4. Support MRD to develop necessary to improve demand creation Other recommendations 11. Support development of Sanitation market research in Main recommendations post-ODF guidelines approaches. Considering earlier successes, it is community-level sanitation legislation safe to conclude that the programme has been 10. Share learnings with MRD to The fi ndings from the rapid assessment support the fact that three mutual supportive ingredients Considering that Banteay Meas is expected to and enforcement rural Cambodia very effective in raising demand for sanitation support the development of the pro- need to be in place for households to be able to acquire, use and sustain improved sanitation be declared ODF soon, it is crucial that SNV Experience in a similar rural sanitation and facilities. However, considering the time it takes poor guidelines facilities: demand, fi nance and supply. The fi ndings also support the premise that the entire Cambodia continues to engage with the Ministry to increase sanitation coverage, this approach hygiene programme in Eastern Indonesia Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three sanitation service chain (capture, containment, emptying and transport, treatment, and safe disposal of Rural Development (MRD) to ensure the may not be adequate. Formative research on MRD is currently consulting with the sector to has shown that local legislation can be very rural districts or reuse) needs to be taken into consideration from the onset by any programme which has the district level learning is refl ected at the national sanitation uptake revealed a couple of persistent develop the national pro-poor support guidelines supportive in achieving sustained universal intention to increase access to improved environmentally safe sanitation. Recommendations specifi c level. One option would be to support the barriers which delay action. Future demand and the use of smart subsidies. The review of access to, and use of, improved sanitation and relevant to the actual situation in the districts are presented here: development of post-ODF guidelines with specifi c creation activities should therefore ensure that a the pro-poor support strategy and the results of, facilities. The programme should therefore attention to ensuring i) inclusion of measures sense of urgency is generated among villagers. and learning from, implementing the pro-poor explore whether it is possible to introduce similar designed to sustain behavioural change in support strategy in Banteay Meas should provide sanitation supportive legislation at commune- Demand Finance Supply ODF communes and districts; ii) inclusion Demand creation activities should focus on useful insight into what works at scale and will and possibly district-level in the three of approaches to upgrade basic sanitation ensuring that all households have access to, potentially contribute district based experiences SSH4A districts. Key ndings Genuine desire to acquire Availability of pro-poor Availability of affordable and use, an improved sanitation facility. When goods and services financing mechanisms goods and services facilities; and iii) inclusion of safe faecal sludge to the national guidelines. a proportion of households are still using management practices. • In general, the rural supply chains for unimproved sanitation facilities, an effort should sanitation products and services are well be made to motivate and support them to Recommendations for Chum Kiri established in the three districts. improve their existing toilets. Improved sanitation Safe faecal sludge management practices and Basedth 8. Improve product quality and pilot a • Uptake of toilets is showing steady progress 5. Review existing sanitation 1 quality assurance system but slows down drastically when the last mile Emptying & Safe disposal technologies is in sight. Capture Containment Treatment Transport or reuse To improve the quality of the concrete products It is a top priority to make sure that the correct SNV is a not-for-profi t international development organisation. Founded in the the programme should consider developing and toilet sub-structures are installed, which Netherlands nearly 50 years ago, we have built a long-term, local presence in 39 of • Rural households opt for high-end, rather introducing quality standards and a certifi cation Assessing supply and facilitate manual pit emptying, and to speed the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Our global team of local and expensive sanitation facilities. system for all (affi liated) concrete producers. up toilet uptake by poorer households as too international advisors works with local partners to equip communities, businesses This should be done in consultation with MRD demand for sanitation Environmentally safe sanitation many households prefer to wait till they have and organisations with the tools, knowledge and connections they need to increase • The preferred types of toilet facilities are and other WASH programmes such as iDE and enough resources to construct their “dream their incomes and gain access to basic services – empowering them to break the unaffordable for most if not all of the WaterSHED. Programme staff, sub-national MRD products and services toilet”. The existing informed choice catalogue cycle of poverty and guide their own development. poorer households. staff and concrete producers should be trained needs to be reviewed to ensure that it provides on the application of the new quality For more information visit http://www.snv.org/sector/water-sanitation-hygiene Cambodia has the lowest sanitation coverage • Raising awareness among toilet adopters adequate alternative (and more affordable) • Knowledge on appropriate and affordable Recommendations for assurance system. in the region, and it is reported that, as a Banteay Meas and local authorities on the potential dangers technology options. The review and subsequent toilets is low among consumers and result, over 6,600 children die each year from associated with faecal sludge and increasing modifi cations should address the Additional recommendations are: sanitation entrepreneurs. diarrhoeal diseases.2 Although there is still a knowledge on safe practices following issues: long way to go, Cambodia ranked third among 1. Create a better understanding of the IRC is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, • Work with the most successful (and largest) • Existing pit confi gurations – two pits linked in 16 countries that reduced open defecation rates last mile businesses and people around the world to fi nd long-term solutions to the global • Developing practical guidelines for the safe • Designs and quality of construction should concrete producers series – do not facilitate current manual pit by at least 25 per cent from 94% in 1990 to crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services. At the heart of its mission is the Although Banteay Meas is heading towards emptying and transportation as well as the ensure that improved toilets are put in place emptying practices. 69% in 2015.3 aim to move from short-term interventions to sustainable water, sanitation and becoming the fi rst district in Cambodia that will safe disposal or reuse of pit contents. • Provide tailored capacity building support to be declared ODF, this does not mean that every hygiene services. With over 40 years of experience, IRC runs programmes in The rapid uptake of appropriate and adequate • Alternative pit confi gurations need to be enhance the capacity of concrete producers more than 25 countries and large-scale projects in 7 focus countries in Africa, sanitation facilities that keep the environment household has a toilet. Regular demand creation 3. Continue action research on introduced to facilitate easy and safe pit Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All activities work up to a certain point but more Asia and Latin America. It is supported by a team of over 100 staff across free from human faecal contamination depends alternative safe faecal sludge emptying by toilet owners • Support concrete producers to diversify their (SSH4A) is SNV’s comprehensive approach needs to be done to ensure that the remaining the world. on the right mix of demand, fi nance and management practices product- and business portfolio to ensuring equitable and sustainable supply. Only when people have access to unserved population is reached. A quick For more information visit www.ircwash.org The action research should focus primarily on • Alternative but acceptable superstructures access to improved sanitation and hygiene knowledge, skills, means, materials and so forth assessment to analyse the current situation need to be introduced that allow customers household practices as professional pit emptying • Avoid introducing fi xed prices. for those who need it most. Developed to construct, maintain and, where necessary, would help to determine what programme to customise the shelter according to their providers are unlikely to become an affordable since 2008 in Asia with IRC, the SSH4A upgrade their toilet facilities will they be in a interventions need to be modifi ed to ensure fi nancial means and aesthetic preferences 9. Review the existing pro-poor This research brief was written by Erick Baetings, IRC Senior Sanitation Expert universal access to sanitation facilities. alternative in the short term. Issues that are to approach is now implemented by SNV in position to sustainably change their support strategy on the basis of a report prepared by IRC and SNV Cambodia: Sanitation market defecation practices. be researched include 15 countries in Asia and Africa. The SSH4A the following: • A modular system, that enables customers to research in rural Cambodia, Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three Access to The rapid assessment revealed that without toilets at build and upgrade their toilet whenever they rural districts; Final (unpublished) report, SNV Cambodia; Erick Baetings programme integrates best practices in start of The “last mile” intervention are able to afford