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Cambodia's 4Th and 5Th Open Defecation Free Districts

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Cambodia's 4Th and 5Th Open Defecation Free Districts Progress Brief: Cambodia’s 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free Districts Progress Brief: Cambodia’s 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free Districts Programme-wide Open Defecation since 2012 – starting in Banteay Meas district, Free Status Kampot province. In 2015, the programme was scaled to two more districts – Basedth and Chum Under SNV’s Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene Kiri. The journey to ODF in each district is depicted for All Programme (SSH4A), Cambodia attained its in Figure 1 – demonstrating rapid decreases in the 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free (ODF) districts prevalence of open defecation. in December 2019 and January 2020. Chum Kiri and Basedth districts, in Kampot and Kampong The SSH4A Approach Speu provinces respectively, joined Banteay Meas How have the local authorities and SNV achieved district in Kampot province – declared ODF in 2016 such success in such a relatively short period of time? and re-verified as ODF in 2019 – in ensuring that all The answer lies in SSH4A’s integrated and district- their citizens are using a toilet. The entire SSH4A wide approach, which is summarised in Figure 2. programme area – comprising these three districts, The integrated approach of governance for Water, over 60,000 households, and nearly 300,000 Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), strengthening people – has now been declared ODF! Mr. Chheorn latrine businesses and supply chains, deployment Sothon, District Governor for Basedth noted, “We of behavioural change communication (BCC) are very happy to have achieved this outcome. This campaigns, and initiation of demand creation, have achievement is a result of the high commitment of helped achieve a rapid and sustained decline, and local authorities and all stakeholders in the district. eventual elimination of open defecation across all We will maintain this achievement and continue to programme districts. improve sanitation conditions.” WASH governance: Leadership for The SSH4A Journey results SNV Cambodia’s rural sanitation programme has Rural sanitation in Cambodia is the mandate of been implemented using the district-wide approach the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) and its www.snv.org Progress Brief: Cambodia’s 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free Districts Department of Rural Health Care. The Ministry is WASH governance: Data-informed in charge of coordinating the sanitation sector and planning and execution leading its strategy and policy, planning, institutional strengthening and monitoring. Programmatic Planning, coordinating, and monitoring are key duties are decentralised to the 25 Provincial sub-components of the WASH governance function Departments of Rural Development (PDRDs) across as part of the SSH4A programming. Quarterly all 25 provinces. The Cambodian government has sanitation monitoring is executed by Village been decentralising sanitation service delivery to Sanitation Focal Points (VFPs) who update village local levels – district administrative governments sanitation logbooks that track the number of families – through pilot initiatives that commenced in that own a latrine, share a latrine, or are continuing 2015. Such a decentralised approach – with the to practice open defecation. Disaggregation of district governments playing a lead role – has sanitation coverage data by ID Poor been the core approach of the SSH4A programme since its inception. Leadership, local initiatives, and oversight are vital prerequisites for the many localised sanitation activities that are required to achieve broad sanitation access. Provincial levels of government are far removed from communities themselves, and commune councils do not possess sufficient authorities to initiate and lead actions in novel programmatic areas. In the Cambodian context, the district administrative governments are best placed for this leadership and duty- bearing role. However, the buy-in of the Provincial Governor has also been seen as vital towards the districts having the authorities and autonomy to successfully lead and implement sanitation Figure 2 – The Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for activities. Additionally, the technical support All programmatic approach provided by PDRDs and District Office of Rural Development (DoRD) is important for effective status1 helps to determine whether coverage implementation and with quality. is equitable, and to ensure that the poorest households can access latrines through targeted pro-poor support. Sanitation coverage figures are subsequently compiled and aggregated at commune and district levels. Quarterly 84 80 coordination meetings bring together focal 73 points at provincial, district and commune levels to discuss the up-to-date sanitation coverage 56 data and plan subsequent activities. These 42 include behavioural change events, demand 36 creation activities with households practicing % of% rural households practicing OD 21 open defecation, or monitoring of private sector 17 14 11 activities to ensure timely and quality latrine 8 5 0 0 0 0 products. Under-performing communes may be 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Year motivated to engage more deeply, or learn from Banteay Meas Basedth Chum Kiri the good practices of other communes. Even more importantly, collective motivation and enthusiasm Figure 1 – Prevalence of open defecation across the increase once the focal points start seeing the SSH4A programme districts results emerge from their work! 1 A nation-wide identification system for poor households to access social benefits 1 Progress Brief: Cambodia’s 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free Districts Hygiene behavioural change are ready to commence immediately; and BCC communication: Changing activities are led by confident and well-trained perceptions towards sanitation facilitators (SNV Netherlands Development Organisation , 2015). Campaign outreach Behavioural change communication (BCC) approaches through SSH4A programming have campaigns are amongst the preliminary activities included: integrating messaging at local pagodas, to be implemented under SSH4A by provincial, schools, and health centres; and community- district, commune, and village sanitation focal wide events such as parades, school events, and points. In rural Cambodian villages, open celebrations connected to the annual National defecation has been the acceptable norm. A Sanitation Day. vital first step towards creating demand for a latrine is to recognise and appreciate the value Sanitation demand creation: of using one. Changing perceptions from “open Convincing families to spend defecation is normal and acceptable” to “I don’t money on sanitation Once perceptions and sanitation-related Table 1 – Drivers and barriers to latrine uptake behaviours begin to change in the community, demand for latrines increases. However, it can Drivers Barriers still be a struggle to get families to part with • Convenience; • Affordability; their hard-earned finances and purchase a latrine • Shame; • Desire to wait from the local latrine suppliers. There are always • Privacy; for investing in households that miss out on the BCC campaign, • Desire for a a high-end pour- do not identify with it, or face some of the clean home; and flush latrine; and aforementioned physical or social barriers that • Health • Lack of time and prevent them from making a purchase. Demand improvements labour for creation is, therefore, an ongoing activity that does construction not end until ODF status is achieved. Commune and village focal points routinely meet with the want to defecate in the open anymore” is the key ever-shrinking number of households that continue aim of the hygiene BCC campaign. The “how’s” to practice open defecation. The messages of changing these perceptions are best answered are reiterated, and local latrine producers are by first conducting formative research, which was brought in to make face-to-face sales pitches. If performed by SNV in 2014. Formative research affordability constraints are significant, households is the process of studying and understanding may engage in pro-poor subsidy initiatives (as people’s context, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes was made available in Chumkiri district) or may and practices. This helps to identify behavioural even benefit from financial support from the drivers and barriers, and BCC campaigns and commune’s annual social budget. Approximately messaging can, thereafter, be effectively designed. 1,600 ID Poor families from across Banteay Meas Emotional and physical drivers and barriers to and Chum Kiri districts benefited from pro-poor using a toilet are presented in Table 1 (SNV smart subsidies that were implemented through Netherlands Development Organisation, 2014). the SSH4A programme in alignment with MRD’s The collective learning from SNV’s experiences in National Guiding Principles on Hardware Subsidies Asia demonstrated that the following activities are for Rural Household Sanitation. also important: ensuring that BCC messages are Sanitation supply chains: clear; the target audience is well-defined; follow-up Building businesses to meet interviews with participants are completed to gauge demand response and effectiveness; activities are repeated and not limited to a one-time event; sanitation Overhauling sanitation conditions requires demand services (such as latrine orders and construction) creation and timely and convenient supply of 2 Progress Brief: Cambodia’s 4th and 5th Open Defecation Free Districts latrines to work hand-in-hand. If demand is not Making the situation even more challenging, present, latrine businesses will not recuperate
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