past Tense Medials. Weak Verbs. Y QGK come ÀGX LQ run SÀ Q go SVX LQ speak NRQGXY QGK bring PÌGX LQ close, cover NRQGXSÀ Q take away WKÌQJX LQ sleep sei (dh) do YOHVHL GK work HÄXWKX LQ write NWWX LQ show Strong Verbs. padi (thth) study nada (ndh) walk kudi (thth) drink NPL WKWK show YVL WKWK read thira (ndh) open edu, yedu (thth) take vai (thth) place, put, keep SU WKWK see, look at, look after, take care of nil (ndh)* stand ,UUHJXODUQLOQWKQ QLQWKQ±µO¶LVGURSSHG ------Vocabulary V¯NUDP quickly V¯NUDP soon YKDP fast PHGKXY slowly, gently marapadiyum again YOH work (n) ippo now appo then, at that time padam picture apram afterwards VDUL\ exactly, well ipdi this way, thus VDGKGKDP loudly, aloud apdi that way epdi how, which way QDOODQDOO well (adv.) SDººLNÌGDP school thirumba again kadidham letter thirumba-thirumba repeatedly ------
24 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences LGKXNWWXQJDDGKXNWWGKLQJD Show this, don’t show that. SONXGLQJDWKD¼¼LNXGLNNGKLQJD Drink milk, do not drink water. LQJHYDQJHSÀKDGKH Come here, don’t go there. YHºL\HSÀXººHYDUGKH Go out, don’t come in. WKDPELSDººLNÌGDPSÀVLNUDPSÀ Little brother, go to school. Go soon. PHGKXYYDLQJDDQJHYDLQJD Place it gently. Put it there. LQGKDSDGDPSUNNGKLQJD Don’t look at this picture. DQGKDSGDPSDGLNNGKLQJD Don’t study that lesson. 9. adhu thirumba padinga. Read that again. VDGKGKDPSDGLQJD Read loudly. QDOOSDGLQJD Read well. YHKDPSDGLNNGKLQJD Don’t read fast. LSSRYOHVHL\GKLQJDDSUDPVHLQJD Don’t work now, work afterwards. LQGKDYOHQDOOVHLQJD Do this work well. LSGLVHLQJDDSGLVHL\GKLQJD Do (it) this way, don’t do (it)that way. MDQQDOPÌGGKLQJD Don’t close (the) window. NDGKDYXWKLUDNNGKLQJD Don’t open (the) door. DGKXHGXQJDLGKXHGXNNGKLQJD Take that. Don’t take this. SDGDPSDUNNGKLQJDSGDPSDGLQJD Don’t look at (the) picture. Read (the) lesson. LSSRDQJHSÀKGKH Don’t go there now. YHKDPQDGDNNGKLQJD Do not walk fast. URPEDPHGKXYQDGDQGJD Walk very slowly. LSSRLQJHQLNNGKH Don’t stand here now.* QLONGKH QLNNGKH±µO¶LVGURSSHG ------
25 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. T: Teacher. S: Younger student 7WKDPELLQJHWKÌQJGKH Don’t (go to) sleep here, young fellow. S. ennanga? (-nga = plural ending, denotes respect.) What? (Pardon, madam)? 7LSSRSDGLDSUDPSVX Study now, talk later. 6HQGKDSGDP"SHUL\DSXVWKDKDPLQJLOOH Which lesson? (There is) no big book here. 7DQJHSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXSGDPÄXPHGKXYVDGKGKDPYVL There is a book.. Read lesson 7 slowly (and) loudly. 6WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROOGKLQJDQDQQDOODSDL\DQ Don’t say (that) again and again. I’m (a) good boy. 7DSGL\"VDULLSSRSDGL Is that so? All right, now read. S. saringa. All right madam. ------Expansion Drill For Lessons 5, 6, 7. WKDPLÄSDGLQJD WKDPLÄSGDPSDGLQJD WKDPLÄSGDPQDOODSDGLQJD WKDPLÄSGDPYVLQJD WKDPLÄSGDPYKDPYVLQJD ingeyum angeyum vVLNNGKLQJD HOODPYVLQJD SGDP\HOOPYVLQJD URPEDPHGKXYYVLNNGKLQJD 1RWH,QVHUWµHUXWKX¶RUµSVX¶RUµVROOX¶LQVWHDGRIµSDGL¶DQGµYVL¶LQWKHDERYH ------DYºDYXHÄXGKGKLQJDDSGLHÄXGKGKLQJD DQJHHÄXGKGKLQJD elOPHÄXGKGKLQJD LSSRYOHVHLQJD LSSRXQJDYOHVHLQJD
26 Adi’s Book. LSSRXQJDYOHHOOPVHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHQDOODVHLQJD LSSRXQJDYOHYKDPVHLQJD LSSRDQJHYOHVDUL\VHLQJD DSUDPSHUL\DYOHVHLQJD DSUDPDQGKDYOHVHL\dhinga. PDUXSDGL\DPDQGKDYOHVHL\GKLQJD LGKXPVH\XPLOOHQNNOL\XPLOOH LGKXVYL\XPLOOHNDWKWKL\XPLOOH LGKXSOXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH QDPXPLOOHQ¯QJDºXPLOOH SHQYXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOH ipdiyumille / apdiyumille.
Note: Verbs (positive and negative) are to be drilled the same way as shown above. Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are also to be drilled in the same pattern. ------SOLQJHNRQGXYQJD SOXPSDÄDPXPLQJHNRQGXYQJD NDWKWKLNRQGXYQJD LSSRWKD¼¼LNRQGXYQJD LSSRQDOOWKD¼¼LNRQGXYQJD LSSRDYºDYXWKD¼¼LNRGXYDUGKLQJD NHWWDWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDUGKLQJD NHWWDWKD¼¼LPDUXSDGL\XPNRQGXYDUGKLQJD ------PHGKXYQDGDNNGKLQJDÀGXQJD YKDPÀGXQJDURPEDYKDPÀGXQJD PDUXSDGLXPÀGXQJD WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDÀGXQJD LSDGL\XPDSDGL\XPÀGGKLQJD VDUL\ÀGXQJD DYºDYXPHGKXYÀGGKLQJD LYºDYXYKDPÀGXQJD RUXNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD LQWKDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD XQJDSGDPHÄXWKXQJD LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXWKXQJD URPEDQDOODHÄXWKXQJD SGDPHOOPHÄXWKXQJD ------
27 Adi’s Book. LESSON 8. NOUNS,F)250,1*7+(3/85$/ Nouns, Singular plus ‘nga’ = Plural PVH table PVHQJD tables QNNOL chair QNNOLQJD Chairs
Note: Singular nouns ending in ‘m’ drop the final ‘m’ before adding ‘nga’. maram, tree maranga, trees pusthaham, book pusthahanga, books ------Vocabulary YUWKWKH word SWWX song pudhu, pudhiya new SDÄD\D old (things) DQKD many vayasu age (persons). sila some, a few. pala several VSSLGX eat YLºD\GX play SGX sing padu lie down anuppu send NÌSSLGX call LGKÀ here it is DGKÀ there it is Short Sentences LQGKDSXGKL\DSDL\DQ\U" Who is this new boy? SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where is the old (former) boy? WKDPELLQJHYDQJHÀGX Little brother, come here. Run there. YKDPÀGX Run fast. LSSRSXGKXWKD¼¼LNRQGXY Now bring new water DSSRSDÄD\DWKD¼¼LNRQGXYUDGK Then, do not bring old water. LQGKDSWWXSGX Sing this song. LQGKDQDOODSWWXSGX Sing this good song. NHWWDSWWXSGGKLQJD Don’t sing (the) bad song. LSGLSGGKLQJD Don’t sing like this.
28 Adi’s Book. DQJHYLºD\GXQJD Play there LQJHYLºD\GGKLQJD Don’t play here. LGKXQDOODSDÄDPURPEDQDOOSDÄDPVSSLGXQJD This is good fruit, very good fruit. Eat (please). DSGLQDGDNNGKLQJDVLNUDPQDGDQJD Don’t walk like that. Walk fast. VLODSXGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXYQJD Bring some new books. SDÄD\DSXVWKDKDPLQJHYDLNNGKHNRQGXSÀ Don’t leave (the) old book here, take it away. LQJHVLODQNNOLQJDDQXSSXQJD Send a few chairs here. 18. pala nalla pusthahanga ange ille. Several good books are not there. LQJHNÌSSLGGKHDQJHNÌSSLGX Don’t call here, call there. DQJHSDGXNNGKHLQJHSDGX Don’t lie down there, lie here. 21. ipdi sei. inge sei. apdi ille! Do (it) like this. Do (it) here. Not like that! DQGKDFKLQQDSDL\DQLSSRLQJHNÌSSLGX Call that small boy here now. Practical Conversation. A: Any Person. E: New Employee. $Q¯LQJHSXWKXSDL\DQLOOH\" You (are a) new boy here, aren’t you? (PLSSÀQQSXWKXSDL\DQGKQ Yes, I (am) a new boy only. $SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH" Where (is the) old (former) boy? (DYDQLSSÀLQJHLOOH He (is) not here now. $VLODWDPLÄYUWKWKHQJDVROOXSSLQJOLVKSVGKH Speak some Tamil words. Don’t speak English. E. inge romba sadhdham. antha chinna paiyanga kuppidunga. Here (it’s) very noisy. Call those small boys (please) $Q¯QJDXººHYLOD\GGKLQJDYHºL\HYLOD\GXQJD Don’t play inside, play outside, (please). E. romba nandri. Many thanks. ------
29 Adi’s Book. LESSON 9. NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, ACCUSATIVE (OBJECTIVE) CASE. To form the accusatives of nouns, the ending ‘e’ is suffixed to the nominatives. Nom. AvanSDL\DQGKQ He is only a boy. Acc. Avane kuppidunga. Call him. or, where the noun has a final vowel, ‘ye’ is suffixed, Nom. Indha PVH nalla ille. This table (is) not good. Acc. Andha PVH\HNRQGXYQJD Bring that table.
When the object is unspecified neuter, the accusative case ending is generally omitted.
Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘ru’, or ‘du’ are exceptions. ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’. Noun Declensional Base* Accusative pusthaham pusthahathu pusthahathe PGX PWWX PWWH Uu WKX WKWKH
*Declensional Bases also serve as possessive adjectives or as bases of compound nouns. NDLYOH the work of the hand (handicraft) PDUDWKWKXSDÄDP the fruit of the tree. ------
30 Adi’s Book. Pronouns Pronoun Declensional Base* Accusative QQ I en enne me QP we (incl) QP namme us QQJD we (excl) HQJDº HQJDºH us Q¯ you un unne you (sing) Q¯QJD you XQJDº XQJDºH you (pl) avan he avan avane him avar he or she (polite) avar avare him or her ava she (impolite) ava DYDºH her adhu it adhu adhe it adhunga they (things) DGKXQJDº DGKXQJDºH them avanga they (persons) DYDQJDº DYDQJDºH them Vocabulary GX sheep PGX bullock, (ox) pasu cow maram tree Y¯GX house VSDWKUL hospital WKÀWWDP garden YGDKH rent UX river NL¼DUX well sadhdham noise kayiru string VGKDP cooked rice arisi uncooked rice nel paddy (rice from or in the field). SU name, person NÌGD also mundhi early pindhi late L¼¼DNNL today QºDNNL tomorrow QºD¼¼DNNL the day after tomorrow QWKWKX yesterday vettu (w. in) cut (with an axe) kadi (s. thth) bite adi (s.thth) strike, hit kuli (s.thth) bathe mara (s.ndh) forget PDUDQWKXSÀ ZQ forget NO VWW ask D¼¼DNL that day
31 Adi’s Book.
Some parts of the body. thale head muham face PÌNNX nose ND¼ eye NWKX ear YL mouth QNNX tongue pal tooth kai hand NO leg PU chest vayiru stomach ------Short Sentences HQQHNÌSSLGDGKLQJD Don’t call me. DYDUHNÌSSLGXQJD Call him. LQGKDY¯WWHSUXQJD Look at this house. 4. epdi irukkuthu? athu yepdi? How is it? How is it? WWH\XPPWWH\XPDGLNNGKLQJD Don’t beat the goat and the bullock. 6. andha kayiththe yedunga. Take that string. WKD¼¼LHNXGLQJD Drink (the) Water. VGGDWKWKHV¯NUDPVSSLGXQJD Eat (the) rice quickly. LGKXQDOODPDUDP" Is this a good tree? DSSRLQGKDPDUDPYHWWGKLQJD Then don’t cut this tree. SHUL\DVSDWKUL\HSUXQJD Look at (the) big hospital QºDNNLNRQMDPPXQGKLYQJD Come a little early tomorrow. URPEDSLQGKLYDUGKLQJD Don’t come very late. L¼¼DNLLQGKDYOH\HVH\GKLQJD Don’t do this work today. LSSRLOOHDSUDPNXºLQJD Not now, bathe afterwards. LQJHNXºLNNGKLQJD Don’t bathe here. DQJHQºDNNLSÀQJD Go there tomorrow. QºD¼¼DNNLSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go the day after tomorrow. LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t forget this. LQGKDSGDWKWKHPDUDNNGKLQJD Don’t forget this lesson.
32 Adi’s Book. SHQFLOOHDSGLNDGLNNGKLQJD Don’t bite the pencile like that. WKWKXWKD¼¼LQDOOWKD¼¼L (The) river water is good water. XQJDNDL\XPNOXPNWWXQJD Show your hands and feet. LGKX\USU"LGKXQDOODSU Whose name is this? This is a good name. Q¯QJDDSSNXGH\HNRQGXSÀQJD You take father(’s) umbrella. HQNDQQHNRQMDPSUXQJD Just look at my eye. GRFWRULGKXNHWWDSDO" Doctor, is this a bad tooth? ------Practical Conversation. T: Tenant L: Landlord. 7LGKX\UY¯GX"XQJDY¯G" Whose house is this? Your house? /PQJD\HQQDYQXP" Yes. What do you want? 7LQGKDY¯GXYQXPYDGDKHHYºDYX" (I) want this house. How much (is the) rent? L. vadahe apram. Rent (can be discussed) later. 7LQJHWKÀWWDPLOOH\" Is there no garden here? NL¼DUX\HQJH" Where is the well? /YDQJDNL¼DUXPWKÀWWDPSUNNDYQJD Come (along), come and see the garden and the well T. eththane arenga irukkathu? How many rooms are there. /PÌQXFKLQQDDUHQJDUH¼GXSHUL\DDUHQJDLUXNNXWKX There are three small rooms and two big rooms. ------
33 Adi’s Book. LESSON 10. NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS GENITIVE (POSSESSIVE) CASE. There are two genitive forms. For Pronouns:- In the first, some pronouns have their own possessive case form. others do not change, as seen below. In the second, the addition of ‘udeya’ reinforces the possessive. QQ HQPVHHQXGH\DPVH my table QQJDHQJDPVHHQJDºXGH\DPVH our table avan DYDQPVH DYDQXGH\DPVH his table avanga DYDQJDPVH DYDQJDºXGH\DPVH their table For Nouns:- SRQQDPPNDL SRQQDPPYXGH\DNDL 3RQQDPP¶VIDFH maram ile marathudeya ile the tree’s leaf Pronoun Possessive QQ I en enudeya my QP we nam namudeya our (incl) QQJD we enga HQJDºXGH\D our (excl) Q¯ you un unudeya your (sing) Q¯QJD you unga XQJDºXGH\D your (pl) avan he avan avanudeya his ava she ava DYDºXGH\D her avar he or she avar avarudeya his or her avanga they (persons) avanga DYDQJDºXGH\D their adhu it adhan adhanudeya its adhunga they (things) adhunga DGKXQJDºXGH\D their Animate Nouns also use ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ to express ‘in posession of’. See Lesson 28, page 102. ------
34 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences DGKXXQNDLLGKX\HQNDLLGKX\UNDL" That is your hand. This is my hand. Whose hand is this? XQJDSDGDPHQJH"LGKXDYDQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOH\" Where is your picture? This is their book is it not? DYDUXGH\DSDGDPNWWGKLQJDQDPXGH\DSXVWKDKDPHQJH" Don’t show his picture. Where is our book LQGKDNÌGH\UNÌGH"LQGKDNÌGHDYDQXGH\DNÌGHLOOH Whose basket is this? This basket is not his basket. HGKXXQJDºXGH\DPVH"LGKXXQJDPVH Which is your table? This is your table. Y\HWKLUDXQY\HQDOOWKLUDQNNHNWWX Open (Your) mouth. Open your mouth well.(wide). Show (your) tongue. QDPSDL\DQSDººLNÌGDPHGKX" Which is our boy’s school? LGKX\UVSDWKUL"LGKX\HQJDVSDWKUL Whose hospital is this? This is our hospital. DGKX\HYDUY¯GXDYDUXGH\DY¯GLYDUXGH\DY¯G" Whose house is that, that person’s house, or this person’s house. HQQHSUNNGKLQJDSDGDWKWKHYVLQJDVDUL\YVLQJD Don’t look at me. Read the lesson. Read it well. HQXGH\DWKDOHFKLQQDWKDOHDYDQXGH\DPÌNNXSHUL\DWKX My head is a small head. His nose is a big one. XQJDºXGH\DSU\HQQD"DGKDQSU\HQQD" What is your name. What is its name.(what is it called). HQSUMRKQDGKDQSUWRP My name is John. Its name is Tom. PMHPOHHQSQLUXNNXWK" Is my pen on the table? DGKDQVYLLQJHLOOH Its key is not here. ------
35 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. G: Gardener E: Employer. *YQJDLDKWKÀWWDWKWKHSUXQJD Come sir, look at the garden. (LGKXURPEDQDOODWKÀWWDP This is a very good garden. inge yeththane maranga irukkuthu? How many trees are here? *LQJHSDWKXPDUDQJDGKQLUXNNXWKX There are only ten trees here. E. adhu enna sedi? What (kind of) plant is that? *DGKXRUXSÌVHGL That is a flower(ing) plant. (DQGKDSÌFKHGLLQJHYDLNNGKLQJD Don’t put that flowering plant here. G. saringa. All right. Expansion Drill For Lessons 8,9,10. Genitive(Possessive) LGKXHQY¯GX . LGKXXQJDºXGH\DY¯GX LGKX\UY¯GX" LGKXDYDQJDY¯GX LGKXQDPY¯GXLOOH LGKX\HQJDºXGH\DY¯GXLOOH WKDPELLGKXXQY¯G" idKXDYDUY¯GXLOOH\" LGKXDYDUXGH\DY¯GXGKQ . FKLQQDGXDPPHQJH" DGKDQXGH\DDPPLQJHLOOH DGKDQDPPYHºL\LUXNNXWKX Accusative(Object) HQQHSUXQJD HQY¯WWHSUXQJD HQXGH\DSXVWKDWKWKHSUXQJD HQSXVWKDKDQJDOHSUXQJD HQSH¼¼HSUXQJD HQSDL\DQHSUXQJD HQJDPDUDWKWKHYHWWWKLQJD HQJDSDÄDWKWKHVSLGXQJD HQJDÌU WKWKHSUXQJD YLOODJH HQJDWWHNÌSLGXQJD \HQJDPWWHNWWXQJD WKDPELXQSGDWKWKHYVL WKDQJDFKFKLXQPXKDWKWKHNWWX VGKDWKWKHV¯NUDPVSLGX PWWHDGLWWHDGLNNGKH XQNDL\HNWWX XQND¼¼HPXGX idhu en petti indha paiyan yen thambi. ivan enudeya thambi. LQGKDSH¼HQWKDQJDFKFKL iva yenudeya thangachchi.
36 Adi’s Book. Verbs, Positive and Negative. Q¯QJDVSDWKULSÀQJD QºDNNLLQJHYQJD QDºD¼¼DNNLYDUGKLQJD LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKGKLQJD Q¯QJDPXQGKLNXºLQJD Q¯QJDDSUDPNXºLQJD V¯NUDPN¯ÄHSÀQJD LSSRPOHSÀKGKLQJD DYDUSU\HQQD" DYDUSUHNºXQJD XQJDSUHVROOXQJD DYDUSUMRVHSK" XQJDNOHNWWGKLQJD XQJDºXGH\DY\HQDOODWKLUXQJD XQJDQNNHVDUL\NWWXQJD PDUXSDGL\XPPOHSÀQJD DQJHLQGKDGRFWRUHSUXQJD LQJHYLºD\GGKLQJDYHºL\ÀGXQJD DQJH\HOOUXPSWWXSGXQJD ‘tome’ inge anuppunga. LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHQºDNNLDQXSSXQJD PDUDWKWKXN¯ÄHSDGXNNGKLQJD PVHPOHSDGXQJD LGKX\UXGH\DSHWWL" LQGKDDPPXQJDDPP XQJDPP LYDUXQJDºXGH\DDPP
------
37 Adi’s Book. LESSON 11. REVIEW (REVISION) No 1. The translation is not given, -read the sentences and understand them. This is a test of your progress. DL\YQJDYD¼DNNDPXººHYQJDXNNUXQJDDQJHXNNUXQJDLQJHXNNUXQJD DPPSÀQJDDQJHSÀQJDV¯NUDPSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDLSSRSÀQJDDSUDPSÀQJD LGKX\U"LYDQ\U"LYD\U"LQGKDSDL\DQ\U"LQGKDSH¼\U"LQGKDPP\U" LYDQHQWKDPELDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKLLQGKDSDL\DQHQWKDPELLQGKDPPHQDPP LQGKDSH¼HQXGH\DWKDQJDFKFKLLYDUHQDSSDYDUHQJDPPLYDUHQJDSS Q¯QJDVXKDP"QQVXKDPGKQDPPVXKDP"DPPURPEDVXKDP DL\VXKDPLOOH\"PDL\VXKDPLOOHDL\YXPDPPYXPVXKDP" Q¯QJDHOOUXP Q¯QJHOOUXP VXKDP"QQJDHOOP QQJHOOP VXKDPGKQ LGKXHQQD"LGKHQQD"LGKXSXVWKDKDP"PLGKXSXVWKDKDPGKQLGKX\U SXVWKDKDPXQJDSXVWKDKDP"DGKXHQSXVWKDKDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDP\USXVWKDKDP" LQGKDSXVWKDKDPDYDUSXVWKDKDPPMHPOHQDOODSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXNRQGXYQJD SDGLQJDQDOODSDGLQJDVDGKGKDPSDGLQJDRUXSGDPSDGLQJDHOOPSDGLNNGKLQJD LGKXXQJDDUH\"LGKXFKLQQDDUHLGKXURPEDFKLQQDDUHLOOH\"XQJDDUH\HQJH" HQJHXQJDDUH"DGKXYLGKXY"LQJH\DQJH\"MDQQDOHPÌGXQJDNDGKDYH WKLUDQJDNRQMDPWKLUDNNGKLQJDMVWKLPÌGGKLQJDNRQMDPPÌGXQJDQDOOD WKLUDQJDHQSHWWL\HLQJHYDLQJDYHOL\YDLNNGKLQJDLGKDQVYLNRQGXYQJD LGKXVSDWKULSVGKLQJDVDGKGKDPSVGKLQJDMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\GKLQJD DQJHSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDURPEDPHGKXYSVXQJDDYºDYXVDGKGKDPSVGKH QDQGULSÀLWXYDUQDSUDPYQJDSÀLYQJDWKLUXPEDYQJDSÀLWXYQJD PDUXSDGL\XPYQJDQºDNNLDQJHYQJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDYQJDQ¯QJDOXP DPPYXPYQJDQºD¼¼DNNLYDUGKLQJD LQJHHWKWKDQHQNNOLQJDLUXNNXWKX"P̼XQNNOLLUXNNXWKXQOXQNNOL LOOH\R¼¼XLQJHYDLQJDUHQGXDQJHNRQGXSÀQJDPVH\XPQNNOL\XP NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHPVH\XPLOOHQNNOL\XPLOOHLQJHSQLUXNNXGK"LOOHLQJH SQYXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOHLGKXSDÄD\DPVHLQJHVLODQNNOL\XPDQJHDQKD QNNOL\XPLUXNNXGKXQJDDYDQJDºXGH\DQNNOL\HQJH
38 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. $DNN HOGHUVLVWHU 7WKDQJDFKFKL 39 Adi’s Book. LESSON 12. VERBS F,1),1,7,9(6 Infinitives These are formed by adding ‘a’ and ‘ka’to the roots of weak and strong verbs respectively. solla (w) to say or tell. nadakka (s) to walk YDQGNRQGXYDUHH[FHSWLRQV vara to come konduvara to bring Vocabulary. SÌQH cat QL dog pasu cow idam place, space W¯ tea NSL coffee chakkare sugar YH¼¼H butter uppu salt vellam jaggary VSSGX meal rotti bread YÄDSDÄDP plantain (banana) PLWWL sweets kade shop sedi (a) plant VXGDWKD¼¼L hot water SDFKFKHWKD¼¼L cold water, raw water, (uncooked, unboiled) WKD\UVHL GK prepare WKD\U readiness WKD\ULUu be ready Q\Q why nalladhu (it is) good ------ 40 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences VDSSGXWKD\UVSSLGDYQJD The meal (is) ready, come to eat. 2. avare konjam irukka sollunga. Tell him to wait a little. DYDQHYHºL\HQLNNDVROOXQJD Ask him to stand outside. DYDOHSONXGLNNDNÌSSLGX Call her to drink milk. NDGH\HSUNNDSÀQJD Go to see (the) shop. URWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPNRQGXYQJD Bring (the) bread and butter. FKDNNDUHNRQGXYDUDSÀQJD Go to bring sugar. LQGKDYOHVHL\DWKD\ULUXQJD Be ready to do this work. YHºL\HSÀKDQ¯QJDWKD\U" Are you ready to go out. PLWWLLUXNNXGK" Are there sweets? NRQMDPPLWWLNRQGXYDQJD Bring some sweets. NRQMDPNSL\XPNRQMDPW¯\XPWKD\UVHLQJDV¯NUDP Prepare some tea and coffee. Quick. LGKXSDGLNNDSHUL\DSDGDPLOOH\" This is a big lesson to study, is it not? RUXFKLQQDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDYQJD Come to write a small letter. HGKXVÌGDWKD¼¼LHGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L" Which is hot water, which is cold water? DGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\" Is that cold water? DGKXSDVXQDOOSDVXSDVXYHDGLNNGKLQJD That is a cow, (a) good cow, do not beat the cow. LGKXNHWWDQL This is a bad dog. NHWWDQ\HQDOODGLQJD Beat the bad dog severely. HQSÌQHDQJHLUXNNXGKX My cat is there. DGKHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call that here. PLWWLMVWKLVSSLGGKLQJD Don’t eat much sweets. LGKXQDOODVSSGX This is a good meal. ------ 41 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. E: Elder Brother Y: Younger Brother. (WKDPELSDGLNNDSÀ Little brother, go to study. <VDULDQQQ¯QJDNXGDYQJD Alright big brother, you come too. (LGKXSDGLNNDQDOODSXVWKDKDP" Is this a good book to study? <PDQQLGKXYVLNNDQDOODGKX Yes brother, this is good to read. (HQQHSUNNDDSUDPY Come to see me afterwards. <QLSSRLOOH" Why not now? (WKDPELWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSVGKH Brother, don’t keep on talking. XQSGDPWKD\UVHL\DSÀ Go to prepare your lesson. <VDULDQQSRLWXYDUQ Alright brother, goodbye. Expansion Drill For Lessons 11 & 12. LGKXWKÌQJDQDOODLGDP YHºL\HQDGDNNDSÀQJD LGKXXNNUDQDOODLGDP SXVWKDKDPSDGLNNDSÀQJD LGKXVSSLGDQDOODLGDP SGDPNNNDSÀQJD idhu padukka nalla idam. SDGDPSUNNDSÀQJD LGKXYOHVHL\DQDOODLGDP NDGKDYXWKLUDNNDSÀQJD LGKXNXºLNNDQDOODLGDP DSSYHNXSSLGDSÀQJD idhu padikka nalla idam. naiye konduvara pÀnga. WKDPELYOHVHL\DYQJD DYDUHPHGKXYSVDVROOXQJD DPPWKDPLÄSDGLNNDYQJD DYDUHWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDUDVROOXQJD DL\WKDPLÄSVDYQJD DYDQJDºHNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDVROOXQJD DUHXººHWKÌQJDYQJD DYDQJDºHLGKXHOOPNRQGXSÀKDVROOXQJD VSSGXVSSLGDYQJD DYDQJDºHLGKXQJD\HOOP\HGXNNDVROOXQJD XQJDWKRWWDWKHNPLNNDYQJD DQGKDPPYHXNNUDVROOXQJD DYDQY¯WWHNtta vnga. andhaiyve irukka sollunga. NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNRQGXSÀQJD VSSLGDSOXPSDÄDPXPNRQGXYQJD LSSRQDOOWKÌQJDSÀQJD DSUDP7KDPLÄSDGLNNDYQJD LGKXYDVLNNDQDOODSGDP DYDQJDWKÀWWDPXPNL¼DUXPSUNNDYQJD ------ 42 Adi’s Book. LESSON 13. NOUNSAND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, DATIVE CASE & VERBS, DEFECTIVE. Nouns, followed by endings to form Dative Case meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’. ‘ukku’ to µXNNKD¶ for PVH PVHNNX to the table PVHNNKD for the table Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘du’ and ‘ru’ are exceptions. ‘m’ and ‘r’ change to ‘thu’. ‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’. Noun Declensional base Declined form maram marathu marathukku Y¯GXY¯WWXY¯WWXNNX UX WKWKX WKWKXNNX Pronouns, Dative Case:-GHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµXNNX¶RUµXNNKD¶ Note: ‘ukku’ is commonly used for both ‘to’ and ‘for’ in North Tamil Nadu. QQ enakku to me QP namakku to us(incl.) QQJDHQJDºXNNX to us(excl.) Q¯ unakku to you Q¯QJD XQJDºXNNX to you avan avanukku to him ava DYDºXNNX to her avar avarukku to him/her avanga DYDQJDºXNNX to them adhu adhukku to it adhunga adhungaºXNNX to them Defective Verbs:- The following are impersonal verbs. Y¼XP¶ is wanted SÀGKXP is enough puri to be clear YLºDQJX to be clear. theri know, see, understand, feel, appear pidi to be liked They cannot be conjugated like regular verbs, excepting neuter present tense and past tense and future tense. 7KHVXEMHFW QRXQRUSURQRXQ WDNHVGDWLYHFDVH DVLQµHQDNNXY¼XP,ZDQW ------ 43 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary YH¼XP is wanted Y¼P is not wanted SÀGKXP is enough SÀGKGKX is not enough theriyum is known WKHUL\GKX is not known pasi hunger dhayavuseidhu please innum more, yet innum enna what else? HOO all (adj) HOOP all things HOOUXP all persons Short Sentences VDSSLGDHOOUXPWKD\U"YQJDXNNUXQJD Is every one ready to eat? Come, sit.) XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XP"DYDUXNNXNSSLSÀGKXP" What do you want? Is the coffee enough for him? DYDºXNNNXSOYQP"XQJDºXNNXW¯Y¼XPNSSLY¼XP" Does she not want milk? Do you want tea or coffee? XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDY¼XP" What else do you want? HQQXNNXW¯LQQXPY¼XP I want more tea. LQGKDW¯SÀGKGKXLQQXPNRQMDPY¼XPNRQGXYQJD This tea is not enough, (I) want a little more. Bring (it). DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDW¯SÀGKGK"LQQXPY¼XP" Is this tea not enough for them? Do they want more? HQJDºXNNXURPEDMVWKLY¼PNRQMDPSÀGKXP We do not want too much, a little is enough. LQGKXHQQDXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXVROOXQJD What is this, do you know? Please tell me. HQQDNNXVROOXQJDDYDUXNNXVROOGKLQJD Tell me, do not tell him. LQGKDSGDQJDHOOP SGDQJHOOP XQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP" Do you know (or) do you understand all these lessons?) 44 Adi’s Book. 12. enakku HOOSGDQJDºum WKHUL\GKX I do not know all the lessons.(* all without exception). VLODSGDPGKQWKHUL\XPSDODSGDPWKHUL\GKX I know only a few lessons. Several lessons I do not know. HOOUXNNXPLGKXWKHUL\GK" Does not everyone know this? DYDUXNNXURPEDVDGKGKDPVROOXQJD Speak to him very loudly. Practical Conversation. M: Mother C: Child. 0VSSGXWKD\ULUXNNXWKXHOOUXPYQJD Food is ready, come (along) everybody. &DPPHQDNNXLSSRVSSGXY¼P Mother, I don’t want food now. 0\QY¼PXQQDNNXSDVLLOOH\" Why not, are you not hungry? &PDPPHQQDNNXkonjam kuda pasi ille. Yes mother, I am not a bit hungry. 0XQDNNXYUXPHQQD YUHQQD Y¼XP" What else do you want? &HQDNNXNRQMDPGKQVWKDPXPWKD¼¼L\XPY¼XP I want only a little rice and water 0LYºDYXSÀGKXPLQQXPY¼XP" Is this enough or do you want (some) more. &HQDNNXLGKXSÀGKXP This is enough for me. ------ 45 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 13. LGKX\UXNNXY¼XP" DGKXHQQXNNXY¼P DGKXHQJDOXNNXY¼XP HGKXXQJDOXNNXY¼XP" LGKXYXPDGKXYXPQDPDNNXY¼XP \HOOPQDPDNNXY¼P ------LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQDNNXY¼XP" LQGKDSGDPHQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP LQGKDQNNOLDYDºXNNXY¼XP LQGKDVSSGXHQDNNXSÀGKGKX LQGKDSÌXQJDSH¼¼XNNXY¼P" LQGKDSOSÌQHNNXSÀGKXP" DQGKDPVHSDL\DQXNNXY¼P" LQGKDWKD¼¼LQLNNXSÀWKWKX LQGKDWKD¼¼LDYDQJDºXNNXY¼P" DQGKDNLGKDPDYDUXNNXSÀGKXP" ------XQJDºXNNXLQGKDSGDPWKHUL\XP" HQDNNXLQGKDSGDPVDUL\WKHUL\GKX \HQQDNNXLQGKDSGDPQDOOWKHUL\XP HQJDOXNNXPLQGKDSGDPWKHUL\GKX XQJDºXNNXLYDUWKHUL\XP" XQJDºXNNXLGKXLQQXPWKHUL\XP" HQDNNXLYDUVDUL\WKHUL\GKX XQJDºXNNXHQQHWKHUL\GK" XQJDºXNNXDQGKDDL\QDOOWKHUL\XP" DYDUXNNXSVDWKHUL\GK" HQQXNNXDQWKDL\URPEDQDOODWKHUL\XP LYDUXNNXGRFWRUWKHUL\GK" XQJDºXNNXSGDQJDHOOPWKHUL\XP" P¼DYDUXNNXYGK\UHWKHUL\GK" HQDNNXSGDQJDHOOPNRQMDPWKHUL\XP DYDQJDOXNNXQPHOOUXPWKHUL\GKX ------DL\GKD\DYXVHLGKXWKDPLÄSVXQJD HOOUXNNXPYD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD DPPGKD\DYXVHLGKXLQJHSGXQJD HOOUXNNXPXQJDSGDPNWWXQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXQNNOLNRQGXYQJD HOOUH\XPLQJHYDUDVROOXQJD LSSRGKD\DYXVHLGKXVSSGXNRQGXYQJD HOOUH\XPLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXHOOUH\XPVSSLGDNÌSSLGX LGKXQJDHOOWKWKXNNXHYºDYX" GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDUHLGKXNOXQJD SHWWLQJDHOOWKWKXNNXPSÌWWXQJD thambi, ‘dhayavuseidhu’ sollu. VPQHOOWKWKH\XPNUXNNXNRQGXSÀ thambi, ‘nandri’ kuda sollu. SDÄDQJDHOOWKWKH\XPPVHPOHYDLQJD dhayavuseidhuvum nandriyum sollu. paiyangalukku pusthahanga kodunga. ------ 46 Adi’s Book. LESSON 14. VERBS, DEFECTIVE (CONTINUED). Defective Verbs. (follow dative) puriyuthu is clear, understood. puriyale is not clear, not understood. YLºDQJXGKX is clear, understood. YLºDQJDOH is not clear, not understood. Adverbs. (follow dative). (Adverbs are more fully covered in Lesson 17). PXQQOH before, in front of, ago. SLQQOH after, behind. ------Vocabulary sangadhi matter, news VDPDFKUDP matter, news kashtam difficulty, problem vile price YDÄD DGM plantain YÄDSDÄDP plantain (fruit) NÌGD also, even. -um also, even YQJX ZLQ buy vil (s.thth) sell kodu (s.thth) give WK ZQGK give. NDWKWKXNNRº ZQG learn VROOLNNRº ZQG learn kaththukkodu (s.thth) teach sollikkodu(s.thth) teach kashtappadu (w.tt) worry, suffer. SÌWWu (n) lock ------Short Sentences. UPDQHQQDVDPDFKFKUDPQDOODVDPDFKFKUDP" Raman, what news, is it good news. LOOHQJDLOOHDL\QDOOVDPDFKFKUDPLOOH No, no sir, not good news. UPDQXNNXLQGKDNLGKDPNRGXQJD Give this letter to Raman. LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHV¯NUDPNRQGXSÀQJD Take this letter quickly. \DUXQJDWKDPLÄYGK\U"LYDUXQJDºXGH\DYGK\U" Who is your Tamil teacher? Is he your teacher DL\WKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXWKDPLÄVROOLNRGXQJD Sir, please teach me Tamil. XQJDOXNNXHQWKDPLÄQDOOYLODQJXWK" Is my Tamil very clear to you? 47 Adi’s Book. HQQDNNXMVWKLYLºDQJDOHNRQMDPGKQYLºDQJDWKX Not very clear to me, (I) only understand a little. DYDUXNNXWKDPLÄQDOOSXUL\DGKXXQJDºXNNXSXUL\DOH\" He understands Tamil well, do you not understand? LQGKDSÌWWXNNXVYLLUXNNXWK"LGKXNNXVYLHQJH" Is there a key for this lock? Where is the key for this. HQY¯WWXNNXSLQQOHSHUL\DYÄDPDUDPLUXNNXWKX There is a big plantain tree behind my house. HQDNNXSLQQOHYDUGKLQJDHQQDNNXPXQQOHSÀQJD Don’t come behind me, go in front of me. PMHNNXPXQOHQNNOLLUXNNXWKX The chair is in front of the table. VSDWKULNNXSLQQOHRUXWKÀWWDPLUXNNXWKX There is a garden behind the hospital. (OODUXPDQJHYLºD\GDSÀQJDQ¯NXGDSÀ Everyone go there to play. You go too. DYDUXNNXSHWWLY¼XPDYDUXNNKDRUXSHWWLYQJXQJD He wants a box. Buy a box for him. LGKXHQQDNNKDLOOHDYDUXNNKD This is not for me, (it’s) for him. LGKX\UXNNKDXQJDWKDPELNN" For whom is this, your little brother? XQJDSHWWL\HSDWKXUÌENNXYLNNGKLQJD Do not sell your box for ten rupees. XQJDºukku* pusthaham irukkuWK" Do you have a book.*(Dative ending = has, have). \UXNNXSXVWKDKDPLOOH"HOOUXNNXPLUXNNXWK" Who has no book? (does) everybody have one? XQJDºXNNXDUHHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the room for you? XQJDºXNNXHQQDNDVKWDP" XQJDNDVKWDPHQQD" What is your difficulty? NDVKWDSSDGGKLQJDLGKXSHUL\DNDVKWDPLOOH Do not worry, this is not a big problem. LSSRQ¯QJDVÌKDP"QDOOVSSLGXQJD Are you well now? Eat well. ------ 48 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Between friends, A and B. $HQQDVDQJKDGLµS" What news (friend, mate) %\HOOPQDOOVDQJKDGKLGKQ Everything is good (news). $HQQDNNXNRQMDPNDVKWDPQQVÌKDPLOOH I have some trouble. I am not well. %DSGL\"HQQDNDVKWDP" Is that so? What trouble? $HQQDNNXURPEDND¼NDVKWDP I have a lot of eye trouble. %VDULV¯NUDPND¼GRFWRUHSUXQJD Alright, see an eye doctor quickly. $SXUL\XGKXGRFWRUSUHQQD" I Understand, what is the doctor’s name? %DYDUSUGRFWRUUPDQ His name is Doctor Raman. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 14. HQDNNXSDÄDPXPSOXPNÌGDY¼XP DYDQXNNXURWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPSÀGKGKX LQQXPXSSXNRQGXYDUGKLQJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXNRQMDPYHOODPNRQGXYQJD PXQQOHURWWLNRQGXYQJD DSUDPSDÄDPNRQGXYQJD Q¯QJDDYDUXNNXPXQQOHXNNUXQJD HOOUXNNXPSLQQOHXNNUGKLQJD HQY¯WWXNNXPXQQOH\XPSLQQOH\XPPDUDQJDLOOH DYDUY¯WWXNNXSLQQOHSHUL\DWKÀWWDPLUXNNXGKX HQJDºXNNXPXQQOHQLNNGKLQJD ------NDGKDYHQDOOSÌWWXQJD DQGKDSÌWWXNNXLQGKDVYLVDUL\LUXNNXGK" XQJDSHWWLNNXLQGKDSÌWWXSÀGXQJD SÌWWXNNKDNDGHNNXSÀKGKLQJD LGKXNNKDNDVKWDPY¼P HOOUXNNXPQDOODGKXVHLQJD ------LGKXLQJH\UXNNKDLUXNNXGKX" idhu yennakku, adhu unnakku. DGKXHOOUXNNXPLOOH\" DGKHXQJDºXNNKDGKQVSSLGXQJD idhukku yenna vile? LGKXNNX\HYºDYXY¼XP" ------ 49 Adi’s Book. LESSON 15. CARDINAL NUMBERS 10 F$1'7,0( SDGKLQR¼¼X 11 SDGKLQUX 16 SDQQH¼GX 12 padKLQÄX 17 SDGKLPÌQX 13 padhinettu 18 SDGKLQOX 14 paththombadhu 19 padhinanju 15 irubadhu 20 paththu 10. irubadhu 20 LUXQÌUX 200 muppadhu 30 PXQQÌUX 300 QSSDGKX 40 QQÌUX 400 ambadhu 50 DLQÌUX 500 UXEDGKX 60 UXQÌUX 600 ÄXEDGKX 70 ÄXQÌUX 700 H¼EDGKX 80 H¼¼ÌUX 800 WKR¼¼ÌUX 90 WKRºº\LUDP 900 QÌUX 100 \LUDP 1000 The Adjective form of ‘paththu’ is ‘baththu’, so we have:- 21 LUXEDWKWKXR¼¼X 22 LUXEDWKWKXUH¼GX 78 yerubaththu ettu etc. 7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµQÌUX¶ LVµQÌWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH 101 QÌWKWKXR¼¼X 102 QÌWKWKXUH¼GX 506 DLQQÌWKWKXUX etc. 7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµ\LUDP¶ LVµ\LUDWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH 925 WKROO\LUDWKWKXLUXbaththanju 1567 \LUDWKWKXDLQÌWKWKXUXEDWKWKX \ ÄX 5439 DQM\LUDWKWKXQQÌWKWKXPXSSDWKWK µX RPEDWKX ------ 50 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary NODPH NODLOH NODPEDUHNWKOH morning, VLQJODP VLQGKDUDP evening, after 4pm. pahal day time UWKUL UYX night nadu mid, middle naduppahal noon, midday PDGK\QDP afternoon PD¼LNNX at…o’clock PD¼L bell, gong, hour, o’clock VDQGKÀVKDP happiness NXÄDQGKH child P¼DYDU student (incl schoolboys) (m) (f) WKÀWWDNNUDQ WKÀWWDNUL gardener YOHNNUDQYOHNUL worker, house servant SONUDQSONUL milk seller ------Short Sentences. LSSRPD¼LHQQD" What is the time now. LSSRHQQDPD¼L" What is the time now. LSSRPD¼LHYºDYX" What is the time now. LSSRPD¼LHWKWKDQH" What is the time now. LSSRHWWXPD¼L Now it is 8 o’clock Q¯QJDLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXYQJD You come here at 8 o’clock. SDQQH¼GXPD¼LNNXVSSLGDSÀQJD Go to eat at 12 o’clock. DGKXNNXPXQQOHSÀKGLQJD Don’t go before that. XQJDWKÀWWDNNUDQHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD Call your gardener here. DSUDPWKÀWWDWKWKXNNDSRQJD,SSRY¼P Go to the garden afterwards. No need now. DYDQJDºXNNXYOHNUDQLOOH\" Do they not have a servant? DYDQJDºXNNXLSSRYOHNUDQLOOH They don’t have a servant now. DQGKDYOHNUDQXNNXLSSRYOHLOOH That servant has no work now. 51 Adi’s Book. Q¯Y¯WWXNNXSÀQºDNNLNODPHY you go home. Come tomorrow morning. LQQDNLVLQJODPDQMXPD¼LNNXYQJD Come at 5 o’clock this evening. DYDUY¯WWXNNXYOHVHL\DSÀQJD Go to his house to work. UWKULHWWXPD¼LNNXHQQHSUNNDYQJD Come to see me at 8 o’clock tonight. UDYXPSDKDOXPYOHVHL\GKLQJD Do not work day and night. SDKDONRQMDPUWKULNRQMDPYOHVHLQJD Do some work by day, and some by night. LGKXUWKULNNXY¼XPLWKXUWKULVSSGX This is wanted for the night.This is night food. L¼¼DNNLSDKDOVSSGXURPEDQDOODVSSGX Today’s meal is a very good meal. ------Practical Conversation. V: Visitor S: Village Schoolmaster. 