it, should be considered as any fi nancial support, ID Poor households will (December 2015) sanitation demand creation, sanitation Situation in • Characteristics of faecal sludge, as this would not be able to afford an improved toilet. It Banteay Meas an alternative option for poorer households. supply chain strengthening, hygiene provide insight into the dangers of handling also revealed that SNV Cambodia’s Pro-poor This research brief can be found on the on the Sustainable Sanitation and faecal sludge and will determine what Hygiene for All (SSH4A) project page at: http://www.ircwash.org/projects/ behaviour change communication and 6. Increase knowledge on appropriate Sustainable Sanitation Fund has been effective governance, including gender and social treatment options need to be considered in increasing access to toilets for the poor sustainable-sanitation-and-hygiene-all and affordable sanitation technologies inclusion and scaled through government- Progress households. The Fund’s eligibility criteria may Situation in Chum Kiri led districtwide programmes. and Basedth • Factors that impact the variability of faecal More needs to be done to increase the prove to be too strict to ensure rapid realisation sludge such as toilet usage, storage duration, knowledge of potential customers on appropriate of equitable access to improved sanitation Trigger Acknowledgements The current phase of the SSH4A Access to infl ow and infi ltration characteristics of and affordable technology options. This to facilities in general, and specifi cally in Chum Kiri toilets at programme in Cambodia lasts until June start of different containment options, emptying make sure that households have suffi cient and Basedth. Special thanks go to Petra Rautavuoma, SNV Cambodia WASH Sector Leader, and intervention 2017 and is funded by the Stone Innovators Early adaptors Early majority Late majority Laggards frequencies, etc. information to make an informed decision and Bimal Tandukar, former SNV Cambodia Senior WASH Advisor, for providing all the Time The review should focus on: 1) how pro-poor Family Foundation. to avoid inappropriate toilets being copied. The necessary support and guidance throughout the research. Thanks are also due support can become less dependent on the • Safe pit emptying and transportation practices knowledge of other relevant actors, for example to Vanny Suon and the entire SSH4A team for providing valuable input and for 2. Think beyond ODF and promote safe actions taken by non-poor households; and 2) concrete producers, sales agents and local organising the fi eld trips. Thanks to Amar Ung and his team from SBK Research faecal sludge management practices how uptake of improved toilets among poor • Treatment and reuse options. masons, also needs to be enhanced. Training and Development responsible for collecting and managing the additional demand households can be accelerated. Considering current practices, the focus and post-training support needs to be provided and supply related data. Final thanks to Gabrielle Halcrow, SNV Asia rural SSH4A should be on safe handling of faecal sludge by to programme staff and to staff of the provincial Programme Coordinator, for proofreading the fi nal report. Map of Cambodia with three SSH4A focus districts households as this is expected to be the main and district branches of the MRD to carry out method for the foreseeable future. This activity these activities more effectively. would include the following: 1. The last mile refers to the fi nal leg towards achieving universal sanitation coverage. This is usually the last 10 to 20% without 7. Design more effective demand access to sanitation facilities. The sector has come to realise that this last leg is not easy to realise and requires alternative creation approaches The sanitation supply and demand rapid assessment was undertaken with more-effective approaches and often also additional resources. support from The Stone Family Foundation as part of SNV Cambodia’s Sustainable 2. WSP (February 2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Cambodia, A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, It is another top priority to accelerate toilet Sanitation and Hygiene for All Programme. Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI). The research report is available on uptake among all households. The proposed http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/fi les/publications/ESI_Cambodia_full.pdf study on the last mile in Banteay Meas is 3. UNICEF and World Health Organisation (2015), Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG expected to provide the valuable insights assessment. The report is available on http://www.unicef.org/publications/fi les/Progress_on_Sanitation_and_Drinking_ Water_2015_Update_.pdf To inform the SSH4A sanitation supply chain framework to guide the design of the research. PLACE: Where are the customers There are no mechanical pit emptying service Loans, as a way to spread investments strengthening component, SNV Cambodia, with The research fi ndings are presented according to DASHBOARD | 4 Ps ++ and the supply chain actors? providers located in the three districts and only over time, are not seen as a real option as support from IRC, undertook a rapid assessment this framework. a few manual pit emptiers. Mechanised emptying they are diffi cult to secure: In most cases, to understand current and potential future 69% Products required to construct toilets are services need to be brought in from elsewhere, households made use of a mix of different of HH use their H own a toilet demand and supply for sanitation products and 79% readily available in the three districts: There which is expensive. payment methods (e.g. cash combined with a services. The assessment was carried out in the are enough concrete producers and hardware loan or subsidy). However, the most common DEMAND SIDE SUPPLY SIDE stores in the three districts. The location of the The quality of concrete products does not three SSH4A focus districts of Banteay Meas and BANTEAY MEAS CHUM KIR I BASEDT method is to pay in cash. Only 4% of current Chum Kiri in Kampot province, and Basedth in business premises is fairly central and easily match their appearance: The assessment toilet owners used a loan to construct their WHO are the supply side actors selling sanitation products scores might give the impression that everything Kampong Speu province. WHO are the potential customers? accessible. Most businesses also provide home toilet. Even when loans are available this might Who and services? is fi ne. However, the type of reinforcement used 10% delivery services. not be a realistic option for ID Poor households The purpose of the research was three-fold: of HH use a toilet is inadequate and most of the products are sold Type and quantity of customers Background and experience of key supply side actors 21% of someone else as the 2014 CSES revealed that one out of three of HH do not use a toilet Existing sanitation technologies do not and installed before they are suffi ciently cured and defecate in the open rural households already has a debt of Background and experience of concrete producers facilitate current manual pit emptying • Understand consumer demands, needs Promotion Place and hardened to achieve the required strength. around US$890. and aspirations practices: Most households opt for a toilet with PLACE: Where are the customers? PLACE: Where are the supply side actors? 100% two separate pits linked in series as it allows Mechanised pit emptying services are Marketing 21% of human waste is contained for larger volumes of sludge to be contained. • Understand current supply of sanitation or disposed of unsafely way too expensive: The current costs of mix plus two However, it means that toilet owners will have to related products and services Location Location mechanised pit emptying are not in relation to handle fresh wet sludge when both pits fi ll up. the capital investment costs of a toilet’s sub- Distance and accessibility Distance and accessibility Access to sanitation in Banteay Meas district A toilet with alternating double-pits would be a • Identify practical recommendations relevant structure. Whereas pit emptying is expected Price Product better option as this would facilitate safer to the three districts. Appropriateness of standard sanitation technology Toilet adopters opt for high-end expensive to cost up to US$100, the material costs for a toilets but may still not be fully satisfi ed: pit emptying. double off-set pit consisting of three concrete The sanitation market research was also used rings each is less than US$50. Knowledge PRODUCTS: What do they need now and in future? PRODUCTS: What products and services are made available? On average, households are spending around to see if the existing market mechanisms could US$380 on a toilet. Most toilets use water for help increase latrine uptake and to identify Type and volume of products and services Type and volume of products and services fl ushing and have a durable superstructure that PROMOTION: Do concrete opportunities to scale up the availability of Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers provides comfort and privacy. However, roughly producers promote their demand-responsive and affordable sanitation Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers one in two households are not (fully) satisfi ed products and services. products? Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades with their toilet and the majority are not satisfi ed Concrete toilet parts at production centre Promotion is not seen as an important The research focused primarily on the fi rst three with the toilet’s superstructure. Pit emptying services current demand Pit emptying services current demand marketing tool: None of the concrete producers links of the sanitation service chain: capture, PRICE: How much can customers Marketing mix (the four Ps) plus two extra elements Non-toilet adopters are not satisfi ed: are very active in promoting their products. containment and pit emptying. The marketing Pit emptying services future demand Pit emptying services future demand Households without a toilet are not satisfi ed with afford and how much does it However, given the lack of product and price mix (place, product, price, and promotion), The fi gure below summarises the steps that Quality of available products and services their current situation; either using someone cost? diversity this may not be a huge problem as expanded with two additional elements (who and were taken to design, conduct and complete the else’s toilet or defecating in the open. More 4 basically all customers know where to buy knowledge), was used as the main analytical research assignment. Quality of concrete products ID Poor households cannot afford the than half of the respondents fi nd it inconvenient predominant sanitation technology: ID concrete products. Promotional activities will PRICE: How much can they afford? PRICE: How much does it cost? not to have a toilet and two out of ten feel Poor households spent on average only US$69. become more important when entrepreneurs embarrassed. Although almost all of them When using the 2014 Cambodia Socio-Economic decide to diversify their products and or business Two pits linked in series 5 Ability and willingness to payCosts of products and services would like to have a toilet, the lack of suffi cient Survey (CSES) annual disposable income portfolio. Nine out of the 15 interviewed fi nancial resources is cited as the main reason One size does not fi t all: The principle of producers benefi t from sales agents recruited by INITIATING MISSION #1 FIELD WORK MISSION #2 FINALISING Ability to pay for new toiletsCosts of a new toilet fi gures, the lowest wealth quintile would have to for not having a toilet, irrespective of whether one-size-fi ts-all in the case of the easy latrine spend some 70% of their annual income, way different WASH programmes. Ability to pay for operation, maintenance and repairsCosts for operation, maintenance and repairs they are ID Poor or non-poor households. Define research Define scope Develop tools Collect and Data analysis requires some rethinking, as the standard above international benchmarks, to construct Reporting objectives and size + field testing record data + sense making package does not take into consideration Ability to pay for pit emptying services Costs of pit emptying Concrete producers rely too much on one a “simple toilet” estimated at US$150. For KNOWLEDGE: Do customers type of customer: Producers focus primarily differences in household size or ease households in the other wealth quintiles, the have the knowledge to make Costs of a new toilet Willingness to pay for new toilets on new customers with little or no attention of emptying. costs of a “simple toilet” should be less of informed decisions? to maintaining customer relationships. Repeat a problem. PROMOTION: Do they promote their products and services? Customers lack knowledge and concrete November 2015 customers are an interesting market segment PRODUCT: What products and July 2015 August 2015 September 2015 October 2015 Willingness to pay for new toilets is producers lack knowhow. The overall feeling that could provide new business opportunities services are needed and what is low: The calculations are based on what the Sanitation market research period Promotion by key supply chain actors when new products and services are introduced. of households is that they do not have enough available? households without a toilet thought their “dream information to make an informed decisions. Intensity of promotion activities by producers The biggest challenge concrete producers are toilet” would cost: an astonishing 1.7 million Riel confronted with relates to diffi culties accessing It is not clear how awareness and interest The biggest concern is that those who have the The yellow lights indicate a match between translate into actual purchase: The research (US$430). The maximum amount households intention to construct a toilet do not know who Do they have the KNOWLEDGE to make an informed decision? Do they have the KNOWHOW and experience to advise fi nance (loans) to run their business (31%). Key research ndings supply and demand of between 50% and 75%: was not able to assess how many of the are willing to pay for their “dream toilet” is to contact. There is a general lack of knowledge these issues deserve attention but only after households without a toilet that showed interest US$100. Except for the ID Poor in Basedth, and experience to adopt alternative technologies The results of the sanitation market research Knowledge about sanitation technologies Technical experience and knowhow the red traffi c light issues have been addressed. in constructing a toilet will actually build one. who indicated that they are only willing to pay or to modify existing technologies. This implies (rapid assessment) were visualised with the aid Finally, the red lights indicate a match between Overall judgement on customers' knowledge This is because customer buying behaviour and US$40, there are no signifi cant differences that the same technologies are applied over and of a traffi c light dashboard to show the match WASH demand and supply of less than 50%: these the actual buying process are characterised by a between ID Poor and non-poor and between the over again, even if these may be inappropriate or mismatch between supply and demand. The Overall judgement on producers issues require immediate attention and may high level of ambiguity. three districts. (for example the double pits linked in series) or dashboard was designed with three traffi c lights 67% need to be analysed further. are affiliated too expensive for the poor. indicating different degrees of match between to a WASH programme There is almost no demand for toilet supply and demand. Combined sanitation supply and demand dashboard for the three districts repairs, improvements or upgrades: Although one out of four existing toilets are The dashboard, shown below, provides not classifi ed as improved sanitation, only 6% immediate and easy insight into the main issues The fi ndings of the sanitation market research ensure that households stay on the sanitation 53% address the concerns as well as the aspirations ladder or move up the sanitation ladder. have diversified of households have carried out any repairs (or that require attention. The green lights show a their product range of both fi rst-time buyers (households without improvements) and only 4% have spent any match between supply and demand of 75% and 7% toilet) and repeat customers (households with have diversified their money on it. more: these issues require no attention. WHO: Who are the customers business range toilet). In sanitation marketing, when customers and who are the supply chain 31% Production volumes should be suffi cient to are often presumed to be a one-time buyer – believe that lack of access to 40% actors? finance is the biggest challenge have diversified both meet the demand for new toilets: There is a someone who buys a single purchase and does product and business ranges match between supply and demand in Banteay not return –, households without a toilet are the The sanitation situation in the three districts Meas and Chum Kiri, which means that the most obvious category of potential customers. is quite diverse. Whereas seven out of ten 21% are worried about expected demand for new toilets can be met households in Banteay Meas own a toilet, in low profit margins A US$500 toilet under construction in Banteay Meas Sanitation programmes often overlook the by the existing concrete producers. Matching Chum Kiri this is only one out of fi ve and in Abandoned toilet pits (two pits linked in series) needs and value of returning customers. Repeat Concrete toilet part producers in the three districts current supply with future demand may be more Basedth one out of four. The reason for these diffi cult in Basedth as there appears to be a customers are an important segment, not just differences is that when the data was collected because this is crucial for the success and shortage of supplies. 4. ID Poor households: The Identifi cation of Poor Households (ID Poor) Programme was established in 2006 within the Ministry at the start of 2015, the SSH4A programme had of Planning to offi cially establish national procedures for identifi cation of poor households and to realise their implementation ultimate viability of the entrepreneurs actively been running for three years in Banteay Meas There is a serious shortage of professional engaged in sanitation supply chains, but also throughout Cambodia. Service providers can use ID Poor data to directly target development services and assistance to the but had only just started in the two pit empting services: At present, 93% of poorest households in a village or a geographical area. because repeat purchases are essential to households are emptying their own toilet pits other districts. 5. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia (October 2015), Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2014. because of a lack of (affordable) services. Available on http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/CSES_2014_Report.pdf To inform the SSH4A sanitation supply chain framework to guide the design of the research. PLACE: Where are the customers There are no mechanical pit emptying service Loans, as a way to spread investments strengthening component, SNV Cambodia, with The research fi ndings are presented according to DASHBOARD | 4 Ps ++ and the supply chain actors? providers located in the three districts and only over time, are not seen as a real option as support from IRC, undertook a rapid assessment this framework. a few manual pit emptiers. Mechanised emptying they are diffi cult to secure: In most cases, to understand current and potential future 69% Products required to construct toilets are services need to be brought in from elsewhere, households made use of a mix of different of HH use their H own a toilet demand and supply for sanitation products and 79% readily available in the three districts: There which is expensive. payment methods (e.g. cash combined with a services. The assessment was carried out in the are enough concrete producers and hardware loan or subsidy). However, the most common DEMAND SIDE SUPPLY SIDE stores in the three districts. The location of the The quality of concrete products does not three SSH4A focus districts of Banteay Meas and BANTEAY MEAS CHUM KIR I BASEDT method is to pay in cash. Only 4% of current Chum Kiri in Kampot province, and Basedth in business premises is fairly central and easily match their appearance: The assessment toilet owners used a loan to construct their WHO are the supply side actors selling sanitation products scores might give the impression that everything Kampong Speu province. WHO are the potential customers? accessible. Most businesses also provide home toilet. Even when loans are available this might Who and services? is fi ne. However, the type of reinforcement used 10% delivery services. not be a realistic option for ID Poor households The purpose of the research was three-fold: of HH use a toilet is inadequate and most of the products are sold Type and quantity of customers Background and experience of key supply side actors 21% of someone else as the 2014 CSES revealed that one out of three of HH do not use a toilet Existing sanitation technologies do not and installed before they are suffi ciently cured and defecate in the open rural households already has a debt of Background and experience of concrete producers facilitate current manual pit emptying • Understand consumer demands, needs Promotion Place and hardened to achieve the required strength. around US$890. and aspirations practices: Most households opt for a toilet with PLACE: Where are the customers? PLACE: Where are the supply side actors? 100% two separate pits linked in series as it allows Mechanised pit emptying services are Marketing 21% of human waste is contained for larger volumes of sludge to be contained. • Understand current supply of sanitation or disposed of unsafely way too expensive: The current costs of mix plus two However, it means that toilet owners will have to related products and services Location Location mechanised pit emptying are not in relation to handle fresh wet sludge when both pits fi ll up. the capital investment costs of a toilet’s sub- Distance and accessibility Distance and accessibility Access to sanitation in Banteay Meas district A toilet with alternating double-pits would be a • Identify practical recommendations relevant structure. Whereas pit emptying is expected Price Product better option as this would facilitate safer to the three districts. Appropriateness of standard sanitation technology Toilet adopters opt for high-end expensive to cost up to US$100, the material costs for a toilets but may still not be fully satisfi ed: pit emptying. double off-set pit consisting of three concrete The sanitation market research was also used rings each is less than US$50. Knowledge PRODUCTS: What do they need now and in future? PRODUCTS: What products and services are made available? On average, households are spending around to see if the existing market mechanisms could US$380 on a toilet. Most toilets use water for help increase latrine uptake and to identify Type and volume of products and services Type and volume of products and services fl ushing and have a durable superstructure that PROMOTION: Do concrete opportunities to scale up the availability of Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers provides comfort and privacy. However, roughly producers promote their demand-responsive and affordable sanitation Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers one in two households are not (fully) satisfi ed products and services. products? Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades with their toilet and the majority are not satisfi ed Concrete toilet parts at production centre Promotion is not seen as an important The research focused primarily on the fi rst three with the toilet’s superstructure. Pit emptying services current demand Pit emptying services current demand marketing tool: None of the concrete producers links of the sanitation service chain: capture, PRICE: How much can customers Marketing mix (the four Ps) plus two extra elements Non-toilet adopters are not satisfi ed: are very active in promoting their products. containment and pit emptying. The marketing Pit emptying services future demand Pit emptying services future demand Households without a toilet are not satisfi ed with afford and how much does it However, given the lack of product and price mix (place, product, price, and promotion), The fi gure below summarises the steps that Quality of available products and services their current situation; either using someone cost? diversity this may not be a huge problem as expanded with two additional elements (who and were taken to design, conduct and complete the else’s toilet or defecating in the open. More 4 basically all customers know where to buy knowledge), was used as the main analytical research assignment. Quality of concrete products ID Poor households cannot afford the than half of the respondents fi nd it inconvenient predominant sanitation technology: ID concrete products. Promotional activities will PRICE: How much can they afford? PRICE: How much does it cost? not to have a toilet and two out of ten feel Poor households spent on average only US$69. become more important when entrepreneurs embarrassed. Although almost all of them When using the 2014 Cambodia Socio-Economic decide to diversify their products and or business Two pits linked in series 5 Ability and willingness to payCosts of products and services would like to have a toilet, the lack of suffi cient Survey (CSES) annual disposable income portfolio. Nine out of the 15 interviewed fi nancial resources is cited as the main reason One size does not fi t all: The principle of producers benefi t from sales agents recruited by INITIATING MISSION #1 FIELD WORK MISSION #2 FINALISING Ability to pay for new toiletsCosts of a new toilet fi gures, the lowest wealth quintile would have to for not having a toilet, irrespective of whether one-size-fi ts-all in the case of the easy latrine spend some 70% of their annual income, way different WASH programmes. Ability to pay for operation, maintenance and repairsCosts for operation, maintenance and repairs they are ID Poor or non-poor households. Define research Define scope Develop tools Collect and Data analysis requires some rethinking, as the standard above international benchmarks, to construct Reporting objectives and size + field testing record data + sense making package does not take into consideration Ability to pay for pit emptying services Costs of pit emptying Concrete producers rely too much on one a “simple toilet” estimated at US$150. For KNOWLEDGE: Do customers type of customer: Producers focus primarily differences in household size or ease households in the other wealth quintiles, the have the knowledge to make Costs of a new toilet Willingness to pay for new toilets on new customers with little or no attention of emptying. costs of a “simple toilet” should be less of informed decisions? to maintaining customer relationships. Repeat a problem. PROMOTION: Do they promote their products and services? Customers lack knowledge and concrete November 2015 customers are an interesting market segment PRODUCT: What products and July 2015 August 2015 September 2015 October 2015 Willingness to pay for new toilets is producers lack knowhow. The overall feeling that could provide new business opportunities services are needed and what is low: The calculations are based on what the Sanitation market research period Promotion by key supply chain actors when new products and services are introduced. of households is that they do not have enough available? households without a toilet thought their “dream information to make an informed decisions. Intensity of promotion activities by producers The biggest challenge concrete producers are toilet” would cost: an astonishing 1.7 million Riel confronted with relates to diffi culties accessing It is not clear how awareness and interest The biggest concern is that those who have the The yellow lights indicate a match between translate into actual purchase: The research (US$430). The maximum amount households intention to construct a toilet do not know who Do they have the KNOWLEDGE to make an informed decision? Do they have the KNOWHOW and experience to advise fi nance (loans) to run their business (31%). Key research ndings supply and demand of between 50% and 75%: was not able to assess how many of the are willing to pay for their “dream toilet” is to contact. There is a general lack of knowledge these issues deserve attention but only after households without a toilet that showed interest US$100. Except for the ID Poor in Basedth, and experience to adopt alternative technologies The results of the sanitation market research Knowledge about sanitation technologies Technical experience and knowhow the red traffi c light issues have been addressed. in constructing a toilet will actually build one. who indicated that they are only willing to pay or to modify existing technologies. This implies (rapid assessment) were visualised with the aid Finally, the red lights indicate a match between Overall judgement on customers' knowledge This is because customer buying behaviour and US$40, there are no signifi cant differences that the same technologies are applied over and of a traffi c light dashboard to show the match WASH demand and supply of less than 50%: these the actual buying process are characterised by a between ID Poor and non-poor and between the over again, even if these may be inappropriate or mismatch between supply and demand. The Overall judgement on producers issues require immediate attention and may high level of ambiguity. three districts. (for example the double pits linked in series) or dashboard was designed with three