9YD¼DNNDPDL\Q¯QJDGKQLQJHYGK\U" Greetings sir, are you the teacher here? 6PDL\QQGKDQLQJHYGK\U Yes sir, I am the teacher here. 9LQJHHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNUQJD" How many children are studying here? 6LQJHDPEDWKXNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNUQJD Fifty children are studying here. 9HOOUXPQDOOSDGLNUDQJDO Do they all study well? 6PQJDHOOUXPQDOOSDGLNUQJD Yes sir, they are all studying well. 9QDOODGKXLGKHNNNDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP That’s good. I am very happy to hear this. ------ 52 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. RUXUÌENNXQÌUXSDLVH LSSRPD¼L\HQQD"QOXLOOH\" VDLQJODPDQMXPD¼LNNDPXQHQQHSUXQJD LOOHVLQJODPYDUGKLQJD PDGK\QDPVDUL\PÌQXPD¼LNNXYQJD UWKULNNXHQQDVSSGXY¼XP" L¼¼DNNLNODPHVSSGXQDOODVSSGX LSSRUWKULLOOHSDKDOWKÌQJGKH QOXPD¼LNNXYOHVHLDSUDPY¯WWXNNXSÀ ------pathum pathum irubadhu. QSSDGKXPLUXEDGKXPUXEDGKX ambadhum muppadhum enbadhu. HÄXEDGKXPUXEDGKXPQÌWKXPXSSDGKX LQJHLUXEDWKXDQMXSUVSSLGXQJD DQGKDDUHNNXSDGKLQHWWXSUSÀQJD Q¯QJDSDWKXSUXPLQJHXNNUXQJD ------VSDWKULNNXQSSDWKXPÌQXQNNOLNRQGXSÀQJD N¯ÄHPXSSDGKXRPEDGKXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYQJD POHSDGKLQUXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYQJD LQJHHWWXQNNOLYDLQJD DGKXQJDºXNNXPXQQOHHWWXPVHQJDYDLQJD L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHSUXNNXVSSGXY¼XP" L¼¼DNNLLUXEDWKXSUXNNXSÀGKXP QºDNNLQSSDGKXRQQXSUXNNXYHQXP ------RUXµWXPEOHU¶SOV¯NUDPNRQGXYQJD ELVNÀWKWKXHYºDYXLUXNNXGKX" SDGKLQOXELVNÀWKWKXGKQLUXNNXGK QDPDNNX\HOOPSD¼¼HQGXYDÄDSDÄDPSÀGKXP DYDQJDºXNNXSDWKWKRPEDGKXNDSSXNSSLDQXSSXQJD ------ 53 Adi’s Book. LESSON 16. VERBS, PRESENT TENSE, POSITIVE. Firstly, Memorise the following pronouns with the related verb endings, For ‘weak’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘r’ plus the verb ending,as GHYHORSHGKHUHZLWKWKHYHUEµSÀ¶ Singular Plural QQSÀUQQP SÀUÀP(excl.) QQJD SÀUÀP(incl.) Q¯ SÀUe Q¯QJD SÀUinga avan SÀUQ ava SÀU avanga SÀUanga avar SÀUU adhu SÀdhu* adhunga SÀdhunga* *the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural. For ‘strong’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘kr’ plus the verb ending,as developed here with the verb ‘padi’. Singular Plural QQSDGLNUn QP padikrÀP(excl.) QQJD padikrÀP(incl.) Q¯ padikre Q¯QJD padikringa avan padikrQ ava padikr avanga padikranga avar padikrU adhu padikkdhu* adhunga padikkdhunga* *again, the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural. For the verb ‘Y¶WKHµ¶VKRUWHQVWRµD¶LQFRQMXJDWLRQWKXVIRUPLQJµQQvarQ¶ and similarly for konduY, becoming ‘nan konduvarQ¶ ------ 54 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary YWKX duck NÀÄL chicken NXÄDQGKH child kattadam building NLGKDPNDGXGKVL letter, paper. idam place, space. pai bag SL mat sedi plant kodi vine, creeper ile leaf YVDO gate PÌWWH bundle mutte egg WKÌNNDP sleep(n) WKÌQJX ZLQ sleep(v), lie down SÀGX ZWW throw, drop NXºL VQ bathe (intr) NXºLSDWWX ZLQ bathe (tr) ------Short Sentences. YDQJDPPDYQJDHQJHSÀULQJD" Hello, madam, where are youn going? QDQHQY¯WWXNNXSÀUQVDULSÀLYQJD I amgoing to my house. OK, goodbye. DYDUHQQDNRQGXYDUU"PXWWHQJDNRQGXYDUU" What is he bringing? Is he bringing eggs? XQJDºXNNX\HQQDPXWWHY¼XPNÀÄLPXWWH\YWKXPXWWH\" What eggs do you want, chicken eggs or duck eggs? LGKXQDOODSL,QGKDS\HDQJHSÀGXQJD. Thisis a good mat. Spread this mat there. (idiom). HQDNNXV¯NUDPVSSGXpÀdunga. Serve me food, quick! (idiom). SLPOHHQQDLUXNNXWKXRUXSDL\"SDLNNXOOHSDÄDPLUXNNXWK" What is on the mat, a.bag?. Are there fruits inside the bag. SDQWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNRQGXSÀQJDDQJHYLºD\GX Take the ball to the garden, play there. DYDQLSSRQDOODWKÌQJUQUWKULGKQDYDQXNNXWKÌNNDPLOOH He is sleeping well now. Only last night he had no sleep 55 Adi’s Book. YHOHNNUDQHQNDGLGKDPNRQGXSÀUDQ The servant is taking my letter. LQJHNKLGKDPQSÀGULQJD"NDGXGKVLLQJHSÀGGKLQJD Why are you throwing paper here? Don’t throw paper here. 12. dhayavuseidhu enakku oru kadidham pÀdunga. Please drop me a line. (idiom) LQGKDVHGLNNXMVWKLLOHLOOHSÌGKQMVWKLLUXNNXWKX This plant has not many leaves,it has many flowers. DQGKDVHGLNNXURPEDWKD¼¼LY¼XP That plant needs a lot of water. DGKXQDOODLGKDPLOOHDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXSÀKGKLQJD That is not a good place. do not go to that place. SÌQHQJDDQJHHQQDVHLGKXQJD" What are the cats doing here? QDQLSSRXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUQQ¯QJDHQY¯WWXNNX\HSSRYDULQJD" I am coming to your house now. When are you coming to my house? SHUL\DQLPXQQOHÀGXWKXFKLQQDQLDGKXNNXSLQQOHÀGXWKX A big dog is running ahead. A small dog is running behind it. LGKXSHUL\DNDWWDGDPLGKXNNXSHUL\DYVDOLUXNNXWKX This is a big building. It has a big entrance. \UXNNXNLGKDP\HÄXGKULQJDXQJDPPYXNN" To whom are you writing a letter, to your mother? L NDGLGKDP\UNRQGXSÀUQJD" LL NDGLGKDP\UNRQGXSÀUDGKX" Who is taking the letter? *Note: when the number and gender of the subject are not known, either the 3rd person plural or the neuter singular is used. ------ 56 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. C: Customer F: Fruit Seller. &LGKXXQJDSDÄDNDGH\"HQQDSDÄDQJDLUXNNXWKX" Is this your fruit shop? What fruits do you have. )PQJD\HQNDGHGKQYÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXWKXHYºDYXY¼XP" Yes madam,it is my shop. I have plantains. How much do you want? &HQDNNXRUXGD]DQYÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH" I want one dozen plantains. How much is a dozen? )RUXGD]DQLUXEDWKXUÌEPP Twenty Rupees a dozen madam. &DGKXURPEDYLOHSSGD]DQSDWKLQDQMXNNXNRGXSS 7KDW¶VDKLJKSULFH*LYHDGR]HQIRUILIWHHQ¶S )VDULQJDPPRUXGD]DQSÀWKXP" Alright madam, is a dozen enough? &SÀWKXPLSSR\HQQDNNXMVWKLY¼P Enough. I don’t want more now. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 16. QQHQQDVHLUQ" QQLQJHLUXNUQ" QPHQQDVHLUÀP" QQJDLQJHLUXNUÀP" Q¯\HQQDVHLUH" Q¯LQJHLUXNU\" Q¯QJD\HQQDVHLULQJD" Q¯QJDLQJHLUXNULQJDº" DYDQHQQDVHLUQ" DYDQLQJHLUXNUQ DYD\HQQDVHLU" DYDLQJHLUXNUº DYDQJD\HQQDVHLUQJD" DYDQJDLQJHLUXNUQJDº ------DYDUXNNXQDOOWKÌNNDP NXÄDQGKHQJDYKDPHQJHSÀUQJD" DYDUQDOODWKÌQJUU NXÄDQGKHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXSÀUQJD DYDUHNXSSLGDLSSRSÀKGLQJD NXÄDQGKHQJDDQJHHQQDVHL\DSÀUQJD" DYDUPOHWKÌQJUU DYDQJDDQJHSDQGKHYLºD\GDSÀUQJDO" DYDUSDLPOHWKÌQJUU DYDQJDLSSRWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HÀGUQJD DYDUXNNXSLQQOHSÌQHWKÌQJDWKX DYDQJD\QDQJHYHºL\HÀGDY¼XP" ------ 57 Adi’s Book. LESSON 17. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS. Adjectives. :RUGVOLNHQDOOJRRGNHWWDEDGDUHDGMHFWLYHVE\QDWXUH Adjectives can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµQD¶RUµXººD¶DVIROORZV suham health VXKDPQD healthy. VXKDPXººD healthy. VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDPQD happy, joyful. VDQGKÀVKDPXººD happy, joyful. Adverbs. :RUGVOLNHPXQGKLEHIRUHPOHDERYHDUHDGYHUEVE\QDWXUH Adverbs can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµ¶DVIROORZV suham health VXKDP healthy. VDQGKÀVKDP happiness, joy VDQGKÀVKDP happy, joyful. Vocabulary GKVDP country naharam city PK¼DP state, province SDWWD¼DP town MLOO district JUPDP village YOÌU Vellore madhurai Madurai, Madura. ÌU place, large area. NRQMDPNRQMDP gradually VDQGKÀVKDP happiness PÀVDP badness, evil. VDQGKÀVKDPQD happy (adj) PÀVDPQD bad, evil (adj). VDQGKÀVKDP happy (adv) PÀVDP bad, evil (adv) sulabam ease, easiness varuththam sorrow, sadness. VXODEDPQD easy (adj) YDUXWKWKDPQD sorrowful (adj) VXODEDP easy (adv) YDUXWKWKDP sorrowful (adv) pathi (follows acc) about, regarding varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, regret kashtappadu (w.tt) be troubled, worry varaththappadu(w.tt) feel sorry, worry 58 Adi’s Book. Short Sentences. XQJDWKDPELHQJHLUXNNUUXººHYYHºL\HY" Where is your brother, inside or outside? GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDQHLQJHNRQMDPNÌSSLGXQJD Please just call him here. DQGKDNKLGKDWKWKHHQJHNRQGXSÀULQJD" Where are you taking that paper? LGKH\UXNNXNRQGXYDULQJDHQDNN" To whom are you bringing this, to me? LSSRQ¯QJDWKDPLÄQDOOSVULQJDº" Are you speaking tamil well now? LOOHMVWKLLOOHNRQMDPSVUQNRQMDPGKQ No, not much. I speak a little, only a little. HGKXXQJDGKVDP"DGKXSHUL\DGKVDP" Which is your country? I as that a big country? XQJDGKVDPHQDNNXQDOOWKHUL\XP Your country is well known to me. HQJDGKVDWKWKHSDWKLXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKHUL\XP"DGKHNNNDHQQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP You know about our country well? I am happy to hear it! QQHQSGDWKWKHVDQGKÀVKDPSDGLNUQ I am studying my lesson happily. WKDPLÄSDGLNNDVXODEDPLUXNNXGKXLOOH\" It’s easy to study Tamil, is it not? LOOHLOOHWKDPLÄSDGLNNDURPEDNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKX No, no, it is very difficult to study Tamil. LGKHVROODHQDNNXYDUXWKDPLUXNNXGKX I am sorry to say this. LGKHNNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH I am not happy to hear this. YDUXWKWKDSSDGGKLQJDNRQMDPNRQMDPSDGLQJDDGKXVXODEDPLOOHNDVKWDPXPLOOH Don’t worry, study little by little. It is neither hard nor easy FKHQQDLSHUL\DQDKDUDPYOÌUFKLQQDSDWWDQXPLUXNNXGKXQQÌUXNNXSÀUQ Chennai is a big city, Vellore is a small town. I am going (to my family) home. WKDPLÄQGXPK¼DWKOHDQKDJUPDQJDLUXNNXWKXLQGKL\HQJDGKVDP In Tamil Nadu State there are many villages. India is our country. ------ 59 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. E: Employer C: Cook.. (DQWRQ\VSSGXWKD\U" Antony, is the food ready? &PDL\WKD\UDLUXNNXWKX Yes sir, it is ready. (\HQDNNXURPEDYOHLUXNNXWKXVDSSDGXV¯NUDPNRQGXYDQJD I have a lot of work, bring the food quickly. &VDULQJDLGKÀNRQGXYDUQ Alright sir, here it is look, I am bringing it. (URWWLYH¼¼HPXWWHNSLSÀWKXP Bread, butter, egg, coffee are enough. &LSSRXQJDºXNNXVWKDPY¼P" Don’t you want rice now? (LSSRY¼PDGKHUDWKULNNXVSLGUQ. I don’t want it now. I will eat that tonight. (Lit: I am eating that for the night). Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. LQGKDSDL\DQVDQGKÀVKDPLUXNNLUQ HQDNNXLGKHSDWKLVDQGKÀVKDP DQGKDL\YDUXWKWKDPLUXNUU enakku idhe pathi varuththam ille. QPHOOPVXKDPLUXNUÀP DYDUYOHURPEDPÀVDP YÄDLOHSUNNDQDOOLUXNNXWKX LQGKDSGDPSDGLNNDNDVKWDP SHUL\DSDL\DQPÀVDPLUXNUQ DYDQJDLSSRVXKDPGKQ SGDQJDHOOPVXODEDPLUXNNXWKXQJD tKDPLÄSVDURPEDVXODEDPLOOH\" VLODSGDQJDGKQNDVKWDPLUXNNXWKX DQJHMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVDGKGKDPSVDGKH ------HQJDJUPDPXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP" HQJDJUPDWKWKHSDWKLWKHUL\XP" LSSRQQHQJUPDWKWKHSDWKLVROUQ XQJDÌUHSDWKi apram sollunga. JUPDWKWKXNNXººHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX DGKXURPEDSHUL\DSDÄD\DNL¼DUX NLQDWKWKXWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDQDOODWKX HOOUXPLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNRQGXSÀUDQJD DQJHSDODFKLQQDY¯GXQJDLUXNNXGKX VLODSHUL\DY¯GXNXGDLUXNNXGKX HQJUPDWKWKXNNXSUµNXSSDP¶ HQJUPDWKWKXSUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\WK" ------HQY¯WWXNNXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" XQJDY¯WWXNNXVDUL\QOXPD¼LNNXYDUQ GKD\DYXVHLWKXYDUDPDUDQWKXSÀKGKLQJD VDULQQL¼¼DNNLQOXPD¼LNNXYDUQ ------ 60 Adi’s Book. LESSON 18. POST POSITIONS. There are no prepositions in Tamil, but base endings and Post-Positions are used instead. These postpositions follow nouns and pronouns and the preceding nouns and pronouns have various case endings, as given below. Some postpositions are used as adverbs. Postposition Meaning Preceding Case varekkum upto, as far as ) varelum upto, as far as ) Nominative. mattum upto, as far as ) suththi around ) paththi about, concerning ) thavira except, besides ) Accusative. SÀOD like,such as ) kondu by means of ) PXQQOH before, in front of ) mundhi before, in front of ) SLQQOH after, behind ) Dative pindhi after, behind ) apram after. ) N¯ÄH down, under, beneath ,below ) POH up, over, above, on ) kitta near ) (Declensional Base) YDÄL\ by way of, via, (through)) PXODP through, (between)) Vocabulary YUWKWKH word YN\DP sentence arththam meaning kari meat idadhu left (side) valadhu right (side) QUD straight pakkam side, direction YDÄL way suththi around 61 Adi’s Book. sowkyam good health VRZN\DP healthy(adv) suham good health VXKDPQD healthy(adj) sudhdham cleanliness VXGKGKDP clean sudhdham sei clean (w.dh) LSSRHOOPLSSROOP nowadays NWKWKX wind, breeze, air, veyyil sun, heat (weather) PDÄH rain (noun) PDÄHSHL rain (verb) Short Sentences. L¼¼DNNLHSGLLUXNULQJD"VXKDPLUXNULQJDº" How are you today? are you well? PQQVRZN\DPLUXNUQQ¯QJDºXPVRZN\DP" Yes, I am well. are you also well? LGKHSDWKWKLXQJDºDNNXWKHUL\XP"HQQDNNXVROXQJD Do you know about this? Tell me. HQDNNXDGKHSDWKWKLMDVWKLWKHUL\GKX I do not know much about that. HQDNNXHOOPWKHUL\XPQQDSUDPVROUQ I know everything. I will tell (you) afterwards. HQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DQGKDSDNNDP" Which way are you going? That way? QDQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DGKXQDOODYDÄLLOOH Why are you going that way? That is not a good way. LGDGKXSDNNDPSÀQJDYDODGKXSDNNDPSÀKGLQJD Go to the left. Do not go to the right. LGKHWKDYLUDLQQXPWKHUL\XP" Do you know more besides this. HQQHWKDYLUDHOOUXPYLºD\GKUQJD All except me are playing. HSSRNXºLNNDSÀULQJDLSSRYDSUDP" When are you going to bathe, now or later? 12. maraththe suththi jasthi sediyum kodiyum irukkudhu. There are many plants and vines around the tree. WKÀWWDNNUDQWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXQUDSÀUQ The gardener is going straight to the garden. 62 Adi’s Book. \QHÄXQGKLUXNULQJD"QHQGKLUXNULQJD"QDOOWKÌQJXQJD Why are you getting up? Why are you getting up? Sleep well. XQJDSDGDQJDºHPDUDNNGKLQJD Don’t forget ypur lessons. Q¯QJDLSSRQDOOQDGDNNULQJD You are walking well now. \UHNXSLGULQJDHQQH\DYDUH\" Who are you calling, him or me? Q\XPSÌQH\XPYKDPHQJHÀGXGKXQJD" Where are the dog and cat running? QPDGKHLSSRSUNNDSÀUÀP We are going to see that now. DYDQLSSROOPPHGKXYDYOHVHLUQ He works slowly nowadays. HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXQLY¼XP I want a dog like this one. 22. adhu kayithe kondu kattunga. Tie that with string. Practical Conversation. C: Customer M: Meat Man. &LQJHY¶SSHQQDNDULLUXNNXWKX" Come here ‘pa. What meat do you have? 0WWXNDULLUXNNXWKX I have mutton. &PWWXNDULLOOH\" No beef? 0LOOHQJDPWWXNDULQºDNNLNR¼GXYDUQ No, I am bringing (will bring) beef tomorrow. &HQQDNNXVXGKGKDPQDQDOONDULY¼XP I want good clean meat. 0VDULQJDµPQºDNNLNOHOHÄXPD¼LNNXNR¼GXYDUQ Alright madam, I am bringing (will bring it) tomorrow morning at 7 o’clock. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 18. WKDPELLQJHY PVHNLWWDSÀPVHYDUHNNXPSÀQJD LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPVHPOHYDL PHVHNNXPOHRUXSDGDPLUXNNXWKX PVH\HVXWKWKLQNNOLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVHNNXPXQQOHNÌGDQNNOLLUXNNXWKX PVHNNXSLQQOHQOXQNNOLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVH\HSDWKWKLDSUDPSVUQ PVHSDNNDPSÀKGKLQJD PVH\HWKDYLUDLQJHR¼¼XPLOOH ------ 63 Adi’s Book. LESSON 19. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS F/2&$7,9(&$6( Locative Case. ‘le’ suffixed to nouns expresses locations, ‘at’ or ‘in’. VSDWKUL hospital VSDWKULOH at the hospital, in the hospital. Exceptions. Nouns ending in ‘m’‘du’‘ru’, change to ‘th’‘tt’‘th’, respectively, before ‘le’ is added. Thus we have:- Noun. Locative Case. maram tree marathle in the tree. Y¯GX house Y¯WWOH in the house. NL¼DUX well NL¼DWKOH in the well. Vocabulary Q but kadetheru bazaar. mail mile NO stone, milestone. GKÌUDP distance kilometer kilometre NÀYLO temple, church vali pain SDººLNÌGDP school vali edu (s.thth) feel pain. Short Sentences. Y¯WWOHXQJDDSSLUXNUU"HQQDVHLUU Is your father at home? What is he doing? DYDULSSRLQJHLOOHVSDWKULOHYOHVHLUU He is not here now. he is working at the hospital. LSSROPDYDUURPEDYOHVHLUDU He is working a lot these days. PVHOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXGK" Are my books in the table (drawer)? LOOHXQJDSXVWKDKDQJDPVHOHLOOHSHWWLOHLUXNNXGKX No, your books are not in the drawer. They are in the box. HQJDÌUWKOHURPEDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LGKQLUXNNXGKX There is only very little water in the river of our place. 64 Adi’s Book. WKÀWWDWKOHWKÀWWDNNUDQYOHVHLUQ The gardener is working in the garden. SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDSGDQJDSDGLNNUQJD The boys are studying lessons in the school. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHHWKWKDQHSGDQJDLUXNNXGKX" How many lessons are there in this book? DQWKDSXVWKDKDWKOHLUXEDWKXSGDQJDLUXNNXGKX There are 20 lessons in that book. 11. en kaileLSSRMDVWKLSD¼DPille. I do not have much money now. (idiom). \HQGKDNDGHOHYÄDSDÄDPYLNNXGKX" At which shop are plantains sold? 13. arele \U\ULUXNUQJD" Who are in the room. (‘who-all’, idiom). 14. idhule enna enna irukkudhu? What is in this. (‘what-all’, idiom). 15. vali enge yedukkudhu? vali yenge? Where does it hurt? Where is the pain. 16. ennakku vayithle jasthi vali edukkudhu. I have much pain in the stomach. PUOHURPEDYDOLHGXNNXGK" Isthere much pain in the chest? LQGKDSGDWKOHNDVKWDPQDYUWKHQJDLOOH There are no difficult words in this lesson. DQGKDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK" Is there water in that well? UWKULOHQYOHVHLULQJD" Why are you working in the night? XQJDºXNNXNSLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP" Do you want sugar in your coffee? Practical Conversation. C: Customer A; Autorickshaw Man. &QQNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDY¼XP I want to go to the bazaar. $YQJDWÀOHXNNUXQJD Come on sir, sit in the auto. &NDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP" How much money (do you) want, to go to the bazaar? $SDWKXUÌENRGXQJDSÀWKXP Give ten Rupees, (it’s) enough. &NDGHWKHUXHQJH"DWKXURPEDGKÌUDP" Where is the bazaar? Is it a long way? $WKHUL\XPDL\DGKXRUXN\HPRUXPDLOLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLOOHQNLWWDYXPLOOH I know, sir. It is one km, Not one mile. It’s not very far, but it’s not near either! ------ 65 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 19. LGKX\UNDGLGKDP" HQSDL\HSLPOHYDLQJD idhu enna kattadam? SLNNXXººHSÌQHLUXNNXGKX LQGKDNDGLGWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD SLNNXXººHRUXSDL\DQLUXNUQ LQGKDNDWWDGDWKWKXNNXYVDOHQJH" SDÄDPYQJDSDL\HNRQGXSÀQJD NDGLGKDPHÄXWKDRUXNLGKDPNRQGXYD SLYQJDNDGHNNXYDQJD NDGHOHL¼¼DNNLMDVWKLVPQLOOH QºDNNLNÀYLOOHHQQHSUXQJD NDGHOHLSSRNDGHNUDULOOH HQQDNNXDVSDWKULOHPDGK\QDPYOHLOOH HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDLOOH NL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LURPEDN¯ÄHLUXNNXGKX XQJDÌUWKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK" LOOHQJDHQJDNL¼DWKOHNXGDWKD¼¼LLOOH QDPDNNHOOPLQGKDÌUOHWKD¼¼LLOOH HQJDÌUOHDSSDPPD¼¼DQWKDPELQJDDNNWKDQJDFKFKLQJDHOOUXPLUXNUQJD LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHVXODEDPQDSGDPXPNDVKWDPQDSGDPXPLUXNNXGKX ------ 66 Adi’s Book. LESSON 20. POST-POSITIONS F&217,18(' ‘idam’ or ‘idaththukku’, suffixed to the declensional bases of pronouns, are used to express ‘to’ (in motion). This form is used for verbs such as ‘go’, ‘come’, ‘bring’, and ‘take’, e.g.:- HQQLGDPDGKHNRQGXYDUGLQJD Do not bring that to me. DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀKGLQJD Do not go to him now. This is interchangable with the Dative Case in some places, where the verbs are not in motion, as in:- HQQLGDPDQGKDSQDYHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me. ------Vocabulary WKDSO post WKDSOS¯V post office WKDSONUDQ postman eppovum always sila samayam sometimes RUXYOH perhaps adikkadi often VGKUDQDP usually, normally. vDÄDNNDP usually, normally. ------XQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQNLWWDNRQGXYQJDXQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQQLGDPNRQGXYQJD Bring your book to me. or Bring your book near me. DYDQLGDPDGKHNRQGXSÀKGKLQJD Don’t take that to him. HQXGH\DWKDPELNÌGDHQQHSÀODLUXNUQ My little brother is also like me. QPHOOPSQYHNRQGXHÄXGKUÀP All of us write with a pen. DYDQJDLQWKDYDÄL\HQJHSÀUQJD Where are they going through this way? Q¯QJDLQGKDYDÄL\NÀYLOOXNNXSÀULQJD You are going to the church by this way. NÀYLOHQJDY¯WWXNNXNLWWDLUXNNXGKX The temple (church) is near our house. 67 Adi’s Book. VSDWKULDYDUXGH\DY¯WWXNNXURPEDGKÌUDPLUXNNXGKX The hospital is far away from his house. XQJDJUPDPHYºDYXGKÌUDP"DGKHNLWWDYGKÌUDP" How far is your village? Near or far? MDQQDOPÌODP\UHSUNULQJD" Who are you seeing through the window? LQGKDNDGLGKDWKHPQLNNDPPÌODPDQXSSXQJD Send this letter through Manikkam. WKDSONDUDQHQQDNRQGXYDUQ" What does the postman bring? WKDSONDUDQQDPDNNXWKDSONRQGXYDUQ The postman is bringing us the post. Q¯QJDDGLNNDGLWKDSOS¯VXNNXSÀULQJDO" Do you often go to the post office? LOOHQQVLODVDPD\DPGKQSÀUQ No, I go there only sometimes. HSSRYXPQDOOYOHVHLQJDDSUDPQDOOVSSLGXQJD Always work well. Then eat well. QQDGLNNDGLNÀYLOOXNNXSÀUQQ¯QJDHSGL I often go to church, how about you? Q¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄSVXQJDHQJOLVKSVGKLQJD Always speak Tamil. Do not speak English. VLODVDPD\DPNRQMDPHQJOLVKSVXQJD Sometimes speak a little English. HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXSXVWKDKDPY¼XP I want a book like this. DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀKGKLQJDQODNNLHQQLGDPYQJD Don’t go to him now. Come to me tomorrow. 22. ennidam andha nalla pusthaham ille. I don’t have that good book with me. QQVXKDPLOOHGRFWRULGDPSÀUQ I am not well, I am going to the doctor. HQQLGDPDQGKDSQYHNRGXQJD Give that pen to me. LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNXGHNRQGXSÀQJD It is raining now. Take an umbrella. ------ 68 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. D: Driver, V: Villager. 'DL\LQJHYQJDFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼XP" Sir, come here. Which way should iI go to Chennai? 9PXQQOHQHUDSÀQJDDSUDPLGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD Go straight first, then turn left. 'FKHQQDLHYDºDYXGKÌUDP" How far is Chennai? 9FKHQQDLQXWKXSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDP Chennai is110 kilometers distance. 'HQGKDÌUYDÄL\FKHQQDLNNXSÀUÀP" Through which town do we go toChennai? 9NQMLSÌUDPYDÄL\SÀUÀP We go via Kanjipuram. 'YDÄLOHLQQXPHQQDÌUXQJDYDUXGKX" What other places are on the way? 9UNGXPVULSHUXPSXGÌUXPYDÄLOHYDUXGKX Arcot and Sriperumbudur are on the way. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 20. LQGKDSQYHSÀODRUXQDOODSQYQJX XQJDQLHQQ\HSÀODLUXNNXGKX XQJDºXNNXLGKHSÀODY¼XP" HQQDNNXLSSRDGKHSÀODSÀGKXP DYDUXNNXPXKDP\USÀODLUXNNXGKX" HQXGH\DNXÄDQGKHQJDHQQHSÀODLUXNNXGKX LQGKDWKWKXYDÄL\FUOHSÀKGKLQJD XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDÄL\Y¯WWXNNXSÀUQ HQJDY¯WWXYDÄL\NÀYLOOXNNXSÀQJD Q¯QJDOWKDSOS¯VYDÄL\SÀULQJDO" QQHSSRYXPWKDSOS¯VYDÄL\SÀUQ PVLODVDPD\DPDQGKDSDNNDPSÀUQ DGLNNDGLDQGKDYDÄL\VSDWKULNNXSÀUQ XQJDºXGH\DÌUHYºDYXGKÌUDP" XQÌUGKÌUDPNLWWDY" HQÌUNLWWDLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDP XQJDÌUHGKXDGKXYOÌUUQL\" L¼¼DNNLHQQDNNXWKDSOLOOH\" L¼¼DNNLXQJDºXNNXR¼¼XPLlle. WKDSOHQJHNRQGXSÀUQJD" ------ 69 Adi’s Book. LESSON 21. VERBS, FUTURE POSITIVE, AND ORDINAL NUMBERS. Verbs, Future Positive. For Weak Verbs. Root plus ‘v’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural. QQSÀYQ I will go QQJDSÀYÀP we will go Q¯SÀYH you will go Q¯QJDSÀYLQJD you will go DYDQSÀYQ he will go DYDQJDSÀYQJD they will go DYDSÀY she will go DYDUSÀYU he/she will go But for neuter, Root plus ‘vum’ plus verbal endings DWKXSÀYXP it will go DGKXQJDSÀYXP they will go For Strong Verbs. Root plus ‘pp’ plus verbal endings, except neuter sngular and plural. QQDGLSSQ I will strike QQJDDGLSSÀP we will strike Q¯DGLSSH you will strike Q¯QJDDGLSSLQJD you will strike DYDQDGLSSQ he will strike DYDQJDDGLSSQJD they will strike DYDDGLSS she will strike DYDUDGLSSU he/she will strike But for neuter, Root plus ‘kkum’ plus verbal endings athu adikkum it will strike adhunga adikkum Ordinal Numbers. WKHVHDUHIRUPHGE\VXIIL[LQJµP¶RUµYDGKX¶WRWKH&DUGLQDO1XPEHUV R¼¼X one R¼¼PR¼¼YDGKX first UH¼GX two UH¼GPUH¼GYDGKX second paththu ten SDWKWKPSDWKWKYDWKX tenth SDQQH¼GX twelve SDQQH¼GPSDQQH¼GYDGKX twelfth ------ 70 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary. NLÄDPH day of the week QOGKLQDP dayof the month QLWKWKXNLÄDPH Sunday QOGKÀUXP daily WKLQJDNLÄDPH Monday GKLQDQGKÀUXP daily VHYYNLÄDPH Tuesday YUDP week EXGKDQNLÄDPH Wednesday YUDPGKÀUXP weekly Y\ÄDNLÄDPH Thursday PVDP month YHººLNLÄDPH Friday PVDPGKÀUXP monthly VDQLNLÄDPH Saturday varusham year WKGL date YDUXVKDPGKÀUXP yearly, annually PXGKDORQQP first kadasi last QWKWKX yesterday mundhQO the day before yesterday QºDNNL tomorrow QODQQDNNL the day after tomorrow SÀQD last, previous (time) aduththa next VQKLGKDU friend theru street badhil reply, answer(n) badhil sol reply, answer(w.n) NWKWKLUX wait thirumbu return(w.in) ------Sentences. L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHLGKXVDQLNLÄDPH\" What day is it today, is it Saturday? PQHWKXYHººLNLÄDPHPXQGKQºY\ÄDNLÄDPHQºDNNLHQQ" Yes, yesterday was Friday, the day before yesterday Thursday, what’s tomorrow. QºDNNLWKLQJDNLÄDPHLOOHQJDQºDNNLQLWKWKXNLÄDPHLOOH\" Tomorrow(‘s) Monday. No, no, tomorrow (‘s) Sunday, isn’t it? DWKXVDULGKQRUXYUDWKOHHWKWKDQHQODQJDLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP" That’s right. how many days are in one week, do you know? RUXYUDWKOHÄXQORUXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPÌQÌWKWKXNNXPOHLUXNNXP Seven days in one week, in one year there will be more than three hundred. 71 Adi’s Book. DGKXVDULPÌQÌWKXUXSDWKXDQMXQORUXYDUDVKDWKOHLUXNNXWKX That’s right, there are 365 days in one year. Q¯QJDYUDWKOHHWKWKDQHQOYOHVHLULQJD" How many days are you working in a week? L¼¼DNLWKGLHQQDLGKXSDWKWKPWKGLLOOH\" What is today’s date, it’s the 10th, isn’t it? WKGLHQQDNNXWKHUL\DGKXQ¯QJDQOGKÀUXPµHQQDWKGL¶NNULQJD I don’t know the date, you ask ‘what’s the date’ every day. LQQDNNLHQDPPYXPDSSYXPÀVÌULOLUXQGKXYDUDQJD Today my mother and father are coming from Hosur. th LUXEDWKPWKGL\UYDUDQJD" Who is coming on the 20 ? DQQDNLSDQQH¼GXSUYDUDYDQJD That day 12 people are coming. QQQºDNNLFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQQ¯QJDºXPYDUDYLQJDO" I will go to Chennai tomorrow. Will you come too? QPQLWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOXNNXSÀYRP We will go to church on Sunday. DQGKDQLXQQHNDGLNNXPDGKDQNLWWDSÀKGH That dog will bite you, don’t go near it. LQGKDSÌQHHQNOHVXWKWKLÀGXWKX This cat is running round my feet. VLODVDPD\DPHQQLNÌGDDSGLVHL\XP Sometimes my dog does that. HQJDYOHNUDQYHOHVHL\DGKLQDQGKÀUXPYDUXYQDYDQQOGKÀUDPLQJHLUXNUQ Our servant will come daily to work. He is here every day. QQJDDYDQXNNXPVDPGKÀUXPSD¼DPNRGXSSÀP We give him money every month. QQSÀQDYUDPYOÌUOHLOOH I was not in Vellore last week. DGXWKWKDEXWKDQNLÄDPHYQJD Come next Wednesday. DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPPUFKPVDPPÌQPWKGLWKLUXPEXQJD Return next year on the third of March. VHULDSGLGKQVHLYQSÀLWXYDUQ Alright, I’ll do that. Goodbye. ------ 72 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Sending a message to a friend. M: Master, S: Servant. 0XQQDNNXRUXNDGLGKDPNRGXSSQDGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀ I will give you a letter. Take it to my friend’s house. 6DSGL\VHLYQDYDUEDGKLOY¼XP" I will do so. Do you want his answer? 0PDYDUEDGKLOY¼XPS¯VXNNXHWWXPD¼LNNXSÀYDUDGKXNNXPXQQOHSÀ Yes, I want his reply. He will go to the office at eight o’clock. You go before that. 6DYDUY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXWKX"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXNWWXYLQJDO" Where is his house? Will you please show me? 0DGKXWKWKDWKHUXOHNÀYLOXNNXSLQQOHLUXNNXWKX It is in the next street behind the temple. S. saringa, ippo ennakku theriyum. Alright sir, now I know. 0QQXQQDNNKDNWKWKLUXSSQV¯NUDPY I will wait for you. Come quick! 6LSSRYÀGXYQURPEDV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYQ I will run right now. I will return very soon. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 21. QQLQJHVSSLGXYQQQDGKHSDGLSSQ QPLQJHVSSLGXYÀP QPDGKHSDGLSSÀP Q¯LQJHVSSLGXYH Q¯DGKHSDGLSSH Q¯QJDLQJHVSSLGXYLQJD Q¯QJDDGKHSDGLSSLQJD DYDQLQJHVSSLGXYQ DYDQDGKHSDGLSSQ DYDLQJHVSSLGXY DYDDGKHSDGLSS DYDULQJHVSSLGXYU DYDUDGKHSDGLSSU DYDQJDLQJHVSSLGXYQJDDYDQJDDGKHSDGLSSQJD DGKXLQJHVSSLGXP adhu adhe padikkum DGKXQJDLQJHVSSLGXP adhunga adhe padikkum Note:- Substitute µWKXQJX¶DQGµHÄXWKX¶ IRUµVSSLGX¶ and ‘kudi’ and ‘adi’ for ‘padi’. 73 Adi’s Book. GLQDQGKÀUXPNOHOHHQGKLULSSQ YUDPGKÀUXPDYDUNÀYLOOXNNXSÀYDU PVDPGKÀUXPQQFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ YDUXVKDPGKÀUXPDYDQJDHQQDNNXSXVWKDKDWKHDQXSSXYQJD LQGKDYUDPY¯WWOHLUXSSQ DGXWKWKDYUDPYOHNNXSÀYQ SÀQDYUDPQQLQJHLOOH DGXWKWKDPVDPPXWKDOYUDPEDQJDOÌUOHLUXSSQ LQGKDPVDPNDGDVLYUDPLQJHWKLUXPEXYQ QLWKWKXNNLÄDPHYUDWKOHPXWKDOQO VDQLNLÄDPHYUDWKOHNDGDVLQO YDUXVKDWKOHMDQDYDU\PVDPRQQPPVDP YDUXVKDWKOHGHVHPEDUPVDPNDGDVLPVDP ------ 74 Adi’s Book. LESSON 22. VERBS, PRESENT AND PAST NEGATIVES, AND POTENTIAL FORM. Present & Past Negatives. infinitive plue ‘le’ irrespective of number, gender and person. SÀKDOHRUQQSÀKDOH I do not go, or I did not go. NXGLNNDOHQQNXGLNNDOH I do not drink, or I did not drink. ------Potential Form-‘may’. (Permission). LQILQLWLYHSOXHµOP¶LUUHVSHFWLYHRIQXPEHUJHQGHUDQGSHUVRQ Q¯QJDSÀKDOP you may go. Vocabulary DGKDQOH therefore QLQQ because DSGL\ just like that DSGL\" really? is that so? DYºDYXGKQ that is all DSGLGKQ that’s it PDWWXPGKQ only. DQJHGKQ only there PWKUXP only. sudu hot (to touch) purukkam sultry, humid NXºLUFKFKL cool, coolness, cold nadu(s.tt) plant. ishtam, piriyam liking (follows Dative) pidi(s.thth) catch, but idiomatically also used for these other meanings:- pidikkum is liked SLGLNNGKX is not liked these follow the dative case, such as in idhe ennakku pidikkum I like this. DGKHHQQDNNXSLGLNNGKX I don’t like that. Short Sentences. L¼¼DNNLDYDUXNNXVÌKDPLOOHDGKDQOHDYDULQJHYDUDOH He is not well today, therefore he did not come here. DYDUL¼¼DNNLLQJHYDUDOHQLQQDYDUXNNXVRZN\DPLOOH He has not come here today because he is not well. 75 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDPWKUXPNÀYLOXNNXSRULQJDO Are you alone going to the temple? LQQXP\UDQJHSÀYDQJD" Who else will go there? QQLSSRVSSLGDOHDSUDPVSSLGXYQ I am not eating now, I will eat afterwards. DYDQJDQºDNNLHQJDY¯WWOHVSSLGDOP They may eat in our house tomorrow. QQJDLSSRY¯WWXNNXSÀKDOP" May we go home now? QQLQQDNNLNDGHNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDPWKUXPSÀKDOP I am not coming to the shop today, you may go by yourself. QQQLSGLXUXNUQ"QLQQQQUWKULQDOODWKÌQJDOH Why am I like this? Because I did not sleep well last night. LQGKDNDGLGKDPHQWKDPELUXGKDOH My little brother did not write this letter. Q¯QJDPDWWXPNDGLGDWKHSDGLNNDOP Only you may read the letter. DSGL\"DSSRDGKHQQPWKUXPSDGLSSQ Really? Then I shall read it by myself. DSGLGKQDSGLGKQDGKHPDUXSDGL\XPVROOXQJD That’s it, that’s it, say that again. XQJDºXNNXHGKXLVKWDPNSSL\W¯\" Which do you like, coffee or tea? XQJDºXNNXHGKXURPEDSLGLNNXPNRÄL\WWXNDUL\" Which do you like most, chicken or mutton? DYDUXNNXVWKDPSLUL\GKXURWWLGKQSLUL\DP He does not like rice, he likes only bread. XQJDHOOUXNNXPLQJHVSSLGDLVKWDP" Do all of you like to eat here? QDPHOOUXPDSUDPVSSLGDOP All of us may eat afterwards. XQJDYOHDYODYXGKQLSSRSÀKDOP That’s all of your work, you may go now. QQPDGKXUDLNNXSÀUQDGKDQOHQºDNNLSGDPLOOH I am going to Madurai, so there is no lesson tomorrow. QQºD¼¼DNLQQLQJHLUXSSQ But I shall be here the day after tomorrow. L¼¼DNLSDººLNÌGDPLUXNNXGKXQQºDNNLLOOH Today there is school, but not tomorrow. DSGL\"VDULLQQDNNLSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀUQ Is that so? Okay, I shall go to school today. 76 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNXGLNNDOPLGKXQDOODWKD¼¼L You can drink this water, this is good water. Q¯QJDPWKUXPV¯NUDPQDGDNNDOH You only are not walking briskly. XQJDW¯HSGLXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPSDOY¼XPY¼PVXGDSOYQXP" How do you like your tea, do you want milk or not? Do you want hot milk? Practical Conversation. P: ponnamma S: Shanti. 3QPYHºL\HYLºD\GDSÀKDOP" May we go out to play. 6LOOHSRQQDPPHQQDNNXQUDPLOOHQQLQQDNLYDUDOH No ponnamma, I have no time. I am not coming today. 3QWKXPDÄHSHL\DOHDGKDQOHYLºD\GDURPEDQDOODLUXQGDGKX Yesterday it did not rain, so it was very good to play. 6DGKXVHULGKQQL¼¼DNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\" That’s right, but today it is very hot, isn’t it? 3PURPEDYH\\LOGKQ\HQQDVHL\DOP" Yes, very hot. What can be done?! 6LGKXYH\\LONODPDSGLGKQLUXNNXP This is summer. It will be like that. 3VLQJODWKOHNRQMDPNXºLUFKFKL\LUXNNXGKXQLQQDSSRNWKXDGLNNXGKX It’s a bit cool in the evening, because it’s breezy then. 6UWKULURPEDSXUXNNDPLUXNNXGKXQLQQNWKXDSSRNRQMDPNÌGDLOOH It is sultry at night, because then there is no breeze at all. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15. DYDULQJHVLODVDPD\DPYOHVHL\YDUU QDYDUQWKXYDUDOHQHQDNNX WKHUL\GKX DYDUXNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQOHDYDUYOHNNXYDUDOH DYDQJDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHLUXNUQJDQLQQURPEDYH\\LOLUXNNXGKX QQLGKHSDWKWKLNNNDOHQ¯QJDLGKHDSUDPVROODOP QQXQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODVDQJDGKLVROODOP" HQXGH\DDSSDQJHGKQLUXNUUQ¯QJDDYDUHSUNNDOH\" QQJDHSSÀYXPVGKDPVSSLGUÀPVLODVDPD\DPFKDSSWKWKLNÌGDVSLGUÀP HQJDºXNNXLQGKDY¯GXGKQURPEDSLGLNNXP 77 Adi’s Book. DQGKDY¯WWOHLUXNNDXQJDºXNNXSLGLNNGK" LQGKDYOHDYºDYXGKQLSSRQ¯QJDDGKHVHL\DOP DSGLGKQDSGLGKQPDUXSDGL\XPDSGL\VHLQJD HGKXXQJDºXNNXMVWKLSLUL\XPVWKDPFKDSSWKWKL\" LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQJDºXNNKDQ¯QJDLGKHVDQGKÀVKDPSDGLNNDOP L¼¼DNNLSGDPVXODEDPLUXNNDOPSUSSÀP Q¯QJDSGDWKWKHPHGKXYSDGLQJDOP"SNNDOP QQSONXGLNNDOHQLQQHQQDNNXSOSLGLNNXPLOOH SÀQDYUDPHOOPQQNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDOH QºDNNLNDGLGKDQJDHOOPHÄXWKXYQ QQHQDUHOHSDGLSSQQ¯QJDLQGKDLGDWKOHSDGLNNDOP WKÀWWDNNUDUVHGLQJDºHQDGXYUQLQJHY¼PDQJHQDGDVROOXQJD QPQWKWKXVDQJDGKL\HSDWKWKLNRQMDPSVDOP" LGKHOOPURPEDQDOODYN\DQJDLGKXQJDºHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROODOP DYDUSXVWKDKDPHQNDLNNXDGXWKWKDYUXPYDUXP QQDGKHXQJDºXNNXSDGLNNDNRGXSSQ ------ 78 Adi’s Book. LESSON 23. THE VEGETABLE SHOP, AND REVIEW (REVISION) No.II. 7KH9HJHWDEOH6KRSNLNDGH Vocabulary NL vegetable NLNDUL vegetables WKDNNOLNNL tomato(es) NDWKWKDULNNL brinjal(s) YHQGHNNL lady’s fingers SDFKFKHSDWW¼L green peas JÀVHSÌ cauliflower JÀVHPXWWHJÀVHNLÄH cabbage HOOYLGKDPQD all kinds of are half Practical Conversation. C: Customer V; Vegetable Seller. &XQJDºLGDPHQQDNLLUXNNXGKX" What are the vegetables that you have? 9HQQLGDPHOOPYLGKDPQDNLNDULQJDLUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQDNLY¼XP" I have all kinds of vegetables. What vegetables do you want. &HQQDNNXQDOONDWKWKDULNNLRUXN¯ORY¼XP I want one kilo of fresh brinjals. 9VDULQJDXQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDNLY¼XP"JÀVHPXWWH\XPJÀVHSÌYXPLUXNNXGKX Alright sir, what other veg do you want? I have cabbage and cauliflower. &L¼¼DNLQQDGKHOOPYQJDOHXQQLGDPWKDNNOLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGK" I am not buying them today. Do you have tomatoes? 9LOOHQJDHQQLGDPURPEDQDOODWKDNNOLLOOHXQJDºXNNXSDFKFKHSDWW¼LY¼XP" No sir, I don’t have very good tomatoes. Do you want green peas. &SDFKFKHSDWW¼LYLOHMVWKL\LUXNNXGKXYHQGDLNNLLUXNNXGK" The price of peas is too much. Do you have ladies fingers? 9LUXNNXGKX\HYODYXY¼XP" I have. How much do you want? &DUHN¯ORYHQGDLNNLNRGXQJDLSSRDGKXSÀGKXP Give me half a kilo of ladies fingers. That’s enough now. ------ 79 Adi’s Book. Review No II. DL\YQJDYD¼DNNDPHSGLLUXNULQJDVRZN\DP"XQJDY¯WWOHHOOUXPVÌKDP"LQJH HOOUXPV ÌKDPGKQ W KDPEL\XPW KDQJDFKFKL\XPN ÌGDV XKDP" D SSYXPD PPYXP VÌKDPLUXNUQJDO"DSSYXPDPPYXPLSSRY¯WWOHLOOHDYDQJDQºDNNLYDUDYDQJD L GKX\ U WKÀWWDP" L GKXX QJDW KÀWWDP" X QJDºXNNX QDOOWKÀWWDPL UXNNXGKX XQ JD WKÀWWDPR UXQ DOOWKÀWWDP XQJ DºXGH\DW KÀWWDPQ DOODX UXNNXGKX L QGKDV HGLOHU H¼GX SÌGKQL UXNNXGKX D QGKDN RGLOHM VWKLL OH\XPS ÌYXPL UXNNXGKXQJD L QGKDW KÀWWD PDUDQJDURPEDSHUL\DPDUDQJDLOOH\"XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNL¼DUXNÌGDURPEDQDOODGKX WKÀWWDNNUDQLQJHYOHVHLUQDYDQXNNXWKÀWWDWKOHNDVKWDPQDYOHLOOH U PDQV SSGXW KD\U" Q QJDL SSRV SSLGDY DUDOP" H QJDºXNNXL SSRV SSGX Y¼P LQQXP\ UXNNXV SSGX Y¼XP" L YºDYXV SSGXH OOUXNNXPS ÀGKXP" HOOUXNNXPQSÀGKGKX"DGKHHQQDNNXNWWXQJDGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXV¯NUDPVSSGX SÀGXQJDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNRQGXYQJDV¯NUDPV¯NUDP W KDPEL LQJHY D Q ¯HQJHS ÀUH" \ U Y¯WWXNNXS ÀUH VSDWKULNNXD SUDPS À L ¼¼DNL SÀKGHQºDNNLSÀKDOPXQWKDQJDFKFKLHQQDVHLU"DYDY¯WWOHYOHVHLUDYDOHLSSR LQJHNÌSSLGXDYDLQJHYDUDOP"WKDQJDFKFKLYKDPYDRUXQDOODSWWXSGX VDULX QJDºXNNKDR UX QDOOSWWXS GUQ XQJDºXNNXH Q SWWXL VKWDP" PXQ SWWX HQQDNNXU RPEDL VKWDP DSSRQ ¯QJD HQ SWWHN NNDOP H Q SWWXH SGL LUXNNXGKX" X Q SWWXQJDHSSRYXPQDOOLUXNNXPVDULQQSÀLWXYUQ6DULWKDQJDFKFKLSÀLWXY D GKX\ U SHWWLW KHUL\XP" D QGKDS HWWL\WKLUDQJD D GKHD SGLP ÌGGKLQJD D UHX OOH NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHYDLQJDLGKXQDOOLGDPRUXSHWWLYDLNNDURPEDQDOODLGDPQ¯QJDLSSR SHWWL\HYDLNNDOPLQGKDFKLQQDSHWWLXQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP"SHUL\DSHWWLY¼XP" QQJDNWSGLNNXVLQJODPD QMXP D¼LNNXSÀYÀPDGKDQOHQ¯QJDPDGK\QDPQ OX PD¼LNNXYQJDQDQNWSGLNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDPWKUXPS ÀKDOPDSGL\"VDULQQ DSGL\VHLUQ Q ºDNNLN RQMDP PXQGKLY DUXYLQJDO" G KD\DYXVHLWKXS LQGKLY DUGKLQJD HOOUXPV¯NUDPYDUXYDQJD 80 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDGRFWRULGDPSÀULQJDO"QDYDULGDPSÀULQJD"QLQQQQVXKDPLOOHLQQXP\U GRFWRULGDPS ÀYDQJD" Q ¯QJDP XQQOHS ÀQJDQ QS LQQOHY DUQ GR FWRU LSSR\ HQJH LUXNUU"QQN ÌGDD YDUHSUSSQ Q PGR FWRU Y¯WWXNNXS ÀKDOP"VLODV DPD\DPD YDU LSSRVSDWKULOHLUXSSU LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXDGKDQOHYHºL\HSÀKGKLQJDNXGHNRQGXSÀQJDQLQQURPEDPDÄH SHLGKXL¼¼DNLHOOPYH\\LOLOOHLSSRMDVWKLPDÄHSHL\DOHQNWKWKXNRQMDPDGLNNXGKX DSUDPPDÄHSHL\DOPDGKDQOHV¯NUDPY¯WWXNNXLSSRÀGXQJD L¼¼DNLQDOODQOQLQQL¼¼DNLQQQDOOWKDPLÄSVUQSÀQDWKLQJDNLÄDPHHQQDWKGL" QºDNNLHQQDPXWKDOWKGL\"PPXWKDOWKGLGKQVDULURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQLQQ QºDNNL\ HQ NDLNNX SD¼DPY DUXP Y HººLNNLUDPHP DGK\QDPP DUXSDGL\XPY QJD GKD\DYXVHLGKXYUDPGKÀUDPYQJDQºD¼¼DNLYDUGKLQJD Q ¯QJDNX ºLNNDOH\" D SSR\ HQJHN XºLNNDS ÀULQJD" XQ JDºXNNXNX ºLNND\ HQQDW KD¼¼L Y¼XP"VXGDWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK"LUXNNXGKXQURPEDURPEDVXGDLUXNNXGKXVDULDSSR QQ SDFKFKHW KD¼¼LOHNX ºLNUQ L GKX XQJDºXNNXU RPEDN DVKWDP XQJ DN DVKWDWKWKXNNX HOOPU RPEDQDQGULUPDQHQ Q\H DSUDPNX ºLSDWWXYH\ H Q QLNR QMDPNÌGDV XGK GKDPLOOH H QDNNXH ÄXWKDR UX NLGKDPY ¼XP XQJ DOLGDPN LGKDPL UXNNXGK" L QGKD FKLQQD NLGKDPSÀWKXP"DGKXGKQSÀWKXPWKDPELLGKHSÀODLQQRUXNLGKDPLUXNNXGK" LQGKDSDNNDPYDUHNNXPHÄXWKDOPDGXWKDSDNNDWKOHHÄXWKGKLQJDGKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKD NDGLGKDPW KDSOOHS ÀGXQJD QDPDNNXW KDSO\ U NRQGXYDUQJD" W KDSONUDQ GKLQDQ GKÀUXPNOHLOHHWWXPD¼LNNXQDPDNNHOOPWKDSONRQGXYDUQ ------ 81 Adi’s Book. LESSON 24. VERBS, FUTURE TENSE, NEGATIVE. Future Negative. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµPWW¶SOXVYHUEDOHQGLQJVH[FHSWLQJWKHQHXWHUIRUPV SÀKDPWWQ I will not go. SÀKDPWWQJD They will not go. DGLNNDPWWQ I will not strike DGLNNDPWWLQJD You will not strike. Exceptions, - Neuter Forms. Weak Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµGKX¶ SÀKGKX It will not go. WKÌQJGKX It will not sleep. Strong Verbs, Singular. ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµNGKX¶ DGLNNGKX It will not strike NXGLNNGKX It will not drink. Plural. as for neuter singular, but with the plural verbal endings SÀKGKXQJD They will not go. WKÌQJGKXQJD They will not sleep. DGLNNGKXQJD they will not strike. NXGLNNGKXQJD They will not drink. Vocabulary LQGKL\ India jananga people NLÄDNNX East NLÄDNN in the East PUNX, West PUN in the west vadakku North YDGDNN in the North therku South WKHUN in the South. NODP time (long) QUDP time (short) ghavanam care, attention JKDYDQDP carefully YLWK\VDP difference YLWK\VDPQD different (adj) SD¼DP money SD¼DNNUDQ rich man NXÄDQGKHSLOODL child SD¼DNNUL rich woman Q male SH¼ female, girl NOYL question RU the same DQKDP almost, mostly PGKLUL sort, kind, type. 82 Adi’s Book. FKRNNFKDWWH shirt choli blouse SÀWWXNRºXGXWKWKXNRº wear, put on WKX¼LQJD clothes NDWWLNNRº wear(sari, dhoti) thirumbu(w.in) turn (int) thiruppu(w.in) turn (tr) iduppu waist, hip Short Sentences. QPQLWKWKXNLÄDPHYOHVHL\DSÀKDPWWÀPQLQQQLWKWKXNLÄDPHQDPDNNXYOHLOOH We will not go to work on Sunday, because on Sunday we have no work. SD¼DNNUDQLGDPMVWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXP The rich man will have lots of money. LGKXXQJDºXGH\DNXÄDQGKH\"NXÄDQGKHSU\HQQD" Is this your child? What is the child’s name. XQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHLUXNNXGKX" How many chidren do you have. HQQDNNXPÌQXNXÄDQGKHUH¼GXSDL\DQRUXSH¼LUXNNXGKX I have three children; there are two boys, one girl. DYDQJDºXNNXSUDQJDQDU\DQDQQDQGNDPDOLUXNNXGKX Their names are Narayanan, Anand and Kamala. LQGKDNXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD" How old is this child? LGKXNNXYD\DVXQOX LGKXNNXQOXYD\DVX It is 4 years old. LSSRXQJDºXNNKDRUXNOYLLUXNNXGKX Now here is a question for you. RUXN¯OROHHWKWKDQHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXP" How many plantains are in one kilo? DGKXQDOONºYLLOOH\" That is a good question, is it not? URPEDQDOODNºYLGKQQNDVKWDPQDNºYL A very good question indeed, but a difficult question. VXODEDPQDNºYLDSUDPNSSQ I will ask an easy question later. GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKDNOYLNNXLSSREDGKLOVROOXQJD Please reply now to this question. HQGKDSGDPXQJDºXNNXVXODEDPLUXNNXGKX" Which lesson is easy for you? 83 Adi’s Book. HQDNNXVLODNºYLVXODEDPVLODNºYLNDVKWDP Some lessons are easy and some are hard for me. XQJDºXNNXHOOPSGDPXP sulabam. All the lessons are easy for you. (all the lessons, without exception). Q¯QJDLQGKL\OHHYºDYXNODP (HYºDYXQº) irukringa? How long have you been in India? QQLQGKL\OHUH¼GXYDUXVKDPLUXNUQ I have been here since two years (I have been here for two years). VSDWKULOHQ¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXSSLQJD" How long will you be at the hospital? QQVSDWKULOHLQQXPPÌQXPD¼LQUDPLUXSSQ I will be in the hospital for three hours more. WPEDUDPFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPLUXNNXGKX" On which side of Chennai is Tambaram. FKHQQDLNNXWPEDUDPWKHUNXSDNNDPLUXNNXGKXDGKHFKHQQDLNNXWKHUNLUXNNXGKX Tambaram is on the South side of Chennai. It is South of Chennai. QPPDGKXUHNNXYDGDNLUXNUÀP We are North of Madurai. PXGKDOHNLÄDNNHSÀQJDDSUDPWKHUNWKLUXPEXQJD First go to the East, then turn to the South. LSSRHQSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJDDSGLWKLUXPEKGLQJD Now turn towards me. Don’t turn that way. QUDSÀQJDLQGKDSDNNDPDQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPEKGKLQJD Go straight. Don’t turn this side or that. DYDUQºDNNLLQJHYDUDPWWU He will not come here tomorrow. LGKXURPEDQDOODQLDGKXNDGLNNGKX This is a very good dog, it will not bite. LQGKDSÌQH\XPSONXGLNNXP" *Will this cat also drink milk? *This is also a proverb, similar in meaning to ‘butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth’. ------ 84 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. F; Foreigner, I: Indian. )XQJDGKVDWKOH¼XQJDHQQDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNRºUQJD" What clothes do men wear in your country? ,HQJDGKVDWKOH¼XQJDURPEDSUGKÀWLNDWWXNRºUQJDVLODSUSDQWXGXWKWKXNRºUQJD In our country many wear a dhoti, some wear pants. (trousers) )SH¼¼XQJDHQQDYLGKDPQDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºYQJD" What kind of clothes do women wear? ,DQKDPSH¼¼XQJDHOOPVOH SXGDYH NDWWLNNRºUQJDQLSSRVHOYDNDPLVHLUXNNXWKX Almost all the women wear sarees, but now the selva kamise is here. )LQGKL\HOOPMDQDQJDºXNNXRUPGKLULWKX¼LGKQ" Do people dress the same way throughout India? ,LOOHRUPGKLUL\LOOHVLODLGDQJDOOHYLWK\VDPWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºUQJD No, not all the same way, they dress differently in some places. )DYDQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHHQQDSÀWWXNNRºUQJD" What do they wear above the waist? ,QXQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHFKRNND\XPSH¼¼XQJDFKÀOL\XPXGXWKWKXNNRºUQJD The men wear shirts and the women wear cholies above the waist. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 24. Q¯QJDPDUDSDGL\XPNºYLQJDNSSLQJDº"LOOHQQHOONºYLQJDºXPNNNDPWWQ LQGKDSH¼NXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD"\HQXGH\DSH¼YD\DVXUH¼GX DQGKDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXVROODPWWLQJDº"QQLSSRSVDPWWQHQDNNXYOHLUXNNXGKX VDULXQJDYOH\HJKDYDQDPVHLQJDQQDSUDPYDUQ DYDUL¼¼DNLXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPWWUQQXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPDGLNNDGLWKDUDPWWQ DYDQJDURPEDQUDPLQJHLUXNNDPWWQJDDYDULQGKDÌUOHURPEDNDODP Qº LUXNUU LQGKDQLDGLNNDGLLQJHYDUGKXVLODVDPD\DPGKQYDUXP DQGKDNXÄDQGKHLSSRSGGKXQºDNNLVLQJOXPSGXP DYDDNNNÌGDL¼¼DNNLSGDPWWHQJDSÌQHVGKDPVSSLGGKXSOGKQNXGLNNXP SD¼DNNUDQXNNXMVWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXQVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH 85 Adi’s Book. DGXWKWKDYUDPQQFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDPWWQQQDYDUHWKLUXPEDNÌSSLGDPWWQ QQJDDYºDYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDPWWÀPQ¯QJDLQGKDDUHOHWKÌQJDPWWLQJDO" XQJDSXVWKDKDPPVHPOHLUXNNGK"DYDUSDFKFKHWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDPWWU QQJD\HSSRYXPSDKDOOHWKÌQJDPWWÀPNXÄDQGKHQJDPDGK\QDWKOHYLºD\GDPWWDQJD Q¯QJDNDGKDYHVDUL\PÌGDPWWLQJDXQJDSDGDWKWKHHQDNNXNWWDPWWLQJDº" XQJDºXNNKDDYDUWKLUXPEDSGDPWWUHQSXVWKDKDWKWKHQºDNNLDQXSSDPWWLQJDº" LQGKDYUDPHQDNNXNDGLGKDQJDYDUGKXDQGKDSQQDOOD VDUL\D HÄXGKDGKX NHWWDQLNDGLNNXPQDOODQLNDGLNNGKXHQSHWWL\HWKLUDNNDPWWQDSUDPWKLUDSSQ NSSLNRQMDPV¯NUDPWKD\UVHL\DPWWLQJDO"VDULLSSRGKQVHL\DSÀUQ ------ 86 Adi’s Book. LESSON 25. NOUNS & PRONOUNS F,167580(17$/&$6( ‘BY MEANS OF’, ‘WITH’. & VERBS, ‘SHOULD’, ‘SHOULD NOT’, ‘MUST’, ‘MUST NOT’. ‘By Means Of ’, ‘With’. 1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµOH¶ Nouns. SQYOH with the pen NDWKWKL\OH with the knife Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWKOH with the book kayiru ND\LWKWKOH with the string PGX PWWOH with the ox The translation ‘with’ in the appropriate places can be replaced by ‘by means of’, and also sometimes by ‘because of’ or ‘on account of’, as seen in sentences 8, 10, and 11. Pronouns. QQ HQQOH QP QDPOH QQJDHQJDºOH Q¯ XQQOH Q¯QJD XQJDºOH avan DYDQOH avanga DYDQJDºOH ava DYDºOH avar DYDUOH adhu DGKOH adhunga DGKXQJDºOH 87 Adi’s Book. ‘Should’, ‘Should Not’, ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’. ‘Should’ ‘Should’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µ¼um’ for any verb, regardless of number, gender or person. SÀKD¼XP should go YVLNND¼XP should read LQILQLWLYHSOXVµ¼XP¶DOVRH[SUHVVHVµQHHG¶UHIOHVVRQ ‘Should Not’ ‘Should not’ is expressed by Infinitive plus µNÌGGKX¶ for any verb, regardless of number, gender or person. SÀKDNÌGGKX should not go YVLNNDNÌGGKX should not read ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’ These are expressed as above, EXWLQERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUPVWKHZRUGµNDWW\DP¶SUHFHGHVWKHLQILQLWLYH QQDYDUHNDWW\DPSUNND¼XP I must see him. Q¯QJDLQGKDSOHNDWW\DPNXGLNNDNÌGGKX You must not drink this milk. Vocabulary udhe kick (n) VPQ thing(s), article(s) udhe (s.th) kick manni (s.th) forgive aru (s.th) cut (with a knife) vettu (w.in) cut (with an axe) Short Sentences. SDL\DQJDSDQGKHNOOHXGKHNUQJD The boys are kicking the ball with the legs. (feet). DYDUURWWL\HNDWKWKL\OHDUXNUU He is cutting the bread with the knife. Q¯QJDLQGKDNDWKWKL\OHPDUDWKHDUXNNDNÌGGKX You should not cut wood with this knife. DYDUHOOSGDQJDºXPNDWW\XPSDGLNND¼XP He must study all the lessons. QPWKDPLÄURPEDPHGKXYSVDNNXGGKX We should not speak Tamil very slowly. 88 Adi’s Book. DQGKDPPLQQXPQDOODWKDPLÄSVD¼XP That lady should speak better Tamil. QQHQJOLVKDGLNNDGLNDWW\XPSVDNNXGGKX I must not speak English often. DYDUOHQQVLODVDPD\DPLQJHYUQ I am coming here sometimes because of him. Q¯QJDHQQHNDWW\DPPDQQLNND¼XP You must forgive me. HQQOHXQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPLOOH\" You have this trouble because of me, haven’t you? XQJDºOHRUXNDVKWDPXPLOOHYDUXWKWKDSSDGGKLQJD There is no trouble at all on account of you, don’t worry. Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HJKDYDQDPVHL\D¼XP You should do this work carefully. QQVSDWKULNNXSÀKDHQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP" Which way should I turn to go to the hospital? PXGKDOOHQUDSÀKD¼XPDSUDPYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP You should first go straight, then turn to the right (side). LGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌGGKX You should not turn to the left (side). HQJDQDOODSÌQH\HQ¯DGLNNDNÌGGKX You should not hit our nice cat. XQJDºXNNX\USD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP" Who should give you money? DYDUXNNXQ¯QJDLYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDNÌGGKX You should not give him this much money. QQLSSR\HQQDNXGLNND¼XPNSSL\SO" What should I drink now, coffee or milk? Q¯LSSRMVWKLSONXGLNNDNÌGGKX You should not drink much milk now. QQW¯NXGDNXGLNNDNÌGGK" Should I not drink even tea? WKDPELQ¯\QVDGKGKDPSVUH"LQJHDSGLSVDNÌGGKX Little brother, why are you talking loudly. You should not speak like that here. QPNODPHLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXNDWW\XPLUXNND¼XP We must be here at 8 o’clock in the morning. LQGKDDUH\HSSÀYXPVXGKGKDPLUXNND¼XP This room should always be clean. Q¯QJDººPY¯WWXNNXYHºL\HYLºD\GD¼XPY¯WWXNNXººHYLºD\GDNNÌGGKX All of you should play outside the house. You should not play inside. ------ 89 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Leaving the Railway Station. T: Traveller, A: Autorickshaw Driver. 7LGKXXQYDQGL\" Is this your vehicle? $PDQJDQ¯QJD\HQJHSÀKDY¼XP" Yes sir, where do you want to go? 7QQVDLGSHWWDLNNXSÀKDY¼XPHYºDYXSD¼DPNNUH I want to go to Saidhapet. How much money do you want? $VDLGKSHWWDLURPEDGKÌUDPQÌUXUÌENRGXQJD Saidapet is a long way. Give me 100 rupees. 7QQDYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPWWQDPEDWKXUÌENRGXSSQ I will not give that much money. I will give 50 rupees. $LOOHQJDQQDPEDWKXUÌENNXDYºDYXGKÌUDPYDUDPWWQ No sir, I will not come (go) that far for 50 Rupees. 7XQQÀGXSVDHQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ¯SÀKDOP I don’t have time to talk to you. You may go. $DL\UXEDWKDQMXNRGXQJDV¯NUDPSÀKDOP Sir, give sixty five. We may go quickly. (Quick, let’s go). Expansion Drill, For Lesson 25. HQQLGDWKOHXQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOHXQJDºLGDPGKQLUXNNXPQ¯QJDDSGLSVDNÌGGKX DYDUXPDSGLVROODNÌGGKXQQQDGKSÀODVROOD¼XP"LGKXRUXNOYL\" QPQDPXGH\DNXÄDQGKHNNXLGKHSÀODVSSGXGKQNRGXNND¼XP DYDQJDMVWKLPLWWLDGLNNDGLVSLGDNÌGGKX FKHQQDLNNXSÀKDQ¯QJDYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD Q¯QJDQUDSÀKDNÌGGKXLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌGGKX LQGKDFKLQQDYOH\HVHL\DLYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDNÌGGKX LGKHURPEDYKDPVHL\D¼XPPHGKXYVHL\GKLQJD DL\Q¯QJDWKDPLÄYKDPYDVLNND¼XPHÄXWKD¼XPSVD¼XP WKDPLÄLSGLURPEDPHGKXYSVDNÌGGKX Q¯QJDLSSRDQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼PW¯WKD\UVHL\DY¼XP QQV¯NUDPYHºL\HSÀKDQXP SÀKDY¼XP 90 Adi’s Book. WKDPELDQGKDVPQH\QNOOHXGKHNUH"DGKHDSGLNOOHXGKHNNDNÌGGKX Q¯QJDGKQYUDPGKÀUXPSWWXSGD¼XPSWWHHSSRYXPURPEDVDGKGKDPSGDNÌGGKX QQL¼¼DNNLDQKDNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKD¼XPQ¯QJDHOOPNDVKWDPQDNºYLNNNDNÌGGKX DYDUWKDSOS¯VXNNXSÀKD¼XPV¯NUDPYQJDQ¯QJDV¯NUDPEDGKLOVROOD¼XP SDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXLQGKDYDÄLOHGKQSÀKD¼XPSD¼DPNNNDHQQLGDPYDUDNÌGGKX QQURPEDNHWWDYDQQ¯QJDHQQHPDQQLNNDNÌGGKX URWWL\HHGKOHDUXNNDSÀULQJD"LQGKDNDWKWKL\OHGKQURWWL\HDUXNND¼XP NLGDWKWKHNDWKWKL\OHDUXNNDNÌGGKX ------ 91 Adi’s Book. LESSON 26. NOUNS & PRONOUNS Fµ:,7+¶ VERBS.Fµ1(('¶µ1(('127¶ ‘With’, (Accompanied, Associated). 1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµÀGX¶ Nouns. SQYÀGX with the pen NDWKWKL\ÀGX with the knife Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham SXVWKDKDWKWKÀGX with the book kayiru ND\LWKWKÀGX with the string PGX PWWÀGX with the ox Pronouns. QQ HQQÀGXQP QDPÀGX QQJDHQJDºÀGX Q¯ XQQÀGXQ¯QJD XQJDºÀGX avan DYDQÀGX avanga DYDQJDºÀGX ava DYDºÀGX avar DYDUÀGX adhu DGKDQÀGX adhunga DGKXQJDºÀGX ‘Need, Need Not’, also ‘should, should not’ 7KHVHDUHH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµY¼XP¶DQGµY¼P¶UHVSHFWLYHO\WRWKH,QILQLWLYH regardless of number, gender and person. VHL\D¼XP need to do, should do pÀKDY¼P need not go, should not go ------ 92 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary SSRYXP always µSSRYXP¶SOXVDQ\QHJDWLYH never XGDQ at once, immediately FK¯WWX chit, note. nimisham minute YLQGLQRGL second (n) LQQRUXYURUX another (adj) inno¼¼XYUR¼¼X another (one, thing)(n) VNNX excuse, pretext VNNXVRO ZQ make excuse, (false?) POH mountain WKHQLQGKL\ South India UL lake padahu boat DÄDKX beauty DÄDKQD beautiful Short Sentences. LYDUÀGXSÀQJDLYDUXQJDºXNNXNDGH\HNWWXYU Go with this person. he will show you the shop. DYDUXQJDºÀGXSVDPWWUHQQÀGXSVXQJD He will not speak with you. Speak with me. QQGRFWRUHSUNND¼XPDYDUHSUNNDOP" I should see the doctor. may I see him? Q¯QJDLSSRDYDUHNDWW\DPSUNND¼XP Must you see him now? PQQDYDUHNDWW\DPSUNND¼XPXGDQSDUNND¼XP Yes, I must see him. I should see him immediately. VDULDQJHXNNUXQJDLQJHQLNNDNÌGGKXAlright, sit there. You should not stand here. DYDUYURUXGRFWRUÀGXSVUUNRQMDPLUXQJD He is talking with another doctor. Just (please) wait. WKDPELLQGKDSDL\DQÀGX\HSSRYXPYLºD\GGKH Little brother, never play with this boy. QDOODSDL\DQJDNHWWDSDL\DQJDOÀGXYLºD\GDPWWQJD Good boys will not play with the bad boys. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHXQJDºÀGXNRQGXSÀKDY¼P You need not take this book with you. 93 Adi’s Book. LGKHSDGLNNDXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPLUXNNGKX You will not like to read this. QQLQQRUXSXVWKDKDPNRGXSSQQ¯QJDDGKHSDGLNNDOP I will give another book. You may read that. QDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHMDVWKLV¯NUDPSDGLNNDNÌGGKXJKDYDQDPGKQSDGLNND¼XP You should not study a good book too quickly. You should study carefully. VDULQQLGKHJKDYDQDPGKQSDGLSSQLGKHURPEDYKDPSDGLNNDPWWQ Okay, I will study it carefully. I will not study it very quickly. DGXWKDYUDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXHQQLGDPYQJD Next week come to me with this book. DSSRLGKHSDWKLQPUH¼GXSUXPSVXYÀP Then both of us will speak about this. QDPPÀGXVSSLGDLQQXP\UYDUQJD" Who else is coming to eat with us? LGKX\UFK¯WWX"LQGKDFK¯WWÀGX\HQJHSÀULQJD" Whose chit is this? Where are you going with this chit? LQGKDFK¯WWHQQHÄXWKDOH I did not write this chit. GKD\DYXVHLWKXLGKHDYDULGDPXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD Please take this to him at once. \HQQHLSSRNÌSSLGDY¼P\HQQDNNXMVWKLYOHLUXNNXGKX You need not call me now. I have a lot of work. DGXWKDPVDPQ¯QJDHQDNNXNDWW\DPDQGKDSD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP You must give me that money next month Q¯QJDVNNXVROODNÌGDGKX You should not make (false?) excuses. Q¯QJDQDOODVDPDFKFKUDWKWKÀGXYDULQJDLOOH\ You are coming with good news, is it not? \HQNDGLGDWKWKÀGXWKDSOS¯VXNNXSÀQJD Go to the post office with my letter. ------ 94 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. Discussing Summer Resorts. F: Foreigner, I: Indian )LQGKL\OHNÀGDLNODWKWKXNNXHQJHSÀKDOP" Where can one go for the summer in India? ,YDGDLQGKL\OHVLODLGDPXPWKHQLQGKL\OHVLODLGDPXPLUXNNXGKX There are some places in North India and some in South India. )QQWKHQLQGKL\YXNNXSÀKD¼XPWKHQLQGKL\OHURPEDDÄDKQDLGDPHGKX" I should go to South India. Which is the most beautiful place in South India? ,WKHQLQGKL\OHQ¯ODJLULPDOH\XPNÀGDLNQDOPDOH\XPURPEDDÄDKQDLGDQJD In South India the Nilgiri Hills and Kodaikanal Hills are very beautiful. DGKXQJDNÌOLUFKL\QDLGDQJDNÌGD They are cool places also. )YDGDLQGKL\OHURPEDURPEDDÄDKQDLGDQJDHGKX" In North India which are the most beautiful places? ,NVKPLUGKQYDGDLQGKL\OHURPEDDÄDKQDLGDPQ¯QJDNVKPLUHNDWW\DPSDUNND¼XP Kashmir is the most beautiful place in North India. You must see Kashmir. )Q¯ODJLUL\LOXPNÀGDLNQDOLOXPULQJDLUXNNXGK" Are there lakes in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal? ,PLUXNNXGKXNÀGDLNQDOULGKQURPEDDÄDKQDULDGKXOHSDGDKXQJDLUXNNXGKX Yes, there are. Kodaikanal lake is indeed a very beautiful lake. There are boats on it. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 26. Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HQXGDQVHL\DNXGGKX NRQMDPLUXQJDQQRUXYLQGLOHYUQ QQLQQRUXYOHNRGXNND¼XPLQGKDYOH\HV¯NUDPVHLQJD QPXQJDOHSDWKXQLPLVKDWKWKXNNXDSUDPSUNNDOP" LQGKDYOHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDPY¼XP" HQDNNKDQ¯QJDLQQR¼¼XNÌGDNDWW\DPVHL\D¼XP GKD\DYXVHLGKXVNNXVROOGKLQJD µQQLGKHVHL\DPWWQ¶HSSRYXPVROGKLQJDQ¯QJDQODNNLNÀYLOXNNX\UÀGXSÀULQJD" QLNXWWL\ÀGXYLºD\GDHQDNNXURPEDLVKWDP HOOUÀGXPHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXQJD 95 Adi’s Book. QQNÌGDHQJOLVKOHDGLNNDGLSVDNÌGGKX \UXQJDºÀGXYOHVHLUQJD" LQGKDNXÄDQGKH\ÀGXNDGHNNXSÀQJD SOÀGXSDÄDPXPVSSLGXQJD GRFWRUÀGXRUXSH¼URPEDYHKDPSÀUD LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKÀGXDYDULGDPSÀQJD DYDUEDGKLOÀGXWKLUXPEDYDUD¼XPWKHUL\XP" VLODVDPD\DPQQVWKDWKWKÀGXFKDSSWKWKL\XPVDSSLGUQ PVHPOHSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXNLGKDPXPYDLQJD SQYÀGXSHQFLOXPNRQGXYQJD L¼¼DNNLPDÄH\ÀGXNWKWKXPURPEDDGLNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXSÌYÀGXLOH\XPNRQGXYD XQJDOÀGXWKDPLÄSVDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP NXÄDQGKHQJDºÀGXYLºD\GDHQDNNXHSSRYXPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP Q\ÀGXSÌQH\XPURPEDQUDPYLºD\GDGKXLQGKDSGDWKWKÀGXLQQRUXSGDPSDGLQJD VXGDWKD¼¼L\ÀGXNRQMDPSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXYQJD LQJHUH¼GXQNNOL\ÀGXRUXPVH\XPSÀGXQJD DYDUL¼¼DNNLDYDQJDºÀGXSÀKDPWWU XQJDºÀGXXQJDDPPYXPFKHQQDLNNXYDUQJDO" D¼¼DQÀGXWKDPEL\XPDNNYÀGXWKDQJDFKFKL\XPUH¼GXWWÀOHSÀUDQJDO" ------ 96 Adi’s Book. LESSON 27. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ABLATIVE CASE, ‘FROM’, & ‘CAN’, ‘CANNOT’, ‘COULD’, ‘COULD NOT’. ‘From. Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘ilirundhu’. SQYLOLUXQGKX from the pen kaththiyilirundhu from the knife As we have seen before:- Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thth’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. pusthaham pusthahaththilirundhu from the book kayiru kayiththilirundhu from the string Y¯GXY¯WWLOLUXQGKX from the house Animate Nouns, and Pronouns. Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idamirundhu’. UPDQ UPDQLGDPLUXQGKX from Raman. pasu pasuvidamirundhu from the cow. Pronouns, use declensional base plus ‘idamirundhu’ similarly, to give ‘from’ – (me, you, them, etc.). QQ ennidamirundhu QP namidamirundhu QQJDHQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX Q¯ unnidamirundhu Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avan avanidamirundhu avanga DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX ava DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX avar avaridamirundhu adhu adhanidamirundhu adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX Adverbs:- plus ‘irundhu’ ingerundhu from here apdirundhu from that way 97 Adi’s Book. ‘Can’, ‘Cannot’, ‘Could’, ‘Could Not’. Positives. regardless of number, gender, person:- ‘Can’ ‘am able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyum’ for present and future. SÀKDPXGL\XP am able to go, can go ‘Could’ ‘was able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudindhadhu’ for past. SÀKDPXGLQGKDGKX was able to go, could go. Negatives. regardless of number, gender, person:- ‘Cannot’. ‘will not be able to’ infinitive plus ‘PXGL\GKX’ for future. NXGLNNDPXGL\GKX will not be able to drink, cannot drink. ‘Cannot’. ‘am not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for present kudikkamudiyale am not able to drink, cannot drink. ‘Could not’. ‘was not able to’ infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’ for past. kudikkamudiyale was not able to drink, could not drink. Vocabulary UX climb up, get in irangu climb down, alight. YD¼GL vehicle parava ille never mind, no matter. purappadu (w.tt) set out, start YLÄX ZQGK fall, drop. QLFKFKD\DP certainly Short Sentences. XQJDGKVDWKWKLOLUXQGKXXQJDºXNNXNDGLGKDPDGLNNDGLYDUXWK" Do you often get letters from your country? HQDPPYLGDPLUXQGKXHQDNNXDGLNNDGLNDGLGKDPYDUXGKX I often get letters from my mother. LQGKDFK¯WWH\ULGDPLUXQGKXNRQGXYDULQJD" From whom are you bringing this chit? 98 Adi’s Book. QQWKRPDVLGDPLUXQGKXFK¯WWHNRQGXSÀUQ I am taking a chit from Thomas. Q¯QJDLSSRHQJLUXQGKXYDULQJD" Where are you coming from now? QQLSSRQUDHQY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDUQ I am coming straight from my house. HYDULGDPLUXQGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXSÀULQJD" From whom are you taking the books? PVH\LOLUXQGKXHQSXVWKDKDQJDºHHGXQJD Take my books from the table. Y¯WWHPOHUXQGKXN¯ÄHSDUNNGKLQJD Do not look down from the house. QDPY\LOLUXQGKXHSSRYXPQDOODYUWKHQJDYDUD¼XP Always good words should come from our mouth. LQJHUXQGKXDQJHDGLNNDGLSÀKDNÌGGKX You should not often go from here to there. Q¯QJDLSSRQDOOWKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP Now you can talk Tamil well. PQQWKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XPQQHWKXQDOODSVDPXGL\DOH Yes, I can speak Tamil, but yesterday I could not speak well. SDUYLOOHPXGKDOHPHGKXYSVXQJD Never mind, speak slowly at first. LGKXVXODEDPDQDSGDPDGKDQOHLGKHNDWW\DPQ¯QJDYDVLNNDPXGL\XP This is an easy lesson, so you can certainly read this. Q¯QJDQWKXDQWKDSXWKXY¯GXSUNNDPXGLQGKDGK" Could you see that new house yesterday? PDGKHSUWKQGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQQHPDQQLQJDQQXNNUDPXGL\DOHQQSÀKD¼XP Yes, I saw it. Please forgive me , I cannot sit down, I should go. Q¯QJDQºDNNLLQJHWKLUXPEDYDUDPXGL\XP" Can you come here again tomorrow. DYDQJDLQJHYHººLNLÄDPHYDUDY¼P\QLQQD¼¼DNNLQQLQJHYDUDPWWQ They need not come here on Friday, because I will not come here that day. SDWKWKXQLPLVKDWKOHW¯WKD\UVHL\DPXGL\XP" Can you make tea in ten minutes? 99 Adi’s Book. QQDYºDYXV¯NUDPW¯WKD\UVHL\DPXGL\DGKX I cannot make tea that quickly. W¯WKD\UVHL\DHQDNNXSDGKLQDQMXQLPLVKDPY¼XP I need 15 minutes to make tea. DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPGHOOL\LOLUXQGKXHQDSSYDUXYU My father will come from Delhi next year. XQJDºXNNXHSSRUXQGKXPUOHYDOLNNXGKX" Since when do you have pain in the chest. Practical Conversation. - The Traveller’s Bungalow. T: Traveller, L: Local Man, S: Servant. 7QQXGDQHWUDYHOOHUVEDQJDOÀNNXSÀKD¼XPDGKXLQJHUXQGKXHYºDYXGKÌUDP" I must go to the travellers Bungalow at once. How far is it from here. /DGKXLQJHUXQGKXRUXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXFUOHDQMXQLPLVKDPSLGLNNXP It is one kilometer from here. In the car it will take five minutes. 7QQHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKD¼XP"LSGLSÀKDOP" Which way should I go? May I go this way? /DQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼PLQGKDYDÄL\QUDSÀQJD You need not go that way. Go straight this way. 7Q¯QJDHQQÀGXYDULQJDº Are you coming with me? /LOOHQQ\HQJHSÀKDPXGL\GKXHQLQQQQLQJHYOHVHL\DLUXNND¼XP No, I cannot go anywhere, because I should be here to work. S. indha are; are pathinanju. This room; room fifteen. 7LQGKDDUHHQJDºXNNXSÀWKWKXYURUXDUHLUXNNXGK This room is not enough for us. Is there another room? 6PHQQLGDPDGKXNNXVYLLOOHRUXYLQGLOHNRQGXYDUQDGKXNNXººHXNNUXQJD Yes, that key is not with me, I will bring it in a second. Meanwhile please be seated. ------ 100 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 27. LGKXHOOP LGKHOOP LQJHUXQGKXXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD DYDQJDDQJHUXQGKXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSXUDSSDGXYQJD" HQQLGDPLUXQGKXXQJDSXVWKDKDPHSSRNRQGXSÀULQJD" LSSRSDUYLOOHQWKLUXPEDLQGKDPWKLULVHL\DNÌGGKX LQGKDSGDWKWKHQ¯QJDVXODEDPSDGLNNDPXGL\XP \ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDVPQNRQGXYULQJD" HSSRUXQGKXWKDPLÄSDGLNULQJD" S¯VLOLUXQGKXHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUDYLQJD" DYDUND¼¼LOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX YHºL\LOLUXQGKXURPEDVDGKGKDPYDUXGKX HQDUH\LOLUXQGKXXQJDºHNÌSSLGUQ DQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXYQ QQXQJDºHSÀODQDOODSVDPXGL\GKX Q¯QJDLQJHDQMXQLPLVKDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP" YDQGLOHPHGKXYHÄXQJDLSGLHÄXQJD QQXQJDºÀGXYKDPQDGDNNDPXGL\GKX QQDYDUHL¼¼DNLSUNNDPXGL\GKX YDQGL\LOLUXQGKXVPQJDºHV¯NUDPHGXQJD DGXWKDYUDPQ¯QJDYDUDPXGL\GK" LGKHSDWKLQ¯QJDQLFKFKD\DPVROODPXGL\XP" QQVXGDWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDPXGL\GKX HQDNNKDQ¯QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\XP" LQGKDUÌEDQNDL\LOLUXQGKXYLÄXGKX" LQGKDNXÄDQGKHQDOOQDGDNNXPXGL\XP" LSSRXQJDY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDULQJDº" LQGKDYN\DWKWKHQQWKDPLÄHVROODPXGL\GKX WKDPELXQDNNXWKDPLÄWKHUL\XP" NÌGH\LOLUXQGXNXGH\HHGXQJD Q¯WKDPLÄHSVDPXGL\XP" XQJDºXNNXNDGH\LOLUXQGKXSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDUXYQ WKDQJDFKFKLPVH\HPOHXNNUGKHN¯UHLUDQJX PDUXSDGL\XPPVHPOHUDNXGGKX ------ 101 Adi’s Book. LESSON 28. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS LOCATIVE CASE, ‘IN’, ‘AT’ ‘In’, ‘At’. Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘le’. arele in the room PVHOH in the table (drawer). As seen before:- Nouns ending in ‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘th’. Nouns ending in ‘du’ change to ‘tt’. VGKDP VGKDWKOH in the rice UX WKOH in the river Y¯GXY¯WWOH in the house Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’. UPDQ UPDQLGDP in Raman, Note this is also used for the posessive form:- ‘in Raman’s possession’. Pronouns, use declensional base plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ similarly for ‘in’ – (me, you, them, etc.), as seen here:- QQ ennidathle QP namidathle QQJDHQJDºLGDWKOH Q¯ unnidathle Q¯QJD XQJDºLGDWKOH avan avanidathle avanga DYDQJDºLGDWKOH ava DYDºLGDWKOH avar avaridathle adhu adhanidathle adhunga DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH and similarly in the above, using ‘idam’ to give ennidam, namidam, etc. ------ 102 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary NÌWWDP meeting, assembly pala-sarakku provisions (grain.etc.) YDÄDNNDP habit, custom manushar man, woman railvandi train kudhire horse ND¼¼GL glass, mirror PÌNNXND¼¼GL eye-glasses, spectacles nalladhu is good, that’s good kettadhu is bad, that’s bad alladhu or illena if not, otherwise VXPUFKXPU approximately VXPUDLUX to feel better (in health) marunthu medicine uyaram height Short Sentences. LQGKDÌUOHSHUL\DVSDWKULHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the big hospital in this place? DGKXLQJHUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX That is far away from here. DGKXHWKWKDQHNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX" How many kilometers away is it? LQGKDLGDWKWKLOLUXQGKXVXPUDQMXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDP It is about five kilometers away from this place. HQGKDYDQGLOHSÀULQJDPWWXYDQGLONXGKLUHYDQGLO" By which cart are you going, by bullock cart or horse cart? QQWROHSÀUHQQLQQQQDYODYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDPXGL\GKX I am going in an auto, because I can’t walk that distance. HQQLGDPURPEDSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXDGKDQOHQQFUOHSÀYQ I have a lot of money, so I will go in a car. YOÌULOLUXQGKXDQJHSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP" How much money is needed to go there from Vellore? WKDPELXQLGDWKOHVLODNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDLUXNNXGKX Little brother , you have some bad habits. QDOODGKXY"LOOHURPEDNHWWDGKXGKQ Is that good? No, indeed it is very bad. Q¯HSSRYXPQDOOYDÄDNNDPGKQNDWKWKXNRººD¼XP You should always learn only good habits. 103 Adi’s Book. QQLGKHSDWKLPDUXSDGL\XPXQQÀGXSVDPWWQ I will not speak again about this with you. XQJDOOXNNXNSSLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP" Do you want sugar in your coffee? HQQDNNXNSSLOHSOXPFKDNNDUH\XPNDWW\DPY¼XP I must have milk and sugar in my coffee. DQGKDSHWWL\DSGLSÀGDNXGGKX You should not throw that box that way. DGKXOHDQKDND¼¼DGLVPQLUXNNXGKX There are many glass things in it. DGKHURPEDPHGKXYNLÄHYDLNND¼XP You should put that down very gently. SÀQDUH¼GXYUDPQLQJDQYOHNNXYDUDOH" Why did you not come to work for the last two weeks? QQYDUDOHQLQQHQDNNXMÀUDP I did not come because I had fever. XQJDºXNNXWKDOHYDOLHGXNNXGK" Do you have headache? QQGRFWRUDGKDQOHHQQLGDWKOHHOOVDQJKDGL\XPVROOD¼XP I am a doctor, you shuld tell me everything. QDOODYDQJDNHWWDGKXVHL\DPWWQJD Good people wil not do bad things. FKLQQDYDQJDSHUL\DYDQJDYUWKH\HNNND¼XP Youngsters should listen to the word of the elders. HQNDLOHDSSRSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQOHQQND¼¼DGLYQJDOH I had no money then, so I did not buy the mirror. \ULGDWKOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXWKXQJD" Who has my books? ------ 104 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. - At The Bazaar. S: Stranger, M: Merchant. S. kadetheru entha pakkam irukkudhu? Which way is the bazaar? 0NDGHWKHUXNRQMDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXDGKXNLWWDLOOH The bazaar is some distance. It’s not near. 6FUDQJHSÀKDPXGL\XPDOODGKXQDGDNNDY¼XP" Can the car go there, or need I walk? 0NDGHWKHUXNNXXººHFUSÀKDPXGL\GXQLQQURPEDMDQQDQJDLUXSSQJD The car can’t go inside the bazaar because there will be many people. 6LGKHOOPHQQDNDGHQJD" What are all these shops? 0LGKHOOPSDODVDUDNNXNDGHQJD These are all provision stores. 6SÌNDGHSDÄDNDGHNLNDULNDGHHQJHLUXNXGKXQJD" Where are the flower fruit and vegetable shops? 0DGKHOOPLGKXNNXSLQQOHLUXNNXGKXQJDYQJDXQJDºXNNXNWUQ All those are behind this. Come along, I will show you. 6QQNRQMDPWKX¼LYQJD¼XPYQJDWKX¼LNDGHNNXSÀKDOP I want to buy some material. Come, let us go to the cloth shop. ------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 28. XQJDºLGDWKOHDQGKDQDOODYDÄDNNDPLUXNNXGKX QQDYDUÀGXQºDNNLPÌQXNLORPHWHUQDGDSSQ HQDNNXNRQMDPNSSLDOODWKXW¯Y¼XP Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPSÀODXQJDYOHVHLQJD DYDUNXGKLUHPOHYDUXYUQQVDLNNDOOHYDUXYQ YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXVPQHOOPY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD HQPÌNNXND¼¼DGLNRQGXYQJDDSSRGKQQQLGKHYVLNNDPXGL\XP LQGKDND¼¼DGLY¯WWOH\ULUXNNUQJD" 105 Adi’s Book. LQJHQXQJDXNNUDNÌGGKXSH¼¼XQJDXNNUXYQJD inge PEDºHQJDXNNUDNÌGGKXSRPEDºHQJDXNNUXYQJD (same meaning as previous sentence, but colloquial equivalent words) QWKXHOOPHQDNNXURPEDMRUDP QQMRUDWKXNNKDPDUXQWKXYQJDSÀUQ QODNNLXQJDMRUDPVXPULUXNNXP VXPUUHQGXPVDWKWKXNNXDSUDPHQQHSDUXQJD \ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDNDWKWKXNRºUH" QQLQQDNNLUH¼GXSGDWKWKXNNXPOHSDGLNNDPWWQ XQJDºLGDWKOHQLFKFKD\DPSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXLOOH\" XQJDX\DUDPQDNXGKLUHPOLUXQGKXLUDQJXQJD ippo ennidathle andha nalla pusthaham irukkudhu. HQQDNNXLQGKDVNNXVROOGKLQJD RUXQDOODPÌNNXND¼¼GLLQGKDÌUOHYQJDPXGL\XP" Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDPXGL\XPLQQXQQVRºUQ LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHXQJDOXNNXHQGKDSGDPQDOODSLGLNNXP" Q¯QJDLQGKDNDGHOHND¼¼GLVPQYQJDOP Q¯QJDXGDQVSDWKULNNXSÀKD¼XPQLQQXQJDºXNNXURPEDMVWKLMRUDP HQNDGLGKDWKWKXNNXQ¯QJDQDOODEDGKLONRGXNNDOH DQGKDNÌWWDWKOHFKXPDUHWKWKDQHSULUXNUQJD" LQQRUXSGDWKOHRUXQDOODSDGDPLUXNNXGKX PGXNXGKLUH\HSÀODYKDPÀGDPXGL\GKX XQJDºXNNXDGLNDGLMRUDPYDUXWK" FKHQQDLLQJHUXQGKXVXPUQÌWKXPXSSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDPLUXNNXGKX Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDWKWKOHVHL\DPXGL\XP" ------ 106 Adi’s Book. LESSON 29. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS – COMPLETE DECLENSIONS. Nouns. Regular. Case Meaning Animate Inanimate Nominative (x=Subj) UPDQ petti Accusative (x=Obj) UPDQH pettiye Instrumental (by x) UPDQSHWWL\OH Instrumental (with x) UPDQÀGX SHWWL\ÀGX Dative (to x) UPDQXNNX pettikku Dative (for x) UPDQXNNKD SHWWLNNKD Ablative (from x) UPDQLGDPLUXQGKX pettiyilirundu Genitive (x’s) UPDQ petti Locative (in x) UPDQLGDWKOH pettile Vocative (oh x! ) UPDQ SHWWL\ RER[ (where x = any noun or pronoun) Irregular, ending in ‘m’ ‘ru’ ‘du’. Nom (x=Subj) maram UX PGX Acc (x=Obj) maraththe WKWKH PWWH Inst (by x) PDUDWKWKOH WKWKOH PWWOH Inst (with x) PDUDWKWKÀGX WKWKÀGX PWWÀGX Dat (to x) maraththukku WKWKXNNX PWWXNNX Dat (for x) PDUDWKWKXNNKD WKWKXNNKD PWWXNNKD Abl (from x) maraththilirundu WKWKLOLUXQGX PWWLGDPLUXQGX DQLPDWH Gen (x’s) maraththu WKWKX PWWX Loc (in x) maraththule WKWKule PWWXOH Voc (oh x! ) PDUDP U PG ------Cases in lists below read vertically in the same order as the first nine in lists above. 107 Adi’s Book. Personal Pronouns. QQQP QQJD Q¯ enne namme HQJDºH unne HQQOH QDPPOH engDºOH XQQOH HQQÀGXQDPPÀGX HQJDºÀGX XQQÀGX enakku namakku HQJDºXNNX unnakku HQDNNKD QDPDNNKDHQJDºXNNKD XQQDNNKD ennidamirundhu nammidamirundhu HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX unnidamirundhu en nam enga un ennidathle nammidathle HQJDºLGDthle unnidathle Q¯QJD avan ava avar XQJDºH avane DYDºH avare XQJDºOHDYDQOHDYDºOHDYDUOH XQJDºÀGX DYDQÀGX DYDºÀGX DYDUÀGX XQJDºXNNX avanukku DYDºXNNX avarukku XQJDºXNNKDDYDQXNNKDDYDºXNNKDDYDUXNNKD XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avanidamirundhu DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX avaridamirundhu unga avan ava avar XQJDºLGDWKOH avanidathle DYDºLGDWKOH avaridathle avanga adhu adhunga HOOUXP DYDQJDºH adhe DGKXQJDºHHOOU\XP DYDQJDºOHDGKOHDGKXQJDºOHHOOUOXm DYDQJDºÀGX DGKÀGX DGKXQJDºÀGX HOOUÀGXP DYDQJDºXNNX adhukku DGKXQJDºXNNX HOOUXNNXP DYDQJDºXNNKDDGKXNNKDDGKXQJDºXNNKDHOOUXNNKDYXP DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX adhanidamirundhu DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX HOOULGDPLUXQGKXP avanga adhan adhunga, ellUXGD\DYXP DYDQJDºLGDWKOH adhanidathle DGKXQJDºLGDWKOHHOOULGDWKWKLOXP DGKXQJDºLOLUXQGKX DOWHUQDWLYH ------ 108 Adi’s Book. Reflexive Pronouns. To avoid repetition of the pronouns, reflexive pronouns are used inTamil. rd µWKP¶DQGµWKQJD¶DUHWKHWZRSOXUDOIRUPVIRUµWKQ¶7KHVHDUHRQO\XVHGIRU Person. WKQ VLQJ RQHVHOI WKP SO WKDQJDº SO thanne thamme WKDQJDºH WKDQQOH WKDPPOH WKDQJDºOH WKDQQÀGX WKDPPÀGX WKDQJDºÀGX thanakku thamakku WKDQJDºXNNu WKDQDNNKD WKDPDNNKD WKDQJDºXNNKD thannidamirundhu thammidamirundhu WKDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX than tham thanga thannidathle thammidathle WKDQJDºLGDWKOH Vocabulary salave wash (n) salave sei (s.thth) wash , do washing kanji starch (n) kanji podu (w.tt) starch, put starch WKDYDUPH without fail. Practical Conversation. – With a Dhobi. C: Customer D: Dhobi. &GKÀEL\Q¯QJD\UY¯WWOHWKX¼LYHºXNULQJD"'KRELIRUZKRPGR\RXZDVKFORWKHV" 'XQJDSDNNDWKWKXY¯WWOHQQGKQYHºXNUQ I am washing in the adjacent house. &QÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPYQJULQJD" How much do you charge for 100 pieces 'QÌUXWKX¼LNNXSDWKLQDQMXUÌEYQJUQ I charge Rs 15.00 for 100 pieces. &RUXPVDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP" How many washes can you give each month? 'RUXPDVDWKOHUH¼GXVDODYHWKDYDUPHNRGXNNDPXGL\XPWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀGD¼XP" I can give two washes a month without fail. Do you want starch for your clothes? &HQWKX¼LQJDOOXNNXNDQMLY¼PQURPEDVXGKGKDPVDODYHVHL\D¼XP I don’t want starch for my clothes, but you should wash them very clean. ------ 109 Adi’s Book. LESSON 30. VERBS, STRONG, PAST TENSE WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL.. padi study YVL read kudi drink vai put, place SU see, look at, look after edu take, lift, pick up padu lie down adi hit, strike kadi bite NXºL bathe kodu give kaththukodu teach vil sell manni forgive udhe kick aru cut (with knife) LÄX pull XED\ÀJLXED\ÀKL use thude wipe DYLÄ untie kide obtain thai sew, stitch sandhi meet VDPEGKL earn dhandi punish thuve wash nine think pari pluck, snatch poru bear (suffering) vali feel painful YVDQHSU smell PÀQGKXSU smell UDPEL begin uchchari pronounce PL graze gudhi jump DÄL destroy ghavani listen, pay attention NLÄL tear kure reduce, decrease same cook siri laugh nane wet WKL rub ude break madi fold marai hide *pidi (pidi) is liked (catch) valar grow, rear *pasi feel hungry mudi finish, close YU perspire *only neuter present, past and future 110 Adi’s Book. The predicate in the past tense agrees with the number, gender and person of the subject. (as seen before in the present tense and future tense) SUWKQ I saw, SUWKÀP We saw, SUWKQJD They saw,etc. Vocabulary niram colour vali pain, ache YHººH white vali, vali edu feel pain karuppu black pasi hunger sivappu red pasi, pasi edu feel hunger pachche green GKKDP thirst PDQMDº yellow GKKDPHGX feel thirst paruppu brown mukyam importance ÌGK violet vahappu class, standard Q¯ODP blue VDPH\DONUDn cook (n) UDQMX orange padukke bed Short Sentences. QWKXPUOHMVWKLYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX Yesterday I had a lot of pain in my chest. DSGL\VDULLSSRHQJHYDOLNNXGKX" Is that so? Right, where does it hurt now? 3. enakku ippo romba pasi edukkudhu. I am very hungry now. QWKXXQJDºXNNXQDOODSDVLHGXWKWKDGK" Yesterday were you very hungry? XQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLGKKDPHGXNNXGK" Do you often feel thirsty? L¼¼DNLPDGK\QDPHQDNNXURPEDGKKDPHGXWKWKDGKX This afternoon I was very thirsty. LGKXNRQMDPNDVKWDPQDSGDPLGKHQDOODJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº" This is a slightly difficult lesson; did you pay good attention? QWKXQQRUXQDOODPDQXVKDUHVDQGKLWWQ Yesterday I met a good man. Q¯QJDPDUXSDGL\XPDYDUHVDQGKLSSLQJDº" Will you meet him again? HQDNNKDRUXVDPH\DONUDQHSUWKWKLQJDO" Did you look for a cook for me? LYDUGKQLQGKDVSSWWHVDPHWKWKU VDPH\DOVHLGKU This person himself cooked this food. 111 Adi’s Book. DL\XQJDºXNNXHOOYLGKDPQDVSSGXPVDPHNNDWKHUL\XP" Sir, do you know how to cook all kinds of foods? LGKXHOOPPXN\DPQDSGDQJD These are all important lessons. LGKHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSDGLNND¼XP You should study them again and again. XQJDºLGDPNRQMDPYHººHNLGKDPLUXNNXGK" Do you have some white (unlined) paper? LQGKDNDUXSSXGX\UXGH\DGX" Whose goat is this black goat? LOHSDFKFKHQLUDPLUXNNXGKXSÌVLYDSSLUXNNXGKX The leaf is green, the flower is red. WKDNNOLSDÄDPXPVLODDSSLOSDÄDPXPVLYDSSLUXNNXWKX Tomatoes and some apples are red. UXSDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPXPUXPDQMDºYDÄDSDÄXPXPYQJXQJD Buy six green and six yellow plantains. QQJDDQGKDNHWWDSDL\DQHSLGLWKÀPQDYDQHDGLNNDOH We caught that bad boy, but did not beat him. \HQGKDQLXQJDOHNDGLWKWKDGKX" Which dog bit you? QQHQDUHOHSDGXWKQQWKÌQJDOH I laid down in my room but did not sleep. WKÀWWDNUDQPWWHQDGLWKWKQ" Why did the gardener beat the ox. QLQQDQGKDPGXNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼L\HNXGLWKWKDGKX Because the ox drank the well-water. HQPÌNNXND¼¼GL\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD" Where did you put my spectacles? ND¼¼GKLOH\UPXKDWKWKHSUWKLQJD" Whose face did you see in the mirror? QWKXQLQJDHQJHNXºLWKWKLQJD Where did you bathe yesterday? UPDQHQDNNXRUXQDOOSXVWKDKDPNRGXWKWKQ Raman gave me a good book. URWWL\HHQGKDNDWKL\OHDUXWKWKLQJD" With which knife did you cut the bread? XQJDºXNNX\UWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRGXWKWKQJD" Who taught you Tamil? ------ 112 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – With Your Servant. M: Master, S: Servant. 0DQGKDVPDQHOOPHQFUXNNXNRQGXSÀ Take all this luggage to my car. 6DQGKDSHWWLNÌGDNRQGXSÀKDQXP" Should I take that box as well? 0PSHWWLSDGXNNHHOOPNRQGXSÀKDY¼XPLSSRHQDNKDRUXWLFNHWYQJX Yes, trunk, bedding, everything should be taken. Buy a ticket for me now. 6HQGKDÌUXNNXWLFNHWYQJD¼XP" To which place should I buy a ticket? 0NRONDWKWKYXNNXPÌQXPXGKDOYDKXSSXWLFNHWYQJX Buy three First Class tickets to Calcutta. 6UD\LOYDQGLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXVWVKDQXNNXYUXP" What time will the train come to the station? 0UD\LOYDQGLVWVKDQXNNXVDUL\SDWKXPD¼LNNXYUXP The train will come to the station at 10 o’clock exactly. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 29. Q\HHQQDNDGLWKWKDGKX" Q\H\UDGLWKWKQJD" Q¯QJDQ\XPDGLNNDOHSÌQH\XPDGLNNDOH QLDYDUHNDGLWKWKDGKX DGKDQOHDYDUDWKHDGLWKWKU Q¯QJDQ\HQDYLÄWhthinga? LQGKDSGDPQ¯QJDSDGLWKWKLQJDº" LQGKDSGDPNDWKWKXNRGXWKWKQJDº" LQGKDSGDPJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº L¼¼DNLYGK\UHVDQGKLWKWKÀP LGKXNNKDHQNXÄDQGKHGKDQGLWKWKQ NXÄDQGKHDQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLWKWKDGKX LQGKDVDQJDGKL\HQPDUDLWKWKLQJD" LQGKDVDQJDGL\HQ¯QJDHQDNNXQVROODOH" DQGKDVDPFKFKUDPHQQDNNXQWKXGKQNLGDLWKWKDGKX DQGKDNDGLGDWKWKHSDGLWKWKQ QQURPEDURPEDVLULWKWKQ XQJDºXNNXHQGKDQLUDPSLGLWKWKDGKX" HQDNNXQ¯ODQLUDPURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKX HQJDQLGKQSDÄXSSXQLUDP DYDQJDºXNNXDQGKDNDUXSSXSÌQHSLGLNNDOH DQGKDYHººHQLUDQLHQDNNXY¼XP SDFKFKHLOHNNXSLQQOHVLYDSSXSÌLUXNNXGKX L¼¼DNNLHQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKDGKX L¼¼DNNLNODPHHQDNNXURPEDSDVLWKDGKX HQDNNXGKKDPNÌGDHGXWKWKDGKX ippo enakku pasiyum dhKDPXPHGXNNDGKX HQNOMDVWKLYDOLWKWKDGKX LQGKDPDUXQGKHNOOHQDOOWKLWKQ ------ 113 Adi’s Book. LESSON 31. VERBS, PAST TENSE WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary WKPDGL VWKWK delay pidi (s.thth) catch thaiyal stitch (n) ÄH DGM poor (no money) WKX¼L cloth kuruhal narrowness Q¯ODP length ahalam, agalam breadth, width uyaram height kutte short UDP depth nadu, madhdhi centre sadhuram square vattam circle NXºLNUDDUH bathroom NDNNÌVX latrine innu that (Conjunction) vishayam news, matter Short Sentences. WKXQL\WKD¼¼LOH\QQDQHWKWKLQJD" Why did you wet this cloth with water? LGKXURPEDQDOODYLVKD\DPLQQXQQQLQHWKWKQ I thought it was a very good thing. Q¯QJDDSGLQLQHNNDOHLOOH\" You did not think so, did you? HQJDNL¼DUXUDPQDNL¼DUX Our well is a deep well. XQJDVSDWKULNDWWDGDPX\DUDPQDNDWWDGDP Your hospital building is a high building. DYDUDSSX\DUDPLUXNUU His father is tall. HQDUHMVWKLQ¯ODPLOOH My room is not very long. XQJDYDWWDPQDWKÀWWDPHQJH" Where is your round garden. RUXSHUL\DVDGKXUDPQDSHWWLY¼XP I want a big square box. Q¯QJDLQGKDDKDODPQDDUHOHWKÌQJDOP You may sleep in this wide room. DYDQJDY¯WWXNNXYDÄLNXUXKDOLUXNNXGKX The way to their house is narrow. XQJDNXÄDQGKHHSSRYXPVLULNNXGKX Your child is always laughing. PQQNÌGDDSGLGKQQLQHWKWKQ Yes, I thought so too. 114 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDNÌGD\QDSGLVLULWKWKLQJD" Why did you also laugh like that? LQGKDQ\XQJD\UYDºDUNUQJD" Who is rearing these dogs. QNNULQJDXQJDºHNDGLWKWKDQJDº" Why d’you ask, did they bite you? DQGKDPPÄHGKQQNXÄDQGKHQJDºHQDOYDºDUWKWKU That woman is only poor, but she brought up her children well. QQRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHSDGLNNDUDPELWKWKQ I began to study a good book. XQJDYOH\HHSSRPXGLWKLQJD" When did you finish your work? GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKD\DONUDQHNÌSSLGXQJD Please call a tailor. DL\XQJDWKDL\DOQDOODLOOHDWKXQLSGLWKDLWKWKLQJD Sir, your stitching is not good, why did you sew it like this. WKDL\DONUDUPXGKDOOHWKX¼L\HNLÄLWKWKUDSUDPWKDLNNDUDPELWKWKU The tailor tore the cloth first, then began to sew. DGKXRUXPXN\DPQDNDGLGKDPDGKHNLÄLNNGKLQJD That is an important letter, don’t tear it. HQXGH\DPÌWWH\H\UDYLÄWKWKQJDVROOXQJD Tell me, who untied my bundle? QQGKQDGKHDYLÄWKWKQHQQHQ¯QJDNDWW\DPPDQQLNND¼XP I untied it, you must excuse me. Practical Conversation. – At The Hotel. T: Traveller, H: Hotel Manager. 7HQDNNXRUXSHUL\DVXGKGKDPQDDUHY¼XP I want a big clean room. +QDOODGKXYQJDXQJDºXNNXRUXSHUL\DDUHNRGXNNUQ Alright, come along, I will give you a big room. 7LQGKDDUHNNXRUXQºXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DP" How much per day for this room? +LGKXNNXRUXQºXNNXDLQÌUXUÌEYQJDUQXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQºXNNXY¼XP" We charge Rs 500.00 per day for this. For how many days do you want the room? 7DUHRUXYUDWKWKXNNXY¼XP I want the room for a week. +RQVX¯WNXOLNUDDUHLQJHGKQLUXNNXGKXHSSRYXPVXGXÀGXGKXWKD¼¼LNLGHNNXWKX Ensuite bathroom is here. Hot running water is always available. 7QDOODGKXW¯HWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXNLGHNNXP" Good. At what time can we get tea? ------ 115 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30. LYDUHQJHWKDL\DONUDU" HQJDWKX¼LQJDHOOPLYDUGKQWKDLNUU DYDUWKX¼LQJDºHPXGKDOOHWKD¼¼LOHQDQHNUU LSGL\XPDSGL\XPWKX¼L\HNLÄLNUU LYDUWKDL\DOHQJDºXNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP LQGKDYDÄLURPEDNXUXKDOLUXNNXGKX URPEDQ¯ODPQDNDGLGKDPHÄXGKGKLQJD HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHLGKXGKQURPEDX\DUDPQDPDUDP DQGKDDJDODPQDYDÄLOHSÀQJD YDWWDPQDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LMVWKLLOOH DGKXUDPQDNL¼DUXLOOH Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄSVXYLQJDLQQXQQQLQHNUQ QLQJDHOOUXPWKDPLÄQDOOSVULQJDLQQXDYDUVROUU DQGKDWKDL\DONUDUDÄDKWKDLNUULQQXHQVQKLGKDUVROUU HOODPXWWHQJDOXPRUNÌGHOHYDLNNGKLQJD WKX¼LQJDHOOPRUXPÌWWH\NDWWXQJD PXWWH\HPÌWWHOHYDLNNDNÌGGKX NXGH\HNÌGHOHYDLNNDOP NDGHNNXSÀKDNXGH\XPNÌGH\XPNRQGXYQJD YQJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DYQJD QLQJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DOH LQGKDYOHVHL\GKLQJD \ULQGKDYOHVHLUQJD" WKLUXPEDLQGKDYOHVHLYLQJDº" LOOHQQDGKHVHL\DPWWQ DYDULQGKDYOHNDWW\DPVHL\D¼XP ------ 116 Adi’s Book. LESSON 32. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘DH’ AS MEDIAL.. sei make, do nei weave PDÄHSHL rain DÄX cry PDÄHSHLFRQMXJDWHVRQO\IRU1HXWHUSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUH XÄXUXÄX plough WKRÄX worship Vocabulary NDGDYXº God PÀVDP evil, badness RYR¼¼X one of each RYRUXYDU one by one (person) ovoru each (adj) RYR¼¼ one by one R¼¼ together ovoruvarum each person U plough vayal, nilam field ÌUDYDQ farmer NXGL\QDYDQ farmer QHVDYºL weaver QHVDYXYOH weaving V\DP colour JHWWLV\DP fast colour uduppu clothes QÌO thread pattu silk melisu thin, fine SUSÀQDGKX be famous (thing) SUSÀQDYDU be famous (person) buddi bottle marundhu medicine mai-buddi ink-bottle mai ink ÌWKWKX ZLQ pour YU VWKWK pour SD¼DSSDL purse Short Sentences. LQGKDYOH\HHOOUXPR¼¼VHLGKDQJD They all did this work together. LGKXPÀVDPQDYOHLGKH\UVHLGKDGKX" This is a bad job. Who did this. XQJDÌUOHQDOOPDÄHSHLGKDGK" Did it rain hard at your place? UDQLSDWWXSXGXYHNNXSUSÀQDGKX Arni is famous for silk sarees. NQMLSXUDWKOHNÌGDSDWWXVOHQHLUQJD At Kanjipuram also they weave silk sarees. ,QGKDDÄDKQDVOH\HNDL\OHQHLGKQJD They wove this beautiful saree by hand. 117 Adi’s Book. DQGKDSDL\DQXNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKXDGKDQDOHGKQDYDQDSGLDÄXGKQ That boy was very hungry, that is why he cried like that. NXGL\QDYDQYD\DOOHUÌUDUQ The farmer is ploughing in the field. NXGL\QDYDQXNNXµÌUDYDQ¶LQQXLQQRUXSU The farmer has another name, ‘uravan’. SÀQDQLWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOOHWKRÄXGKÀP We worshipped at church last Sunday RYYRUXPDQXVKDUXPGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHWKÀUD¼XP Each and every person should worship God daily. ,QGKDVPQRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH" What is the price of each of these? Q¯QJDRYYRUXYDUXPRUXSWWXSGD¼XP Everyone of you should sing a song. XQJDSQOHPDLLUXNNXGK Is there ink in your pen. LOOHHQSQOHNRQMDPPDLÌWKWKXQJD No, pour a little ink in my pen. 16. mai buddile enna mai irukkudhu? What ink is in the ink-bottle? 17. mai-buddile karuppu mai irukkudhu. There is black ink in the ink-bottle. Q¯QJDRYYRUXWKDPLÄSGDPXPQDOOSDGLNND¼XP You should study each Tamil lesson well. LGKXPDUXQGKXEXGGLGKQ" This is a medicine bottle, is it not? HQDÄDKQDXGXSSHQ¯QJDSUWKWKLQJDO" Did you see my beautiful garment? Practical Conversation. – At a Cloth Shop. W: Woman Customer, S: Shopkeeper. :DL\XQJDºLGDPQÌOVOHQJDLUXNNXGK" Sir, do you have cotton sarees? 6PQJDPPHQJDºLGDPPDGKXUDLFÀLPEDWWÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJDLUXNNXGKX Yes madam, we have Madhurai, Coimbatore, cotton sarees. :PHOLVXWKX¼LOHVLODPDGXUDLSXGXYHQJDSUNND¼XPQV\DPJHWWL\LUXNNX¼XP I want to see some Madhurai sarees in fine material, but they should be fast colours. 6VDULQJDLQGKDQ¯ODQLUDVOHYQJLNROOXQJDJHWWLVD\DPV\DPHSSRYXPSÀKGKX Alright madam, take this blue saree. Fast colour. The colour will never fade. :DQGKDSDWWXVOHQJDHOOPHQGKDÌUOHQHLUQJD" Where do they weave all those silk sarees? 118 Adi’s Book. 6SDWWXVOHQJDUDQL\LOXPNQMLSÌUDWKWKLOXPQHLUQJD They weave silk sarees in Arni and Kanchipuram. :LSSRHQDNNXSDWWXVOHY¼PQÌOVHOHSÀGKXP I don’t want silk sarees now, cotton will do. 6VDULQJDPPXQJDLVKWDP Alright madam, as you please. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 32. LQGKDYOH\UVHLGKDGKX" QQLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DOH Q¯QJDGKQLSGLVHLGKLQJDº" URPEDQOLQJHPDÄHSHL\DOH SÀQDYDUXVKDPNÌGDMVWKLPDÄHLOOH SÀQDPVDPURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKX QDºDNNLNÌGDPDÄHSHL\DOP XQJDNXÄDQGKHUWKULDÄXGKQ" NXÄDQGKHNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKX DGKDQOHDGKXURPEDDÄXGKDGKX FKLQQDNXÄDQGKHQDOODÄX¼XP DSSRGKQNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOOSDVLHGXNNXP YOÌUXNNXNLWWDRUXFKLQQDJUPDWKOHQÌOVOHQJDQHLUQJD LQGKDJUPDWKOHHOOUXNNXPQHVDYXYOHQDOODWKHUL\XP QHVDYºLQJDºXNNXLSSRHOOPNDVKWDPLOOH DYDQJDRUXQººHHWKWKDQHVOHQHLYQJD" ÌUDYDQLGDPULUXNNXGKX UOHDYDQQLODWKWKH YD\DOH ÌUDUQ ÌUDYDQÀGXPGXQJDQºHOOPYOHVHLGKXQJD ovvoru paiyanukkum pusthaham irukudhu. RYYRUXYDUXPSGDWKWKHQDOOSDGLNND¼XP RYYRUXYDUDQGKDDUHNNXSÀQJD LQGKDSDÄDPRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH" SDÄDQJDºHRYYR¼¼PVHPOHYDLQJD ------ 119 Adi’s Book. LESSON 33. VERBS, - PAST TENSE WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL. Strong Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense. iru be pira to be born endhiri get up mara forget kida lie down thira open kala mix nada walk para fly DºD measure kara yield milk PL graze Weak Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense. XNNU sit puhu enter WK give kuni bend forward Y come VL lean NRQGXY bring ale, thiri wander SÀLVU reach vandKXVU arrive ÀL cease nahar move (intr) YLÄX fall HÄX rise YDºDU grow (intr) YÄ live QUDPSRUXWKWKXY be late, come late The following verbs conjugate only for Neuter; Present, Past and Future. ude break eri burn theri know mudi finish (intr) QÀ ache, pain puri be clear Short Sentences. QWKXNOHOHQQVDUL\QOXPD¼LNNXHÄXQGKQ Yesterday I got up at exactly 4 o’clock in the morning. LQGKDQNNOLHSGLXGHQGKDGKX"LGKDQPOH\UXNNUQGKQJD" How did this chair break? Who sat on it? 120 Adi’s Book. HWKWKDQHSGDQJDºHPDUDQGKLQJD"QLQJDSGDQJDºHPDUDNNDNÌGGKX How many lessons did you forget? You should not forget lessons. Q¯QJDOHQSHWWL\HWKLUDQGKLQJD" Did you open my box? DQGKDPPYXNNXHQQDNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGKDGKX" What was the child born to that lady? LQGKDYOHHSSRPXGLndhadhu? When was this work finished? (intr) Q¯QJDLGKHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXPXGLththinga? At what time did you finish this work? L¼¼DNLPDGK\QDPQ¯QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDQDGDQGKLQJD You walked again and again this afternoon. DGKDQDOHGKQXQJDºXNNXNOYDOLNNXGKX That is why your legs are aching. QLQJDYOHNUDQXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPWKDQGKLQJD" How much money did you give to the servant? XQJDNXÄDQGKH\HNRQGXYDQGKLQJDºQQDGKHSDUNND¼XP Did you bring your child? I must see it. L¼¼DNLQ¯QJDQURPEDQUDPSRUXWKWKXYDQGKLQJD" Why did you come very late today? HQQÀGXQ¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXYLQJDº" Will you always speak with me inTamil? QQQNNOLPOHVLQGKQDGKDQOHDGKXNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX I leaned on the chair, therefore it fell down. SONUDQSOHVDUL\DºDQGKQ" Did the milkman measure the milk properly? QWKXLQGKDNOQÀQGKDGKXL¼¼DNLLQGKDNDLQÀKXGKX Yesterday this leg ached. Today this leg is aching. Q¯QJDMVWKLSOXPSDÄDPXPVSSLGD¼XPSXULQGKDGK You should take a lot of fruit and milk, you understand.? LQGKDPDQXVKDUHQJHSLÄDQGKUHSGLYDODUQGKU\UXNNXPWKHUL\GKX Nobody knows where this man was born and how he was brought up. Q¯QJDNXQLQGKLQJDDSSRXQJDSD¼DSSDLNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX You bent down, then your purse fell down. DGKXXQJDºXNNXHSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"Q¯QJDDGKHSUWKWKLQJDº" How did you know that? Did you see it? 121 Adi’s Book. QQXQJDOHSUNNDXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKQ I came to your house to see you. QQLSSRGKQWKÌNNDWKWKLOLULQGKXHÄXQGKQ I woke up just now from sleep. LQGKDVDQGKÀVKDPQDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXQWKXGKQWKHULQGKDGKX Only yesterday I came to know of this happy news. XQJDSÌQHHSGLNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKDGKX" How did your cat fall into the well? HQQDOODND¼¼GLUHQGXGHQGKDGKX My nice mirror broke into two. Practical Conversation. – School Caretaker. S: Schoolmaster, C: Caretaker. 6L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKHSS" At what time did you open the school today ‘pa. &QQHWWXPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKQ I opened the school at 8 o’clock. 6NXÄDQGKHQJDHOOUXPVDUL\QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGKQJDº" Did all of the children come to the class in time? &PQJDHOOSLººHQJDºXPVDUL\QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGKQJDºD" Yes Sir, all the children came to the class on time. 6HQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGKQ Which boy fell from the tree? &UPDQHQQXPX\DUDPQDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGKQ The tall boycalled Raman fell from the tree. 6DYDQNDLNOXGHQGKDGKHQQD" Did he break an arm or leg? &WKHUL\GKXQJDQRUXGRFWRUDYDQHSUWKWKU I don’t know Sir, but a doctor saw him. ------ 122 Adi’s Book. LESSON 34. VERBS, - PAST TENSE WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary pasu cow pul grass YLWK\VDP difference LQLPOH henceforth WKDQL\ alone R¼¼ together WKD¼¼L\ watery moththam in all, total, on the whole. kodi flag, vine DE\VDP exercise (n). YLºDNNX lamp puthu new dhadave time, (No. of times) WKÀL wash (clothes) NL dry Ira wet Short Sentences. QWKWKHOOPQ¯QJDYH\LOOHWKLULQGKLQJD All of yesterday you wandered in the sun. DGKDQOGKQL¼¼DNLQ¯QJDVXKDPLOOH That is why you are unwell today. XQJDºHVDQGKLNNDÌUHOOPDOHQGKQ I wandered all over the place to meet you. QQURPEDQUDPHQDUHOHLUXQGKQ I was in my room for a very long time. NÀYLOOHPRWKWKDPHWKWKDQHYLºDNNXQJDHULQGKDGK" How many lamps in all were burning in the temple? UWKULURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKXNWKWKOHGKQÀLQGKDGKX It rained heavily at night; only in the morning did it cease. QLQJDXQJDYOHVDUL\VHL\DOHLQLPOHDSGLVHL\DNÌGGKX You are not doing your work properly. Henceforth you should not do that. QQLQJHDQMXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQOHYOHNNXVUQGKQ I joined here for work five years ago. Q¯QJDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXDQXSSLQLQJD You sent me a good book. DQJHQ¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSÀLVUQGKLQJD" At what time did you reach there? 123 Adi’s Book. DYDQJDVLQJODPDQMXPD¼LNNXLQJHYDQGKXVUQGKQJD They arrived at here at five o’clock in the evening. LQGKDPVHNNXPDQGKDPVHNNXP\HQQDYLWK\VDP" What is the difference between this table and that table? LQGKDPVHSXGKL\DGKX SXWKXVX DQGKDPVHSDÄD\DGKX SDUDVX This table is new, that table is old. LGKXUH¼GXNNXPDYºDYXGKQYLWK\VDP That’s all the difference between these two. WKDPLÄSXVWKDKDQJDºHWKDQL\YDLQJD Put the Tamil books separately. HOOSXVWKDKDQJDºXPR¼¼YDLNNGKLQJD Don’t put all the books together. Q¯QJDDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXWKDQL\SÀKDNÌGKGKX You should not go to that place alone. L¼¼DNLSOWKD¼¼L\LOOHDGKXGKQQDOODGKX Today the milk is not watery, that is indeed good. DYDUQDOODSONUDUDYDUSOOHWKD¼¼LNDODNNDOH He is a good milkman. He did not mix water with the milk. NDWWDGDWKWKXNNXPOHHQJDGKVDWKWKXNRGLSDUDNNXGKX Our national flag is flying over the building. SÀQDYUDWKOHRUXURSOQ K\DYLPQDP URPEDÌ\DUDWKOHSDUDQGKDGKX Last week an aeroplane flew at a great height. HQJDSDVXURPEDQDOODSONDUDNNXGKX Our cow yields a lot of good milk. XQJDSDVXHWKWKDQHO¯WDUSONDUDQGKDGKX" How many litres of milk did your cow give? SONUDUSDVXYHSONDUDQGKU The milkman milked the cow. QQJDSDODYDUXVKDPVDQGKÀVKDPYDUQGKÀP We lived happily for many years. LQGKDDE\VDPÀYYRUXQººHUH¼GXGKDGDYHVHL\DQXP You should do this exercise twice every day. ------ 124 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – Housework. H: Housewuife, C: Cleaner. +LQGKDDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHLGKLQJDO" Have you cleaned this room? &LQQXPLOOHQJDNRQMDPQUDWKOHVXGKGKDPVHL\DSÀUQ Not yet Madam, I am going to clean it in a little while. +PVHQNNOLHOOPGKÌVL\LUXNNXGKXGKÌVLQDOODWKXGHQJD The tables and chairs are all dusty. Dust them properly. &VDULQJD¶PDDGKXQJDHOOPWKX¼L\OHQDOOWKXGLSSQ Alright Madam, I will wipe all of them well with a cloth. +WKX¼LQJDURPEDDÄXNNDLUXNNXGKXL¼¼DNNLNDWW\DPWKÀLNND¼XP The clothes are very dirty. You must wash them today. &L¼¼DNNLPDGK\QDPWKX¼LQJDHOOPWKDYDUPDWKÀLSSQ I shall wash all the clothes this afternoon without fail. +¯UDWKX¼LQJDºHY¯WWXNNXPXQQOHN\DSÀGGKLQJDWKÀWWDWKOHN\DSÀGXQJD Don’t put the wet clothes to dry in front of the house. Put them in the garden to dry. &VDULQJD¶PDDSGL\VHLUQ Alright Madam, I will do so. Expansion Drill, For Lessons 33&34. SONUDQURPEDNODPHYDQGKQV¯NUDPSONDUDQGKQDGKXOHNRQMDPWKD¼¼L\XP NDODQGKQLGKHOOPSUNNDQQDQJHLUXQGKQLQGKDVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNXVROODQQ PDUDQGKQXQJDYOHHSSRPXGLQGKDGKX"NRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXPXQQOHPXGLQGKDGKX LQJHYDQGKQRUXQLPLVKDPXNNUQGKQHQYWK\ULQGKDSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDQGKU SXVWKDKDPNDL\LOLUXQGKXN¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXDGKHHQDNNXSDGLNNDWKDQGUQQDGKH HGXNNDNXQLQGKQSWWXVDGKGKDPUWKULSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXÀLQGKDGKXGRFWRUHVDQGKLNND VSDWKULHOOPDOHQGKQDYDUVDUL\SDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXDUHNNXXººHSXKXQGKUDSSRGKQ PDÄH\XPÀLQGKDGKXDQGKDYLVKD\DPHQDNNXLSSRGKQSXULQGKDGKXQ¯QJDPVHPOH VLQGKLQJDXQJDSQDYLÄXQGKDGKXDSSRDGKXUH¼GXGHQGKDGKXXQJDY¯WWOHUWKULHOOP YLºDNNX\QHULQGKDGKX"UWKULXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKÌNNDP"YLºDNNXVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNX HSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"UWKULHQWKDOHURPEDQRQGKDGKXHQDNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQOH QQY¯WWLOLUXQGKXQDKDUDOH LGLRP WKDOHYDOLNODPHGKQÀLQGKDGKX ------ 125 Adi’s Book. LESSON 35. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL. Among the following Weak Verbs:- those ending in ‘u’ drop the’u’ and take ‘in’ as medial. those not ending in ’u’ take ‘n’ as medial. KX become, happen NDÄXYX wash (dishes not clothes) YLÄXQJXPHO chew, masticate SD¼¼X do, make madakku fold, bend nadaththu conduct Q¯WWX stretch niruththu stop (trans) thodangu begin, start WKDººX push thattu pat, knock thittu scold NQPOSÀ be lost kattu tie, build WKGX search for PWKWKX change VHWKWKXSSÀ die thadavu stroke, smear ÀWWX drive XQGNNX create Q¯QGKX swim virumbu desire thirudu steal PUX LQWU change PQGKXSÀ be deceived PDUDQGKXSÀ forget PWKWKX deceive, cheat WKÀQX appear, seem PWWX WU hang thongu hang WKÌNNX lift pidungu wrench NDÄDWWX take off, dismantle, strip Vocabulary male mountain siharam hill-top PDLGKQDP open field, space kulam tank kutte pond, puddle samudhram ocean, sea kare shore, bank ÀWWDO hotel NDFKUL performance arume excellence avasaram urgency 126 Adi’s Book. thuvarppu tartness SXºLSSX sourness uppu saltness thithippu, inippu sweetness kasappu bitterness NUDP pungence rusi taste (n) UXVLSU VWKWK taste (v) rasam pepper water PLºDKX pepper Sentences. LQGKL\YDNNXYDGDNNURPEDX\DUDPQDPDOHLUXNNXGKX There is a very high mountain in the North of India. WHQVLQJKXPKLODU\XPHYHUHVWVLKDUDWKWKXNNXPXGKDOPXGKDOOHSÀLVUQGKQJD Tensingh and Hilary reached the top of Everest first of all. SDUDWKWKHWKLUXGDDQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKXPOHULQQ That boy climbed up the tree to steal the fruit. YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXHSGLLUDQJLQLQJD" How did you get down from the cart? NDGDOWKD¼¼LURPEDXSSLUXNNXGKX Sea water is very salty. QDQJDPDGKXUDLOHRUXQDOODÀWWDOOHWKDQJLQÀP We stayed in a good hotel in Madhurai. Q¯QJDUWKULQDOODWKÌQJLQLQJDº" Did you sleep well last night? LQJHGKQQDPNXÄDQGKHQJDQWKXYLOD\GLQQJD Our children played only here yesterday. LGKXYLºD\WWXPDLGKQDP This is the playing field. DYDUSWWXNDFKFKULDQXPH\LUXQGKDGKX His music performance was excellent. DYDUHOOSWWXPQDOODSGLQU He sang all the songs well. QWKXHQQDQDWKX HQQFKX Q¯QJDHOOUXPHQÀGLQLQJD" What happened yesterday, why did all of you run? DYDUHQDNNXGRFWRUY¯WWHNWWLQU He showed me the doctor’s house. QQHQNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODNDGKHVRQQQ I told my children a good story. DQGKDNÌWWDWKOH\UDUXPH\SVLQDQJD" Who spoke excellently at that meeting. 127 Adi’s Book. LGKXNXGLWKD¼¼LNXODPLGKXOH\UXPQLQGKDNXGKGKX This is a drinking water tank. No one should swim in it. NÀGDLNQDOULURPEDDÄDKQDUL The kodaikanal lake is a beautiful one. QQXQJDOXNNKDNÀYLOXNNXPXQQOHURPEDQUDPQLQQ I waited for you near the temple for a very long time. DYDQWKLUXGLQQDGKDQOHDYDQHSÀO¯VNUDQJDSLGLWKWKQJD He stole, therefore the police caught him. 20. yenna sonninga? dhayavuseithu marupadiyum sollunga. What did you say? Please say it again. QLQJDXQJDºHSDWKWKLHÄXGKLQLQJDQNXÄDQGKH\HSDWKWKLR¼¼XPHÄXWKDOH You wrote about yourself, but you did not write anything about the child. LQGKDPLWW\HVSSLGXQJDLGKXURPEDLQLSSLUXNNXP Eat these sweets, this will be very sweet. LGKXURPEDNDVDSSXHQDNNXNDVDSSQDPDUXQGKXY¼P This is very bitter. I don’t want bitter medicine. ÀWWDOVSSGXURPEDNUDPQURPEDUXVL\LUXNNXGKXVLODVDPD\DPDGKXVXGXLOOH Hotel food is very hot (taste), but it is very tasty. Sometimes it is not hot (temp). SXºLSSQDUDVDPHQDNNXSLGLNNGKX I do not like sour pepper water. QLQGKDSDÄDPWKXYDUSSLUXNNXGKX" Why is this fruit tart. XQJDDUDKQDNXGH\HHQJHYQJLQLQJD" Where did you buy your beautiful umbrella? XQSDVXHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKDGKX Your cow came into our garden. DGKXSXOPWKUXPLOOHVHGLQJDºXPPLQGKDGKX It ate not only grass, but plants as well. LQLPOHGXPGXQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDUDNÌGGKX From now on, goats and cows should not come into the garden. L¼¼DNLQQPRWKWKDPDQMXSGDPSDGLWKWKQ Today I studied five lessons in total ------ 128 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – At the Tailor’s. T: Tailor C: Customer. &DL\HQDNNXVLODXGXSSXQJDDYDVDUDPY¼XPV¯NUDPNRGXNNDPXGL\XP" Sir, I want some garments urgently. Can you give them quickly? 7UH¼GXQººHNRGXSSQVDUL\" I will give them in two days, alright? &QWKWKXLQGKDWKX¼LYQJLQQLGKXOHUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN\XPWKDLNND¼XP I bought this material yesterday. Out of this two pants and two shirts should come. 7HQQDVRQQLQJDLQGKDWKXQLUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN\XPSÀGKGKX (Ibeg your pardon), This is not enough cloth for two pants and two shirts. &QQSÀGKXPQDWKX¼LYQJDPDUDQGKDSÀQQL¼¼DNLVDLQJODPYQJXYQ I forgot to buy enough cloth. I will buy it this evening. 7LQQRUXWKXQLHQDNNXNWWLQLQJDLOOH\"DGKH\HQQDVHL\D¼XP" You showed me some other cloth, didn’t you? What’s to be done with that? &PDGKXEORXVWKX¼LLQGKDDºDYXOHPÌQXEORXVWKDLNND¼XP Yes, that is blouse cloth. Three blouses are to be made of this size. 7VDULQJDHOOPYHººLNLÄDPHNDWW\DPNRGXSSQ Alright Sir, I will give them on Friday without fail. ------ 129 Adi’s Book. LESSON 36. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED. Vocabulary PDOKLDSSÌ jasmine UÀMSSÌ rose dazan dozen kadhambam mixed flowers, garland LSÀ ZQ be finished adi foot (length) PGKGKLUH pill NLFKFKDO fever H¼¼H oil udambu body Sentences. QQLQGKDWKDSOOHSÀGDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ I forgot to post this letter. Q¯QJD\HQQDVHL\DYLUXPELQLQJD" What did you wish to do? LQGKDGXGKQYÄHLOH\HPHQQDGKX Only this goat chewed the plantain leaf. LQGKDPGKGKLUH\HPHOODNÌGGKXQ¯QJDLGKHYLÄXQJD¼XP You should not chew this pill. You should swallow this. XQJDNDL\XPNOXPQDOODQ¯WWDPXGL\XP" Can you stretch your arms and legs well? QWKWKXNDLNONRQMDPNRQMDPQ¯WWLQQDSSRQDOOQ¯WWDPXGLQGKDGKX Yesterday I stretched hands and legs little by little, then I was able to stretch well. SÀQDPVDPGKQQQJDWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDWKRGDQJLQÀP Only last month we started to learn Tamil. DYDUNDGKDYHURPEDPHGKXYWKDWWLQU He knocked at the door very gently. HQSQDN¼PDOSÀQDGKX NQPDOSÀFKX Y¯GHOOPWKGLQQNLGHNNDOH My pen was lost. I searched for it all over the house; didn’t get it. PÌQXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQOHDYDUDSSVHWKWKXSÀQU His father died three years ago. DYDUHSGLVHWKWKXSÀQU What did he die of? DYDUXNNXURPEDQONLFKFKDOLUXQGKDGKX He had fever for a long time. 130 Adi’s Book. YD¼GLNNUDQYD¼GL\HURPEDYKDPÀWWLQQ The cart driver drove the cart very fast. XQJDNDL\HQDOONDÄXYLQLQJDº" Did you wash your hands well. \ULQGKDYOH\HSD¼¼QJD" Who did this work? NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKDGKX"NÌWWDWKWKH\UQDGDWKWKLQQJD" Where was the meeting held? Who conducted the meeting? DYDUHLQJHQQLUXWKWKLQ¯QJD" Why did you stop him here? LQGKDSQYH\UNLÄHWKDOOLQQJD" Who knocked this pen down? QQDYDQHWKLWWLQQQDGLNNDOH I scolded him but did not hit him. DYDUWKDQY¯WWHWKQNDWWLQU He built his house himself. L¼¼DNNLQDPQ\HQ¯QJDNXOLSSWWLQLQJDº Did you bathe our dog today? HQPVH\HLQGKDSDNNDPQWKLULSSLQLQJD" Why did you turn my table this way? 23. chennaiyilirundhu eppo thirumbininga? When did you return from Chennai. XQJDSDÄD\DWKX¼L\HPWKWKLQLQJDº" Did you change your old clothes? LQGKDH¼QH\HXGDPEXHOOPQDOOWKDGDYLQLQJDº" Did you smear well the whole body with this oil? Practical Conversation. – At a Flower Stall. W: Woman, F: Flower Girl. :LQJHYD¶PDXQQLGDP\HQQDSÌLUXNNXGKX" Come here. What flowers do you have? )LSSRHQQLGDPPDOOLKDLSÌPWKUXPLUXNNXGKX I have only jasmine flowers. :XQNLWWDUÀMDSÌLOOH\ Don’t you have roses? )HQNLWWDLUXQGKDGKXQHOOPLSÀQDGKX LSÀFKFKX I had, but they are all gone. W. kadhambam oru adi enna vile? How much is a foot of mixed flowers? )LQGKDNDGKDPEDPRUXDGLDQMXUÌEDGKXHÄXUÌEDGL This garland is five Rupees a foot, that one is seven Rupees a foot. :UÀMSÌGD]DQHQQDYLOHYLNUH¶P" For how much do you sell a dozen roses ‘ma? )QDOOUÀMDSÌSDQQHQGXUÌEGD]DQ Good roses, twelve rupees a dozen. ------ 131 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30. HQDNNXPDOHPOHUDURPEDLVKWDPPDOH\LOLUXQGKXQQVXODPEDPLUDQJLQQ DYDUL¼¼DNNLNODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXFKHQQDLOHYD¼GLULQUNWSGLOHPDGK\QDPLUDQJLQU ÀWWDOVSSGXHQDNNXSLGLNNGKXHQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LUL\LOLUXQGKXYDUXGKX FKHQQDLNDGDONDUH NDGDUNDUH URPEDDÄDKQDGKX PDÄHNODWKOHNXºDWKOHNXWWHOHNL¼DWKOHHOOLGDWKWKLOXPWKD¼¼LSUNNDOP HQJDÌUWKOHHSSRYXPNRQMDWKD¼¼LGKQÀGXGKX LGKXDUDPH\QDVSSGXQNRQMDPNUDPLUXNNXGKX XQJDNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LURPEDXSSLUXNNXGKXLQGKDSDÄDPQURPEDSXºLSSLUXNXGKX" DYDQJDLQGKDURWWL\UXVLSUWKWKQJD DGKXURPEDUXVL\LUXNNXGKXLQQXVRQQQJDL¼¼DNNLVSSGXUXVLLOOH DPPLQGKDNDVDSSXPDUXQGKHNXGLNNDPWWQ DGKXNXGLNNDURPEDURPEDNDVDSSLUXNNXGKX UDVDPQWKLWKLSSLUXNNXGKX"DGXOHFKDNNDUHNDODQGKLQJDº" QQXQJDºXNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVRQQQQ¯QJDDGKHPDUDQGKDSSÀQLJDº" DYDUHQQDXQJDºHNNNDYLUXPELQU" QQLSSRGKQDGKHSDWKWKLSVDWKRGDQJLQQ HQDNNXXQJDY¯GXWKHUL\GKXDYDUGKQDGKHHQDNNXNWWLQU Q¯QJDXQJDY¯WWHHSSRPWKWKLQLQJD" HQFUVYLN¼PDOSÀFKFKXDGKHURPEDQUDPWKGLQQ ------ 132 Adi’s Book. LESSON 37. VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE WITH ‘TT’ AS MEDIAL. In the following verbs, ‘du’ is dropped when adding the medial ’tt’ and endings. VSSLGX eat thodu touch SÀGX throw vidu leave padu suffer kashtappadu suffer, worry. SUD\VDSSDGX try, endeavour VDQGKÀVKDSSDGX rejoice ahappadu be found purappadu set out, start (on journey). kumbidu worship NÌSSLGX call nadu plant sudu burn, shoot (with gun). NºYLSSDGX hear Vocabulary NO VWW hear NÌFKFKDOSÀGX make a noise DK\DPYQDP sky NDGDYXºGKYDQ God ulaham world EKÌPL the Earth FKDQGUDQQLO moon nakshathram star DPYDVH new moon SRZU¼DPL full moon VÌU\DQ sun veyyil sunshine, sun heat. PD¼ mud, earth PD¼DO sand, gravel neruppu fire neruppu petti match box WKXSSNNL gun NDLWKXSSNL handgun padippu education miruham animal NGX forest iruttu dark (n). singam lion puli tiger pul grass pudhar bush, thicket Sentences. WKÀWWDNNDUDQRUXSHUL\DPDUDWKWKHYHWWLQQ The gardener cut a big tree. DYDQDQGKDPDUDWKWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HSÀWWQ He threw the wood out of the garden. 