traffi c lights 67% need to be analysed further. are affiliated too expensive for the poor. indicating different degrees of match between to a WASH programme There is almost no demand for toilet supply and demand. Combined sanitation supply and demand dashboard for the three districts repairs, improvements or upgrades: Although one out of four existing toilets are The dashboard, shown below, provides not classifi ed as improved sanitation, only 6% immediate and easy insight into the main issues The fi ndings of the sanitation market research ensure that households stay on the sanitation 53% address the concerns as well as the aspirations ladder or move up the sanitation ladder. have diversified of households have carried out any repairs (or that require attention. The green lights show a their product range of both fi rst-time buyers (households without improvements) and only 4% have spent any match between supply and demand of 75% and 7% toilet) and repeat customers (households with have diversified their money on it. more: these issues require no attention. WHO: Who are the customers business range toilet). In sanitation marketing, when customers and who are the supply chain 31% Production volumes should be suffi cient to are often presumed to be a one-time buyer – believe that lack of access to 40% actors? finance is the biggest challenge have diversified both meet the demand for new toilets: There is a someone who buys a single purchase and does product and business ranges match between supply and demand in Banteay not return –, households without a toilet are the The sanitation situation in the three districts Meas and Chum Kiri, which means that the most obvious category of potential customers. is quite diverse. Whereas seven out of ten 21% are worried about expected demand for new toilets can be met households in Banteay Meas own a toilet, in low profit margins A US$500 toilet under construction in Banteay Meas Sanitation programmes often overlook the by the existing concrete producers. Matching Chum Kiri this is only one out of fi ve and in Abandoned toilet pits (two pits linked in series) needs and value of returning customers. Repeat Concrete toilet part producers in the three districts current supply with future demand may be more Basedth one out of four. The reason for these diffi cult in Basedth as there appears to be a customers are an important segment, not just differences is that when the data was collected because this is crucial for the success and shortage of supplies. 4. ID Poor households: The Identifi cation of Poor Households (ID Poor) Programme was established in 2006 within the Ministry at the start of 2015, the SSH4A programme had of Planning to offi cially establish national procedures for identifi cation of poor households and to realise their implementation ultimate viability of the entrepreneurs actively been running for three years in Banteay Meas There is a serious shortage of professional engaged in sanitation supply chains, but also throughout Cambodia. Service providers can use ID Poor data to directly target development services and assistance to the but had only just started in the two pit empting services: At present, 93% of poorest households in a village or a geographical area. because repeat purchases are essential to households are emptying their own toilet pits other districts. 5. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia (October 2015), Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2014. because of a lack of (affordable) services. Available on http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/CSES_2014_Report.pdf To inform the SSH4A sanitation supply chain framework to guide the design of the research. PLACE: Where are the customers There are no mechanical pit emptying service Loans, as a way to spread investments strengthening component, SNV Cambodia, with The research fi ndings are presented according to DASHBOARD | 4 Ps ++ and the supply chain actors? providers located in the three districts and only over time, are not seen as a real option as support from IRC, undertook a rapid assessment this framework. a few manual pit emptiers. Mechanised emptying they are diffi cult to secure: In most cases, to understand current and potential future 69% Products required to construct toilets are services need to be brought in from elsewhere, households made use of a mix of different of HH use their H own a toilet demand and supply for sanitation products and 79% readily available in the three districts: There which is expensive. payment methods (e.g. cash combined with a services. The assessment was carried out in the are enough concrete producers and hardware loan or subsidy). However, the most common DEMAND SIDE SUPPLY SIDE stores in the three districts. The location of the The quality of concrete products does not three SSH4A focus districts of Banteay Meas and BANTEAY MEAS CHUM KIR I BASEDT method is to pay in cash. Only 4% of current Chum Kiri in Kampot province, and Basedth in business premises is fairly central and easily match their appearance: The assessment toilet owners used a loan to construct their WHO are the supply side actors selling sanitation products scores might give the impression that everything Kampong Speu province. WHO are the potential customers? accessible. Most businesses also provide home toilet. Even when loans are available this might Who and services? is fi ne. However, the type of reinforcement used 10% delivery services. not be a realistic option for ID Poor households The purpose of the research was three-fold: of HH use a toilet is inadequate and most of the products are sold Type and quantity of customers Background and experience of key supply side actors 21% of someone else as the 2014 CSES revealed that one out of three of HH do not use a toilet Existing sanitation technologies do not and installed before they are suffi ciently cured and defecate in the open rural households already has a debt of Background and experience of concrete producers facilitate current manual pit emptying • Understand consumer demands, needs Promotion Place and hardened to achieve the required strength. around US$890. and aspirations practices: Most households opt for a toilet with PLACE: Where are the customers? PLACE: Where are the supply side actors? 100% two separate pits linked in series as it allows Mechanised pit emptying services are Marketing 21% of human waste is contained for larger volumes of sludge to be contained. • Understand current supply of sanitation or disposed of unsafely way too expensive: The current costs of mix plus two However, it means that toilet owners will have to related products and services Location Location mechanised pit emptying are not in relation to handle fresh wet sludge when both pits fi ll up. the capital investment costs of a toilet’s sub- Distance and accessibility Distance and accessibility Access to sanitation in Banteay Meas district A toilet with alternating double-pits would be a • Identify practical recommendations relevant structure. Whereas pit emptying is expected Price Product better option as this would facilitate safer to the three districts. Appropriateness of standard sanitation technology Toilet adopters opt for high-end expensive to cost up to US$100, the material costs for a toilets but may still not be fully satisfi ed: pit emptying. double off-set pit consisting of three concrete The sanitation market research was also used rings each is less than US$50. Knowledge PRODUCTS: What do they need now and in future? PRODUCTS: What products and services are made available? On average, households are spending around to see if the existing market mechanisms could US$380 on a toilet. Most toilets use water for help increase latrine uptake and to identify Type and volume of products and services Type and volume of products and services fl ushing and have a durable superstructure that PROMOTION: Do concrete opportunities to scale up the availability of Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers provides comfort and privacy. However, roughly producers promote their demand-responsive and affordable sanitation Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers one in two households are not (fully) satisfi ed products and services. products? Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades with their toilet and the majority are not satisfi ed Concrete toilet parts at production centre Promotion is not seen as an important The research focused primarily on the fi rst three with the toilet’s superstructure. Pit emptying services current demand Pit emptying services current demand marketing tool: None of the concrete producers links of the sanitation service chain: capture, PRICE: How much can customers Marketing mix (the four Ps) plus two extra elements Non-toilet adopters are not satisfi ed: are very active in promoting their products. containment and pit emptying. The marketing Pit emptying services future demand Pit emptying services future demand Households without a toilet are not satisfi ed with afford and how much does it However, given the lack of product and price mix (place, product, price, and promotion), The fi gure below summarises the steps that Quality of available products and services their current situation; either using someone cost? diversity this may not be a huge problem as expanded with two additional elements (who and were taken to design, conduct and complete the else’s toilet or defecating in the open. More 4 basically all customers know where to buy knowledge), was used as the main analytical research assignment. Quality of concrete products ID Poor households cannot afford the than half of the respondents fi nd it inconvenient predominant sanitation technology: ID concrete products. Promotional activities will PRICE: How much can they afford? PRICE: How much does it cost? not to have a toilet and two out of ten feel Poor households spent on average only US$69. become more important when entrepreneurs embarrassed. Although almost all of them When using the 2014 Cambodia Socio-Economic decide to diversify their products and or business Two pits linked in series 5 Ability and willingness to payCosts of products and services would like to have a toilet, the lack of suffi cient Survey (CSES) annual disposable income portfolio. Nine out of the 15 interviewed fi nancial resources is cited as the main reason One size does not fi t all: The principle of producers benefi t from sales agents recruited by INITIATING MISSION #1 FIELD WORK MISSION #2 FINALISING Ability to pay for new toiletsCosts of a new toilet fi gures, the lowest wealth quintile would have to for not having a toilet, irrespective of whether one-size-fi ts-all in the case of the easy latrine spend some 70% of their annual income, way different WASH programmes. Ability to pay for operation, maintenance and repairsCosts for operation, maintenance and repairs they are ID Poor or non-poor households. Define research Define scope Develop tools Collect and Data analysis requires some rethinking, as the standard above international benchmarks, to construct Reporting objectives and size + field testing record data + sense making package does not take into consideration Ability to pay for pit emptying services Costs of pit emptying Concrete producers rely too much on one a “simple toilet” estimated at US$150. For KNOWLEDGE: Do customers type of customer: Producers focus primarily differences in household size or ease households in the other wealth quintiles, the have the knowledge to make Costs of a new toilet Willingness to pay for new toilets on new customers with little or no attention of emptying. costs of a “simple toilet” should be less of informed decisions? to maintaining customer relationships. Repeat a problem. PROMOTION: Do they promote their products and services? Customers lack knowledge and concrete November 2015 customers are an interesting market segment PRODUCT: What products and July 2015 August 2015 September 2015 October 2015 Willingness to pay for new toilets is producers lack knowhow. The overall feeling that could provide new business opportunities services are needed and what is low: The calculations are based on what the Sanitation market research period Promotion by key supply chain actors when new products and services are introduced. of households is that they do not have enough available? households without a toilet thought their “dream information to make an informed decisions. Intensity of promotion activities by producers The biggest challenge concrete producers are toilet” would cost: an astonishing 1.7 million Riel confronted with relates to diffi culties accessing It is not clear how awareness and interest The biggest concern is that those who have the The yellow lights indicate a match between translate into actual purchase: The research (US$430). The maximum amount households intention to construct a toilet do not know who Do they have the KNOWLEDGE to make an informed decision? Do they have the KNOWHOW and experience to advise fi nance (loans) to run their business (31%). Key research ndings supply and demand of between 50% and 75%: was not able to assess how many of the are willing to pay for their “dream toilet” is to contact. There is a general lack of knowledge these issues deserve attention but only after households without a toilet that showed interest US$100. Except for the ID Poor in Basedth, and experience to adopt alternative technologies The results of the sanitation market research Knowledge about sanitation technologies Technical experience and knowhow the red traffi c light issues have been addressed. in constructing a toilet will actually build one. who indicated that they are only willing to pay or to modify existing technologies. This implies (rapid assessment) were visualised with the aid Finally, the red lights indicate a match between Overall judgement on customers' knowledge This is because customer buying behaviour and US$40, there are no signifi cant differences that the same technologies are applied over and of a traffi c light dashboard to show the match WASH demand and supply of less than 50%: these the actual buying process are characterised by a between ID Poor and non-poor and between the over again, even if these may be inappropriate or mismatch between supply and demand. The Overall judgement on producers issues require immediate attention and may high level of ambiguity. three districts. (for example the double pits linked in series) or dashboard was designed with three traffi c lights 67% need to be analysed further. are affiliated too expensive for the poor. indicating different degrees of match between to a WASH programme There is almost no demand for toilet supply and demand. Combined sanitation supply and demand dashboard for the three districts repairs, improvements or upgrades: Although one out of four existing toilets are The dashboard, shown below, provides not classifi ed as improved sanitation, only 6% immediate and easy insight into the main issues The fi ndings of the sanitation market research ensure that households stay on the sanitation 53% address the concerns as well as the aspirations ladder or move up the sanitation ladder. have diversified of households have carried out any repairs (or that require attention. The green lights show a their product range of both fi rst-time buyers (households without improvements) and only 4% have spent any match between supply and demand of 75% and 7% toilet) and repeat customers (households with have diversified their money on it. more: these issues require no attention. WHO: Who are the customers business range toilet). In sanitation marketing, when customers and who are the supply chain 31% Production volumes should be suffi cient to are often presumed to be a one-time buyer – believe that lack of access to 40% actors? finance is the biggest challenge have diversified both meet the demand for new toilets: There is a someone who buys a single purchase and does product and business ranges match between supply and demand in Banteay not return –, households without a toilet are the The sanitation situation in the three districts Meas and Chum Kiri, which means that the most obvious category of potential customers. is quite diverse. Whereas seven out of ten 21% are worried about expected demand for new toilets can be met households in Banteay Meas own a toilet, in low profit margins A US$500 toilet under construction in Banteay Meas Sanitation programmes often overlook the by the existing concrete producers. Matching Chum Kiri this is only one out of fi ve and in Abandoned toilet pits (two pits linked in series) needs and value of returning customers. Repeat Concrete toilet part producers in the three districts current supply with future demand may be more Basedth one out of four. The reason for these diffi cult in Basedth as there appears to be a customers are an important segment, not just differences is that when the data was collected because this is crucial for the success and shortage of supplies. 4. ID Poor households: The Identifi cation of Poor Households (ID Poor) Programme was established in 2006 within the Ministry at the start of 2015, the SSH4A programme had of Planning to offi cially establish national procedures for identifi cation of poor households and to realise their implementation ultimate viability of the entrepreneurs actively been running for three years in Banteay Meas There is a serious shortage of professional engaged in sanitation supply chains, but also throughout Cambodia. Service providers can use ID Poor data to directly target development services and assistance to the but had only just started in the two pit empting services: At present, 93% of poorest households in a village or a geographical area. because repeat purchases are essential to households are emptying their own toilet pits other districts. 5. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia (October 2015), Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2014. because of a lack of (affordable) services. Available on http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/CSES_2014_Report.pdf To inform the SSH4A sanitation supply chain framework to guide the design of the research. PLACE: Where are the customers There are no mechanical pit emptying service Loans, as a way to spread investments strengthening component, SNV Cambodia, with The research fi ndings are presented according to DASHBOARD | 4 Ps ++ and the supply chain actors? providers located in the three districts and only over time, are not seen as a real option as support from IRC, undertook a rapid assessment this framework. a few manual pit emptiers. Mechanised emptying they are diffi cult to secure: In most cases, to understand current and potential future 69% Products required to construct toilets are services need to be brought in from elsewhere, households made use of a mix of different of HH use their H own a toilet demand and supply for sanitation products and 79% readily available in the three districts: There which is expensive. payment methods (e.g. cash combined with a services. The assessment was carried out in the are enough concrete producers and hardware loan or subsidy). However, the most common DEMAND SIDE SUPPLY SIDE stores in the three districts. The location of the The quality of concrete products does not three SSH4A focus districts of Banteay Meas and BANTEAY MEAS CHUM KIR I BASEDT method is to pay in cash. Only 4% of current Chum Kiri in Kampot province, and Basedth in business premises is fairly central and easily match their appearance: The assessment toilet owners used a loan to construct their WHO are the supply side actors selling sanitation products scores might give the impression that everything Kampong Speu province. WHO are the potential customers? accessible. Most businesses also provide home toilet. Even when loans are available this might Who and services? is fi ne. However, the type of reinforcement used 10% delivery services. not be a realistic option for ID Poor households The purpose of the research was three-fold: of HH use a toilet is inadequate and most of the products are sold Type and quantity of customers Background and experience of key supply side actors 21% of someone else as the 2014 CSES revealed that one out of three of HH do not use a toilet Existing sanitation technologies do not and installed before they are suffi ciently cured and defecate in the open rural households already has a debt of Background and experience of concrete producers facilitate current manual pit emptying • Understand consumer demands, needs Promotion Place and hardened to achieve the required strength. around US$890. and aspirations practices: Most households opt for a toilet with PLACE: Where are the customers? PLACE: Where are the supply side actors? 