133 Adi’s Book. QQJHOOPLSSRGKQVSSLWWÀPQ¯QJDVSSLGDOH\" All of us ate just now; are you not eating? QQJDQDOODVDQJDGKL\NºYLSDWWÀPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP We heard the good news, we were very happy. Q¯QJDHQQHSDODGKDGDYHNÌSSLWWLQJDQQQYDUDPXGL\DOH You invited me several times, but I could not come. DYDQXNNXSDGLSSXLOOHDGKDQOHNDVKWDSSDWWQ He was not educated, so he suffered. HQWKÀWWDWKOHDQKDSÌVHGLQJDQDWWQ I planted many flowering plants in my garden. WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDQQURPEDSUD\DVDSSDWWQ I tried hard to learn Tamil. K\DWKOHHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What (things) are in the sky? YQDWKOHVÌU\DQXPFKDQGKUDQXPQDNVKDWKUDPXPLUXNXGKX The sun moon and stars are in the sky. L¼¼DNLSRZU¼DPLDGKDQOGKQQLOYHSUNNDDÄDKLUXNNXGKX Today is the full moon, so the moon is very beautiful to look at. DPYVHQºFKDQGKUDQWKHUL\GKX At the new moon time the moon is unseen. D¼¼DNLURPEDLUXWWLUXNNXP It will be very dark then. QPVDQGKÀVKDPLUXNNDGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELGD¼XP We should worship God daily to be happy. NDGDYXºURPEDURPEDQDOODYDUDYDUQDPXNNXHOOPVHLYU God is very kind, he will do everything for us. NWWXPLUXKDQJDºHVXGDWKXSSNNLY¼XPNDLWKXSSNNLSÀGKGKX A gun is needed for shooting wild animals, a handgun is not enough. SÀO¯VNUDQJDWKXSNNL\OHSXOL\HVXWWQJD The police shot a tiger with a gun. VLQJDPXPSXOL\XPNWWXPLUXKDQJDGXPPGXPY¯WWXPLUXKDQJD The lion and tiger are wild animals, the goat and the ox are domestic animals. 134 Adi’s Book. QWKWKXSGDPXQJDºXNNXQDOOYLºDQJLQDGK Was yesterday’s lesson very clear to you. 8QJDSHWWL\HVDUL\SÌWWLQLQJDº" Did you lock your box properly? 21. indha marundhe aththane dhadave thadavininga? How many times did you apply this medicine? QQDYDULGDSDODGKDGDYHPQGKXSÀQQ I was deceived by him several times. HQQHDYDUDQKDGKDGDYHPWKWKLQU He cheated me many times. LQGKDLUXWWX LUXWWQD DUHOHHSGLYOHVHLULQJD How do you work in this dark room. $YDUDQGKDYOH\HYLWWXYLWWU QLQQDGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOH LQWHVLILHGµYLWWU¶ He left (got out of) that job because he disliked it. Practical Conversation. – At a Rural Hospital. D: Doctor, P: Patient.. 'XQSUHQQD¶P"XQYD\DVXHQQD"XQÌUHGKX" What is your name? How old are you? Which is your village? 3HQSUFKLQQDPPQYD\DVXLUXEDWKWKDQMXHQÌUPOÌU My name is Chinnamma. I am twenty five years old. My village is Melur D. unakku enna kashtam? What is your trouble? P. yenakku joram, irumbal, thale vali. I have fever, cough , headache. 'XQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPHWKWKDQHQºLUXNNXGKX" How long have you had this trouble? 3HQDNNXUH¼GXYUDPLQGKDNDVKWDP I have had this trouble for two weeks. 'XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQD YUHQQD NDVKWDP" What other trouble do you have? 3DL\HQDNNXXGDPEXHOOPURPEDYDOL Sir, there is pain all over my body. 'VDULµPDDQJHXNNUQQPDUXQGKXNRGXNUQ Alright ‘ma, sit there, I will give you some medicine. ------ 135 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 37. L¼¼DNNLNODPHHQQDVSSLWWLQJD"HQQHHQQDNWWLQJD"QQDGKHSDWKWKLPDUDQGKXSÀQQ SDUYLOOHHQQH\QNÌSSLWWLQJD"QQDYDQJDºHDSGL\NÌSSLWWHQ QDSGLVDGKGKDPSÀWWLQJD"\ULQJHNÌFKFKDOSÀWWDGKX? (making a noise). DYDUXNNUDQQQNNOL\HSÀWWQPXGKDOOHNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXVSSGXSÀWWQJD DGKXNNXDSUDPQQJDVDSSLWWÀPXQJDOHSDWKWKLQQQWKWKXGKQNOYLSDWWQ LQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXYDÄLOHDKDSSDWWDGKXHQNXÄDQGKHDGKHDQJHSÀWWDGKX SÌVHGLQJDºHNL¼DWKWKXNNXYDODGKXSDNNDPQDWWLQJDº" \UGXPGXQJDºHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXXººHYLWWDGKX" LQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDURPEDSUD\DVDSDWWQDGKXNNKDURPEDNDVKWDSSDWWQ NDGDVLOHDQGKDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXDGKDQOHQQURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSDWW¼ ------ 136 Adi’s Book. LESSON 38. REVIEW (REVISION) No.III. Vocabulary DL\À oh dear! DL\ÀSYDP poor soul GKÀ something palahe, palake plank, board jebam prayer jebam sei pray visanappadu (w.tt) be sad Practical Conversation. – Mother and Father. M: Mother, F: Father. )ND¼¼DQHQJHSÀQQ"HSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXYQ" Where did Kannan go? When will he come back? 0ND¼¼DQSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀQQDQMXPD¼LNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEXYQ He went to school. He will come back after 5 o’clock. )DYDQQWKWKXY¯WWXNNXQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKQ" Why did he come back very late yesterday? 0DYDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKQQLQQSDººLNÌGDWKOHURPEDQUDPYLOD\GLQQ He came very late because he played in the school for a very long time. )L¼¼DNNLPDGK\QDPHQJHVSSLWWQ" Where did he eat this afternoon? 0DYDQL¼¼DNNLWKDQVQKLGKDUÀGXSDººLNÌGDWKOHVSSLWWQY¯WWOHVSSLGDOH Today he ate with his friends in the school. He didn’t eat at home. )DQGKDVSSGXDYDQXNNXSLGLWKWKDGK" Did he like that food? 0DYDQVQKLGKDUDYDQXNNXQDOODVSSGXNRGXWKWKQJD DGKXDYDQXNNXURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKXLQQXVRQQQ His friends gave him good food. He said that he liked it very much. ------ 137 Adi’s Book. Review No. III DL\Q¯QJD\U"XQJDSUQQD"XQJDÌUHGKX"\HQSUNULVKQDQHQÌUVODP VODPL QJLUXQGKXU RPEDG KÌUDP" X QJDÌ U GKÌUDPNLWWDY" V ODPH YºDYX GKÌUDWKOH LUXNNXGKX"\HQÌULQJLUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLQJLUXQGKXDLQÌUXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDWKOH LUXNNXGKXDGKXSHUL\DSDW¼DPFKLQQDQDKDUDPLOOHDQGKDÌUQDOODÌULOOH\" PPURPEDQDOOÌUGKQ QQXGDQHFKHQQDLNNXSÀKD¼XPQ¯QJDºXPHQQÀGXYDULQJDºHQQÀGXYDUDXQJDºXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP" L QQXP\ U FKHQQDLNNXS ÀUQJD" H QP DQDYL\XPNX ÄDQGKHQJDºXPN ÌGD YDUXYQJDURPEDQDOODGKXDSSRQQXPXQJDºÀGXYDUQQQHWKWKDQHPQLNNXWKD\U LUXNND¼XP"QºDNNLNODPHUXPD¼LNNXDQGKDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHWKD\ULUXQJDQQ VDUL\UXPD¼LNNXXQJDºHVDQGKLSSQDGKXNNDSUDPQQJHOOPFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDOP Q¯QJDYOH\HJKDYDQDPVHL\D¼XPDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVDUL\VHL\DOHQ¯QJDLQGKD YOH\HSDODGKDGDYHVHLGKLQJDDGKDQOHLGKHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXVXODEDPLUXNNXP L¼¼DNNLN ÌWWDPH QJHQ DGDNNXP" Q WKXN ÌWWDWKOHQ QH SGLS VLQQ" Q ¯QJD DUXPH\ SHVLQLQJDQQQDOODSVDOHDQGKDNÌWWDWKOHRUXYDUSVDOHQGKÀSDGLWKWKU NÌWWDPDQMXPD¼LNNXUDPELWKWKDGKXHWWXPD¼LNNXPXGLQGKDGKXDQJHSDODVWKU¯QJDNÌGD YDQGKDQJDQQµMRKQ¶HNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNÌSSLWWQQDYDUYDUDOH L QGKD UDPQDN L¼DWKWKXW KD¼¼LQ DOOWKD¼¼L H QJD DQDODPQDW KÀWWDWKOHX \DUDPQD PDUDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDQQHQWKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXRUXDÄDKQDSXNRQGXYDQGKQXQJD YDWWDPQDNL¼DWKWKHQQNÌGDSDUWKQNXWWH\QDPDQXVKDUVDGKXUDPQDSDODNH\HHQJH NRQGXSÀUUHQJDÌUULDÄDKQDHULQQJDDQGKDULOHQLQGKDDGLNNDGLSÀYÀPNXGL WKD¼¼LNXODWKOHQLQGKDNÌGGKXNRYLOXNNXPXQQOHRUXNXODPLUXNNXGKXHOOUXPDQGKD NXODWKLOLUXQGKXN XGLNNDW KD¼¼LNR QGXSÀUQJD X QJDºXNNXQ LQGKDW KHUL\XP" Q Q XQJDOOXNNXQLQGKDNDWKWKXNRGXNUQVDULURPEDQDQGUL DYDUXNNXLSSRURPEDSD¼DNDVKWDPDYDULGDPSÀGKXPQDSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQOHDYDU URPEDN DVKWDSSDGUU DYDUXNNXD QMXN XUDQGKHQJDL QQXW KÀQDGKX L GKHS DWKWKL\ DU VRQQDQJD"DYDUDPPSRQDYDUXVKDPVHWKXSÀQDUDGKXNNKDDYDUURPEDYLVDQDSDWWU QQ RUXQ ºDYDU Y¯WWXNNX SÀQQ Q QJDU H¼GX SUXPU RPEDQ UDPS DODY LVKD\DP SVLQÀPLSSRDYDUXNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQQXPVDQGKÀVKDSDWWQ 138 Adi’s Book. D QGKDS HUL\DY OH\HP XGLNNDR UX YDUXP QDGKX Q DQJD HOOPL QGKDY OH\HR ¼¼ UDPELWKWKÀP DGKHP ÌQXP D¼LOHP XGLNNDY LUXPELQÀP DGKXNNKURPED SUD\DVDSDWWÀP QPXGL\DOH R UXQ ºYOHQ DGDNNDOH QLQQD¼¼DNNLM VWKLP DÄH SHLGKDGKX D GKDQOHU RPEDN RQMDPGKQY OHV HLGKÀP LGKXV XODEDPQDY OH LOOHNDVKWDPQDYOHQ¯QJDWKDQL\VHL\DPXGL\GKXDL\ÀSYDPHQOHXQJDºXNNXURPED NDVKWDPXQJ DN DVKWDWKWKXNNKURPEDQ DQGUL L QLPOHQ QJDL QGKDY LGKDPQDY OH VHL\DPWWÀP Q ¯QJDH QQH HQD UHOHV DQGKLNNDOP QDºDNNLN ODPHN DWW\DPY QJD Q QH QD UHOH HSSRYXPLUXNUQQDºDNNLNÌGDLUXSSQUPDQXPUDK¯PXPMQXPSRQDVDQLNNLÄDPHHQJD Y¯WWXNNXYDQGKQJDHQY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP"WKHUL\XPXQJDYLGXNÀYLOXNNX PXQQOHLUXNNXGKXVDULGKQ"LSSRXQJDY¯WWOH\ULUXNUQJD"DYDQJDOOPQºD¼¼DNNL FKHQQDLOLUXQGKXSXUDSSDGUQJDHQQLGDPYDUDDYDQJDºXNNXVDQGKÀVKDP JDVWP VDPS DGKLQDQMPW KGLH QJDºXNNX YOHLO OH QLQQD¼¼DNNLV XGKDQGKLUD GKLQDP LQGHSHQGHQFHGD\ DGXWKWKDYUDPWKLQJDNLÄDPHQQJDPDUXSDGL\XPYOHNNX SÀYÀPQQNLÄHQOYDGKXDUHOHYOHVHLUQQ¯QJDHQDNNXURPEDQONDGLGKDPSÀGDOH QQGKQXQ JDºXNNX SDODG KDGDYH HÄXGKLQQ XQJDOLGDPLUXQGKXH QDNNX RUX NDGLGKDPNÌGDYDUDOHGKD\DYXVHLGKXXGDQDYDUXNNXHÄXGKXQJDLGKHQLQJDPDUDQGKX SÀKDNÌGGKXYLODQJXGKLOOH\ DYDUSHUL\DSD¼DNNUDUDYDUXNNXDQKDYOHNUDQJDLUXNUDQJDDYDUY¯WWOHHSSRYXP SDGKLQDQMX SU YHOHV HLUQJD L QGKDS D¼DNNUDU HOOUXNNXPQ DOODYDU D YDU HOOUXNNXP QDOODGKXVHLUUQHOOSD¼DNNUDUXPQDOODYDQJDLOOHLYDUHQ¯QJDVDQGKLWWLQJDºQQ DYDUHRURUXGKDGDYHVDQGKLWWQ RURUXRQO\RQFH QPLSSRNDGDYXºHNXPELGDSÀYÀPYQJDQPQºGKÀUXPMHEDPVHL\D¼XP QPQOODYDQJDOLUXNNDNDGDYXºMHEDP YD¼DNNDP URPEDPXN\DPNDGDYXºYD¼DNNDP SUD\HU WR* RG HQDNNXV DQGKÀVKDWKWKHN RGXNNXGKX Q¯QJDY DUXWKWKDSSDGGKLQJD NDGDYXºXQJDºHN SSWKWKXYU D YDU HQQHN SSWKWKLQU L QGKDQ DOODY UWKWKHNNKD XQJDºXNNXHQQDQGULXQJDYUWKWKH\HQQNSSQYD¼DNNDPSÀLWXYDUQ ------ 139 Adi’s Book. LESSON 39. PAST PARTICIPLES. The meaning and use of the Past participles will be seen from the examples given below. Forming Past Participles. Verbs, past tense not taking ‘in’ as medial:- drop the ending, and substitute ‘u’. Past Tense Past Participle Meaning YDQGKQ vandhu having come DGLWKWKQ adiththu having struck VHLGKQ seidhu having done Verbs, past tense taking ‘in’ as medial:- drop the termination. YQJLQQYQJL having bought NWWLQQNWWL having shown SGLQQSGL having sung Irregular Past Participles. SÀQQSÀL having gone QQ L having become VRQQQ solli having said ------Negative Past Participles. These are formed by DGGLQJµPH¶WRWKHLQILQLWLYH vara YDUPH without coming adikka DGLNNPH without hitting VSSLGD VSSLGPH without eating. LOOPHZLWKRXW follows nouns and pronouns:- SXVWKDKDPLOOPHYQJD Come without the book. QQLOOPHQ¯QJDSÀKDOP You may go without me. ------ 140 Adi’s Book. Sentences. NXÄDQGKHQJDSDºLNNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLSDGLNÄDQJD The children go toschool and study. DQJHHOOUXPR¼¼DVUQGKXYLºD\GUQJD There they all join together and play. QQRUXFK¯WWXHÄXWKLNRGXNUQDGKHNRQGXSÀLGRFWRULGDPNRGXQJD I shall write a chit and give it to you. Take it and give it to the doctor. DYDQVSSLWWXYHºL\HSÀQQ He ate and went out. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHWKLUDQGKXYVLQJD Open this book and read. QQQOGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELWWXWKÌQJDSÀUQ Daily I pray to God and go to sleep. SD¼DWKWKHPVHPOHYDLWKXNXºLNNDSÀQQ I went to bathe having kept the money on the table. GKD\DYXVHLGKXLYDUÀGXSÀLHQY¯WWHDYDUXNNXNWWLYQJD Please go with him, show my house and come. QQXQJDºXNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLDQXSSLQQ I sent word for you several times. (idiom). SHWWL\HQDOOPÌGLSÌWWXSÀGXQJD Close the box well and lock it. NXÄDQGKHDPPYLGDPÀGLYDQGKDGKX The child came running to the mother. QPVSSWWHHSSRYXPQDOOPH¼¼XVSSLGD¼XP We should always chew our food well and eat it. V¯NUDPVSSLWWXXGDQHDQJHSÀQJD Eat quickly and go there immediately. XQJDEDGKLOHSUWKXGKQQQFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ Only after having seen your reply I shall go to Chennai. Q¯QJDDQJHSRKPHLQJHLUXNNDPXGL\GKX You cannot remain here without going there. DYDQJDEDGKLOLOOPHQQNDWW\DPSÀKDPWWQ I will certainly not go without their reply. 141 Adi’s Book. LQGKDYOH\HVHLGKXDYDQJDY¯WWXNNXSÀQQJD Having done this work they went home. FKLQQDSDL\DQJDPDLGKQDWKOHÀGLGLYLºD\GUQJD Small boys are playing happily in the open field. NÀYLOXNNXSÀKDQUDSÀLLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP To go to the temple, go straight and turn right. DYDQJDHQWKDPLÄSWWHNWWXYLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWKQJD Having heard my Tamil song they laughed hilariously. (idiom)(fell about, laughing!) QQJDPDPE\LOLUXQGKXQWKWKXSXUDSSDWWXL¼¼DNNLYOÌUYDQGKXVUQGKÀP Setting out from Mumbai yesterday, we reached Vellore today. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKHV¯NUDPSDGLWKWKXPXGLWKWKXHQQLGDPNRGXQJD Read and finish this book soon and give it to me. L¼¼DNNLQQVDQGKÀVKDPLOOPHYOHVHLUQQLQQNXºLNNPHYDQGKQ I am unhappily working because I came without bathing. NDGKDYXWKLUDQGXLUXNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXPÌGXQJD The door is open, please close it. L¼¼DNNLHQJDFUNHWWXSÀQDGKX NHWWXSÀFKX DGKDQOHQQJDQDGDQGKXYDQGKÀP Our car broke down today, so we came walking. Practical Conversation. – At a Furniture Shop. C: Customer S: Shopkeeper. &DL\XQJDOLGDPPVHQNNOLQJDWKD\ULUXNNXGK" Do you have chairs and tables ready made? 6PLUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQD HQWKD PDUDWKOHYQXP" Yes we have, what wood do you want? &QÌNNDPDUDWKOHYDLWKXLUXNULQJDO" Do you have them in rosewood? 6PXQQOHYDLWKXLUXQGKÀPLSSRWNNXPDUDWKOHGKQLUXNNXGKX We had before. Now we have them only in teakwood. &XQJDNDGHOHYDWWD YDWWDPQD VSSWWXPVHLUXNNXGK" Do you have a round dining table in your store? 142 Adi’s Book. 6LSSRWKD\ULOOHHQJDºXNNXUGDUNRGXQJDRUXYUDWKOHVHLWKXNRGXNUÀP Not ready now. Give us an order. We’ll make it and give it in a week. &L¼¼DNNLUGDUNRGXSSÀPHQJDVPQHSSR HWKWKDQHQººH HQJDºXNNXNLGDLNNXP We’ll give an order today. When can we get our things. 6XQJDUGDUXNNKDQDQGULXQJDVPPXQJDºXNNXRUXYUDWKOHNDWW\DPNLGDLNNXP Thanks for your order. You will get your things without fail in a week. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 39. QQV¯NUDPVSSLWWXWKÌQJDSÀQQWKÌNNDWKWKLOLUXQGKXHÄXQGKXHQQDVHLGKLQJD"NRQMDP QUDPWKÌQJLDSUDPNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLQQNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLDYDULGDPNRGXWKWKQDYDU DGKHY QJL WKDSO S¯VXNNXN RQGXSÀQU D GKHN RQGXSÀL WKDSOS HWWLOHS ÀWWU D QGKD NDGLGKDPV UQGKX EDGKLOXPY DQGKDGKX X QJDºXNNX\ HQQDV ROOLD QXSSLQU" D YDU XQJDºXNNKDLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNRGXWKWKXDQXSSLQU LGKHV SSLWWXW KD¼¼LNXG LQJD LQJHUXQGKXH WWXP D¼LNNXS XUDSSDWWXD QJH HWKWKDQHP D¼LNNXS RLVUQGKLQJD" QQU WKUL UH¼GXP DQLNNXY DQGKXV UQGKQ DYDQJDN DVKWDSSDWWXL QGKDS XVWKDKDPH ÄXGKLQQJD YOÌUHY¯WWXH SSRS RULQJD" L QGKD DUXPH\QDW KX¼L\HW KRWWXS ULQJD X QJDS WWHN NNX URPEDV DQGKÀVKDSSDWWQ D YDQJDH OOPNRY LOXNNX SÀLN DGDYXºHN XPELWWX YDUQJD NDGH\LOLUXQGKXRUXGD]DQSDÄDPYQJLYDQGKQQQJDVDLQJODPHOOPYLºD\GLLSSRGKQ SÀUÀP D YDU RUXP D¼LQ UDPS VLXN NUQGKU Q LQJDP DUDQGKXSÀLL QGKDY OH\H VHLGKLQJDº"XQJDPVH\HNRQMDPWKDOOLYDLQJDQQJDLQJHYDQGKXRUXYDUXVKDPQDGKX FKFKX SONUDQJDSOOHWKD¼¼LNDODQGKXYLNUQJD Q¯QJDL ¼¼DNNLH QQHS UNNPH SÀKDNÌGGKX WKDPELS DGLNNPHL QJHH QQDV HLUH R ¼¼XPP DUDNNPH HOO VDQJDGKL\XPVROOD¼XP Q ¯QJDD QGKDW KLUXGDQHS LGLNNPHY LGDNÌGKGKX Q QJDY ¯WWOH VSSLGPHÀWWDOOHVSSLWWÀPDGKHHQDUHOHYDLNNPHLQJHQYDLWKWKLQJD"LGKXNNKDQQ ÄPH HQQDV HLYQ" Q Q HQQOH VLULNNPHL UXNNDP XGL\GKX L QGKDQ DOODY GK\U NXUDQGKHQJDºHDGLNNPHNDWKWKXNNRGXNUUURPEDQOPDÄHSHL\PHLUXNNXGKXNSSL LOOPHQQYOHVHL\DPXGL\GKXSD¼DPLOOPHNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDPWWHQVLODVDPD\DP QQF KDNNDUHLOOPHN SSLNXGLNUQ Y OHLOOPH DYDUXNNXU RPEDN DVKWDPLUXNNXGKX DQKDSUY¯GXLOOPHVSSGXLOOPHWKX¼LQJDLOOPHNDVKWDSDGUQJDXQJDXGKDYLLOOPH QQLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\GKX ------ 143 Adi’s Book. LESSON 40. PERFECT AND IMPERFECT TENSES. Perfect Tenses To form Perfect Tenses for any Verb, use the Past Participle plus ‘iru’ plus Personal Endings according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense. e.g. QQYDQGKXLUXNUQ QQYDQGKLUXNUQ I have come. similarly, QQYDQGKLUXQGKQ I had come QQYDQGKLUXSSQ I will have come Note:- Future perfect also expresses ‘would have’ QQYDQGKLUXSSQ I would have come. Imperfect Tenses To form Imperfect Tenses for any Verb, use the Past Participle plus ‘kondiru’ plus Personal Endings according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense. DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXNUU avar YDQGKXNRQGLUXNUU He is coming similarly, DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXQGKU He was coming DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXSSU He will be coming Colloquial Corruption.-modifying ‘kond’ to ‘knu’ or ‘kittu’, NRQGLUXNUU NQXXUXNUU NLWWXLUXNUU NRQGLUXQGKQ knu irunGKQNLWWXLUXQGKQ NRQGLUXSSQNQXLUXSSQNLWWXLUXSSQ QQLSSRHÄXGKLNQXLUXNUQ HÄXGKLNRQGLUXNUQ I am writing now. QQVSSLWWXNLWWXLUXQGKQ VSSLWWXNRQGKLUXQGKQ I was eating. Sentences. QPLQGKDYLGKDPQDYOHPXQQOHVHLGKLUXNUÀP We have done this kind of work before. XQJDºHSUNNDQQSDODGKDGDYHYDQGKLUXQGKQ I had come to see you several times. 144 Adi’s Book. DYDUQºDNNLVDLQJODPUNWWXNNXSÀLLUXSSU By tomorrow evening he will have gone to Arcot. Q¯QJDDYDUHHQJHHSGLVDQGKLWKWKXLUXNULQJD" Where and how have you met him? QQXQJDºHNDGHWKHUXOHSUWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen you in the bazaar. NXÄDQGKHWKXQJLNLWWXLUXNNXGKX The child is sleeping. DYDUUWKULWKÌNNDPLOWKDLUXQGKUDGKDQOHLSSRQDOOWKÌQJUU He was without sleep last night, so he sleeps soundly now. Q¯QJDLQQXPNRQMDPQººHQDOOWKDPLÄSVLNRQGLUXSSLQJD In a few days you will be speaking Tamil fluently. QWKWKXY¯WWOHHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKLQJD" What were you doing yesterday at home? QQQWKWKHOOPNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLNRQGLUXQGKQ Yesterday I was writing letters the whole day. SÌQHSONXGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX Tlhe cat is drinking milk. QQLQGKDPDUXQGKXNXGLWKWKLUXNUQ I have taken this medicine. DYDQJDLQJHURPEDVDGKGKDPSVLNRQGLUXNUQJD They are talking here very loudly. QºDNNLLQQUDPQPUHQGXSUXPUD\LOOHSÀLNRQGLUXSSÀP Tomorrow by this time we will both be going in the train. QQUWKULXQJDºHSUNNDYDUDOHQLQQDSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX I did not come to see you last night because it was raining. Q¯QJDQWKWKXNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKLULQGKLQJDº" Did you come to the meeting yesterday QQJDLSSRSDWKWKXSUXNNXVSSGGXVDPHWKWKXLUXNUÀP We have cooked food for ten people now. DYDQDQJHQSÀLNRQGLUXNUQ" Why is he going there? VDQLNNLÄDPHVLQJODPQQJDNWKWKXYQJDSÀLNRQGLUXNUÀP. On Saturday evening we were going for a stroll. (lit. getting air, ‘breath of fresh air’) 145 Adi’s Book. DSGL\"URPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQQJDNÌGDL¼¼DNNLSÀKDSÀUÀP Is that so? very glad, we are also going today. DYDUQDPDNNKDUH¼GXPD¼LQUDPNWKWKXNRQGKLUXQGKU He was waiting for us for two hours. DSSYXPDPPYXPQDPPLGDPLUXQGXNDGLGKDPHGKLUSUWKWKXNRQGLUXSSQJD. Mother and father will be expecting letters from us. (looking for). NXÄDQGKHDGLNNDGLQDÄXGKXNRQGKLUXQGKDGKX" Why was the child crying frequently? DGKXNNXWKÌNNDPYDUDOHDGKDQOHHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX It did not get sleep, hence it was giving me trouble. QQJDUXSUWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRQGLUXNUÀP We six people are learning Tamil. Practical Conversation. – Study or Play? M: Mother, C: Child. 0NULVKQSDGLNNPHLSSRHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXNUH" Krishna, what are you doing now instead of studying. &YLºD\GLNRQGLUXNUQNRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDPSDGLNUQ¶P I am playing. I will study after a little while, mum. 0QQXQDNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLLUXNUQQ¯VDUL\UXPD¼LNNXSDGLNNDUDPELNND¼XP I have told you several times. You should start studying at exactly six. &QºD\LOLUXQGKXDSGL\VHLUQL¼¼DNNLPDWWXPNRQMDQUDPYLºD\GUQ¶P From tomorrow I will do just that. Today only I am playing just a little while. 0VXPPSVLNRQGLUXNNGKHQºDNNLYLG\OD\PQQ¯LSSRNDWW\DPSDGLNND¼XP Don’t keep talking. Tomorrow you may play, but now you must study. &VDUL¶PDSSYDQGKU" Alright mum. Has father come? 0LQQXPYDUDOHQ¯V¯NUDPSÀLSDGLLOOQDSSYDQGKXXQQHDGLSSU Not come yet. You go and study quick, or father will come and hit you. ------ 146 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 40. HQJDV DPH\DONUDU L¼¼DNNLQ DOODV DPH\DOV HLGKLUXNUU Q QD YDUHS DODG KDGDYH VDQGKLWKWKXLUXQGKQXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDQLQHWKWKXLUXQGKQDYDQDQGKDPXN\DPQD NDGLGKDWKHNLÄLWKWKXL UXSSQ L YºDYXQUDPD YDQJDSGDP UDPELWKWKXL UXSSQJD Q Q LQGKDSX VWKDKDPL YºDYXGKQP XGLWKWKXL UXNUQ D QGKDS DL\DQJDU RPEDV LULWKWKX NRQGLUXNUQJDQ¯QJDHSSRYXPDGKHSDWKWKLQQLQHWKWKXNRQGKLUXQGKLQJD" LQQXPP DÄHS HLGKXNRQGLUXNNXGK" GRNWRU VSDWKULOHY OHV HLGKXN RQGLUXNUU NXÄDQGKHQURPEDDÄXGKXNRQGLUXNUQ"L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHVOHQJDQHLGKLUXSSQJD"Q¯QJD HYODYXQUDPXNNUQGKXNRQGLUXQGK¯QJD"XÄDYDQJDYD\DOOHXÄXGKXNRQGKLUXNUQJDQ¯QJD SDÄD\DSGDQJDºHPDUDQGKXSÀLLUXNULQJDLOOH\"DYDQJDLQQXPVSSLWWXNRQGLUXNUQJD LGKXNNXXººHLQGKDVDPFKFKUDPHOOUXNNXPWKHULQGKXLUXNNXP QQXQJDÌUXNNXDGLNNDGLYDQGKXLUXQGKQQ¯QJDDYDUXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKX LUXNULQJD D GKX YKDPHQJHS ÀLNRQGLUXNNXGKX" NÌWWDPH WWXP D¼LNNXP XQQOH PXGLQGKXLUXQGKDGKXDYDUXNNXSDODNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLLUXNUQFKLQQDSDL\DQJSÌQJD WKLUXGLNRQGLUXQGKQJD Q¯QJDS WWXD ÄDKSGLNRQGLUXQGKLQJD Q QD GKHJ KDYDQDP NWWXNRQGLUXQGKQ L QGKDY H\LOOH QD OHQGKXNRQGLUXNULQJD" QQX QJDºHGKQ WKGLNRQGLUXQGKQQ¯QJDURPEDQHUDPLQJHLOOHHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD"DQGKDPPSDWWX VOHQJDOHPDGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNUQJDQQDUHQJDHOOPSÌWWLLUXQGKQLSSRDGKXQJDHOOP thirandhu irukkudhu. ------ 147 Adi’s Book. LESSON 41. CONDITIONAL FORMS. Positive Conditional-‘if’. Present and Future Conditional is expressed:- (a) by adding µ¶WRWKHSDVWmedial, Past tense Conditional Meaning YDQGKQYDQGK if I come SUWKQSUWKWK if I see VRQQQ VRQQ if I say or (b) by adding µQ¶WRSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUHWHQVH Q¯QJDYDULQJDQ if you come Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJDQ if you come Q¯QJDYDUXYLQJDQ if you come to make the present and future conditional forms. Past Conditional is expressed:- (a) by adding µ¶WRWKHSDVWSHUIHFWPHGLDO QLQJDYDQGKXLUXQGK if you came Negative Conditional ‘if not’. 7KLVLVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµYLWW¶RUµLOOQD¶WRan infinitive, regardless of number, gender, person or tense. Q¯QJDYDUYLWW or QLQJDYDUDOHQ meaning:- if you do not come, or if you did not come, or if you will not come. Note:-µYLWW¶RUµLOOQD¶IRllows nouns or pronouns. SHQFLOLOOQSQNRQGXYQJDRUSHQFLOYLWWSQNRQGXYQJD Bring a pen if not a pencil. QLQJDDQJHLOOHQQQYDUDPWWQRUQLQJDDQJHLOOYLWWQQYDUDPWWQ I will not come of you are not there. ------ 148 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary for Lesson 41 aththe aunt FKLWKWKDSS uncle P¯VH moustache PXºH grow ºSU person QUDPFKX it is time LQQRUXYURUX another ghanam, ede weight maththa the other OVX lightness LQQR¼¼XYUR¼¼X another one RUXYºH perhaps NXUHNDPPLKX decrease NXÄL tap, pipe, tube udambu body YUH different, any other jananga people Sentences. Q¯QJDQºGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSDGLWKWKWKDPLÄQDOODSHVDPXGL\XP If you study Tamil daily, you can speak Tamil well. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLWWDGKQQQSÀYQ Only if he calls me I shall go. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGDOQ NÌSSLGYLWW QQSÀKDPWWQ If he does not call me I shall not go. NXÄDQGKHQJDSONXGLWKWKVXKDPLUXSSQJD If the children drink milk they will be healthy. JKDQDPNXUH\D NDPPLKD NRQMDPVSSLGD¼XP You should eat less to lose weight. JKDQDPNXUHQGKXGDPEXOVDLUXNNXP If you lose weight the body will be light. HQQDNNXLQGKDQNNOLY¼PYUR¼¼XNRQGXYDQGKQDOOLUXNNXP I don’t want this chair, if you bring another one it will be nice. SDWKWKXSULQGKDYOHVHLWKDGKHV¯NUDPPXGL\XP If ten people do this work it will be finished quickly. NÌWWDWKWKXNNXURPEDMDQDQJDYDQGKQQSÀKDPWWQ If a lot of people come to the meeting I will not go. Q¯QJDUPDQSUWKWKWLQJHYDUDVROOXQJD If you see Raman, tell him to come here. 149 Adi’s Book. XQJDºXNNXSD¼DPLOOYLWWHQDNNXVROOXQJD Tell me if you don’t have money. URPEDQDQGULHQDNNXSD¼DPY¼XPQQQXQJDOOXNNXVROYQ Many thanks, if I want money I shall tell you. PDÄHSHLGKQ¯QJDYHºL\HSÀKDNÌGGKX If it rains you should not go out. DYDUXNNXVXKDPLOOQGRFWRULGDPXGDQHNDWWD\DPSÀKD¼XP If he is not well he must go to the doctor’s at once. Q¯QJDPGKXYSVLQHQDNNXVDUL\YLºDQJXGKX If you speak slowly I understand properly. QQR¼¼XVR¼¼DYDUYUR¼¼XVHLUU If I say one thing, he does another. DWKWKHNNXP¯VHPXºHWKWKFKLWWDSSYU SURYHUE If an aunt grows a moustache, she will become an uncle. (Eng. Pigs might fly!) URPEDGKÌUDPQDGDQGKXQJDNOYDOLNNXP If you walk a long distance your legs will ache. Q¯QJDSGLQDYDUGXYUQ¯QJDSDGYLWWDYDUGDPWWU If you sing she will dance, if you do not sing she will not dance. DÄXGKDGKQNXÄDQGKHNNXSONLGDLNNXPA child will get milk only if it cries. Q¯QJDWKD\ULUXQGKQPLSSRYHºL\HSÀKDOP If you are ready, we may go out now. XQJDºXNNXRUXQNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGKHOOUXPVDQGKÀVKDSSDGXYQJD If a baby boy is born to you, everybody will rejoice. QPYOHOHJKDYDQDPLUXQGKGKQYOH\HQDOODVHL\DPXGL\XP Only if we are careful in our work can we do the work well. DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDUYLWWHQDNNXYDUXWKWKDPLUXNNXP If he does not come to my house I shall be sorry. RUXYOHQQYDUDPWWQ\QLQQURPEDQUDPFKFKX Perhaps I shall not come, because the time is over. ------ 150 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. – Can I Drink This Water? W: Westerner L: Local Indian. :DL\XQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LHSGLNLGDLNNXGKX" Sir, how do you get your drinking water? /HQJDºXNNXNXÄLPÌODPWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX We get water through pipes. :NXÄLNNX\HQJLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXGKX" From where is the water piped? /WKWKLOLUXQGKXNXÄDLNNXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX Water comes to the pipe from the river. :WKWKLOHWKD¼¼LLOOYLWW\HQQDVHLYLQJD" If there is no water in the river, what will you do? ,WKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNYLWWY¯WWXNL¼DWKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXP If we don’t get water from the river, we’ll get it from the well of our house. :QNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LXSSLUXQGK\HQQDVHLYLQJD" But if the well water is salty, what will you do? ,HQQDVHL\DOP"\HQJDºXNNXYUHWKD¼¼LLOOHWKD¼¼LNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKXYQJD¼XP What can we do? We have no other water. We should get water by payingfor it. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 41. DQGKDSHWWLJKDQDPLUXQGKQQDGKHWKÌNNDPXGL\GKXSDWKWKXOLQGKDYOH\HVHLGK V¯NUDPPXGL\XPLGKHMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXLUXQGKYLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWKXLUXSSQJD QQF KHQQDLNNXS ÀQR UXYºHD YDUHV DQGKLSSQQ ¯QJDQ DGDQGKXS ÀQURPEDQ UDP KXPWKDPLÄSGDQJDOVD VXODEDP LUXQGKQDOOLUXNNXPXQJDJKDQDPNX UHQGK XQJDOXNNXQDOODGKXQDQWKDPLÄOHSHVLQQ¯QJDOXPWKDPLÄSHVXYLQJDLOOH\"DYDUXNNXW¯ SLGLNNYLWWNSSLNX GLNNDOP Q LQJDV DPH\DOV HL\DP XGL\YLWWV XKDP KDPWWLQJD SÌVHGLQJDLOOYLWWWKÀWWDPDÄDKLUXNNGKXUWKULOHWKÌNNDPLOOYLWWDGXWKWKDQOYHOH VHL\DNDVKWDPLUXNNXPNWKWKXDGLNNYLWWLQQXPVÌGLUXNNXPQºGKÀUDPWKDPLÄ SDGLNNYLWWSGXQJDP DUDQGKX SÀKXP L QGKDV DQJKDGLX QJDºXNNXV ROOYLWWHQDNNX WKÌNNDPYDUGKXDYDUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKXLUXQGKHOOPWKHULQGKXLUXNNXPDYDQJD SDQDPNRGXWKWKXLUXQGKQQJDDQGKDVPQHYQJLLUXSSÀP PDÄHS HLGKXL UXQGKLYºDYXV ÌGLUXNNGKX Q ¯QJDD YDUHN WWXL UXQGKDYDU DGKH XQJDºXNNXNRGXWKWKXL UXSSU S DºOLNÌGDPLOO HQNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXU RPEDV DQGKÀVKDP XQJDºXNNXSDVLLOOHQVSSLGGKLQJDGKKDPHGXWKWKDGKXQMVWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNND¼XP 151 Adi’s Book. WKDSOS¯VSDNNDPSÀYLQJDQDGKHWKDSOOHSÀGXQJDXQJDYOH\HLSSRUDPELWKWKGKQ VLQJODWKWKXNNXX ººHP XGL\XP YGK\U SGDQJDºHV DUL\NDWKWKXNNRGXNNYLWW PQDYDUXNNXN DVKWDP Y¯WWOH FKDNNDUHL OOHQYHOODPXE D\ÀJLNNDOP NDLOHS D¼DP LOOYLWWURPEDN DVKWDPLUXNNXGKX D GKXXQ JDOXNNXW KHUL\DOHQHQQHN OXQJD P DOH POHLUXQGKXSUWKWKJUPDPHOOPQDOOWKHUL\XGKX PÌNNXND¼¼GLL OOYLWWQDQ SDGLNNDP XGL\DOH W KLUXGDQHG KDQGLNNDOHQPDUXSDGL\XP WKLUXGXYQ QDOODGKXQ LQHNNYLWWSDUYDLO OH QNHWWDGKXQ LQHNNDNÌGGKX D QGKD YLºDNNXHUL\YLWWLQGKDYLºDNNXSÀGXQJD ------ 152 Adi’s Book. LESSON 42. ‘EVEN IF’ AND ‘EVEN IF NOT’. ‘even if’:- use conditional form plus ‘lum’ irrespective of number, gender and person. Conditional ‘even if’ DYDQYDQGK if he comes DYDQYDQGKOXP even if he comes DYDQDGLWKWK if he strikes DYDQDGLWKOXP even if he strikes ‘even if not’ and ‘although’:- use negative conditional form plus ‘lum’ irrespective of number, gender and person. DYDQYDUDOHQ if he does not come DYDQYDUDOHQOXP even if he does not come DYDQYDUYLWW if he does not come DYDQYDUYLWWDOXP even if he does not come Vocabulary VXPPFKXPP just, simply, purposeless, costless, free VXPUVXPU aproximately, not bad, about right VXPPLUX VQGK be quiet sumara iru (s.ndh) be better(health) nadaththu (w.in) conduct (meeting), treat(guest) LUXQGKOXP nevertheless QOXP nevertheless mahan son mahal daughter VDKÀGKDUDU brother VDKÀGKDUL sister VQKLGKDUQDQEDU friend (m.) VQKLGKL friend (f) erume buffalo SGKL half (measure) NO EHIRUH a quarter PXNNO EHIRUH three quarters Sentences. Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPHYºDYXSOYQJULQJD" How much milk do you buy daily? QQJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPDUHOLWDUHUXPHSDOYQJUÀP We buy half a litre of buffalo milk every day. VLODVDPD\DPVLQJODWKOHNOOLWDUSDVXPSOYQJUÀP Sometimes we buy a quarter litre of cow’s milk in the evening. Q¯QJDSÀKOXPQQSÀKDPWWQ Even if you go I shall not go. 153 Adi’s Book. DYDUYDUYLWWOXPQQNDWW\DPSRKD¼XP Even if he does not come I must go. DYDQJDHWWXPD¼LNNXYDQGKOXPSÀGKXP It is enough even if they come at eight o’clock LGKXNNXQ¯QJDSDWKWKXUÌENRGXWKWKOXPSÀGKGKX Even if you give ten rupees for this it is not enough. DYDUSD¼DPNRGXNNYLWWOXPSXVWKDKDWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRGXQJD Give him the book, even if he does not give the money,. QPDYDQJDºHNXSSLGYLWWOXPDYDQJDLQJHYDUQJD They are coming here even if we do not call them. Q¯QJDSDQDPNRGXWKWKOXPDYDUXNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH He is not happy even if you give him money. XQJDºXNNXSLGLNNYLWWOXPQ¯QJDDYDUÀGXSHVD¼XP Even if you do not like it you should speak to him. DYDUXQJDVQKLGKDULUXQGKOXPQ¯QJDDSGLVHL\DNXGGKX You should not do that, even if he is your friend. PDÄHSHLGKOXPHQPDKDQYHºL\HYLºD\GXYQ Although it is raining my son will play outside. Q¯QJDVXPULUXQGKOXPLQGKDPDUXQGKHNXGLNND¼XP You should take this medicine even if you are better. QQJDDUXPH\SDGLQOXPHQJDSWWHQ¯QJDNNNDOH Even if we sing excellently you are not listening to our song. DYDUHQPDKDOHSDUNNYLWWOXPHQPDKDQHSUNNDOP He may see my son even if he did not see my daughter. DYDQJDLQGKDDUH\HNDÄXYLQOXPLGKXVXGKGKDPLOOH Even if they wash this room this is not clean. LQLPOHQQPXQGKLYDUYLWWOXPQ¯QJDPXQGKLYDUD¼XP +HQFHIRUWKHYHQLI¯GRQRWFRPHHDUO\\RXVKRXOGFRPHHDUO\ 154 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDWKDPLÄHÄXGKYLWWOXPQDOOSVULQJD Even if you are not writing Tamil you are speaking well. LGKXNNXPDGKXNNXPYLWK\VDPLUXQGKOXPSDUYLOOH Never mind even if there is a difference between this and that. LQGKDSGDPHQDNNXYLºDQJYLWWOXPQQDGKHQDOODSDGLNNDPXGL\XP Even if this lesson is not clear to me I can read it well. DQGKDPPXQJDVDKÀGKDULGKQLUXQGKOXPQ¯QJDDYDUHDSGLQDGDWKWKDNÌGGKX Even if she is only your sister you should not treat her like that. DYDUQDOODYGK\UGKQQOXPDYDUDGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSVUU He is indeed a good teacher, nevertheless he often speaks English. DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDUYLWWHQDNNXYDUXWKWKDPLUXNNXP I will be sorry if he does not come to my house. RUXYOHQQYDUDPWWQQLQQDURPEDQUDPDFKFKX Perhaps I shall not come, because it is very late. Practical Conversation. – At a Conference. F: First Member, S: Second member. )VQHKLGKDUNÌWWDPHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXUDPELNNXGKXWKHUL\XP Friend, what time does the meeting start, do you know? 6NODPHSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXLQQXQLQHNUQ 10 o’clock in the morning, I think. F. adhu yeppo mudiyum. When will it finish. 6DGKXSDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXPXGL\D¼XPLUXQGKOXPDGXNNXDSUDPSVLNRQGLUXSSQJD It should finish at 12 o’clock, nevertheless they will keep on talking after that. )QLQJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNDWW\DPYDUXYLQJDº" Will you definitely come to the meeting? 