100% two separate pits linked in series as it allows Mechanised pit emptying services are Marketing 21% of human waste is contained for larger volumes of sludge to be contained. • Understand current supply of sanitation or disposed of unsafely way too expensive: The current costs of mix plus two However, it means that toilet owners will have to related products and services Location Location mechanised pit emptying are not in relation to handle fresh wet sludge when both pits fi ll up. the capital investment costs of a toilet’s sub- Distance and accessibility Distance and accessibility Access to sanitation in Banteay Meas district A toilet with alternating double-pits would be a • Identify practical recommendations relevant structure. Whereas pit emptying is expected Price Product better option as this would facilitate safer to the three districts. Appropriateness of standard sanitation technology Toilet adopters opt for high-end expensive to cost up to US$100, the material costs for a toilets but may still not be fully satisfi ed: pit emptying. double off-set pit consisting of three concrete The sanitation market research was also used rings each is less than US$50. Knowledge PRODUCTS: What do they need now and in future? PRODUCTS: What products and services are made available? On average, households are spending around to see if the existing market mechanisms could US$380 on a toilet. Most toilets use water for help increase latrine uptake and to identify Type and volume of products and services Type and volume of products and services fl ushing and have a durable superstructure that PROMOTION: Do concrete opportunities to scale up the availability of Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers provides comfort and privacy. However, roughly producers promote their demand-responsive and affordable sanitation Demand for new toilets by first-timers and repeat customers one in two households are not (fully) satisfi ed products and services. products? Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades Combined demand for new toilets and upgrades with their toilet and the majority are not satisfi ed Concrete toilet parts at production centre Promotion is not seen as an important The research focused primarily on the fi rst three with the toilet’s superstructure. Pit emptying services current demand Pit emptying services current demand marketing tool: None of the concrete producers links of the sanitation service chain: capture, PRICE: How much can customers Marketing mix (the four Ps) plus two extra elements Non-toilet adopters are not satisfi ed: are very active in promoting their products. containment and pit emptying. The marketing Pit emptying services future demand Pit emptying services future demand Households without a toilet are not satisfi ed with afford and how much does it However, given the lack of product and price mix (place, product, price, and promotion), The fi gure below summarises the steps that Quality of available products and services their current situation; either using someone cost? diversity this may not be a huge problem as expanded with two additional elements (who and were taken to design, conduct and complete the else’s toilet or defecating in the open. More 4 basically all customers know where to buy knowledge), was used as the main analytical research assignment. Quality of concrete products ID Poor households cannot afford the than half of the respondents fi nd it inconvenient predominant sanitation technology: ID concrete products. Promotional activities will PRICE: How much can they afford? PRICE: How much does it cost? not to have a toilet and two out of ten feel Poor households spent on average only US$69. become more important when entrepreneurs embarrassed. Although almost all of them When using the 2014 Cambodia Socio-Economic decide to diversify their products and or business Two pits linked in series 5 Ability and willingness to payCosts of products and services would like to have a toilet, the lack of suffi cient Survey (CSES) annual disposable income portfolio. Nine out of the 15 interviewed fi nancial resources is cited as the main reason One size does not fi t all: The principle of producers benefi t from sales agents recruited by INITIATING MISSION #1 FIELD WORK MISSION #2 FINALISING Ability to pay for new toiletsCosts of a new toilet fi gures, the lowest wealth quintile would have to for not having a toilet, irrespective of whether one-size-fi ts-all in the case of the easy latrine spend some 70% of their annual income, way different WASH programmes. Ability to pay for operation, maintenance and repairsCosts for operation, maintenance and repairs they are ID Poor or non-poor households. Define research Define scope Develop tools Collect and Data analysis requires some rethinking, as the standard above international benchmarks, to construct Reporting objectives and size + field testing record data + sense making package does not take into consideration Ability to pay for pit emptying services Costs of pit emptying Concrete producers rely too much on one a “simple toilet” estimated at US$150. For KNOWLEDGE: Do customers type of customer: Producers focus primarily differences in household size or ease households in the other wealth quintiles, the have the knowledge to make Costs of a new toilet Willingness to pay for new toilets on new customers with little or no attention of emptying. costs of a “simple toilet” should be less of informed decisions? to maintaining customer relationships. Repeat a problem. PROMOTION: Do they promote their products and services? Customers lack knowledge and concrete November 2015 customers are an interesting market segment PRODUCT: What products and July 2015 August 2015 September 2015 October 2015 Willingness to pay for new toilets is producers lack knowhow. The overall feeling that could provide new business opportunities services are needed and what is low: The calculations are based on what the Sanitation market research period Promotion by key supply chain actors when new products and services are introduced. of households is that they do not have enough available? households without a toilet thought their “dream information to make an informed decisions. Intensity of promotion activities by producers The biggest challenge concrete producers are toilet” would cost: an astonishing 1.7 million Riel confronted with relates to diffi culties accessing It is not clear how awareness and interest The biggest concern is that those who have the The yellow lights indicate a match between translate into actual purchase: The research (US$430). The maximum amount households intention to construct a toilet do not know who Do they have the KNOWLEDGE to make an informed decision? Do they have the KNOWHOW and experience to advise fi nance (loans) to run their business (31%). Key research ndings supply and demand of between 50% and 75%: was not able to assess how many of the are willing to pay for their “dream toilet” is to contact. There is a general lack of knowledge these issues deserve attention but only after households without a toilet that showed interest US$100. Except for the ID Poor in Basedth, and experience to adopt alternative technologies The results of the sanitation market research Knowledge about sanitation technologies Technical experience and knowhow the red traffi c light issues have been addressed. in constructing a toilet will actually build one. who indicated that they are only willing to pay or to modify existing technologies. This implies (rapid assessment) were visualised with the aid Finally, the red lights indicate a match between Overall judgement on customers' knowledge This is because customer buying behaviour and US$40, there are no signifi cant differences that the same technologies are applied over and of a traffi c light dashboard to show the match WASH demand and supply of less than 50%: these the actual buying process are characterised by a between ID Poor and non-poor and between the over again, even if these may be inappropriate or mismatch between supply and demand. The Overall judgement on producers issues require immediate attention and may high level of ambiguity. three districts. (for example the double pits linked in series) or dashboard was designed with three traffi c lights 67% need to be analysed further. are affiliated too expensive for the poor. indicating different degrees of match between to a WASH programme There is almost no demand for toilet supply and demand. Combined sanitation supply and demand dashboard for the three districts repairs, improvements or upgrades: Although one out of four existing toilets are The dashboard, shown below, provides not classifi ed as improved sanitation, only 6% immediate and easy insight into the main issues The fi ndings of the sanitation market research ensure that households stay on the sanitation 53% address the concerns as well as the aspirations ladder or move up the sanitation ladder. have diversified of households have carried out any repairs (or that require attention. The green lights show a their product range of both fi rst-time buyers (households without improvements) and only 4% have spent any match between supply and demand of 75% and 7% toilet) and repeat customers (households with have diversified their money on it. more: these issues require no attention. WHO: Who are the customers business range toilet). In sanitation marketing, when customers and who are the supply chain 31% Production volumes should be suffi cient to are often presumed to be a one-time buyer – believe that lack of access to 40% actors? finance is the biggest challenge have diversified both meet the demand for new toilets: There is a someone who buys a single purchase and does product and business ranges match between supply and demand in Banteay not return –, households without a toilet are the The sanitation situation in the three districts Meas and Chum Kiri, which means that the most obvious category of potential customers. is quite diverse. Whereas seven out of ten 21% are worried about expected demand for new toilets can be met households in Banteay Meas own a toilet, in low profit margins A US$500 toilet under construction in Banteay Meas Sanitation programmes often overlook the by the existing concrete producers. Matching Chum Kiri this is only one out of fi ve and in Abandoned toilet pits (two pits linked in series) needs and value of returning customers. Repeat Concrete toilet part producers in the three districts current supply with future demand may be more Basedth one out of four. The reason for these diffi cult in Basedth as there appears to be a customers are an important segment, not just differences is that when the data was collected because this is crucial for the success and shortage of supplies. 