6PQ¯QJDSÀKYLWWOXPQQSÀYQ Yes, I will go even if you don’t. )Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKOHSHVXYLQJDº"Q¯QJDSVLQOXPQQSVDPWWQ Will you speak at the meeting? Even if you speak I will not. 6XQJDLVKWDPQQ¯QJDSVYLWWOXPQQSVDSÀUHQ As you like, but I am going to speak even if you don’t. ------ 155 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 42. DL\LQJHVXPPXNNUXQJDMVWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\GKLQJDFKXPPLUXQJDDYDURUX YUDPVXKDPLOOHLSSR\HSGLLUXNUU"DYDULSSRVXPULUXNUUVXPULUXQGKOXP NDVKWDPQDYOHVHL\DNÌGKGKXNOOHRUXFKLQQDNDVKWDPGKQQOXPDGKXURPED YDOLNNXGKXHQJDºXNNXUH¼GDUHN¯ORFKDNNDUHSÀGKXP\HQDNNXLYODYXFKDNNDUHY¼P DGKDQOHSGKLQ¯QJDNRQGXSÀKDOP L¼¼DNNLHQJDºXNNXPÌQNOO¯WDUSOY¼XPUH¼GPXNNOO¯WDULSSRSÀGKGKXQºDNNL VXPUDQMDUHO¯WDUSOYQJXYQHQPDKDQXPPDKDºXPSDOOLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLLUXNUQJD WKDPELXQVQKLGKLQDOODDÄDKQDSH¼LQQXWKHUL\DGKXYDVDQWKXQVQKLGKDUURPED QDOODYDULQQXWKÀ¼XGKXXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHVDKÀGKDUDUVDKÀGKDULQJDLUXNUQJD"MHED NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX"DGKH\UQDGDWKUQJD" DYDUXNNKDQ¯QJDURPEDQUDPLUXQGKOXPDYDUYDUDOHDYDUYDUYLWWOXPSDUYDLOOHQQ NRQMDPQHUDPLUXSSQHQDNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGKOXPQQDGKHXQJDºXNNXVROODOH SDUYDLOOHQ¯QJDVROOYLWWOXPHQDNNXDGKXQDOOWKHUL\XPDYDQJDYUDPGKÀUDP YDQGKOXPHQY¯WWXNNXYDUDPWWDQJDQ¯QJDHYºDYXSUD\VDSDWWOXPDGKXL¼¼DNNL PXGL\GKXQ\HNXºLSDWWLQOXPDGKXVXGKGKDPLUXNNGKXURPEDYKDPÀGLQOXP HWWXPD¼LNNXYD¼GL\HSLGLNNDPXGL\DOHQ¯QJDYLUXPELQOXPDQJHLSSRSÀKDPXGL\GKX ------ 156 Adi’s Book. LESSON 43. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES. AND PARTICIPIAL NOUNS. Relative pronouns in English are words such as in He who opens.. The gate which shuts.. A dog that barks.. These follow the pronoun or noun. There are no relative pronouns in Tamil. There are relative participles attached to a verb. These go before the pronoun or noun. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F326,7,9( The present and past relative participles are formed by dropping the ending and substituting ‘a’, regardless of number, gender and person. Present Tense Pres. Rel. Participle YDUQ I come vara who comes DGLNUQ I strike adikra who strikes Past Tense Past. Rel. Participle YDQGKQ I came vandha who came DGLWKWKQ I struck adiththa who struck The future relative participle is the same as the neuter future tense form, Future Tense Future Rel. Participle varum it will come varum who will come adikkum it will strike adikkum which will strike NB: Present and future Positive Relative Participles are interchangeable. RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F1(*$7,9( ,QILQLWLYHSOXVµGKD¶UHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH YDUGKD who does not come, who did not come, who will not come. SDGLNNGKD who does not study, who did not study, who will not study. 157 Adi’s Book. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F326,7,9( Present. Present positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns. vara + avan = varavan The man who comes, he who comes. (Also means ‘He who will come’; pres. and fut. forms are interchangeable, see below.) Note the forms using other pronouns – varava, varavar, varavanga, varadhu, varadhunga. Past. Past positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns. vandhavan He who came. Similarly:- vandhava, vandhavar, etc. Future. For Weak Verbs:- For persons; Root + ‘b’ + 3rd person pronouns For neuter; Root + ‘v’ + 3rd person pronouns varubavan He who will come.. Similarly:- varubava, varubavar, etc. For Strong Verbs:- For persons or neuter Root + ‘pp’ + 3rd person pronouns nadappavan He who will walk.. Similarly:-nadappava, nadappavar, etc. and also neuter nadappadhu, nadappadhunga. NB. Present and future Positive Relative Participial nouns are interchangeable. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F1(*$7,9( Negative relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns, regardless of number, gender person and tense. YDUGKDYDQYDUGKDYDYDUGKDYDUYDUGKDYDQJDYDUGKDGKXYDUGKDGKXQJD He who:- did not come does not come will not come. Vocabulary PXQGKL\ already VGKUDQDP ordinarily D¼DL dam YHººDP flood anbu love, kndness muyal rabbit YLVVKDP particularly N¯ÄSDGL ZQGK obey kada (s.ndh) cross HÄXSSX ZLQ WU wake vasi (s.thth) live, reside kudi iru (s.ndh) live, reside ------ 158 Adi’s Book. Sentences. QLQJDLSSRSDGLNUDSGDPVXODEDPQDGKX The lesson which you are now studying is easy. QQQWKWKXVRQQDSGDPLGKXGKQ" Is this the lesson which I said yesterday? DYDUQºDNNLYVLNNXPSGDPHQDNNXWKHUL\GKX I don’t know the lesson which he will read tomorrow. YGK\UNDWKWKXNRGXNNGKDSGDWKWKHQ¯QJD\QSDGLNND¼XP" Why should you read the lesson which your teacher has not taught you? VGKUDQDPHOOUXPSVUDWKDPLÄQQPXGKDOOHNDWKWKXNNRºYQ I shall first learn the Tamil which everyone normally speaks. Q¯QJDSGLQDSWWHNWWXQQJDURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP We enjoyed very much hearing the song which you sang. GRNWRUQ¯QJDNRGXWKWKDPDUXQGKXURPEDNDVDSSX Doctor, the medicine which you gave was very bitter. DYDUVRQQDVDQJDGKLHQDNNXPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP I know already the news which he said. D¼DLNDGDQGKDYHººDPDÄXGKOXPYDUGKH (No good crying over spilt milk!) The flood which has crossed the dam will not come back, even if one cries. DGL\GKXPGXSDGL\GKX (Spare the rod and spoil the child.) The ox that is not beaten will not obey. QQSLGLWKWKXPX\DOXNNXPÌQXNO (To swear black is white) The rabbit which I caught has only three legs. DGXWKWKDYUDPQDPY¯WWXNNXYDUXPºSU\HQQD" What is the name of the person coming to our house next week? QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHSVLQDYDUXQJDD¼¼DQ" Is he your elder brother who spoke in the meeting yesterday? LQJHVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÌQHLSSRLOOH The cat which made the noise is not here now. QQXQJDY¯WWOHVSSLWWDVSSDGXDUXPH\QDVSSGX Th food which I ate inyour house was excellent. 159 Adi’s Book. DGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSHVGKDWKDPLÄYGK\ULGDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººXQJD Learn Tamil from aTamil teacher who does not speak english often. WKÌQJUDNXÄDQGKH\HGKD\DYXVHLGKXHÄXSSGKLQJD Please do not wake up the child who is sleeping. DÄDUHNXÄDQGKHNNXGKQSONLGHNNXP (the squeaky door gets the oil) Only the child that cries will get milk. DÄGKDNXÄDQGKHNNX\DUXPSONRGXNNDPWWQJD Nobody will give milk to the child that does not cry. Q¯QJDYQJLQDSHWWLNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKLQJD" How much did you pay for the box that you bought. Q¯QJDNXGLNNXPWKD¼¼LWKWKXWKD¼¼L The water which you drink is river water. LQGKDSWWXSGLQDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKL It is my younger sister who sang this song. RFWREHUUH¼GPWKGLPKDWKPJQGKLSLUDQGKDQO October 2nd was Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday. Practical Conversation. – With a Neighbour. H: Householder, N: Neighbour. +LSSRXQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDPDQXVKDUHWKWKDQHSU" How many are the persons who are in your house? 1LSSRHQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDYDQJDPRWKWKDPHWWXSU There are eight persons who are in our house now. +QWKWKXXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKDO\U" Who was the person who came to your house yesterday? 1QWKWKXHQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKDYDUHQVQKLGKDU The person who came to our house yeaterday is my friend. H. kaile andha pusthaham enna? What is that book in your hand? 1LGKXQQSDGLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQ¯QJDLGKHSDGLWKWKXLUXNULQJDº" This is the book which I am reading. Have you read this? +LOOHQQSDGLNNGKDSXVWKDKDQJDººHLGKXR¼¼X No, this is one of the books which I have not read. ------ 160 Adi’s Book. LESSON 44. COMPARISON, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS. COMPARISON. There are no degrees of comparison in Tamil, but Comparatives are expressed by adding µHYLGD¶RUµHNNWWLOXP¶RUGDWLYHFDVH to the declensional baseof the nouns and pronouns compared to, as en pusthaham unga pusthahathevida periyadhu. or en pusthaham unga pusthahaththukku periyadhu. My book is bigger than yours. Superlatives are expressed by adding µHOOUDL\XPYLGD¶RU¶HOOUDLNDWWLOXPRUµHOOUXNNXP¶IRUSHUVRQV and µHOOPYLGD¶RUµHOOWKWKXNNXP¶IRUWKLQJV to the item compared to. as in LQGKDSDL\DQÀWWDWKOHSDL\DQJDHOOUDL\XPYLGDJHWWLNNUDQ This boy is the best of all the boys in running. or in UÀMSÌSÌHOOPYLGDDÄDKQDGKX or UÀMHOOSÌYH\XPYLGDDÄDKQDGKX The rose is the most beautiful of all flowers. REFLEXIVE VERBS. 5HIOH[LYH9HUEVDUHIRUPHGE\DGGLQJµNRº¶WRWKHYHUEDOSDUWLFLSOHV They take ‘nd’ as medial in the past tense. edu take HGXWKWKXNRº take for yourself podu throw SÀWWXNRº put on YQJX buy YQJLNNRº buy for yourself N.B.7KHµº¶LVGURSSHGLQWKHFROORTXLDOIRUPZKLFKLVYHU\ZLGHO\XVHG Vocabulary thani thaniya separately adhisayam wonder(n.) UM king DGKLKUDP power nijam, unme truth VLUHFKFKOH jail thennai maram coconut tree PPSDÄDP mango kadal sea, ocean SDOSDÄDP jack fruit 161 Adi’s Book. NDOOÌUL college YDLGK\DNDOOÌUL medical college budhdhi wisdom, answer budhdKLVOL wise person VQWKDP peace, forbearance periyavar old person, adult SUNNDYQGL\D worth seeing YQGLLUX VQGK GDW to have to Sentences. ,GKHYLGDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXY¼XP I want a better book than this. PÌQYDGKXSGDWKWKHYLGDQOYDGKXSGDPNDVKWDPQDGKX The fourth lesson is harder than the third. DQGKDSH¼WKDQWK\HYLGDURPEDDÄDKQDYD That girl is more beautiful than her mother. HQDNNXVGKDWKWKHYLGDFKDSSWKWKLGKQMVWKLSLGLNNXP I like chappathies much more than rice. WKDQL\SÀYDGKHYLGDHOOUXPVHUQGKXSÀYDGKXQDOODGKX Going together is better than going alone. SDVXQDPXNNXQ\HYLGDXED\ÀKDPQDGKX The cow is more useful to us than a dog. DYDUPÌNNXHQPÌNNHNWWLOXPQ¯ODPLUXNNXGKX His nose is longer than mine. WKHQQDLPDUDPHOOPDUDWKWKH\XPYLGDX\DUDPLUXNNXGKX The coconut tree is the tallest of all the trees. DYDUHNWWLOXPEXGKGKLVOL\UXPLOOH No one is wiser than he. PPSDÄDPYÄDSDÄDWKWKHNWWLOXPWKLWKWKLSSLUXNNXP A mango is sweeter than a plantain. NXGKLUH\HYLGDQLYKDPÀGDPXGL\XP" Can a dog run faster than a horse? LYDQXNNXSÀWWXNNRººDSÀGKXPQDWKX¼LLOOH This man does not have enough clothes to wear. Q¯QJDXQJDSQYHHGXWKWKXNRQGLQJDº" Did you pick up your pen? 162 Adi’s Book. WKDSONUDUWKDSOHGXWKWKXNRQGXSÀUU The postman is carrying the post. DYDQJDWKDQJDSHWWL\HQPÌGLNRQGQJD" Why did they close up their box? HYºDYXQUDPWKÌQJLNRQGLUXNULQJD" How long have you been sleeping? WKDPLÄQDOOSDGLWKWKXNRQGLQJDº" Did you learn Tamil well. DQGKDPPWKQVDPH\DOVHLGKXNRººDPXGL\DOH That woman cannot cook by herself. LQGKDNDVKWDPLOOGKXYOH\HQ¯QJDO QLQJDGKQ VHLGKXNRººD¼XP You yourself should do this easy work. PXGKDOOHWKDPLÄQDOODSVDNDWKWKXNRººXQJD First learn to speak Tamil well. HOOUXNNXPSHUL\DYDUNDGDYXº God is the greatest of all. VQWKDPNDGDOLOXPSHUL\DGKX SURYHUE Forbearance is mightier than an ocean. QLMDPSVUDGKLOHJQGLML\HYLGDX\DUQGKDYDQJD\U" Who is greater than Gandhiji in speaking the truth? QODNNLYDUXPSDOSDÄDWKWKHYLGDL¼¼DNNLLUXNNXPNDºSDÄDPHPOQDGKX SURYHUE A carissa fruit today is better than a jack fruit tomorrow. (A bird in the hand…) L¼¼DNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDSHVDY¼GLLUXNNXP You will have to speak in today’s meeting. QQLQJOLVKHYLGDWKDPLÄOHQDOODSVDYXP HÄXGKDYXP PXGL\XP I can speak and write Tamil better than English. * Note the use of ‘-um…-um’ after the infinitves. Practical Conversation. – Visiting Vellore. V: Visitor, L: Local Vellorian. 9YOÌUFKHQQD\HYLGDSHUL\DQDKDUDP" Is Vellore a larger city than Chennai? /LOOHFKHQQDL\HNWWLOXPFKLQQDQDKDUDP No, Vellore is smaller than Chennai. 9YOÌUOHSUNNHY¼GL\DLGDQJDHQQHQQD" What are the places worth seeing in vellore? /RUXSHUL\DNÀWWHYDLGK\DNDOOÌUL&0&VSDWKUL¼JDºXNNXPSH¼JDOXNNXPWKDQLWKDQL\ VLUHFKFKOHQJDLGKHOOPYOÌUOHSUNNDYQGL\DLGDQJD A big fort, Medical College, CMC Hospital, jails separately for men and women, these are all places worth seeing in Vellore. 163 Adi’s Book. 9QPDGKHOOPSUNNDSÀKDOP" May we go to see all of them? /VDULQPSÀKDOPLQGKDWDYXQEDVOHXNNUQGKXNR ººX QJD Alright, let’s go. Sit in this town bus. 9YOÌUHSDWKWKLQQÄXDGKLVD\DQJDNOYLSDWWQDGKXQJDOOPXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP" I heard about seven wonders of Vellore. Do you know all of them? L. theriyum, V. Yes I know, UMLOOGKDNÀWWH a fort without a king, VPLLOOGKXNÀYLO a temple without a deity, WKD¼¼LLOOGXUX a river without water, PDUDQJDLOOGKDPDOH a hill without trees, DGKLKUDPLOOGKDSÀO¯V police without power, DÄDKXLOOGKDSH¼¼XQJD women without beauty EXGKGKLLOOGKXNDOOÌULPDQDYDU college students without sense, QLGKXOHNDGDVLPÌQXPQLMDPLUXNNDPXGL\GKX but the last three cannot be true! Expansion Drill, For Lesson 44. Q¯QJDL QJHP XQGKL\YDQGKXL UXQGKLQJDº" L QGKL\OHS DOD UXQJDºXNNXD ¼DL NDWWLNR¼GLUXNUQJD S HUL\DYDQJDºXNNXN ¯USDGLUDN XÄDQGKHQJDH QDNNXS LGLNNXP WKWKX YHººDWKOHV LODP DUDQJDºHN ÌGDS UWKQ D YDU URPEDQ UDPW KÌQJLN RQGLUXNUUV LNUDP HÄXSSXQJDHQDNNXVGKUDQDPQDVSSGXSÀGKXPYLVVKDPQDVSSGXY¼P WKDPLÄHY LGDK LQGLV XODEDPLUXNNXGKXL QQXV LODS HU VROUQJD W ¯\HN WWLOXPN SSL QDOODGKXL QQX NOYLSDWWQ HOOSH¼¼XQJDºHYLGDL QGKDS H¼QDOOSGU S H¼¼XQJD HOOUH\XPYLGDLYDGKQQDOODSGUPPEDUDPHOOSDÄDQJDOH\XPYLGDUXVL\QDGKX SDÄDPH OOPYLGDP PSDÄDPU RPEDW KLWKWKLSSLUXNNXGKX L QGKDS DL\HNRQ MDP SLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD W KDL\DONUDU NRGXWKWKDW KX¼LQJDºHS ÀWWXNRQGLQJDº" QPL ¼¼DNNL SDWKWKX SGDQJDN DWKWKXNNRºYÀP Y D¼¼QW KX¼LQJDH GXWKWKXNR QGXSÀQQ" DYDU DQJH WKÌQJLNR QGLUXNUU" LGKHX QJDºXNNKDY DLWKWKXNRººXQJD D YDU SDODGK DGDYHW KQ VLULWKWKXNNRQGU 164 Adi’s Book. Q¯QJDV HLUDS HWWL\ UXNNKD" D QGKDPPVHLGKX YOHH QDNNX SLGLNNDOH Q PQ ODNNL VHL\XPYOHNDVKWDPQDGKXLOOHVDUL\YOHVHL\GKDºXNNXWKLUXPEDYOHNRGXNNGKH HQJDY ¯WWOHW KÌQJLQDYDU HQJDD SSVQKLGKDU V DUL\SDGLNNGKDS DL\DQJDºHY WK\U GKDQGLWKWKU D YDU NWWLQDY ¯WWXNNX XººHQ QS ÀQQ H QDNNX YDUXPF K¯WWHX QJDºXNNX NPLSSQXSSXLOODGKDVDSSGXUXVL\LUXNNGKXDQEXLOOGKDYUWKHQJDXED\ÀJDPLOOH NRYLOLOOGKDÌUOHNXGLLUXNNGKH NXGLNNGKH Y¼GGKDNHºYLQJDHQQHNNNGKLQJD DPHULFOHDQHKDSUSOXPFKDNNDUH\XPLOOGKDNDUXSSXNSSLNXGLNUQJD ------ 165 Adi’s Book. LESSON 45. INTENSIVE VERBS, AND CAUSAL VERBS. INTENSIVE VERBS. 9HUEVOLNHµYLGX¶OHDYHµSÀGX¶WKURZµYDL¶SODFHµSÀ¶JRµY¶FRPHDUHVXIIL[HGWR the verbal participles of certain other verbs in order to intensify their meaning. These are FDOOHG,QWHQVLYH9HUEV7KHLGHDRIFRQWLQXLW\LVJLYHQE\µY¶DQGµYLGX¶JLYHVWKHLGHD of completeness. Carefully examine the following:- QWKWKXQ¯QJDHQJHSÀL YL WWLQJD" Where did you go away yesyerday? LQGKDWKX¼LHOOPNDWWLSÀGXQJD Tie up all these clothes. LQJHHYºDYXNODPYOHVHLGKXYDULQJD" How long have you been working here? QQXQJDºXNNXLGKHSDWKWKLPXQGKL\VROOLYDLWKWKQ I told you about this already. SONHWWDSÀQDGKXDGKHNXGLNNGKH The milk has gone bad, don’t drink it. CAUSAL VERBS. Causal verbs are formed by adding ‘vai’ or ‘sei’ to the infinitive. Verb Causal. SGX sing SGDYDLSGDVHL cause to sing nada walk, conduct nadakkavai, nadakkasei cause to walk, conduct Transitive forms of verbs like the following also serve as Causal Verbs:- Intransitive. Causal. (transitive) ÀGX run ÀWWX ZLQ cause to run, drive thirumbu turn thiruppu (w.in) cause to turn UX climb up, lift WKWKX w.in) cause to climb, lift irangu climb down irakku (w.in) cause to climb down SL flow SLFKFKX ZLQ pour, cause (water) to flow NL dry NLFKFKX ZLQ cause to dry, boil UX cool WKWKX(w.in) cause to cool HÄX rise, get up HÄXppu (w.in) cause to rise,get up nada walk nadaththu (w.in) cause to walk ------ 166 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary mayir, mudi hair V¯SSX Q comb WKDOHYUX ZLQ comb WKDOHYULNRº ZQG comb (oneself) vahidu edu (s.thth) part hair bayappadu (w.tt) fear bayam fear ED\DQJºL coward dhairyam courage dhairiyasali courageous one JX¼DP nature, quality JXQDVOL good natured one ¯UD wet ÌPH dumb man YQGGKD DGM unwanted, unnecessary Y¼GL\D DGM wanted, necessary PDUDWKWKXSSÀ ZLQ become numb UX ZLQ cool (become cool) SUWKWKXNXOH VWKWK bark at kule (s.thth) bark Sentences. QQQDOOWKXQJLYLWWQQ¯QJDQHQQHHÄXSSDOH" I fell fast asleep, why did you not wake me? GKDLU\DVOLNDVKWDPQDYOHNÌGDVHLGKXYLGXYQ The tough person will do even hard work. QQJDDSSRYVROOLYLWWÀPQ¯QJDGKQNNNDOH We have already told you but you did not pay heed. ND¼¼GLWDPEODUHNLÄHSÀWWXYLWWLQJDº" Did you drop the glass tumbler? L¼QDNNLHWKWKDQHNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLSÀWWLQJD" How many letters did you write today? YQGL\DSXVWKDKDQJDºHNDWWLSÀGXQJDY¼GGKDGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJD Tie up the books which are wanted, throw away the unwanted ones. LGKXND¼¼GLVPQSHWWLWKÌNNLSÀGGKLQJD This is a box of glassware, don’t throw it! LUDWKX¼LQJDHOOPYH\LOOHN\DYDLQJD Put all the wet clothes in the sun to dry. ,¼¼DNNL\UVDPHWKWKXYDLWKWKQJD" Who cooked today? SDVXYHLQJHNDWWLYDLNNGKLQJDQLQQHQJDQLDGKHSUWKWKXNXODLNNXP Don’t tie up the cow here, because our dog will bark at it. URPEDQUDPDSGL\XNNUQGKNOPDUDWKWKXSÀKXP 167 Adi’s Book. If one sits like that for a long time the leg will go numb. DYDUXNNXYD\DVXLSÀFKFKXDGKDQOHDYDUOHQDGDNNDPXGL\DOH LGLRP He has become very old, so he cannot walk. QPXPVLULNND¼XPPDWKWKDYDQJDºH\XPVLULNNDYDLNND¼XP We must laugh and make others laugh too. PXGKDOOHDYDUXNNXSGDLVKWDPLOOHQQQJDDYDUHHSGL\ÀSGDYDLWKÀP She did not like to sing at first, but we made her sing somehow. QDPDPPGKQQDPPHPXGKDOPXGKDOOHQDGDNNDYDLNUQJD Only our mother makes(helps) us walk the first time. \HQPVH\H\ULSGLWKLUXSSLQQJD" Who turned my table round this way? WKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXPWWHÀWWXQJD Drive the ox from the garden. NDGDYXºRUXÌPH\HNÌGDSVDYDLNNDPXGL\XP God can make even a dumb person talk. WKLUXGDQSÀO¯VNUDUHSUWKWKÀGLYLGXYQ A thief will run away if he sees a policeman. NXUDQGKH\H\DUDÄXYDLWKWKQJD" Who made the child cry? QQDYDQHDQGKDVDPFKFKUDWKWKHVROODYDLWKWKQ I made him tell that news. LQGKDSDL\DQH\DUSDGLNNDYDLWKWKQJD" Who educated this boy? (made him study) &KLQQDVHGLNNXMVWKLWKD¼¼LSLFKGKLQJD Do not pour(flow) too much water on (to) the small plant. HSSRYXPWKD¼¼L\HNLFKFKLNXGLNND¼XP ‘You should always boil water to drink’. QQXQJDºHURPEDDOH\DYDLWKWKQ I made you wander (about) too much. Practical Conversation. – At Railway Station. S: Sister, B: Brother. 6DGKÀYDUUDYD¼GLQDPYD¼GL\" That train which is coming, is it ours? %LOOHDGKXVPQNRQGXSÀKXPµJÌGV¶YD¼GL No, that is a goods train carrying freight. 6QPUXPYD¼GLVLNUDPYDUXPDOODGKXLQQXPQUDPKXP" 168 Adi’s Book. Will our train come soon or will it take some more time? %LQQXPDQMXQLPLVKDWKOHYD¼GLYDQGKXYLGD¼XPQVDUL\QDQUDWKOHYDUXPSUNNDOP It should come in five minutes but let us see (whether) it comes in time. 6LQGKDVWVKDQOHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXP" How long will it stop at this station? %LQJHYD¼GLPÌQXQLPLVKDPYDUDLNNXPQLNNXP The train will stop here for three minutes. 6LGKXYDÄLOHHOOVWVKDQOH\XPQLNNXP" Will it stop at all stations? %LOOHLGKXPXN\DPQDVWVKDQOHPWKUDPQLNNXPQLQQLGKXH[SUHVVYD¼GL No, it will stop at important stations only, because it is an express train. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 45. XQJDN SSL ULYLGXWKX ULSÀKXGKX VLNUDPV DSSLGXQJD Q¯QJDX QJDN SSLNXG LWKWKX YLWWLQJDºDQGKDFKLQQDSH¼V¯SSOHWKQYDKLGXHGXWKWKXNRQGDGKXDSUDPWKDQWKDOH\H URPED DÄDKYULNRQGDGKX XQJDOXNNX Y¼GL\DS XVWKDKDQJDºHH GXWKWKXNRººXQJD Q \H SDUWKWKXQURPEDED\DSDWWXYLWWLQJD"Q¯QJDED\DQJOLLOOHLOOH\"LSSRXQJDED\DPSÀL YLWWDGKXL QQX QQ QLQHNUQ Q ¯QJDX QJDS GDQJDH OOPS DGLWKWKXYDULQJD¶QXH QDNNX WKHUL\XP D YDU LQGKDV DQJDGKL\H HOOUXNNXPV ROOLYLWWU S OOHX SSX YLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX DGKDQOHNHWWXSÀQDGKXSDL\DQSDQGKHPOHWKÌNNLSÀWWQDGKXNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX HQVPQXQJDHQGKDDUHOHSÀWWXYDLWKWKLQJD"DYDUXQJDºHSDWKWKLHQDNNXVROOLYDLWKWKU QQHOOPSDGLWKWKXYDLWKWKQQQ¯QJDHQQHR¼¼XPNNNDOHDQGKDQ\HNDWWLSÀGXQJD QLQQHQDNNXURPEDED\DPLUXNNXGKX L¼¼DNNLURPEDY\\LOYH\\LOOHHQQHQDGDNNDYDLNNDGKLQJDNXÄDQGKHQJDOHSDGLNNDYDLNND URPEDNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKXÌUDYDQJDQLODWKWKXNNXGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKD¼¼LSLFKFKUQJD DYDQURPEDQºPWWXYD¼GLÀWWLYDUQXQJDºXNNXFUÀWWDQDOOWKHUL\XP"YD¼GLOHMVWKL VPQHSSRYXPWKWKGKLQJDHOOYLºDNNXQJDºXPWKWKLYLWWLQJDº"DYDURUXNXUDQGKH POHVDLNNDOHWKWKLYLWWULQGKDVPQHHQY¯WOHLUDNNLYLGXQJDNXÄDQGKHNNKDPPSO NLFKFKLNRQGLUXNUU ------ 169 Adi’s Book. LESSON 46. COMPOSITE, PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS, . COMPOSITE NOUNS. Composite nouns are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to adjectives. Thus ‘nalla’ gives:- nallavan, nallava, nallavanga, nalladhu, nalladhunga. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS. These are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to relative participles for present and past. Present and future forms are interchangeable. Present Past Future varavan vandhavan varubavan varava vandhava varubava varavanga vandhavanga varubavanga varadhu vandhadhu varuvadhu varadhunga vandhadhunga varuvadhunga Meanings, such as ‘the one who comes’ ‘…came’,’…’will come’,and ‘they who…’,etc Neuter participial nouns change for tenses, as in:- padikradhu padiththadhu padippadhu meaning studies, or studying(n.). VERBAL NOUNS. These are formed from verbs (roots or infinitives). These cannot be declined for number, gender, person or tense. Neuter participial nouns are more often used than the verbal nouns, nevertheless verbal nouns are also given below, for practice and for recognition purposes. Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun padi padippu studies padikradhu siri sirippu laughter sirikradhu SGX SWWX music SGUDGKX ÀGX ÀWWDP running ÀGUDGKX NÌGX JDWKHU NÌWWDP meeting NÌGUDGKX 170 Adi’s Book. Verb Verbal Noun Meaning Neut.Particip.Noun SU SUYH sight SUNUDGKX Nº NOYL question NNNUDGKX mudi mudivu end mudiradhu thirudu thiruttu theft thirudradhu mara maradhi forgetfulness marakradhu virumbu viruppam desire virumbradhu YLºD\GX YLºD\WWX game, sport YLºD\GUDGKX sei seyal deed, action seiradhu UDPEL UDPEDP beginning UDPELNUDGKX XED\ÀJL XED\ÀJDP use XED\ÀJLNUDGKX ghavani ghavanam attention ghavanikradhu VDPEGKL VDPEGKDQH earning/s VDPEGKLNUDGKX same sameyal cooking samekradhu WKPDGLWKPDGKDP delay WKPDGKLNUDGKX thude thudeppu wiping thudekradhu thai thaiyal sewing thaikradhu YU YUYH perspiration YUNUDGKX DÄDL DÄDLSSX invitation DÄDLNUDGKX Vocabulary WKDPVKYHGLNNDL fun perukku (w.in) sweep NDLHÄXWKXSÀGX ZWW sign NDLHÄXWKX handwriting,signature YÄ live(v.) YÄNH life PXQQUXPXQXNNXY come forward kudumbam family JHWWLNUDU clever person PXQQWUDP progress SPEX snake WKO scorpion SPEWWL snake charmer UH poor(adj), poor man(n.) WKLWK\U mother thudeppam broom WKLUDQGDYOL open space nijam truth ------ 171 Adi’s Book. Sentences. QDOODGKXVHLUDYDQQDOODYDQLOOH\ One who does good is a good man is he not. WKLUXGUDYDQWKLUXGDQDQKDUXNNXDYDQWKLUXGDQLQQXWKHUL\GKX One who steals is a thief. Many do not know he is a thief. SDODQºWKLUXGDQRUXQºDKDSSDGXYQ SURYHUE ‘Several days a thief, one day the caught one’ HQPDUDGKLNNKDQ¯QJDHQQHNDWWD\XPPDQLNND¼XP You must forgive me for my forgetfulness. PDUDGKLLUXNUDYDQYÄNNHOHPXQQXNNXYDUDPWWQ PXQQUDPWWQ A man with a short memory will not progress in life. YLUXSSDPLODGKDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼P Those who have no desire (don’t want to) need not do this work. ÀGXYDGKXQDOODYLºD\WWXÀWWDWKOHQQJHWWLNUDQLOOH Running is a good sport. I am not good at running. QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHDYDUSFKFKXURPEDYHGLNNH\LUXQGKDGKX His speech(talk) in yesterdays meeting was very humerous(funny). SDVLYºHOHVSSLGUDGKXQDOODYDUDNNDP Eating when one is hungry(hungry time) is a good habit. Q¯QJDQLMDPSVUDGKXHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDWKWKHNRGXNNXGKX Your speaking the truth makes me happy. 'KLQDQGKÀUXPHÄXGKUDYDQJDNDLHUÌGKXDÄDKLUXNNXP The handwriting of those who write daily will be beautiful. Q¯QJDMVWKLYOHVHLUDWKLOOHDGKDQOHXQJDVDPEGKDQHMVWKLLOOH You don’t work hard so your income is not much. NDVKWDSSDWWXYOHVHLUDYDUXNNXNDGDYXºXGKDYLVHLYU God will help those who work hard. QWKWKXSONRQGXYDQGKDYDUL¼¼DNNL\QYDUDOH" The man who brought milk yesterday, why did he not come today? 15. ivan nalla nadaththe irukra paiyan. This is a well-behaved boy. 172 Adi’s Book. XQJDDÄDLSSXHQDNNXNLGDLWKWKDGKXXQJDDUDLSSXNNXQDQGUL I got your invitation. Thanks for your invitation. LQGKDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXGLYXHSSR" When will this meeting end. LGKXUDPEDPXPPXGLYXPLOOGKDNXWWDP LGLRP This is an endless meeting. DYDUND¼SUYHQDOODLOOHQLQQDYDUXNNXYD\DVXLSÀFKFKX He has bad eyesight because he has got old. WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHYLºD\GKUDGKXNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOODGKX Playing in an open space is good for the child. PDUDVPQWKXGDLNUDWKX¼L\H\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD Where did you put the cloth for wiping the furniture. Q¯QJD WKXGDLWKWKDGKXVDUL\LOOH VDUL\OOH WKXGDLSSDWKWKOHSHUXNNXQJD Your wiping was not good. Sweep with a broom. *Note, ‘you wiping’, and not ‘your wiping’ as in English. LQGKDPPWKDL\DOHSUWKWKLQJDº"LYDUWKDLNUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP Did you see this lady’s stitching? I like her sewing very much. SPEWWLNNXPXQQOHSPEXGUDGKXDÄDKLUXNNXGKX The dancing of the snake before the snake-charmer is beautiful. JKDYDQDPSGDPNNNUDGKXPXN\DPQDYLVKD\DP It is an important thing to listen to the lessons. Practical Conversation. F&RPLQJ)RUD:DON" B: Boy, F: Friend. %QPUH¼GXSUXPQDGDNNDSÀKDOP" Shall we go for a walk? )VDULSÀYÀPQDGDNUDGKXQDOODDE\VDP Yes, we’ll go. Walking is good exercise. %NDGDUNDUHOHQDGDQGKXSÀUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP I very much like walking on the seashore. )VDULNDGDUNDUHLOOGKDÌUOHHQQDVHLYLQJD" Alright, what do you do in a place with no beach? 173 Adi’s Book. %\HQQDVHLUDGKX VHL\DOP "ULNDUHPOHDOODGKXNXºDNNDUHOHQDGDNNDSÀKDOP What to do? One may walk on the bank of a lake or tank. XQJDÌUOHUX QDGKL LUXNNXGK" Is there a river in your place? )PHQJDÌUOHRUXSHUL\DUXLUXNNXGKX Yes, there is a big river in our place. %DSSRQ¯QJDWKWKXNDUHPOHQDGDNNDOP Then you may walk on the river bank. )PLSSRHQDNNXNDºHSSLUXNNXGKXQQY¯WWXNNXSÀUQ Yes. Now I am tired. I’m going home. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 46. DQGKDW KDPVKV HLUDYDQH QW KDPELD QJHQ LNUDYDQH QD ¼¼DQ EX GKGKLVOLQJDP DWKWK DYDQJDºHEXGKGKLLOOGKDYDQJDLQQXQLQHNNDPWWDQJDDYDUWKDQSDGLSSOHGKQYÄNNHOH PXQQXNNXYDQGKULQJHVHGLNRGLQJDMVWKLDGKDQOHLGKXSPEXQJDYÄDQDOODLGDP SPEXNNXSDOOHYLVKDPWKºXNNXNRGXNNOHYLVKDPQRUXNHWWDPDQXVKDUXNNXXGDPEX HOOPY LVKDP GK LQDQGKÀUDPS DGLNNYLWWPXQQHWUDPL UXNNGKX H QD UHOHW KXGHSSD WKWKOHS HUXNNGKLQJD WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHQ PGK LQDQGKRUXPNRQ MDGK ÌUDPQ DGDNUDGKX QDOODGKX XQ JDN DGLGKDWKWKOHN DLHÄXGKX SÀGD QP DUDQGKX SÀQLQJD" NLºLQJDººHD QHKD YLGKDPLUXNNXGKXDYDUSVLQDGKXHQDNNXNRQMDPNÌGDSLGLNNDOHXQJDSFKFKXURPED DUXPH\LUXQGKDGKXQ¯QJDSUWKWKDGKXHQVQKLGKDULOOHDYDUXNNXVLODQºSUYHVDUL\ LOOH Q ¯QJDQ WKWKXH QQHN WWDGKXL SSRH QQLGDPL UXNNXGKX X QJDN ºYLNNX QQD SUDP EDGKLOVROYQQQLQGKDYOH\HPXGLSSDGKXDYDUXNNXLVKWDPLOOHLQGKDNDGKHPXGLYX HQDNNXU RPEDS LGLWKWKDGKX L GKHS DWKWKLX QJDP XGLYXH QQD" L¼¼DNNLQ ¯QJDV DPH\DO VHLGKDGKXHOOPURPEDUXVL\LUXNNXGKXQDPVDPEGKDQHQDOODYDÄLOHVHODYXVHL\DQXP DYDQV DPEGKDQHD YDQN XGXPEDWKWKXNNX SÀGKGKX L QGKDSX VWKDKDWKWKHQ ¯QJD XED\ÀKLNULQJDº" L QGKDS XVWKDKDWKWOHX QJDºXNNXH QQDX ED\ÀKDP" L SSR YH\LON ODP DGKDQOHURPEDY UNXGKX P XKDPH OOPY UYH\LUXNNXGKXYUYH\HW KXGHQJD Q ¯QJD HQQHVSSLGDDÄDLWKWKDGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOHPDUDGKLHOOUXNNXPL UXNNXGKXPDUDGKL LOOGKDP DQXVKDUHQ ¯QJD HQDNNXNWWDP XGL\XP"XQJDYLUXSSDPH QQD" D GKXH QDNNX WKHULQGKQDOODLUXNNXPLGKXNNKDVLULSSDGKDÄXYDGKLQQXHQDNNXSXUL\DOHQDPY¯WOH GDOXPS GDOXPQ DGDQGKXNR QGLUXNNXGKX H QP DKDQXNNX SDGLSSHYLGDY LºD\WWXGKQ romba ishtam. 174 Adi’s Book. LESSON 47. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME. ‘When’, or ‘While’. µSÀGKX¶LVDGGHGWRWKHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVSUHVHQWSDVWRUIXWXUHDVVHHQLQ DYDUVSSLGUDSÀGKXSHVDPWWU He will not speak when(while) he eats. (pres.) DYDUVSSLWWDSÀWKXHQQÀGXSHVDOH He did not speak to me when he ate. (past) DYDUVSSLGXPSÀGKXQPVSSLGXYÀP We shall eat when he eats. (fut.) µSÀ¶LVDOVRXVHGLQVWHDGRIµSÀGKX¶µ3UHVHQWDQGIXWXUHIRUPVDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOH The future form is also used for all tenses. The past form is used only for the past. ‘When…not’, or ‘While…not’. µSÀGKX¶RUµSÀ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHQHJDWLYHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVDVLQ DYDQJDXQQHNÌSSLGGKDSÀ GKX Q¯QJDQSÀKD¼XP Why should you go when they did not call you? ‘After’. ‘pin’ or ‘apram’ is added to the past relative participle:- QQSÀQDSLQQ¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I went. ‘after’ can also be expressed by adding ‘pin’ or ‘apram’ to a neuter past participial noun, dative case: - QQSÀQadhukkuSLQ SÀQadhukkDSUDP Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJD You came after I left. ‘Before’. Similarly, ‘mun’ is added to the future relative participle:- QQYDUDPXQQ¯QJDSÀKGKLQJD Don’t go before I come. ‘before can also be expressed by adding ‘mun’ to a neuter participial noun, dative case, present, past or future, as seen in:- QQYDUDGKXNNXPXQSÀKDGKLQJD Don’t go before I come. QQYDQGKDGKXNNXPXQQ¯QJDSÀKDOH You didn’t go before I came. ‘As Soon As’. µXGDQ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHSDVWUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOH or ‘um’ is added to a neuter past participial noun:- QDQYDQGKDYXGDQH QQYDQGKDGKXP Q¯QJDSRKDOP As soon as I come you may go. 175 Adi’s Book. ‘Until’. ‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the present or future relative participle, being used for both future and present tenses:- Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXP YDUDYDUDLNNXP QQLQJHLUXSSQ I will be here until you come. ‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the past relative participle, for past tense only. Q¯QJDYDQGKDYDUDLOXPQQLQJHLUXQGKQ I was here until you came. Vocabulary Q¯FKFKDO swimming eli rat udhavi (n.) help, assistance udhavi sei (w.dh) help (v.) kottu (w.in) sting, dump rubbish muyarchchi sei (w.dh) try Sentences. NXÄDQGKHWKÌQJLQDSSÀGKXQQYHºL\HSÀQQ I went out when the child was sleeping. HQNXÄDQGKHWKÌQJXPEÀGKX QQYHºL\HSÀUQ *( ‘p’ after ‘m’ softens to ‘b’ ). I will go out when my child is asleep. QQSPEHSDUWKWKDSÀÀGLSÀQQ I ran away when I saw a snake. SDL\DQJDVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÀGKXQQJKDYDQDPSDGLNNDPXGL\DOH When the boys made a noise I could not study attentively. WKDSOSLVXNNXSÀKXPEÀGKXLQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHNRQGXSÀYLQJDº" When you go to the post office will you take this letter? Y¯WWXNNXSÀQDSLQ SÀQDGKXNNXDSUDP DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGKDGKX They knew about this matter after they went home. Q¯QJDYDQGKDSLQGKQ YDQGKDGKXNNXDSUDPGKQ QQJDOOPVSSLGXYÀP Only after you come all of us will eat. XQJDSSYDUXPXQ YDUDGKXNNXPXQ SÀLSGDPSDGLQJD Go and study your lessons before your father comes. VDSSLGXPEÀWKXMVWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDNÌGKGKX You should not drink much water when eating. 176 Adi’s Book. WKLUXGLQDSÀGKXWKLUXGDQHWKONRWWLYLWWDGKX While stealing the thief was stung by a scorpion. DPPNLWWDLUXNNXPEÀWKXNXÄDQGKHNNXED\DPLOOH When the mother is near the child is not frightened. XQJDSWWHNNNXPEÀWKXHOOUXNNXPVDQGKÀVKDP Everybody was happy when they heard your music. DYDUXNNXMRUDPYDQGKDYXGDQGRFWRULGDPSÀQU As soon as he got fever he went to the doctor. 14. yeliye parthavudane pune adhe pidiththu thinnuvittadhu. As soon as the cat saw the rat (mouse) it caught it and ate it up. ÌUXNNXSÀQDYXGDQHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD ‘Drop us a line’ as soon as you reach your place. NXUDQGKHWKÌQJLQDYXGDQWK\XPWKÌQJDSÀQ As soon as the child slept the mother also went to bed. Q¯QJDDQJHLUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPDYDQJDQDOOYOHVHLGKQJD As long as you were there they worked well. QPDYDUSFKFKXPXGL\XPYDUDLNNXPLUXSSÀP We shall wait until his speech is over. Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQQJDNÀYLOOHLUXQGKÀP Until you came we were in the temple. QQSDGLWKWKDYDUDLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQDOODLUXQGKDGKX The book was nice as far as I read. QPFKHQQDLNNXSÀQDSRGKXNDGDONDUHNNX NDGDUNDUHNNX SÀKDOH We did not go to the sea shore (beach) when we went to Chennai. Q¯LQJHYDUDPXQHQJHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKH VHLGKXYDQGKH Where were you working before you came here. LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPXGLNNXPYDUDLNNXPQQWKÌQJDPWWQ I will not sleep until I finish this book. 177 Adi’s Book. RUXDÄDKQDNXÄDQGKHHQQHSUWKDYXGDQHQDNNXYD¼DNNDPVRQQDGKX A beautiful child greeted me as soon as she saw me. Q¯QJDHQQHNXSSLGUDSÀGKXQQYDUDWKD\ULUXSSQ I shall be ready to come when you call me. Practical Conversation. F$W7KH6ZLPPLQJ3RRO E: Elder, Y: Youngster. (WKDPELXQQDNNXQLFKFKDOWKHUL\XP" Youngster, do you know how to swim? <HQDNNXQLQGKDWKHUL\GKXHQDNNXWKD¼¼L\HSUWKWKURPEDED\DPLUXNNXGKX I don’t know how to swim. I am very frightened of water. (RKDSGL\"Q¯QLQGKDNDWKWKXNRººDY¼XP" Oh is that it? Do you want to learn to swim? Q¯NDWKWKXNRººXPEÀGKXQQXQQÀGXLUXSSQED\DSSDGGKH While you learn I will be with you. Don’t be frightened. <VDULQJDQQNDWKWKXNRººDPX\DUFKFKLVHLYQ Alright sir, I shall try to learn. WKD¼¼LOHQQLUDQJLQDYXGDQHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXSLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD As soon as I get into the water please catch hold of me. (PXGKDOOHDQGKDNDUHYDUDLNNXPQLQGKXDQJHSÀQDGKXNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEDY First swim upto that side. After you reach there come back. <QQDQJHSÀKXPXQHSGLQLQGKD¼XPHQDNNXNWWXQJD Before I go there, show me how to swim. (QQQLQGKXPSÀGKXQ¯\XPDGKHSÀODVHLNDVKWDPLUXQGKQQXQDNNXXGKDYLVHLYQ When I swim, you do the same. If it is difficult I shall help you. <LSGL\¶QJD"LSSRQQNRQMDPQLQGKDPXGL\XP Like this, sir? Now I can swim a little. ------ 178 Adi’s Book. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 47. Q¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀUDSSÀGKXQQXPYUQQ¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀKXPEÀGKXHQQHNÌSSLGD PDUDNNGKHQQSDººLNÌGDPSÀQDSSÀGKXXQYGK\UHVDQGKLWKWKQQQJDSDººLNÌGDP SÀKGKDSÀGKXHQJDQ\ÀGKXYLOD\GDYÀPYGK\UYDQGKDSLQP¼DYDQJDSDGLNND UDPELWKWKQJDYWK\UXNNUXGKDGKXNNXDSUDPPQDYDQJDXNNUQGKQJDYOÌUXNNX YDUDPXQQ¯QJDHQJHYOHVHLGKLQJD" YOÌUXNNX YDUXYDGKXNNXPXQH QJHL UXQGKLQJD" D YDU WKDQV QKLGKDU YDQGKDGKXP DYDUÀGXVSSLWWUQ\HSDUWKDYXGDQSÌQHÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKXQ¯QJDVDSSLGUDYDUDLNNXPQQ SDGLWKWKXNRQGXLUXNNDOP"QQYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ¯QJDDQJH\XPSÀKDNXGKGKX SXUXVKDU YDQGKDYDUDLNNXP PDQDYLN DGLGKDPH ÄXGKLQU Q Q YDUXPXQD YDU HQJH SÀLYLWWU" Q¯QJDYDUDGKXNNXPXQDYDQJDYOH\HPXGLWKWKXYLWWQJD DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGD YDQGKDSÀGKXQQYHºL\HLUXQGKQQQVXKDPLUXNUDSÀHQYOH\HQDOODVHLGKDPXGL\XP SOYQJXPERWKXSONUDQXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ QPYOH VHL\GKDSÀGKXNDGDYXºHQLQHWKWKXNRQGLUXNND¼XPXQJDÌUSÀLVUQGKDYXGDQNDGLGKDP SÀGXQJD ND\LWKWKHD YLÄWKWKDYXGDQHP GXU RPEDY KDPÀGLSÀQDGKX QPL QGKDX ODKDWKOH LUXNNXPYDUDLNNXPQ DOODGKXV HL\D¼XP Q LQJDS HVGKDYDULNNXPW KDPLÄHSGLY UXP" VXODEDPLUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPW KDPLÄSDGLNNDQ DOODL UXQGKDGKX M RUDPY DUDGKXNNXPXQ LQGKDPDUXQGKHVSSLGXQJDWKLUXGDQHOOPSÀQDSLQQLNXUDLNNDUDPELWKWKDGKX ------ 179 Adi’s Book. LESSON 48. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, (CONTINUED). ‘In Order To’ or ‘So That’. (adverb of purpose) ‘In order to’ is expressed by Future Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’). An infinitive is also used to express this. QQJDLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollumbadhiYDQGKÀP:HFDPHKHUHin order to tell this news. QQLQJHLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollaYDQGKQ I came here in order to tell this news. ‘In Order To...Not’ or ‘So That…Not’. ‘In order to…not’ is expressed by Negative Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), regardless of number, gender, person and tense. YDºLHGXNNGKDpadiHQDNNXÌVLSÀGXQJD Please give the injection so that (in such a way that) it will not hurt. ‘As’.(adverb of manner) ‘as’ is expressed by Present Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for present and future, and by Past Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for past tense only. Q¯QJDVROUDSDGLQQVHLUQ I will do as you say QQVRQQDSDGLDYDQYHOHVHLGKQ He did the work as I said. ‘Because’ or ‘Since’. (adverb of reason) ‘because’ is expressed by VXIIL[LQJµSDGL\OH¶RUµSDGL\LQOH¶RUµDGKOH¶RUµDGKDQOH¶WR Present Relative Participle, for present. and future, and to Past Relative Participle for past tense only. The negative form ‘Because…Not’LVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµGKD¶WRDQLQILQLWLYH SOXVµSDGL\OH¶HWFUHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH PDÄHSHLUDGKOHQQYHºL\HSÀKDPWWQ Because it is raining I will not go out. PDÄHSHLGKDSDGL\OHQQYHºL\HSÀKDOH Because it rained I did not go out. Q¯QJDNÌSSLGGKDSDGL\OHQQYDUDOH Because you did not call I did not come. ------ 180 Adi’s Book. Vocabulary NDºHSSX tiredness QÀ\OL sick person NDºHSSLUX VQGK be tired QÀLY\GKL disease kadan debt YLºDNNDP clarity NDGDQNº VWW borrow P¯Q fish kadan kodu (s.thth) lend GKYDGKX something NÌWWDP meeting nada, madhdhi centre, middle NÌWWDPQDGDWKWKX ZLQ conduct meeting NÌWWDPQDGD VWKWK meeting (going on) Sentences. QÀLSÀKXPEDGLQPPDUXQGKXVSSLGD¼XP So that the disease is cured we should take medicine. GKÌVLSRKXPEDGKLHOOPQDOOVXGKGKDPVHLQJD Clean everything properly so that the dust goes. SDQDPNDGDQNNNXPEDGL\UXQQLGDPYDQGKQJD" Who came to you in order to borrow money? HOOUXNNXPWKHUL\XPEDGKLYLºDNNDPHÄXGKXQJD Write clearly so that everybody can understand. NXÄDQGKHSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLNNGKDSDGLSUWKWKXNRººXQJD Take care so that the child does not tear the book. DYDULQJHDGLNNDGLYDUGKDSDGLQ¯QJDHGKYDGKXVHL\D¼XP You should do something so that he does not come here often. QQVROUDSDGLQ¯QJDVHLGKWKDPLÄV¯NUDPSVDPXGL\XP If you do as I say you will be able to speak Tamil fluently. Q¯QJDSGUDSDGLQQDÄDKHSSRYXPSGDPXGL\GKX I can never sing as nicely as you do. DYDUNDVKWDSDWWDSDGLYUH\UXPNDVKWDSSDGDOH No one has suffered as much as he did. QQVXKDPLOOGKDGKOHQWKWKXLQJHYDUDOH I did not come yesterday because I was sick. 181 Adi’s Book. YLºDNNXHULUDSDGL\OHQ¯QJDED\DPLOOPHYOHVHL\DOP As the light is on you may work without fear. DGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSVUDSDGL\OHDYDQJDWKDPLÄQDOOSVDPXGL\XP Since they are talking Tamil often they can talk Tamil well. DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGGKDSDGL\OHQQDQJHSÀKDOH I did not go there because he did not call me. NDGHPÌGLLUXQGKDSDGL\OHQQR¼¼XPYQJDOH I did not buy anything as the shop was closed. SD¼DNNUDQÄHNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKDGKOHÄHVDQGKÀVKDPLUXNUQ Because the rich man gave him money the poor man is happy. QQURPEDGKXUDPQDGDQGKDSDGL\OHHQDNNXURPEDNDºHSSLUXNNXGKX As I walked very far I am very tired. NÌWWDPHQY¯WWXNNXNLWWDQDGDNNDSÀUDSDGL\OHQQNDWW\DPSÀYQ As the meeting is going to be held near my house, I must go. Q¯QJDNDGLGKDPHÄXGKGKDSDGL\OHQQXPXQJDºXNNXHÄXGKDOH As you did not write a letter to me, I (also) did not write to you. XQJDºHVDQGKLNNXPEDGLGKQ VDQGKLNNDGKQ QQLQGKDÌUXNNXYDQGKQ I came to this place only in order to meet you. P¯QSLGLNNXPEDGLQQULNNXSÀYQ I will go to the lake to catch fish. WKQJDVROUDSDGLQDGDNUDYDQJD VHLUDYDQJD QDOODYDQJD They who practice what they preach are good people. YDÄDNNDSSDGLQQJDSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXWKÌQJDSÀQÀP As usual we went to bed at ten o’clock. XQJDLVKWDSSDGL\HOOPQDGDNNXP LGLRP Everything will be done according to your wish. HQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDSDGL\OHV¯NUDPVSLWWQ I ate earlier because I was very hungry. SÀGKXPQDSD¼DPLOOGKDSDGL\OHHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH Because I do not have enough money I am not happy. ------ 182 Adi’s Book. Practical Conversation. F$7DQN 5HVHUYRLU V: Visitor, L: Local Man. 9NXGLWKD¼¼LNXºDPHQJHLUXNNXGKX" Where is the drinking water tank? /DGKXJUPDWKWKXNNXPDGKLOHLUXNNXGKX It is in the middle of the village. 9LQGKDNXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼L\QURPEDDÄXNNLUXNNXGKX Why is this tank water very dirty. /LQGKDNXºDWKOHGXPGXQJDºHVXGKGKDPVHLUDSDGL\OHDÄXNNLUXNNXGKX Because cattle are washed in this tank it is dirty. 9NXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼LDVXGKGKDP DÄXNNX KGKDSDGLJUPDMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXNRººD¼XP The villagers should see that the tank water does not become dirty. /DGKXQLMDPQJUPDMDQQDQJDºHGKQNXºDWKOHNXºLNUQJDWKX¼LQJDWKÀLNUQJDDSUDP DGKWKD¼¼LNXGLNUQJD7KDWLVWUXHEXWWKHYLOODJHUVWKHPVHOYHVEDWKHZDVK clothes, then they drink the same water. 9JUPDMDQDQJDNXGLNND NXGLNNXPEDGL WKD¼QLYUHHQJLUXQGKXNRQGXYDUQJD" From where else do the villagers bring water to drink? /QQVRQQDSDGLLQGKDDÄXNNXWKD¼¼L\GKQNXGLNNDNRQGXSÀUQJD As I said, they are taking only this dirty water to drink. 9DL\ÀLGKXPÀVDPLOOH\" Oh dear, it is a shame, is it not? Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48. QQXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDSXUDSDWWQQ¯QJDHQQHLQJHYDUXPEDGLVRQQLQJDLOOH\ NXÄDQGKHY HºL\HS ÀKGKDSDGLN DGKDYHP ÌGLYLWWQ DYDU QPV RQQDSDGLV HLGKU DGKXGKQQDOODGKXWKDPLÄSGDPNDVKWDPLUXQGKDSDGL\OHQQDGKHSDGLNNDOHQ¯QJD HQJDºXNNXV SSGX NRGXWKWKDSDGL\OH DYDQJDºXNNXV DQGKÀVKDP UWKULH OOPY LºDNNX HUL\GKDSDGL\OHLUXWWLUXQGKDGKX DYDQJDVLULNNXPEDGLQQLGKHDYDQJDºXNNXVROODOHJUPDMDQDQJDVDPEGKLNNXPEDGL QDKDUDQJDºXNNXS ÀUQJD Q PN NNGKDSDGLD YDQJDU RPEDP HGKXYSHVLNR¼GQJD YÄNNHOHQPQLQHNUDSDGLQDGDQGKHYºDYXQDOODLUXNNXP"SXVWKDKDQJDºHPVHPHOHQQ YDLWKWKDSDGL\YDLQJD S GDQJDºHQ ¯QJDV DUL\JKDYDQLNNGKDSDGL\OH DGKXQJD XQJDºXNNXYLºDQJDOHQQJDHOOPNDGDUNDUHNNXQDGDNNDSÀQÀP ------ 183 Adi’s Book. LESSON 49. SUFFIX ‘UM’ AND ITS USES. ([SUHVVHVµ$QG¶ðwhen it follows nouns and pronouns. UPXPUDKLPXPVQKLGKDU Ram and rahim are friends. ([SUHVVHVµ(YHQ¶RUµ$OVR¶ð when it follows a single noun or pronoun. LQJHRUXPVH\XPLOOH There is not even a table here. QPXPDGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSHVXYÀP We also will speak in Tamil often. ,QWHUURJDWLRQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV8QLYHUVDOLW\ð \UXPVXODEDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDOP Anyone may learn Tamil easily. 9HUEDO3DUWLFLSOHSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµ$OWKRXJK¶ð PDÄHSHLGKXPLQQXPVÌGXDGDQJDOH although it rained the heat has not subsided. &RQGLWLRQDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµHYHQLI¶ð Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPRUXPD¼LQUDPGKQSDGLWKWKOXPSÀGKXP It will be enough even if you study only one hour daily. 1HXWHU3DVW3DUWLFLSLDO1RXQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµDVVRRQDV¶ð ÌUXNNXSÀQDGKXPHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD Drop me a line as soon as you reach home. $1XPHUDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV&RPSOHWHQHVV ZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQ ð Q¯QJDQOXSUXPL¼¼DNNLSGD¼XP All four of you should sing today. µ,QQXP«LQQXP¶&RQQHFWV6WDWHPHQWVð WKDPELQ Q XQJDSSYHS UNNDY DQGKQL QQXPP DUXSDGL\XPQ QD YDUHV DQGKLNND YDUXYQLQQXPYUXPEÀGKXUH¼GXQDOODSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDUXYQLQQXPXQDSSYXNNX sollu. Child, tell your father that I came to see him and I shall come again to meet him and will bring two nice books when I come. Vocabulary pirar other people VOH road ÀUDP edge NXUXNNXYDÄL short cut XEDGKVDP preaching NKDPNNN crow XEDGKVDPVHL ZGK preach SDQDPSDÄXP palmyra fruit XEDGKVL VWKWK preach niraya full, overflowing 184 Adi’s Book. pichche alms nadu, madhdhi centre, middle SLFKFKHNUDQ beggar RÄXQJX neatness pichche edu (s.thth) beg NDWWD\DP certainly pichche kodu (s.thth) give alms QLFKFKD\DP certainly tholle nuisance thondaravu nuisance tholle kodu (s.thth) be a nuisance QVDP Q love thondaravu sei (w.dh) be a nuisance QVL VWKWK love Sentences. DYDUHQQHSUWKWKXPHQQÀGXSVPHSÀLYLWWU Although he saw me he left without speaking to me. NWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXP DGLWKWKDYXGDQH PDÄHSHLGKDGKX It rained as soon as the wind blew. Q¯QJDNÌSSLWWOXPDYDUYDUDPWWU He won’t come even if you call him. HOOVPQXNNXPQQHYºDYXNRGXNND¼XP" How much should I pay for all the things DYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\XPVHL\DPXGL\XP They can do this work somehow or other. LQJHHOOPLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDDGKH\XPVSSLGDOP Everything is here, you may eat anything. HSSRYXPX¼PH QLMDP SHVD¼XPLQQXPQPQDPPHQVLNUDGKHSÀODYHSLUDUH\XP QHVLNND¼XPLQQXPHVXQGKDUXEDGKVDPVHLGKU The Lord Jesus preached that we should always speak the truth and love others as we love ourselves. Q¯QJDSDWKWKXSUXPLQJHVSSLGDYQJD All ten of you come here to eat. QPHSSRYXPVOH\ÀUDPQDGDNND¼XP We should always walk on the edge of the road. SLFKFKHNDUDQJDQDPDNNXHOOPLGDWKWKLOXPWKROOHNRGXNUQJD The beggars are a nuisance to us everywhere. QQLSSRWKÌQJDSÀUQ\UXPHQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\DNÌGGKX I am going to sleep now, no one should disturb me. 185 Adi’s Book. LGKXNÀYLOOXNNXSÀKDNXUXNNXYDÄL This is a short cut to the temple. QDGXUWKULGKQWKLUXGDQXNNXURPEDQDOODQUDP Midnight is a very good time for a thief. LQGKDSGDPSDODGKDGDYHSDGLWKWKOXPHQDNNXYLºDQJDOH Although I studied this lesson several times, it is not clear to me. MVWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLWKWKXPHQGKKDPSRKDOH DGDQJDOH Although I drank a lot of water my thirst is not quenched. WKWKXOHSÀWWOXPDºDQGKXSRGX Even if you throw something in the river, measure and throw it. (Keep account of all you do, even that of little value). \UXPLQLPHOHLGKHSDWKWKLSVDNÌGGKX Nobody should talk about this hereafter NKXPXNNUQGKDGKXPSDQDPSDÄXPYLÄXQGKDGKX As soon as the crow sat the palmyra fruit fell. (The last straw on the camel’s back) LGKXLQQXPDGKXLQQXPQSVLNRQGLUXNUH" Why keep saying this and that? QPHSSRYXPHQGKDYOH\XPRÄXQJVHL\D¼XP We should always do any work neatly. DYDUXGXSSXPSFKFKXPSUWKWKSHUL\DPDQXVKDUHSÀODLUXNNXGKX He looks like a great man by his dress and speech. LQJH\XPDQJH\XPVXPPQDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNNGKLQJD Don’t just keep walking here and there. Q¯QJDHQQDGKQVRQQOXPDYDURUXQDOODPDQXVKDUGKQ Whatever you say, he is definitely a good man. WKWKXOHQLUD\DYHººDPYDQGKOXPQLQNNLGKDQNXGLNND¼XP Even if the river floods the dog has to lick to drink. (There is a limit to one’s capacity). XQJDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPHQQHYDQGKXSUXQJD Come and see me as soon as your work is finished. ------ 186 Adi’s Book. LESSON 50. 68)),;(6µ¶µ¶µ¿¶$1'µ9$'+8¶ µ¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ QWKWKXDYDUYDQGKU? Did he come yesterday? µ¶([SUHVVHV(PSKDVLV LQGKDSHWWLOH\SD¼DPSRWWXYDL Keep the money in this box. DYDUQWKWKXLQJHYDQGKU He did come here yesterday. µÀ¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ:LWK$Q(PSKDVLV QWKWKXQ¯QJDOÀ vandhinga? Was it you who came yesterday? µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶ Q¯QJDLSGL\ÀDSGL\ÀSRKDOP You may go this way or that way. ,QWHUURJDWLRQµÀ¶ LQGHILQLWHQHVV avar HQJH\ÀSÀQU He went somewhere. µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµEXW¶ DYDQSD¼DNNUDQGKQDYDQÀQDOODVSSLGDPXGL\GKX He is indeed a rich man, but he cannot eat well. &DUGLQDO1XPEHUµYDGKX¶ 2UGLQDO1XPEHU ,QWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµP¶ QOYDGKX (QOP SGDPYDVLQJD Read the fourth lesson. 6LQJOH:RUGµYDGKX¶ µ$W/HDVW¶ Q¯QJDLGKXNNXSDWKWKXUÌEYYDGKXNRGXNND¼XP You should give at least ten rupees for this. µYDGKX«YDGKX¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶ L¼¼DNNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDºYDGKXQQYDGKXSVD¼XP In today’s meeting either you or I should speak. Vocabulary NÀEDPNÀYDP anger NXUXNN across (dat.) NÀEDPY ZQG be angry QUYDÄL straight way vahuppu class, standard, grade PPVDP meat ------ 187 Adi’s Book. Sentences. QQLYDUHHQJH\ÀSUWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen him somewhere. LYºDYXVSSGHHQDNNXSÀGKXP This much food is enough for me. QQDGKHHQND¼¼OH\SUWKWKQ I saw that with my own eyes. Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPSUNNDOH\À SUWKWKDGKXLOOH\À " You have never seen me have you? QODNNLXQJDYOHNUDQNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀYQ" Will your servant go to the market tomorrow? HQDNNXLSSRSQYÀSHQFLOÀY¼XP I want a pen or pencil now. DYDUSD¼DNNUDUQ¯QJDOÀÄHQ¯QJDHSGLLGKHVHL\DPXGL\XP" He is a rich man but you are poor. How can you do this? Q¯QJDLQGKDFKLQQDYOH\YDGKXVHL\D¼XP You should at least do this small job. HQDNNXXGDQHNRQMDPNSSL\YDGKXW¯\YDGKXNRQGXYQJD Bring me some coffee or tea at once. XQJDPDKDQLSSRHWKWKDQH\YDGKXYDKXSSXOHSDGLNUQ In which class (standard) is your son studying now? Q¯QJDLSGL\VHLGKXYDQGKHQDNNXNÀEDPYDUXP If you keep doing this, I will get angry. DQGKDNDVKWDPQDYOH\HHSGL\ÀVHLGKXPXGLWKWKQ I have finished doing that difficult job somehow. DYDUQDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀHQDNNXSDUYOOH I don’t care if he is a good man or a bad man. QQYDGKXHQVQKLGKDUYDGKX QQÀHQVQKLGKDUÀ XQJDºHVDQGKLSSÀP Either I or my friend will meet you. LQGKDÀWWDOOHHWKWKDQH\YDGKXDUHOHWKDQJLLUXNULQJD In this hotel in what room number are you staying. ÄHMDQDQJDºXNNXQPLQGKDXGKDYL\YDGKXVHL\D¼XP We should give at least this help to the poor people. ¼LQJDXQJDNDGLGKDWKOHNDLHÄXWKXSÀWWLQJDº" Did you sign your letter? 188 Adi’s Book. DYDUMDQDQJDºXNNXLSGLXEDGKVLNNDOP" Can he preach to the people like this? HQVQKLGKDUHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀWWUQQÀLQQXPEDGKLOSÀGKDOH My friend has written a letter to me, but I have not yet sent a reply. HQDNNXHYºDYÀNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKXDGKH\UXNNXPVROODPWWQ I have such a lot of trouble, but I will not tell anyone. XEDGKVDPVHLUDGKÀVXODEDPDGKDQSDGLQDGDSSDGKÀNDVKWDP It is indeed easy to preach, but difficult to act accordingly. W¯\ÀNSSL\ÀHGKÀV¯NUDPNRGXQJD Give me tea or coffee or something quickly. LQGKDYDÄLNXUXNNXYDÄL\QUYDÄL\" Is this a short cut or a straight route? Q¯QJDWKLQJDNLÄDPH\YDGKXVHYYNLÄDPH\YDGKXYDUDPXGL\XP" Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? DYDUNXÄDQGKHNNXNRQMDPPLWW\YDGKXYQJD¼XP I must buy at least some sweets for his child. Practical Conversation. F7DPLOLDQ)RRG F: Foreigner, T: Tamilian. )WKDPLÄQWOHNODLOHVGKUD¼DPHQQDVSSLGDYQJD" In Tamil Nadu what do they usually eat in the morning. 7WKDPLÄDUXNNXGKÀVDL\ÀLGOL\ÀXSSXPYÀGKQNODPHVSSGX Dhosai or idli or uppuma is the common breakfast for Tamilians. )7KDPLÄDUGKÀVDLLGOL\ÀGXNSSL\YDGKXW¯\YDGKXVSSLGDPWWQJDº" Don’t the Tamilians take coffee or tea with idli or dhosai? 7PQDYDQJDVGKUDQDPW¯\HYLGDNDSSLMDVWKLVSSLGDYQJD Yes, but they would usually take more coffee than tea. VSSLGDHGKXLUXQGKOXPVDULLOOYLWWOXPVDULDYDQJDºXNNXNSSLNDWW\DPLUXNND¼XP Whether there is something to eat or not, there must be coffee. )DYDQJDPDGK\QDVSSWWXNNXPUWKULVSSWWXNNXPHQQDVSSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP" What are they used to eating for lunch and supper. 7PDGK\QDPVSSWWXNNXVGKDPXPNLNDUL\XPVLODVDPD\DPPXWWH\XPPPVDPXP For lunch, rice and vegetables, sometimes eggs and meat. 189 Adi’s Book. 7 UWKULVSSWWXNNXVGKDPXPUDVDPXPDSSDºDPVSSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP For supper, rice rasam and appalum are usually eaten. )HOOWKDPLÄDUXPPPVDPVSSLGDYQJDº" Do all Tamilians eat meat? 7LOOHHOOUXPLOOHDQKDSUVSSLGXYDGKXLOOH No, not all. Many people do not eat it. Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48, 49, 50. QPGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSVUDSDGL\OHDGKXVXODEDPYDUXGKXLQGKDYOHL¼¼DNNL PXGL\GKDGKOHQ ºDNNLN DWW\DPL GKHP XGLNND¼XP PDPE\LOLUXQGKXF KHQQDLNNX V¯NUDPYDQGKXVUXPEDGLUÀSOQOHSXUDSDWWÀPDQKDSUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDUGKDSDGL\OH NÌWWDPQDGDNNDOHPDÄHÀL\GKDGKOHQQJDNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDPXGL\DOH Q¯QJDYLUXPELQDSDGLHOOPQDOOPXGLQGKDGKX QPQ DPY \XNNX YDQGKDSDGLS VDNÌGDGKX LGLRP DYDU QNNOL\HW KDºOLQD SDGL\OHD GKXN ¯ÄHY LÄXQGKXX GHQGKDGKX V SSGXU RPEDU ÌVL\LUXQGKDGKOH DYDQJD MVWKLV SSLWWQJD GXQJDS XOP \XPEDGLP OHNNXS ÀQDGKXQJD LQGKDV HGLQJDºH QDGXPEDGLWKÀWWDNUDQNRQGXYDQGKQQ¯QJDVXKDPKXPEDGLQQJDGKYDQHWKRUDUÀP LYDUXNNXW KDPLÄHÄXGKDYXPS DGLNNDYXPU RPEDQ DOODW KHUL\XP LSSROPD QKD SH¼¼XQJDºXP S¯VOHY OHV HLGKXYDUQJD H Q SH¼¼XNNXPS ÌURPEDL VKWDPL QQX QQ XQJDºXNNXVRQQQ\UXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHVXODEDPSDGLNNDOPDYDUHSGL\XPHWWX PD¼LNNXººHYDQGKXYLGXYUQQDGKHSDWKWKLHGKXYXPVROODPXGL\GKXLQQXQLQHNUQ Q¯QJDHSSRYXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQQLGDPLUXQGKXYDQJLNRººDOPLGKXXQJDY¯WWHSÀOD Q¯QJDLQGKDY¯WWOHHQJH\XPSDGXWKWKXNRºODOPDYDUNÌSSLWWXPQQSÀKDOHQLQQHQDNNX YOHM VWKL LUXQGKDGKX Q PH YºDYX SD¼DPNR GXWKWKOXPD YDQXNNXV DQGKÀVKDP LUXNNGKXNXÄDQGKHNNXYDÄDSDÄDPNRGXWKWKDGKXPDGKXDÄDUDGKHQLUXWKWKLYLWWDGKXVOH PDGKGLOHQDGDNUDGKXDE\DPQVOHÀUDPQDGDNND¼XPLQQXDQKDSUXNNXWKHUL\DOH L¼¼DNNL LUXEDWKX SUXPY OHV HL\DY DQGKXL UXNUQJDº" DQGKDS XVWKDKDQJDH WWXP XQJDºXNNXGKQN RQGXSÀKDP DUDNNGKLQJD QºDNNLN DWW\DPH Q Y¯WWXNNX YDUXYLQJDº LOOH\"QQQLFKFKD\DPVROODYPXGL\GKXQSUNNDOPQQNDWW\DPXQJDY¯WWXNNX YDUXYQLQQXVRQQLQJDºDYDULQJH\XPW KDYDUPH ZLWKRXWIDLO YDUXYU"QPY DÄLOH NSSL\ÀW¯\ÀVSSLGDOP"QPSÀUDYDÄLOHÀWWDOLUXNNXGK"VDULXQJDLVKWDPSÀODHGKXYÀ HGKÀ VDSSLGDOP 190 Adi’s Book. QPL¼¼DNNLVSDWKULSÀKDQXPQDPXNNXMVWKLYOHLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDHGKXYXPVHL\DOP Q¯QJDSD¼DNNUDUQQÀÄHNSSLLOOYLWWSDUYLOOHWKD¼¼L\YDGKXNRGXQJDXQJDSH¼ HWKWKDQH\YDGKX YDKXSOHS DGLNU" H Q SH¼DQMPY DKXSOHS DGLNUS DL\DQ RPEDGKP YDKXSOHS DGLNUQ U RWWL\YDGKXV GKDPYDGKX NRQGXYQJD HÄXGKDS QYYDGKX SHQVLOYDGKXNRQGXYQJD DYDUXPDSGLPÀVDPSVDNÌGGKXLGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGKQDGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGKQ LQGKDP DQXVKDU \UXNNXPS LGLNNDOH H QGKDG KVDWKWKLOXPQ DOODYDQJDN HWWDYDQJD LUXNUQJDHQPÌNNXND¼¼GL\HQQNLÄHSÀWWXPDGKXXGH\DOHHQDNNXDGKXY¼PLQQX QQVRQQOXPD YDUDGKDQXSSLYDLWKWKUS¯VOHYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPQ Q QUDY ¯WWXNNX SÀQQ G KLQDQGKÀUXPS GDQJDºH HÄXGKD¼XPL QQXPW KLUXPEDW KLUXPED DGKXQJDºH SDGLNND¼XPLQQXPHQJDYGK\UHQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLVROUU SDVLY DQGKSDWKWKXPS DUDQGKXS ÀKXP ROGV D\LQJ L GKXYDQGKDN DWWDGDWKWKXNNX SÀKXPYDVDO"QQLQGKDYOHOHVHLGKXPXGLSSQQWKWKXQDOOPDÄHSHLGKDGKLQQXP QVÌGLUXNNXGKX"EHQJDOÌUDNNXSÀKXPQUYDÄLLGKXY"Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXQGKL\À SLQGKL\ÀHSSRYYDUDOPQQDYDUHNÌSSLWWQDYDUÀµQQYDUDPWWQ¶ LQQXVROODYLWWU LQGKDN ºYLNNX Q¯QJDºYDGKX EDGKLOV ROODPXGL\XP" D YDU DSSFKHQQDL\LOLUXQGKX L¼¼DNNL\ÀQºDNNL\ÀYDUXYULSSRHQDNNXURPEDGKKDPNXGLNNDHGKYDGKXNRGXQJD QQL QJHR UX SPEHS UWKQ\ UH\YDGKXV ¯NUDPN ÌSSLGXQJD XQJDW KDPEL\YDGKX D¼¼DQYDGKXH QQÀGXD QXSSXQJD Q QV DLNLOH\YDGKX EDVOH\YDGKX SÀYQ HSGL\YDGKXSÀLDQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDSUXQJD DYDU QDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀSUYDL OOHD YDUHY DUDV ROOXQJD Q ¯QJD HQJH\YDGKXS ÀL HGKYDGKXVHLGKX\UH\YDGKXSUWKWKXLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\YDGKXPXGLQJDQQHQJH SÀQOXP\UH\XPSUNNDPXGL\GKXNWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXPPDÄHSHLGKDGKDOODGKX PDÄHS HLGKDGKXPN WKWKXD GLWKWKDGK" D YDU SD¼DNNUDULUXQGKXPH QQDX ED\ÀKDP SUD\ÀMDQDP D YDU \UXNNXPXGK DYLV HLUDY DÄDNNXPLOO H Q QV SSGXU XVL\ VDPHWKWKXPQ ¯QJDººP QV DUL\VSSLGDOH L QGKDS DQQHQGX SUH\XPN ÌWWLNRQGXSÀL YOH\HUDPELQJDQQYDUDOHQOXP YDUDYLWWOXP Q¯QJDYOHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQJD \UNÌSSLWWOXPDQGKDQLNXWWLVDQGKÀVKDPÀGLYDUXP ------ 191 Adi’s Book. LESSON 51. GREETING AND MEETING PEOPLE. Vocabulary R¼¼XPLOOH nothing YLVVKDP particular, special \DUYDGKX anyone \UXPLOOH no one, nobody avasaram urgency, hurry (n.) WKDYDUPH without fail eppovum always, any time HSSRY¼XPQOXP anytime NWKWKLUX wait (v.) Conversation, Doctor’s Reception Desk.. P: Patient, R: Receptionist. 5Q¯QJDO"XººHYQJDQNNOLOHXNNUXQJD Is that you? Come in. ‘Take a seat’. P. nandri, romba nandri. Thank you, many thanks. 5\HSGLLUXNULQJDVXKDP" How are you, are you well? QQQDOOLUXNUQ I am well Q¯QJDOXPVXKDP" Are you well too? 3LOOHQQVXKDPLOOH HQDNNXXGDPEXVDUL\LOOH No, I am not well. 5Q¯QJDVRZN\DPLOOH\" Are you unwell? 3PQQNRQMDPVRZN\DPLOOH Yes, I am a bit unwell. 5QLQJDHYºDYXQºVXKDPLOOH" How long are you ( have you been) sick. 3QQRUXYUDPVXKDPLOOH I have been unwell for one week. 5XQJDNXGDPEDPVXKDP" Is your family well? XQJDY¯WOHHOOUXPVXKDP" (Is your household well?) 3PHQY¯WOHHOOUXPVXKDPGKQQDQGUL Yes, everyone in my family is well, thanks. 5Q¯QJDHQJHLUXNULQJD"XQJDY¯GXHQJH" Where do you live? Where is your house? 3\HQY¯GXNÀYLOXNNXSLQQOHLUXNNXGKX My house is behind the temple. R. yedhu unga theru? Which is your street? 3DQGKDQ¯ODPQDWKHUXGKQHQJDWKHUX That long street is our street. R. enna sangadhi? What news? 3YLVVKDPR¼¼LOOH Nothing special. (nothing in particular) 192 Adi’s Book. 5Q¯QJDHQQHSUWKWKXURPEDQOLOOH\" It is a long time since you saw me, is it not? 3PQQXQJDºHVDQGKLWKWKXURPEDNODPFKFKX Yes, it is a long time since I met you. 5Q¯QJDQYDQGKLQJD" Why did you come? 3QQGRFWRUHSUNND¼XPXººHLUXNUU" I want to see the doctor. Is he in? 5LOOHDYDUYHºL\HSÀLLUXNUU SÀL¶NUU No, he has gone out. 3DYDUHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXYU" When will he return? 5DYDUV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYDUXYU He will return soon. 3QQDYDUXNNKDNRQMDQUDPNWKWKLUXNNDOP" May I wait for him for a little while? 5ÀGKUODPNWKWKLUXNNDOP Oh, by all means you my wait. ------Sentences. 1. enna sonninga? What did you say? (‘I beg your pardon’) XQJDºHSUNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP I am glad to see you. QQXQJDºXNNXHQQDVHL\D¼XP" What can I do for you. HQQDNNXQ¯QJDRUXFKLQQDXGKDYLVHL\D¼XP You can do a small favour for me. QQDYDUVQKLGKDU I am his friend. Q¯QJDHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXPDQQLSSLQJDº" Will you please forgive me? VDULLQGKDGKDGDYHPDWWXPPDQQLNUQ Alright, I will forgive you only this time. QUDPLUXQGKHQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDPXGL\XP" Can you come to our house if you have time VDULDSGL\VHLYQ Alright, I shall do so. Q¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP" How long can you stay. QQURPEDQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\GKXNRQMDQUDPGKQLUXNNDPXGL\XP I cannot stay long. I can stay only a little while QQHSSRYDUDOP" When may I come? Q¯QJDQºDNNLYDUDOP You may come tomorrow. XQJDºXNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP" Are you in a great hurry? 193 Adi’s Book. PHQDNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP Yes, I am in a great hurry. Q¯QJDYDUDPXGL\GK" Can you not come? LOOHQJDHQDNNXDYDVDUDPQDYOHLUXNNXGKX No, I have urgent work. Q¯QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDWWLQJDº" Did you hear this news? LOOHQDQLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDGDOH No, I did not hear this news. QQSÀLYDUDWWXP" QQSÀLYDUDOP" May I take leave? (May I go?). SÀLWWXYQJDYD¼DNNDP Goodbye. QQPDUXSDGL\XPXQJDºHHSSRVDQGKLNNDOP" When can I meet you again? Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPVDQGKLNNDOP You may meet me anytime. XQJDGKVDPHGKX" Which is your country? HQGKVDPLQGKL\ My country is India. DGKX\UY¯GX" Whose house is that? DGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯GX That is my friend’s house. DYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP" Do you know him? PDYDUHHQDNNXWKHUL\XP Yes, I know him. DQJH\UYDGKXLUXNUQJDº" Is there anyone there. $QJH\UXPLOOH No one is there. LYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP" Do you know this person? LOOHLYDUHQDNNXWKHUL\DYWKHUL\GKX No, I don’t know this person at all. QQVROUDGKXXQJDOXNNXWKHUL\XGK" Do you understand what I say? Q¯QJDVROUDGKXHQDNNXQDOOWKHUL\XGKX I understand well what you say. Q¯QJDHSSRYDQGKLQJD" When did you come. QQLSSRGKQYDQGKQ I came just now. XQJDOHWKLUXPEDHSSRSUNNDOP" When can I see you again. Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXP HSSRY¼XPQOXP SDUNNDOP You may see me any time you like. Q¯QJDHQQHQºDNNLNDWWD\DPSUXQJD Definitely see me tomorrow. VDULQQXQJDºHQºDNNLWKDYDUPDSUSSQ Alright, I will see you tomorrow without fail. ------ 194 Adi’s Book. LESSON 52. CONVERSATION ABOUT WORK. Vocabulary JUPDMDQDQJD villagers SD\LUWKRÄLO agriculture JUPDWKWKU villagers YLYDV\DP agriculture NXGL\QDYDU farmer VDPXVUL farmer QHVDYºL weaver NDLWKRÄLO hand craft industry YD¼¼Q dhobi QHLUDWKRÄLO weaving JXPDVWK clerk thachchar carpenter WKRÄLOXGK\ÀKDP profession NRWKWKXYOH masonry Y\EUL merchant Y\EUDP trade, business YUH other, different seruppu sandal DGLKDP in large numbers surusuruppu activeness uraippu diligence XUDLSSOL hard worker, diligent one VÀPEDO laziness VÀPEUL lazy fellow PXGLYHWWXNRº ZQG have a haircut kshavara-kade barber’s shop NVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRº ZQG have a shave kshavaram shaving (n.) Conversation. XQJDOXNNXHQQDYOH" What is your occupation. QQJXPDVWKYOHVHLUQ I am a clerk. JUPDWKOHHGKXPXN\DPQDYOH" What is the main occupation in the village? YLYDV\DP SD\LUWKRÄLO PXN\DPQDYOH Agriculture is the main occupation. JUDPDWKWKUYUHHQQDWKRULOVHLUQJD" What other industry do the villagers do? JUPDMDQDQJDSLQHLUDWKRÄLOVHLUQJD The villagers do mat-weaving. LYDUHQQDYOHVHLUU" What is his work? XQJDSXUXVKDUXNNXHQQDYOH What is your husband’s work? HQSXUXVKDUWKDFKFKDYOHVHLUU My husband is a carpenter. Q¯\UY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUH" With whom are you working as a gardener? QQRUXGRFWRUY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUQ I am a gardener at a doctor’s house. 195 Adi’s Book. XQJDºXNNXYOHNUDQLUXNNDY¼XP" Do you want to be a (house) servant? LOOHHQDNNXDQGKDYOHLVKWDPLOOH No, I don’t like that work. Q¯QJDPGXYD¼GLNNUDU" Are you a bullock cart driver? PQQYD¼GLNNUDUGKQ Yes I am a cart driver. HYODYXQºYD¼GLÀWULQJD" How long have you been driving a cart. SDWKWKXSDGKLQDQMXYDUXVKDPÀWUQ I have been driving for 10-15 years. 8QJDYD¼¼DQHSSRYDUXYQ" When will your dhobi come? HQJDYD¼¼DQDGXWKWKDYUDPYDUXYQ Our dhobi will come next week. LGKXHQQDNDGHNVKDYDUHNDGH\" What shop is this, a barber’s shop? QQPXGLYHWWLNRººD¼XPDSSRQQNVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRººD¼XP I want to have a shave then a haircut. 1LQJDQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\XP"PDGKXUDLOHQHVDYOLQJDDGKLKDPLUXNUDQJDº" Do you know how to weave? In Madhurai are there many weavers? HQDNNXQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\GKXQPDGKXUDLOHDQKDQHVDYOLQJDLUXNUQJD I don’t know how to weave, but in Madhurai there are many weavers. DQGKDNDWWDGDWKOHDYDUHQQDYOHVHLUU What work is he doing in that building? DYDUDQJHNRWKWKXYOHVHLUU He is working as a mason there. DYDUWKRÄLOHQQDWKHUL\XP"DYDUVHUXSSXWKDLNUDYDU Do you know what his work is? He is a cobbler. HQJDSSRUXY\EULDYDUDULVLY\EUDPVHLUU Our father is a merchant, he is doing rice business. XQJDºXNNXYOHLOOH\"LSSRHQJHYDQGKLQJD" Don’t you have work? What brought you here now? HQDNNXYOHLOOHLSSRYOHWKGLYDQGKQ I have no work. I came in search of a job. LYDQYOHR¼¼XPVHL\DOH\" Is he not doing any work? DYDQRUXSLFKFKHNNUDQSLFKFKHHGXNUDGKXDYDQWKRÄLO He is a beggar. Begging is his profession. LQGKDOSHUL\DVÀPEUL This man is a very lazy one. ------ 196 Adi’s Book. LESSON 53. CONVERSATION WITH A SERVANT. Vocabulary mei truth poi lie thuppu (w.in) spit VHLGKLWKº newspaper YLVLULSÀGX switch on (fan) visiri niruththu switch off (fan) YLOODNNXSÀGX switch on (light) YLOODNNXD¼H switch off (light) sarakku iru be slippery YDÄDYDÄDQQXLUX be slippery MDJUHGKH\LUX be careful EDGKUDPLUX be careful SUWKWKXYQJD watch out! YOH\LUX be busy Conversation. L¼¼DNNLVHLGKLWKºHQJH"HQDUHNNXVYLHQJH" Where is today’s newspaper? Where’s my room key? LGKÀLUXNNXGKXQJDVYLNÌGDNR¼GXYDUQ¶JD Here it is sir. I am bringing the key as well sir. NDGKDYHPÌGX¶SPÌGLYLWWH\" Close the door man. Have you closed it? QQPXQGKL\PÌGLYLWWQ¶JD I have alredy closed it sir. NDGKDYHWKLUD¶PQURPEDQUDPVHLUH" Open the door ‘ma. Why do you take such a long time? LGKÀWKLUDQGXYLWWQ¶PYOH\LUXQGKQDGKDQOHQUDPFKFKX Look, I am opening it ‘ma. I was busy, so it took time. EDGKUDPLUX MJUDGKH\LUX Be careful. (Take care of yourself) QQVRQQDGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKGKHWKHULQGKDGK" Don’t forget what I said, d’you understand? WKHULQGKDGKXQQPDUDNNDPWWQ Understood, I won’t forget. YLºDNNXPYLVLUL\XPSÀGX Put on the light and the fan. YLVLULYKDPY¼XPPHGKXYY¼XP" Do you want the fan fast or slow? YLºDNNHD¼HQJD7KDWWL\HN¯ÄHYLGXQJD Turn off the light. Pull down the thatties WKDWWL\HSGKLYLWWSÀGKXP" If I pull the thatties half way is it enough? 197 Adi’s Book. VDGKGKDP NÌFKFKL VHL\GKH SÀGGKH Do not make a noise. QQVDGKGKDPVHL\DOHQQPHGKXYSVUQ I am not making a noise, I am speaking quietly. DSGL\QLOOXDQJHSÀKGKHQQXQQÀGX XQNLWWD SVD¼XPHQDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHL Stand still. Do not go there. I must speak with you. Clean my room. LGKHQ\EDWKOHYDLWKWKXNNNRº YDLFKFKXNNÀ Bear this in mind. Q¯XQYOH\HSUDYDUHXººHYDUDVROOXDYDUHHQQHSUNNDVROOX Mind your own business. Tell him to come in. Tell him to see me. VDULQJDHSSRXQJDºHSUNNDVROOD¼XP" Alright sir, when should I tell him to see you? SRLVROOGKHQLMDP PHL SVX Do not lie, tell the truth. LGKXSRLLOOHQLMDPGKQ PHLGKQ This is not a lie, it is indeed the truth. DQJHWKXSSGKHJDGLKUDWKWKXNNXVDYLNRGXHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXNNGKH Don’t spit there. Wind up the clock. Don’t give me trouble.` HQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\GKHYDÄDNNDPSÀODYVDUL\QDQUDWKOHY Do not worry me. Come as usual. Come on time. QUDPSRUXWKWKX NDÄLWKWKX YDUGKH SLQGKLYDUGKH Do not come late. HQQDVRQQH"QQR¼¼XPVROODOHQ¯HQGKDSDNNDPSÀUH" What did you say? I did not say anything. Which way are you going? HQDNNXHOOPR¼¼XGKQHQQDNWWH" It is all the same to me. What did you ask? DGKHHGXLGKHOOPHGXWKWKXYLGXLQGKDFK¯WWHDYDULGDPNRQGXSÀ Take that. (Pick it up) (Pass it on). Take all these away. Take this chit to him. VDULQJDLGKXNNXEDGKLOY¼XP" Alright sir, do you want a reply for this? QQQUDSRUQLQGKDSDNNDPSÀDQGKDSDNNDPSÀKGKHLQJHURPEDDÄXNNµNGKX I am going straight. go this way, don’t go that way. It is very dirty here. DQJHGKÌV GKÌVX\ LUXNNXGKXGKÌVL\HQDOOWKXGHQJDDQGKDNXSSH\H\HGX It is dusty there. Wipe the dust well. Take away that rubbish. NOVDUXNNXPSUWKWKXYQJD ‘Your feet will slip, watch out!’ ------ 198 Adi’s Book. LESSON 54. CONVERSATION REGARDING TIME. QUDPFKFKX it is time LQQXPQUDPKDOH it is not yet time DGKLNODLOH early in the morning NWKWKXYQJDSÀ go for a walk VGKUDQDP usually, ordinarily vidumure holiday, leave SDÄDNNDP custom YDÄDNNDP habit Conversation. ,SSRPD¼LHQQD"LSSRVDUL\DHWWXPD¼LXQJDºXNNXNDLJDGLKUDPLUXNNXGK What is the time now? Now it is exactly 8 o’clock. Do you have a watch? PHQDNNXRUXQDOONDLJDGLKUDPLUXNNXGKXLSSRGKQSDWKWKXPD¼LDGLWKWKDGKX Yes, I have a good watch. It has just struck ten! XQJDJDGLKUDWKOHHQQDPD¼LHQJDGLKUDWKOHUH¼GPXNNOPD¼L What is the time by your watch? It is 2.45 by my watch. DGKXQSDWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKX"HQDNNXWKHUL\GKXQºDNNLNDODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXYQJD Why did it strike ten? I don’t know. Come tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock. Q¯QJDL¼¼DNNLVLQJODPDQMXPDQLNNXYDUDPXGL\XP"QOXVDPÀVNRQGXYQJD Can you come at 5 o’clock this evening? Bring four samosas. LOOHYDUDPXGL\DGKXQQºDNNLYDUDPXGL\XPQOXLGOLQJDNRQGXYDUD¼XP" No, I cannot come, but I can come tomorrow. Shall I bring four idlis? PÌQXDGLWKWKXSDWKWKXQLPLVKDPFKFKXXQJDºXNNXRUXSXWKXJDGLKUDPY¼XP It is ten past three. You need a new watch. XQJDJDGLKUDPVDUL\SÀKXGK" Is your watch correct? ( does it keep good time?) HQJDGLKUDPDQMXQLPLVKDPPXQGKL V¯NUDP SÀKXGKXDGKXQWKWKXXGHQGKDGKX My watch is five minutes fast. It broke yesterday. DYDUJDGLKUDPHWWXQLPLVKDPSLQGKL PHGKXY SÀKXGKXDGKXNNXND¼¼GLLOOH His watch is eight minutes slow. That has no glass. LSSRUXSDWKWKXFKFKXLOOHHWWXDGLNNDLUXEDGKXQLPLVKDPLUXNNXGKX It is six ten. (Ten past six). No, it is twenty to eight. Q¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD" What time are you coming? 199 Adi’s Book. QDQSDGKLQRUXPD¼LNNXYDUDOP" Can I come at ten o’clock? LQQXPQUDPKDOH\"LOOHLQQXPQUDPKDOH Is it time yet? No, it is not yet time. DL\ÀQUDPLSÀFKFKXQQXGDQHSÀKD¼XP Oh dear, it is time, I must go at once. Q¯QJDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKLQJD" Why were you very late. HQQHPDQQLFKFKXNÀQJDHQDNNXYDÄLOHNRQMDPYOHLUXQGKDGKX Forgive me , I had some work on the way. LQJH\UPXQGKLYDQGKQJD" YDQGKDGKX" Who came here early? QQGKQLQJHPXQGKLYDQGKQ I was the one who came here early. L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHWKLQJDNLÄDPH\ What is today, is it Monday. PQDºDNNLVHYYNLÄDPHQºD¼¼DNNLEXGKDQNLÄDPHLUXNNXP Yes, tomorrow is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow will be Wednesday. DSSRQWKWKXQLWKWKXNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKXLOOH\" So yesterday was Sunday, wasn’t it? PDSGLGKDQLUXNNXNXPYUDPGKÀUXPPXQGKQºVDQLNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKX Yes, it’s like that every week. The day before yesterday was Saturday. Q¯QJDPDGKXUDLNNXQºDNNLSÀYLQJDº" Will you go to Madhurai tomorrow? LOOHQDQDQJHDGXWKWKDYUDPSÀYQ No, I will go there next week. NODLOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYHºL\HSÀYLQJD" When will you go out in the morning? QQDGKLNDODLOHYHºL\HSÀUQ I am going out early in the morning. QOD¼¼DNNLQQHSSRYDUD¼XP" When shall I come the day after tomorrow? Q¯QJDPDGK\QDPSD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXWKDYDUPHYQJD Come at 12 o’clock without fail. SD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXHQDNNXQUDPLOOH I have no time at noon. Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPDUWKULOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXVSSLGDYLQJD" At what time do you usually eat at night? QQGKLQDQGKÀUXPVGKUD¼DPDHWWXPD¼LNNXVSSLGDYQ I usually eat at eight o’clock daily. SDKDOQUDWKOH SDKDOOH WKÌQJXYLQJDº Do you sleep during the day time? 200 Adi’s Book. LOOHHQDNNXSDKDOOHWKÌQJDUDSDÄDNNDPLOOH No, I am not in the habit of sleeping in the day-time. Q¯QJDLQJHHYODYX HWKWKDQH QºLUXNULQJD" How long have you been here? QQSDODYDUXVKDPLQJHLUXNUQ I have been here for several years. GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQDNNXUH¼GXYUDPYLGXPXUHNRGXQJD Please give me leave for two weeks. LSSRYOHDGLKDPLUXNNXGKXDGKDQOHRUXYUDPGKQYLGXPXUHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP There is a lot of work now, so only one week’s leave can be given. DGXWKWKDYUDP\UYDUQJD" Who is coming next week. DGXWKWKDYUDP\UXPYDUDOH Nobody is coming next week. SÀQDYUDPHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD" Where had you been last week? QQSÀQDYUDPPDPEDLNNXSÀLLUXQGKQ I had been to Mumbai last week. ------ 201 Adi’s Book. LESSON 55. CONVERSATION ABOUT WEATHER. Vocabulary YDVDQWKDNODP spring NXºLUNDODP winter idi thunder (n.) idi-idikkudhu (s.thth) thunder (v.) minal lightning (n.) minnudhu(w.in) be lightning flash SXÄXNNDPLUX be sultry NXºLUFKFKL\LUX be cool paruva nile weather NXºLULUX be cold Conversation. L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the weather today? L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHURPEDQDOODLUXNNXGKX Today the weather is very good. NRQMDQUDWKOHPDÄHSHL\XP" Will it rain in a short while? PPDÄHSHL\XPSÀODLUXNNXGKX Yes, it seems like it will rain. L¼QDNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\" It is very hot today, is it not? PL¼QDNNLURPEDVÌGLUXNNXGKX Yes, it is very hot today. NODPHHSGLLUXQGKDGKX" How was it in the morning? NOHOHURPEDNXºLULUXQGKDGKX It was very cold in the morning. QWKWKXUWKULNXºLUFKFKL\LUXQGKDGK" Was it cool last night? LOOHQWKWKXUWKULSXÄXNNDPLUXQGKDGKX No, yesterday night was sultry. XQJDXUOHQDOODPDÄHSHLGKDGK" Have you had heavy rain in your town? MVWKLPDÄHLOOHOVDSHLGKDGKX Not much rain, it rained lightly. 13. veyyil epdi irukkudhu? How is the heat? (sun) YH\\LOMVWKLDGLNNDGKX The sun (It) is very hot. QWKWKXNWKWKXDGLWKDGKX Yesterday it was windy. 16. adhu enna velichcham? adhu enna sadhdham? What is that light? What’s that noise? DQGKDYHºLFKFKDPPLQQDOLUXNNXP That light is lightning. 18. andha sadhdham idi. idi idikkudhu. That noise is thunder. It is thundering. XQJDºXNNXNXºLUNODPYDVDQWKDNODPLVKWDP" Do you like winter or spring? YDVDQWKDNODWKOHWKÀWWDPDÄDKLUXNNXP In the spring the plants are beautiful. ------ 202 Adi’s Book. LESSON 56. CONVERSATION WITH A TAILOR. Vocabulary chatte, chokka shirt PGKLULWKX¼L pattern uduppu dress (n.) (clothing) thrupti satisfaction WKDºDUWKWKL\LUX be loose thaiyal tailoring XUXNNXPLUX be tight NÌOL charge (n.) pidi be tight thiruppi kodu return (v.)(tr.) Conversation. GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKDL\DONUDUHNÌWWLNRQGXYDULQJDº" Will you please bring a tailor? VDULQJDNÌWWLNRQGXYUQ Yes sir, I will bring one. LYDUXNNXRUXFKDWWHY¼XPWKDLNNDPXGL\XP" He needs a shirt, can you stitch it? PXGL\X¶QJDWKDLWKWKXWKDUQ I can, I will stitch it and give it. FKRNNDLNNXHYºDYXWKX¼LY¼ÌP" How much material is needed for a shirt? RUXFKRNNDLNNXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUWKXQL For a shirt 2½ metres of cloth. HQDºDYXHGXNULQJDº" Will you take my measurements? PNRQM¶RUXQLPLVKDP Yes, just a minute. SQWVNÌGDWKDLNNDQXPSQWVXNNXHYODYDWKXQL" Pants are also to be made. How much cloth for pants? RUXYLQGLLUXQJDDºDYXHGXWKWKXSUNUQ Just a second, I will measure and see. LQGKDWKX¼L\LOLUXQGKXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUHGXWKWKXNÀ¶QJDENNLWKLUXSSLNRGXQJD Take 2½ metres from this cloth. Give back the remainder. VDULQJDVHLUQPGKLULWKX¼LLUXNNXGK Okay, will do. Is there a pattern? XQJDFKWWHPÌQXQººHWKD\ULUXNNXP Your shirt will be ready in three days. RUXFKDWWHNNXWKDL\DONÌOLHYºDYX" How much do you charge for a shirt? RUXFKDWWHNNXWKRQQÌUXUÌEYDQJUQ I charge Rs 90 per shirt. 8QJDNÌOLMVWKLNRQMDPNDPPLSD¼¼XQJD Your charges are high, reduce it a bit. HQNXOLURPEDLOOHQXQJDOXNNKDDQMXUÌENDPPLSD¼UQ My charges are not too much, but I will reduce it Rs 5 for you. 203 Adi’s Book. DºDYHOOPVDUL\LUXNND¼XPWKHULQGKDGK Everything should fit well, understand? ED\DSSDGGKLQJDDL\XQJDºXNNXWKUXSWL\WKDLWKWKXNRGXNUQ Never fear sir. I will make it to your satisfaction. HQJDXGXSSXWKD\ULYLWWDGK" Is our clothing ready? PQJDXQJDXGXSSXWKD\ULYLWWDGKXLSSRQLQJDSÀWWXSUNNDOP Yes sir, your clothes are ready. Now you can try them on and see. HSGLLUXNNXGKX"DºDYXHOOPVDUL\LUXNNXGK" How is it? Does it fit well. WKÀºNLWWDYXPDNNXºNLWWDYXPNRQMDPSLGLNNXGKX It is a bit tight near the shoulder and the armpit. RUXFKÀºLWKDLNND¼XPQDWKHUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNRQMDWKDºDUWKWKL\LUXNND¼XP A choli is to be stitched, but it should be a little loose on both sides. LGKDºDYXLUXNND¼XPL¼¼DNNLWKX¼LNRGLWKWKH¼¼DNNLWKDLWKWKXNRGXNULQJD" It should be this size. If I give the cloth today, when will you stitch and give it? QºD¼¼DNNLNDWW\DPWKDLWKWKXNRGXSSQ I will make it and give it the day after tomorrow. Q¯QJDVRQQDQºQLFKFKD\DPNRGXNND¼XP You must give it on the promised day. WKDYDUPHNRGXSSQ¶JD I shall give it without fail ma’am. Q¯QJDQDOOWKDLNULQJDHQDNNXURPEDWKUXSWL You tailor well. I am very satisfied. URPEDQDQGULQJDXQJDWKUXSWLGKQHQVDQGKÀVKDP Thank you very much, your satisfaction is my happiness. ------ 204 Adi’s Book. LESSON 57. CONVERSATION WITH A CLOTH MERCHANT. Vocabulary puduve, sele saree pattu silk PDWWDPQD inferior. QÌO cotton NÀGXSÀWWD striped NDWWDPSÀWWD chequered NDPEDºLWKXQL woollen cloth tharchchamayam at present Conversation. XQJDºXNNXVOHQJD SXGDYHQJD LUXNNXGK" Do you have sarees? LUXNNXGKXHQQDYLGKDPQDVOHY¼XP" Yes, what kind of sarees do you want? SDWWXSXGDYHY¼XPQÌOSXGDYHY¼XP" Do you want silk or cotton sarees? VLODUDQLSXGDYHQJDNWWXQJDNQMLSÌUDPSDWWXVOHQJDXQJDºLGDPLOOH\" Show me some Arni sarees. Don’t you have Kanchipuram silk sarees? LUXQGKDGKXQLSÀFKFKXWKLUXPEDRUXYUDWKOHYDUXP We had, but they are all sold out. They will come in again in a week. UXP¯WDUOHVLODQDOOQÌOVHOHQJDNWWXQJD Show me some good six metre sarees. LGKXQJDHQGKDÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJD" From which place do these cotton sarees come? LGKXQJDPDGXUDL\XPNÀLPEDWÌUXPVOHQJD These are Madurai and Coimbatore sarees LQGKDSXGDYHNNXV\DPSÀLYLGXP" Will the colour of this saree fade? LOOHQJDV\DPSÀKDYSÀKGKX No, the colour will never ever fade. LQGKDSXGDYHNNXJHWWLV\DP This saree has fast colour. Q¯QJDV\DWKWKHSDWKWKLQLFKFKD\DPVROODPXGL\XP" Can you say for certain about the colour? QQJDURPEDQLFKFKD\DPVROODPXGL\XP We can certainly guarantee it. LQGKDVOHNNXV\DPJHWWLLOOH¶PDNRQMDQººHV\DPSRLYLGXP The colour of this saree is not fast. It will fade after a few days. YLOHX\DUQGKD MVWKLYLOHOH QDOODFKRNNWKX¼LNWWXQJD Show me the more expensive ( superior quality) shirting cloth. 205 Adi’s Book. LGKÀFKRNNWKX¼LSUXQJD Here is the shirting cloth, have a look. LGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LLOOH\" Don’t you have finer material than this? LOOHQJDLGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LHQJDOLGDPLOOH No madam, we don’t have finer material than this. LQGKDWKX¼LPRGKGKLUXNNXGKXHQDNNXPDWWDPQDWKX¼LY¼P This is coarse material. I don’t want inferior cloth. VDULQJDPPDXQJDLVKWDPQLWKXPDWWDWKX¼LLOOH Alright madam, as you wish, but this is not coarse material. NÀGDSÀWWDFKRNNWKX¼LLUXNNXGK" Do you have striped shirting? LUXNNXGKXQJDHQJDºLGDPNDWWDPSÀWWDWKX¼LNÌGDLUXNNXGKX We have, we have chequered shirting too. ODLWNDODUGKQHQDNNXSLGLNNXPJKGL\Y¼P I only like light colours, I don’t want dark. LGKXURPEDDUXPH\QDWKX¼LURPEDNODWKWKXNNXQDOOXÄDLNNXP This is very excellent material. It will serve well for a long time. QDOODNDPEDºLWKX¼LLUXNNXGK" Do you have any nice woollen material? LOOHQJDPPDWKDUFKFKDPH\DPLOOHUHQGRUXYUDWKOHYDUXP No madam, not at present, it will come in a week or two. SUYDLOOHQQDGXWKWKDYUDPYDUQ Never mind, I shall come next week. VDULQJDPPDDSGL\VHLQJDYD¼DNNDP Alright madam, please do come, goodbye. ------ 206 Adi’s Book. LESSON 58. CONVERSATION WITH A FRUIT MERCHANT. Vocabulary PPEDÄDP mango GUNVKHSDÄDP grapes SDSSOLSDÄDP pappaya DSSLOSDÄDP apple DQVLSDÄDP pineapple YÄDSDÄDP banana, plantain JR\\SDÄDP guava SDOSDÄDP jack friut N\ unripe SDÄXWKWKSDÄDP ripe YLOHPDOLY cheap price YLOHMVWKL expensive DÄXKLSÀ decay YUHQQD what other HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP lime SDÄDP fruit UDQMX orange (tangerine) VWKWKXNNRGL sweet lime, (orange) 1RWHð D ORFDOO\DQµRUDQJH¶ UDQMX is also known by some as a ‘loose jacket’. This is what would be known in U.K. as a ‘tangerine’. E ORFDOO\DµVZHHWOLPH¶ VWKXNNRGL OLWµVKXWFRDW¶ ZKLFKLVFRORXUHGLQ various mixtures of green and orange, would be known in U.K. as an ‘orange’. F DOLPH HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP VHHPVWREHDOLPHHYHU\ZKHUHIRUWXQDWHO\ Conversation. HQQD¶SXQNDGHOHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXGK" Sir, do you have bananas (plantains) LUXNNXGKXQJDHQQDYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XP" I have, what bananas do you want? SDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH" I want green bananas. How much are they a dozen. RUXGD]DQSDWKWKXUÌEXQJDºXNNXHYODYXY¼XP" Ten Rupees a dozen. How many do you want? SDÄDQJDFKLQQDGKLUXNNXGKXQYLOHMVWKL\LUXNNXGKX The fruits are small, but the price is high. DGKXMVWKLYLOHLOOHQJDHQJH\XPRUYLOHGKQ The price is not high, everywhere’s the same price. UH¼GXGD]DQSDGKLQHWWXNNXYQJDOP" Can I have two dozen for Rs 18 ? 207 Adi’s Book. LQGKDSDÄDQJDºHV¯NUDPVSSLGD¼XP We should eat this fruit quickly. \QDSGLVROULQJD" Why do you say that? QLQQDGKXQJDQºD¼¼DNNLLUXQGKDÄXKLSÀLGXP Because by the day after tomorrow they will go bad. (decay). XQJDºLGDPYUHQQDSDÄDPLUXNNXGKX" What other fruit do you have? UDQMXVWKWKXNRGLGKUNVKHDQVLPDPEDUDPJR\\DSSLOHOOPLUXNNXGKX Oranges, sweet limes, grapes, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, apples, everything! NDUXSSXGKUNVKHN¯ORHQQDYLOH" How much a kilo of black grapes? RUXN¯ORQSDWKWKXUÌELUXNNXPQXQJDºXNNXGKQPXSSDWKWKDQMXNNXNRGXNUQ One kilo is Rs 40, but to you only, I will give them for Rs 35. PDOJÀYPPEDÄDPRUXGD]DQYQXPHSGLNRGXNUH" I want a dozen Malgova mangoes, how do you sell them? QPPXNNXLQGKDQODQJDPDOJÀYPPEDUDPYDUDOHYLOHURPEDMDVWKLLUXNNXP We are not getting Malgovas these days, the price is too high. DGKX\QDSGLLUXNNXGKXHQQDFKFKX" Why is that? What has happened. LSSRDWKXHOOPJXOSXNNXSRKDGKXPDPEDL\LOUXQÌUXUXEGD]DQLUXNNXP Now they are all going to the Gulf. In Mumbai the price is Rs 600 per dozen! SDOSDÄDPXQJDºXNNXSLGLNNGK" Don’t you like jack fruit? SDOSDÄDPQQJDVSSLGDYDGKXLOOH We don’t eat jack fruit. DYºDYXGKQHOOSDÄDPXPLQGKDNÌGHOHSÀWWXNDWWLWKDUDPXGL\XP" That’s all, can you put all the fruit in this basket and tie them up? DSGL\VHLUQHQQLGDPURPEDQDOOSDSSºLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDY¼XP" I will do that. I have very good papayas, do you want some? LQGKDSDSSOLURPEDSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXLGKXY¼P This papaya is overripe, I don’t want this one. LGKÀLGKXMVWKLSDÄXNNGKDSDÄDP,GKXNRQMDPN\XUXNNXGKX Here you are, this is not overripe, this a bit unripe (green). VDULSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXSDÄDPRUXQºXNN¶XººHDÄXKLSÀLGXP Okay. Overripe fruit will go bad (rotten ) within one day. ------ 208 Adi’s Book. LESSON 59. CONVERSATION WITH A GARDENER. Vocabulary YQGKDGKD unwanted NXSSHN̺DQJD weeds, rubbish PXº thorn YOL fence pasumpul thare lawn, grassy area PXºYOL thorn hedge vidhe seed vidhe (s.thth) sow, seed (v.) YGLSSÀ ZLQ wither samappaduththu level (v.) Conversation. YOQWKWKXVHGLQJDºXNNXWKD¼¼LÌWKWKHQH\" Vela, did you water the plants yesterday? LOOHQJDQLQQQWKWKXPDUHSHLGKDGKX No sir, because it rained yesterday. LQGKDVHGLNNXMVWKLWKD¼¼LÌWKWKGKH Don’t water this plant too much. VDULQJDLWKXNNXMVWKLÌWKWKDPWWQ Alright sir, I won’t water it too much. WKÀWWDWKOHY¼GGKDNXSSHN̺HQJDLUXNNXGKXPXGKDOOHDGKHHGXNNDOP" There are unwanted weeds in the garden. May I clear them first. PPXGKDOOHDGKHOOPHGXWKWKXSRGXDSUDPVXGKGKDPVHL Yes, clear them first, then clean up. LQGKDVHGLQYGLSÀQDGKX" YGLSÀFKFKX" Why has this plant withered away? QLQQLGKXNNXSÀGKXPQDHUXLOOH Because not enough manure has been put on QDOOHUXSÀWWVHGLQDOODYDºDUXP Properly manured the plant will grow well. SDSSOLPDUDWKWKXNNXNLÄHYLGKHYLGKHNNGKH Do not sow under the papaya tree. LOOHQJDQQDQJHYLGKHNNDPWWQ No sir, I will not sow seeds there. GXPGXYDUPHSUWKWKXNNÀ See that the cattle do not come here. YOLSÀWWGXPGXQJDYDUGKXQJD If we put a fence cattle will not come. WKÀWWDWKWKHVXWKWKLPXºYOLSÀGD¼XP" Should we hedge the garden with thorn? PDSGLGKQVHL\D¼XPDSSRGKQGXPWWXQJDXººHYDUDPXGL\GKX Yes, that’s it, then the cattle can’t get inside. 209 Adi’s Book. LQJHUXQGKXUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNDOQDWWXQDGDNNDYDÄLVHL Make a path from here by fixing stones on both sides. LQJHURPEDVULUXNNXGKXVLODPD¼DOLQJHNR¼GXYDQGKXSÀGX It is very muddy here, bring some gravel and throw it here. YÄDPDUDPHQGKDLGDWKOHQDGD¼XP" Where should we plant the banana tree? SÌVHGLNNXNLWWDYDÄDPDUDPQDGXQJD Plant the banana tree near the flowers. LQGKDLGDWKOHPD¼SÀWWXQLODWKWKHVDPDSSDGDWKWKX Put earth (dry mud) here and level up the ground. DQJHSDVXPSXOWKDUHWKD\UVHL\D¼XP Prepare the ground there for a lawn. LGKX\UGX"QDPWKÀWWDWKWKXVHGLQJDºHWKLQQDGKX Whose goat is this? It eats our garden plants. DQGKDWWHNDWWLSÀGDVROOX Tell them to keep the goat tied. \WKDPELLQLPOHLQJHYDQGKXSXSULNNDNÌGGKX You, youngster, from now on don’t come here to pluck flowers. VDULQJDHQQHPDQQLFKFKXNNÀQJDDGKHWKLUXPEDVHL\DPWWQ Alright sir, please forgive me, I won’t do it again. LQGKDWKÀWWDWKOHMVWKLYOHLOOHXQDNNXHYºDYXVDPEDºDPY¼XP" There is not much work in this garden. How much salary do you want? DL\PVDPDLQÌUXUÌENRGXWKWKYOHVHLYQ Sir, if you pay me five hundred Rupees a month I will work. ------ 210 Adi’s Book. LESSON 60. CONVERSATION WITH A DHOBI. Vocabulary vilasam address PXQSD¼DP advance DGKXNNXWKDKXQGKSÀOD accordingly RÄXQJ regularly salave wash (n.) salave sei (w.dh) wash RWKWKXNRº ZQGK agree tholai (s.thth) lose (v.) Conversation. Q¯\UY¯WOHWKX¼LQJDYHºXNUH" VDODYHVHLUH Whose clothes do you wash? XQJDVQKLGKDUY¯WOHDÄXNNXHGXNUQ I am taking washing for your friend. PVDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYH" In a month how many washes do you do? PVDWKOHQOXVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYQ In a month I will give four washes. VDULQÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYODYXNNUH" Okay, how much do you ask for 100 clothes? QÌWKWKXNNXPÌQÌUXUÌEYQJUQ I charge Rs 300 per 100 pieces. VDUL¶SDDGXWKWKDYUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYDUDOP Alright, you can come from next week. VDULQJDDGXWKWKDYUDPNDWW\DPYUQ Yes, I will definitely come next week. HQJDYLWWXYLOVDPXQDNNXWKHUL\XP" Do you know our house address? WKHUL\XPDGKHPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP I know, I knew it before. QQXQDNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVROOD¼XP I must tell you one thing. Q¯HQJDºLGDPPXQSD¼DPNNNDNÌGGKX You should not ask advance from us. LQQR¼¼XHQJDºXNNXPVDPGKÀUXPRUXQJQOXVDODYHY¼XP Another thing, we want the wash regularly four times a month. LGKHURPEDYLOHX\DUQGKDWKXQLMJUHGK\VDODYHVHL\D¼XPDSGLVHLYH\" This is very high cost material. you should wash it carefully. Will you do so? VDULQJDDGKHMJUHGK\VDODYHVHLYQ Yes madam, I will wash it carefully. DQGKDWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀGGKH Don’t put starch in that cloth. LOOHQJDDGKXNNXNDQMLSÀGDPWWQ No madam, I will not put starch in it. WKXQLQJDºHNDOPOHEDODPDGLNNDNÌGGKX Don’t beat the clothes hard on the stone 211 Adi’s Book. XGXSSHOOPURPEDEDGKUDPVDODYHVHL\D¼XP You should wash the clothing very carefully. WKXQLQJDNLÄL\PHSUWKWKKXNROOD¼XP See that the clothes are not torn. WKX¼LQJDWKRODLNNDNÌGGKX You should not lose the clothes. ,QGKDWKX¼LOHDÄDNXVDUL\SÀKDOHDGKXVDUL\VXGKGKDPLOOH The dirt has not gone from this clothing. That is not cleaned properly. VDODYHWKUXSWL\LOOYLWWDGKXNNXWKDKXQGKSÀODSD¼DPNRGXSSQ If the wash is not satisfactory, I will pay you accordingly. DSGL\VHLQJDPPQQQQDOOVDODYHVHLYQ Please do, but I will do the wash properly. LGKHOOPRWKWKXNNRQGQ¯DGXWKWKDYUDPYDUDOPHQQDVROUH" If you agree to all this you may come next week. What do you say? VDULQJDPPHOOPXQJDLVKWDSSDGL\VHLYQ Alright madam, I will do everything just as you wish. ------ 212 Adi’s Book. LESSON 61. CONVERSATION ABOUT FOOD. Vocabulary NDGDODNNL peanut, groundnut NDWKWKDULNNL brinjal WKDNNOL tomato SÌVD¼LNNL pumpkin NXUP meat curry N¯UDNNL cucumber NXÄDPEX vegetable curry WKQJL coconut poriyal fried veg or meat NRGKLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water rasam pepper water NRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼L boiled water masiyal mashed veg, cereal veththale betel leaf NDLPYDGDL cutlet SNNX betel nut VDLYDVSSGX vegetarian food YDUXWKWKDP¯Q fried fish NUDP hot (pepper, spices) PLOLWDULVSSGX non-veg food WK\LU curds VÌG hot, (temp) paruppu dhal PÀU buttermilk DºDYÀGX measure MÀU excellent QDPDWKXSÀ become soft GKLWWDP proper ULSSÀ become cold vikkal hiccups PRUDPRUD¼¼X crisp kuchchappadu be shy, bashful XUXºDLNNLÄDQJX potato NÌWWX curry Conversation. Y¯WOHVDPD\DOXNNXYQGL\DHOOVPQXPLUXNNXGK" Do you have in the house all the things needed for cooking? PQJDPPHOOPVPQXPLUXNNXGKX Yes yes madam, we have everything. L¼¼DNNLHQQDVDPD\DOVHLGKLQJD" What did you cook today? L¼¼DNNLNDWKWKDULNNLVPEUXUXºDLNNLÄDQJXSRUL\DO Today, brinjal curry and fried potatoes. N¯UDNNDLSDFKFKDGLQVHL\DOH" Why didn’t you make cucumber pachadi? 213 Adi’s Book. L¼¼DNLQUDPLOOHPPQºDNNLNDWW\DPVHLUQ There wasn’t time today maam, I will certainly make it tomorrow. QLSSRNDGDODNNLFKDWQLVHLGKLUXNUQ But I have made peanut chutney. PLºDKXUDVDPNÌGDLUXNNXGK" Do we have pepper water also? LOOHQJDL¼¼DNNLWKDNNºLUDVDPGKQLUXNNXGKX No maam, we have only tomato rasam today. FKDSSWKWKL\XPSDUXSSXPDVL\DOXPURPEDMÀULUXNNXGKX The chappatties and dhal curry are excellent. VDQGKÀVKDPXQJDLQQXPFKDSSWKWKLY¼XP" I am glad maam, do you want more chappatties? LOOHHQDNNXWKD\LUGKQURPEDSLGLNNXPPÀUY¼P I very much like curds, I don’t want buttermilk. VLODSRULWKWKDDSSDºDPNRQGXY Bring some fried appalums. DSSDºDPQQDPDWKWKXSÀFKFKXPRUDPRUD¼¼XLUXNNDY¼P" Why have the appalams become soft, shoudn’t they be crisp? HQJDºXNNXHSSRYXPNRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼LGKQNRGXNND¼XP You should only give us boiled water. ,QQXPNRQMDPVGKDPY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXYQJD I want some more rice, bring it quickly. LGKXULSÀFKFKXVÌGLUXNND¼XP This is cold, it should be hot. UDVDPURPEDNUDPLUXNNXGKX The pepper water is very hot. VDULQJDPPDQºDLOLUXQGKXNUDPGKLWWDPSÀGUHQ Alright ‘ma, from tomorrow I will put the proper ‘karam’. NXÄDPEXHSGLLUXNNXGKX" How is the curry? NXÄDPEXNRQMDPSXºLSSLUXNNXGKX The curry is a bit sour. Y¯WOHSÀGKXPQDURWWLLUXNNXGK" Do you have enough bread here? LOOHQJDURWWLLSÀFKFKXQºDNNLYQJD¼XP No, the bread is finished, we must buy some tomorrow. 214 Adi’s Book. YQJDYQJDXNNDUXQJDVSSLWWLQJDº Come in , sit down, have you eaten? NXÄDQGKHNNXRUXNRSSHSONRGX Give a cup of milk to the child. XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XPÀNWWXVSSLGXQJD Whatever you want to eat just ask. QPY¯WOHQ¯QJDNÌFKFKDSSDGDNÌGGKX Don’t feel shy in our house. HQDNNXNÌFKFKDPLOOHHQDNNXY¼GL\DGKXVSSLGUQ I don’t feel shy, I will eat whatever I want. 8QJDºXNNXPLOLWDULVSSGXYVDLYDVSSGXYYQXP" Do you want non-veg. or vegetarian food? HQDNNXUH¼GXPSLGLNNXPLQGKDYDUXWKWKDP¯QURPEDUXVL\LUXNNXGKX I like both. This fried fish is very tasty. LGKXWWXNULNDLPYDGH\" Are these mutton cutlets? L¼¼DNLNÀÄLNDULNXUPNÌGDNLGDLNNXP Today you will get chicken kurma also. NDULVÌSSXNRQMDPXSSLUXNNXGKX The meat soup is rather salty. VSSGXNUDPLUXQGKHQDNNXYLNNDOYDUXP If the food is spicy hot, I will get hiccups. DGKXSDUXSSXWKQJDWKXYDL\DOLGKXSÌVD¼LNNLSDUXSSXNÌWWX That is dhal coconut chutney, this is pumpkin dhal curry. SDSSOLSDÄDPWKXQGXWKXQGDUXWKWKXLQJHNRQGXYQJD Cut the papaya into pieces and bring them here. WKDPLÄQWOHVLODMDQQDQJDVSSWWXNNXDSUDPYHWKDOHSNNXSÀWWXNRºYQJDY¼XP" In Tamil Nadu some people take betel nut and leaf after meals, want some? ------ 215 Adi’s Book. LESSON 62. CONVERSATION AT A RAILWAY STATION. Vocabulary Q¯UYLSDKDGX steam boat pahadu boat, (rowing) K\DYLPQDP aeroplane kappal ship VPQSHWWLSDGXNH luggage thangu stay, halt HGHSÀGXPLGDP luggage office thangumidam waiting room HGHSUNNXPLGDP luggage office HGHSÀGXHGHSU weigh VDV¯GX receipt sellum validity anumadhi permission WKDOOLNÀ move up anumadhi (s.thth) permit (v.) QDKDQGKXNNÀ move up vasadhi, sowharyam comfort, convenience nirandhu full UDLOYD¼GL train QUYDQGL through train SUD\¼L traveller VXWKWKXSUD\¼XP tour (n.) SUD\¼XPVHL ZGK travel SUD\¼XP travel(n.) Conversation. Q,QJDHQGKDÌUXNNXSÀULQJD" To which place are you going? QQGHOOLNNXSÀUQ I am going to Delhi. LQJHUXQGKXGHOOLNNXSÀKDHYºDYXQUDPSLGLNNXGKX" How long does it take to go to Delhi from here? GHOOLNNXSÀKDPXSSDWKWKUXPD¼LQUDPSLGLNNXGKX It takes 36 hours to go to Delhi. GHOOLOHHQJHWKDQJDSÀULQJD" Where are you going to stay in Delhi? QQGHOOLOHRUXVQKLGKDUY¯WOHWKDQJDSRUQ I am going to stay at afriend’s house in Delhi. µRQODLQWLNHW¶YQJLLFKFK" Did you get an on-line ticket? LOOHWLNHWNRGXNNXPLGDPHQJH¶S No, where is the booking office please. WLNHWS¯VDGKÀLUXNNXGKX The ticket office is there, look. XQJDºXNNXHQQDWLNHWY¼XP" What ticket do you want? 216 Adi’s Book. HQDNNXUH¼GYDGKXYDKXSSXVO¯SSDUY¼XP I want a second class sleeper. 12. adhu sila samayam niraindhu irukkum. That may possibly be full. DSSRQQPXGKDOYDKDSSXOHSÀKD¼XP Then I’ll have to go first class. LQGKDWLNHWUH¼GXQºXNNXGKQVHOOXP This ticket is only valid for two days LSSRQQJDDYºDYXVPQHGXWKXSÀKDPWWÀPDGKDQOHLGKXVXODEDPLUXNNXGKX Now we do not take all that much luggage, so it is is easy. DQGKDQUDWKOHQQJDHGHSÀWWDNRGXNND¼XPLQQXPSD¼DPLUXNNXPNDVKWDPQDGKX In those days we had to get it weighed, give more money; troublesome! PµRUXWKDOHNNXPXSSDWKWKXSDYXQGGKQNRQGXSÀKDOP¶LQQXVRQQDQJD Yes, ‘you can take only thirty pounds per head’ they said. 18. vandi eppo purappadum? When will the train start? QUDPFKFKXV¯NUDPUXQJD It is time, climb in quickly. LGKXHQQDEÀJLLQJHLGDPLOOH What carriage is this, there is no room. LGKXVWKULQJDUXPYDQGLQQJDDGXWKWKDYDQGLPXODPQDGDNND¼XP This is a ladies carriage, we have to walk through the next carriage. LGKXGHOOLNNXQU QUDSÀKXP YDQGL\" Is this a through train to Delhi? PLQGKDYDQGLNÌGDQLUDLGKXSÀQDGKXNRQMDPWKDOOLNÀQJD QDKDQGKXNÀQJD Yes. This carriage is full too. Please move up a bit. (please adjust!). HQYDQGLWKDYDULSÀFKFKXQQHQJH\YDGKXYDÄLOHYDQGLPWKWKD¼XP" I missed my train. Do I need to change trains on the way? PQ¯QJDQDJSÌUOHPWKD¼XP Yes, you must change at Nagpur. YDQGLLQJHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXGKX",QJHSDWKWKXQLPLVKDPQLNNXP How long will the train stop here? Here it will stop for ten minutes. NÌOL\ÀLGKHOOPNRQGXSÀKDHYºDYXNNUH",UXEDGKXUÌENRGXQJD Coolie, to take all these how much do you ask? Give me twenty rupees. LQGKDÌUOHSUNNDWKDKXQGKDLGDQJDHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX" What are the places worth seeing in this town? QQXQJDºXNNXDQGKDLGDPHOOPVXWKWKLNWWXYQ I will take you round and show you all these places. ------ 217 Adi’s Book. STORY No 1. 97+803210877(<80 pon gold SUVH greed nashtam loss peru big , great \ÀVDQH idea WKÀQLQDGKX occurred mutte vai (s.thth) lay egg YLSDU¯GKD perverse, strange mutte idu (w.tt) lay egg RURUX only one VROODPXGL\GKXVDQGKÀVKDP unspeakable joy, (limitless) RUXXUOHRUXNXGL\QDYDQLUXQGKQDYDQURPEDUHDYDQLGDPNRQMDPGKQSD¼DP LUXQGKDGKX D YDQD QGKDSD¼DWKWKHNRQGX RUX YWKWKXY QJLQQ DQGKDY WKWKXG KLQDQ GKÀUXPR UX SRQP XWWHL WWX YDQGKDGKX NXGL\QDYDQXNNXV ROODPXGL\GKXV DQGKÀVKDP DYDQSRQPXWWHQJDºHYLWKWKXSD¼DNNUDQQQ RUXQºRUXYLSDU¯GKD\ÀVDQHWKÀQLQDGKX³LQGKDYWKWKXQOGKÀUXPRUXSRQPXWWH YDLNNXGKXQDGKDQYD\LWKWKXNNXXººHDQKDSRQPXWWHQJDLUXNNXP DGKHHOOPR U QººHHGXWKWKXNRQGLQQXPSHUL\DSD¼DNNUDQLYLGDOP´LQQXQLQHWKWKQ DYDQ SUVH\OHR UX NDWKWKL\HN RQGXYDQGKXD GKDQ YD\LWKWKHN LÄLWKWKXS UWKWKQ QYWKWKXYD\LWKWKXNNXººHRURUXSRQPXWWHGKQLUXQGKDGKXNXGL\QDYDQXNNXDSSR VROODPXGL\GKXY LVDQDP QLQQSRQP XWWHS ÀQDGKXPLOO PHSRQ P XWWHL WWXNRQGX LUXQGKDYWKWKXPSRLYLWWDGKXHQQDVHL\DOP"SUVHSHUXQDVKWDPWKDUXP ------ 218 Adi’s Book. STORY No 2. 3$»$..5$1801$0%,..$,8¹¹$1$<80 PXQRUXNODWKOH once upon a time SÀKDYQGKLLUXQGKDGKX had to go LºDLSSUX ZLQ rest (v.) ODPDUDP banyan tree À\PH without stopping Q\EDKDP memory suttu vittu having shot WKXSSNNL gun WKWKLUDP hasty temper GKLG¯UQX sudden NUD¼DP cause, reason Q\EDWKWKXNNXY remember SYDP poor thing QDPELNNDLXººD faithful pirahu then, afterwards NUL\XP deed mattu less, limited seththu kidandhadhu lay dead enbadhe* the thing which *Neuter participial noun, used as conjunction PXQ RUXN ODWKOHR UX SD¼DNNUDQL UXQGKQ D YDQXNNX RUXD ÄDKQDQ \XPQ DOOD NXGKLUHR¼¼XPLUXQGKDGKXDYDQWKDQQ\HNÌWWLNNRQGXNXGKLUHPOHULNNRQGXDQGKD ÌUXNNXSXUDSSDWWQ D¼¼DNLURPEDYH\\LODGLWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXYH\LOOHURPEDGKÌUDPS UD\¼XP VHLGKDSDGL\OH DYDQXNNXU RPEDN DOHSSLUXQGKDGKX Y DÄLOHR UXNX ºDPL UXQGKDGKX DQGKDN XºDNNDUHPOHL UXQGKDR UX ODPDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄHX NNUQGKXL ºDLSSULQQ S LUDKX NXGKLUHPOH ULP DUXSDGL\XPSX UDSSDWWXSÀGKXD YDQ QLD YDQHS UWKWKX NXODLWKWKDGKX QLÀ \PHN LODLNNYH NXODLWKWKDGKOH DYDQXNNXU RPEDN ÀEDPY DQGKDGKX D YDQ WKWKLUDWKWKOHQ\HWKDQWKXSSNNL\OHVXWWXYLWWXDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWWQ URPEDGKÌUDPSÀQDSLQDYDQXNNXWKDQSD¼DSSDL\HPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHYLWWXYLWWDGKX GKLG¯UQX Q\EDWKWKXNNX YDQGKDGKX Q LN XODLWKWKDN UD¼DPL SSRGKQD YDQXNNX YLºDQJLQDGKX X GDQURPEDY KDPNXºDNNDUHNNXW KLUXPEDY DQGKQ D YDQD QJH SUWKWKDGKXHQQDSYDPQDPELNNDLXººDQLDYDQSD¼DSSDLPOH\VHWKXNLGDQGKDGKX WKQEXGKLLOOPHVHLGKDNUL\DWKWKXNNKURPEDYLVDQDSSDWWQ D¼DLN DGDQGKDY HººDPD ÄXGKºXPY DUXP" WKWKLUDNNUDQXNNX EXGKGKLP DWWX HQEDGKHDSSRGKQWKHULQGKXNRQGQ ------ 219 Adi’s Book. STORY No 3. 7+233,9<%5,<80.85$1*$¹80 thoppi cap, hat QLÄDO shade XUXU place to place YLÄLWKWKXNNRº ZQG wake up NÌFKFKDO shout, yell (n.) NÌFKFKDOSÀGX shout, yell (v.) \ÀVDQHVHL ponder, think about VUWKWKX having collected DQKDY DUXVKDQJDºXNNXP XQQOHR UX Y\EULL UXQGKQ D YDQ XU XUSÀLW KRSSL Y\EUDPV HLGKX YDQGKQ R UX QOD YDQW KRSSLQJDºHY LNNXPEDGLR UXÌ UXNNXS ÀL NRQGLUXQGKQYH\\LOURPEDMVWKL\LUXQGKDGKXDGKDQOHDYDQVOHÀUDPLUXQGKDRUX PDUDWKWKXQLÄDOOHXNNUQGKQDYDQXNNXURPEDNDOHSSLUXQGKDGKOHWKRSSLPÌWWHPOH WKDOHYDLWKWKXNNRQGXV¯NUDPWKÌQJLYLWWQ DQGKDPDUDWKOHDQKDNXUDQJXQJDLUXQGKDGKXDGKXQJDN¯ÄHWKRSSLPÌWWH\HSUWK WKDYXGDQHR UXN XUDQJXV SSWWXPÌWWHL QQXQ LQHWKWKXL UDQJLY DQGKXD QGKDP ÌWWH\H DYLÄWKWKXSUWKWKDGKXQDGKXOHVSSGXLOOHWKRSSLQJDGKQLUXQGKDGKXDGKXXGDQH WKXQJLNRQGLUXQGKDY\EULWKDOHPOHRUXWKRSSL\HSDUWKWKDGKXDGKXPÌWWH\LOLUXQGKX RUXW KRSSL\H HGXWKWKXW KQXPW KDQW KDOHP OH DGKHS ÀWWXNRQGKDGKX LGKHS UWKWKD PDWKWKDNX UDQJXQJDºXPN LÄHY DQGKXD SGL\VHLGKDGKX D GKXNNXD SUDPH OO NXUDQJXQJDºXP PDUDWKWKXPOH ULNNRQGXV DQGKÀVKDPNÌFKFKDOS ÀGD UDPELWKWK DGKXQJDDGKXQJDSÀWWDVDGKGKDWKWKHNWWXY\EULYLÄLWKWKXNNRQGQ DSSRD YDQP OHS UWKWKDSSÀGKXR YYRUXN XUDQJXNNXPW KDOHP OHR UXW KRSSL LUXQGKDGKX L SSRD YDQP ÌWWHOHU H¼GXW KRSSLQJDP WKUXPL UXQGKDGKX D GKXQJDºLGDP LUXQGKXH SGL\YDGKXW KRSSLQJDOHY QJDY ¼XPL QQXN RQMDQ UDP\ ÀVDQHV HLGKQ V LOD nimishangalukku apram avan than thaleyilirundha thoppiye eduththu kurangunga SUNNXPEDGLN LÄHSR WWQ L GKHS DUWKWKDNX UDQJDºXNNXN ÀEDPY DQGKDGKX D GKXQJDOXP DSGL\WKDQJDWKDOHPOLUXQGKDWKRSSL\HHGXWKWKDN¯ÄHSÀWWDGKXQJD Y\EULNNXU RPEDV DQGKÀVKDP XGDQHD YDQU RPEDV ¯NUDPHOOWKRSSLQJDºXP VUWKWKXPXWWH\NDWWLNNRQGXDQJLUXQGKXYKDPÀGLSÀLYLWWQ ------ 220 Adi’s Book. STORY No 4. 27+7+80('+1%$/$0 singam lion QÀNNL towards oththume unity balam strength GKÀ some NUDQDP reason, cause USGX ZWW occur RWKWKXPH\LUX be united SL ZQGK leap muyarchchi sei try VQKDPLUX be friendly NRÄXWKWKXLUX well developed, fat RUXNWWXNNXNLWWDRUXÌULUXQGKDGKXDQGKDÌUOHQDOXPGXQJDLUXQGKDGKXQOX PDGXPU RPEDV QKLGDPLUXQGKDGKX S XOP \DS ÀQOXPV DULD OODGKXW KD¼¼LN XGLNND SÀQQXPVDULQOXPR¼¼SÀKXPÀ¼¼YDUXPNWWXNNXSDNDWKOHSXOYDºDUQGKXLUXQGKD SDGL\OHQ OXP GXPW KUXSWL\SXOW KLQQX NRÄXWKWKXL UXQGKDGKXQJD D GKNWWLOHR UX VLQJDPXPLUXQGKDGKXVLQJDPLQGKDNDÄXWKWKDPGXQJDºHSUWKWKDGKLOLUXQGKXDGKXQJDºH HSGL\YDGKXDGLWKXNR¼¼XWKLQQD¼XPLQQXQLQHWKWKXNNRQGKDGKX RUXQºDQGKDVLQJDPSXOPLQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDRUXPWWXPOHSLQGKDGKXLGKH SUWKWKDP DWKWKDP ÌQXP DGXQJDºXPV LQJDWKWKHQ ÀNNLS LQGKDGKX V LQJDPQ OX PDGXQJDºXNNXPQ LNNDP XGL\PHÀ GLSÀLYLWWDGKX V LQJDPL GKHSÀODS DODG KDGDYH PGXQJDºHD GLWKWKXP X\DUFKFKLV HLGKDGKX QQOXP GXQJDºXPU RPEDR WKXPH\ LUXQGKDSDGL\OHVLQJDWKWKOHR¼¼XPVHL\DPXGL\DOHLSGLNRQMDNODPQDGKX RUXVDPD\DPHGKÀRUXNUD¼DWKWKOHQOXPGXQJDºXNNXPYLUÀGKDPUSDWWDGKX YLUÀGKDWKWKOHRUXQºQOXPGXPR¼¼DLOOPHWKDQWKDQL\GKÌUDGKÌUDPSXOP\D WKRGDQJLQDGKXQJDLGKHSUWKWKDYXGDQHVLQJDPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWDGKXDGKX PGXQJDºHRYR¼¼DDGLWKXWKUXSWL\WKLQQDGKXRWKWKXPHLUXQGKXLUXQGKVLQJDP PGXQJDºHNR¼¼XLUXNNDPXGL\XP"RWKWKXPHGKQEDODP 221 Adi’s Book. STORY No 5. 7+$,<$/.5$180<1(<80 \QH elephant thumbikkai trunk YGLNNHWKDPVK fun YGLNNH\QD funny H¼¼DP thought, idea NHGXYQ one who perishes WKHQJL coconut WKÀ¼LQDGKX idea struck ÌVL needle NXWKWKLNRº ZQG LQWU stick in, stab, pierce VNNDGH gutter SRUXNNDPXGL\GKD unbearable urinju (w.in) suck SÀYDGKXYDÄDNNXP usually went NGX evil, ill URPEDX¼PH very true RUXSDWWD¼DWKOHRUXWKD\DONDUDQLUXQGKQDQGKDWKD\DONDGHLUXQGKDWKHUXYDÄL\D RUX\QHGKLQDQGKÀUXPNXºLNNDWKWKXNNXSÀYDGKXYDÄDNNDPYDÄDNNDPSÀODRUXGKLQDP DQGKD\QHDGKWKHUXYDÄL\YDQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXLGKHSUWKWKDWKDL\DONUDQXNNXRUX YGLNNH\QDH¼¼DPWKÀQLQDGKX\QHWKDQNDGHNNXPXQQOHYDQGKDGKXPRUXWKQJLNNX XººHRUXÌVL\HYDLWKWKXDQGKD\QHWKLQQDNRGXWKWKQ\QHWKQJ\HWKLQQXPEÀGKXÌVL DGKDQYDLNNXXººHNXWKWKLNNRQGKDGKX\QHNNXSRUXNNDPXGL\GKXYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX QDGKXDQJLULQGKXVXPPSÀLYLWWDGKXLGKHSUNNDWKDL\DONUDQXNNXURPEDWKDPVK irundhadhu. \QHWKWKLOHYDÄDNNXPSÀODNXºLWKWKXYLWWXVXPUUH¼GXPD¼LQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDP DGKWKHUXYDÄL\YDQGKXDGKWKD\DONUDQNDGHNNXPXQQOHQLQQDGKXNDGHNNXNLWWD LUXQGKDDÄXNNXVNNDGHWKD¼¼L\HWKDQWKXPELNNDL\OHXULQMLWKDL\DONUDQPXKDWKWKXPOH DGLWKWKDGKXWKDL\DONUDQDQJHQLNNDPXGL\PHNDGH\HYLWWXYLWWXÀGLSÀLYLWWQ RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDQGKQLQQRUXPDQXVKDUXNNXNGXQLQHSSQNHGXYQNGX QLQHSSQHQEDGKXURPEDX¼PHLOOH\" ------ 222 Adi’s Book. STORY No 6. 2:$,<5<(118038/$9$5 yennum so named, called pulavar poet, poetess QÌO classic, thread arasar king, kings PDUL\GKH respect kadume severity QYDOPDUDP jamoon plum tree, QYDOSDÄDP jamoon plum VXGGKD not hot sutta hot DULYOL wise person PDUDNLºH tree branch POHVRQQD above mentioned KDL\OH therefore EDODP with great strength WKHUL\GKDGKX the not knowing SWWL grandmother WKHUL\PHSÀQDGKX the not knowing kurumbu mischief, naughtiness vekkam shame RWWLNRº ZGK LQWU stick, adhere vekkappadu (w.tt) feel ashamed pariththu pluck ÌGKX ZLQ blow NWWXNRº request WKLUWKWKXNRº ZQG LQWU quench ones thirst DQKDYDUXVKDQJDºXNNXPXQQOHWKDPLÄQWOHRUXSH¼SXODYDULUXQGKU DQGKDPPSURZDL\ULYDUSDODQDOODWKDP¯UQÌOXQJDºHHÄXGKLLUXNUUDQGKDNODWKOH LUXQGKDDUDVDUXPMDQDQJDºXPHOOUXPDYDUHURPEDPDUL\GKH\ÀGXQDGDWKWKLQQJD RZDL\URUXQºRUXÌUXNNXSÀLNRQGLUXQGKUYH\\LOURPEDNDGXPH\LUXQGKDGKX DYDUXNNXU RPEDGK KDPYXPS DVL\YXPL UXQGKDGKX D GKDQOH DYDU NDºHSSLUXQGKU YDÄLOHRUXQYDOPDUDPLUXQGKDGKXDQGKDPDUDWKOHRUXSDL\DQLUXQGKQRZDL\UWKDQ GKKDWKWKHWK¯UWKWKXNNRººDVLODQYDOS DÄDQJDºHS ÀGXPEDGLD QGKDS DL\DQHN WWXNNRQGU DQGKDSDL\DQ³SWWLXQJDºXNNXVXWWDSDÄDPY¼XPVXWWGKDSDÄDPY¼XP´LQQXNWWQ RZDL\U URPED DULYºLGKQ QOXPD QGKDS DL\DQV RQQDGKXD YDUXNNXR ¼¼XPY LºDQJDOH KDL\OHDYDUDYDQHSUWKWKX³WKDPELQ¯VRQQDGKXHQDNNXSXUL\DOHQDHQDNNXVLODQYDO SDÄDQJDGKQY¼XP´LQQXNWWU 223 Adi’s Book. SDL\DQL GKHN WWXV LULWKWKXNRQGPDUDN ¯ÄH\HE DODPWWLQQ D QKDQ YDOS DÄDP N¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXQLODWKWKOHPD¼DOLUXQGKDGKOHQYDOSDÄDQJDººHPD¼DORWWLNRQGKDGKX RZDL\UPD¼DOÀGXLUXQGKDVLODSDÄDQJDºHHGXWKWKXDGXQJDºHVSSLGDPXQWKDQY\OHµSKÌ SK̶ LQQDÌ GKLQU L GKHS UWKWKX³ SWWLS DÄDPU RPEDV ÌGLUXNNXGK" U RPEDV ÌG LUXQGKDGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJDXQJDººXNNXVÌGGKDSDÄDPW KDUXYQ´LQQXVROOLVLODSXGKX SDUDQJDºHP DUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXS DULWKWKXN ¯ÄHS ÀGPH DQGKDPPNDLOHN RGXWKWKQ DSSRGKQ RZDL\UXNNXV XWWDS DÄDWKWKXNNXPV XGGKDS DÄDWKWKXNNXPY LGK\VDP WKHULQGKDGKXDYDUDQGKDSDÄDQJDºHVDQGKÀVKDPWKLQQXYLWWXSDL\DQXNNXURPEDQDQGUL VRQQUSDL\DQPDUXSDGL\XPVLULWKWKXNNRQGDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWWQ RZDL\UXNNXP OHV RQQDY UWKWKHQJDººXNNXD UWKDPW KHUL\PHS ÀQDGKX YHNNDP LUXQGKDGKX D YDU DQGKDP DUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄHNR QMDQ UDPW KDQJLYLWWXD SUDPW KDQ YDÄL\ SÀLYLWWU ------ 224 Adi’s Book. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where To Find A Spoken Tamil Grammar Principle. Item Page Item Page ablative, from 97 may, potentialt 75 able to, not able to, 97 medials (see past tense below) 23 accusative (object) 30 must…must not 87 address 10 need…need not 92 adjectives 58 negative (past,present.) 75 adverbs 58 negative, future 82 after, before 175 numbers, cardinal 19, 50 although), even if…not 153 numbers, ordinal 70 as soon as, until, up to 175 ÀYDGKX 187 as, according to 180 object (acc.) 30 at, in, locative 64, 102 participial nouns 170 YDGKXÀ 187 participles, pres, past, fut 157 be, to be 17 past participles 140 because, because…not 180 past tense (s.thth) 110, 114 before, after 175 past tense (w.dh) 117 by means of, with 87 past tense (w.in) 126, 130 can, cannot, 97 past tense (w.s.ndh) 120, 123 causal verbs 166 past tense (w.tt) 133 comparison 161 perfect, imperfect 144 composite nouns 170 personal pronouns 15 continuous, imperfect, 144 plural nouns 28 dative 43 posessive (gen.) 34 declensions, n.& pron. 107 post-positions 61 67 defective verbs 43, 47 potential, may 75 demonstrative 12 present positive 54 demonstrative pron. 12 pronouns 12, 15 ÀYDGKX 187 reflexive verbs 161 even if, even if not 153 relative participles 157 from, ablative 97 should…should not. 87 future neg. 82 so that, so that…not, 180 future positive 70 strong verbs 23 genitive (posessive) 34 um 184 greetings 10 unless), if not, (cond.) 148 if, if not, (unless)(cond.) 148 until, up to, as soon as, 175 imperatives negative 23 verbal nouns 170 imperatives positive 21 verbal participles 140, 157 imperfect, perfect 144 verbs-introduction 19 implied--‘to be’ 17 weak verbs 23 in order to, in order not 180 when, while, …not 175 in, at, locative 64, 102 with, by means of 87 infinitives 40 instrumental, with 87 intensive verbs 166 interrogative pronoun 12 locative, at, in 64,102 225