4. ID Poor households: The Identifi cation of Poor Households (ID Poor) Programme was established in 2006 within the Ministry at the start of 2015, the SSH4A programme had of Planning to offi cially establish national procedures for identifi cation of poor households and to realise their implementation ultimate viability of the entrepreneurs actively been running for three years in Banteay Meas There is a serious shortage of professional engaged in sanitation supply chains, but also throughout Cambodia. Service providers can use ID Poor data to directly target development services and assistance to the but had only just started in the two pit empting services: At present, 93% of poorest households in a village or a geographical area. because repeat purchases are essential to households are emptying their own toilet pits other districts. 5. National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia (October 2015), Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2014. because of a lack of (affordable) services. Available on http://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/CSES/CSES_2014_Report.pdf 4. Support MRD to develop necessary to improve demand creation Other recommendations 11. Support development of Sanitation market research in Main recommendations post-ODF guidelines approaches. Considering earlier successes, it is community-level sanitation legislation safe to conclude that the programme has been 10. Share learnings with MRD to The fi ndings from the rapid assessment support the fact that three mutual supportive ingredients Considering that Banteay Meas is expected to and enforcement rural Cambodia very effective in raising demand for sanitation support the development of the pro- need to be in place for households to be able to acquire, use and sustain improved sanitation be declared ODF soon, it is crucial that SNV Experience in a similar rural sanitation and facilities. However, considering the time it takes poor guidelines facilities: demand, fi nance and supply. The fi ndings also support the premise that the entire Cambodia continues to engage with the Ministry to increase sanitation coverage, this approach hygiene programme in Eastern Indonesia Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three sanitation service chain (capture, containment, emptying and transport, treatment, and safe disposal of Rural Development (MRD) to ensure the may not be adequate. Formative research on MRD is currently consulting with the sector to has shown that local legislation can be very rural districts or reuse) needs to be taken into consideration from the onset by any programme which has the district level learning is refl ected at the national sanitation uptake revealed a couple of persistent develop the national pro-poor support guidelines supportive in achieving sustained universal intention to increase access to improved environmentally safe sanitation. Recommendations specifi c level. One option would be to support the barriers which delay action. Future demand and the use of smart subsidies. The review of access to, and use of, improved sanitation and relevant to the actual situation in the districts are presented here: development of post-ODF guidelines with specifi c creation activities should therefore ensure that a the pro-poor support strategy and the results of, facilities. The programme should therefore attention to ensuring i) inclusion of measures sense of urgency is generated among villagers. and learning from, implementing the pro-poor explore whether it is possible to introduce similar designed to sustain behavioural change in support strategy in Banteay Meas should provide sanitation supportive legislation at commune- Demand Finance Supply ODF communes and districts; ii) inclusion Demand creation activities should focus on useful insight into what works at scale and will and possibly district-level in the three of approaches to upgrade basic sanitation ensuring that all households have access to, potentially contribute district based experiences SSH4A districts. Key ndings Genuine desire to acquire Availability of pro-poor Availability of affordable and use, an improved sanitation facility. When goods and services financing mechanisms goods and services facilities; and iii) inclusion of safe faecal sludge to the national guidelines. a proportion of households are still using management practices. • In general, the rural supply chains for unimproved sanitation facilities, an effort should sanitation products and services are well be made to motivate and support them to Recommendations for Chum Kiri established in the three districts. improve their existing toilets. Improved sanitation Safe faecal sludge management practices and Basedth 8. Improve product quality and pilot a • Uptake of toilets is showing steady progress 5. Review existing sanitation 1 quality assurance system but slows down drastically when the last mile Emptying & Safe disposal technologies is in sight. Capture Containment Treatment Transport or reuse To improve the quality of the concrete products It is a top priority to make sure that the correct SNV is a not-for-profi t international development organisation. Founded in the the programme should consider developing and toilet sub-structures are installed, which Netherlands nearly 50 years ago, we have built a long-term, local presence in 39 of • Rural households opt for high-end, rather introducing quality standards and a certifi cation Assessing supply and facilitate manual pit emptying, and to speed the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Our global team of local and expensive sanitation facilities. system for all (affi liated) concrete producers. up toilet uptake by poorer households as too international advisors works with local partners to equip communities, businesses This should be done in consultation with MRD demand for sanitation Environmentally safe sanitation many households prefer to wait till they have and organisations with the tools, knowledge and connections they need to increase • The preferred types of toilet facilities are and other WASH programmes such as iDE and enough resources to construct their “dream their incomes and gain access to basic services – empowering them to break the unaffordable for most if not all of the WaterSHED. Programme staff, sub-national MRD products and services toilet”. The existing informed choice catalogue cycle of poverty and guide their own development. poorer households. staff and concrete producers should be trained needs to be reviewed to ensure that it provides on the application of the new quality For more information visit http://www.snv.org/sector/water-sanitation-hygiene Cambodia has the lowest sanitation coverage • Raising awareness among toilet adopters adequate alternative (and more affordable) • Knowledge on appropriate and affordable Recommendations for assurance system. in the region, and it is reported that, as a Banteay Meas and local authorities on the potential dangers technology options. The review and subsequent toilets is low among consumers and result, over 6,600 children die each year from associated with faecal sludge and increasing modifi cations should address the Additional recommendations are: sanitation entrepreneurs. diarrhoeal diseases.2 Although there is still a knowledge on safe practices following issues: long way to go, Cambodia ranked third among 1. Create a better understanding of the IRC is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, • Work with the most successful (and largest) • Existing pit confi gurations – two pits linked in 16 countries that reduced open defecation rates last mile businesses and people around the world to fi nd long-term solutions to the global • Developing practical guidelines for the safe • Designs and quality of construction should concrete producers series – do not facilitate current manual pit by at least 25 per cent from 94% in 1990 to crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services. At the heart of its mission is the Although Banteay Meas is heading towards emptying and transportation as well as the ensure that improved toilets are put in place emptying practices. 69% in 2015.3 aim to move from short-term interventions to sustainable water, sanitation and becoming the fi rst district in Cambodia that will safe disposal or reuse of pit contents. • Provide tailored capacity building support to be declared ODF, this does not mean that every hygiene services. With over 40 years of experience, IRC runs programmes in The rapid uptake of appropriate and adequate • Alternative pit confi gurations need to be enhance the capacity of concrete producers more than 25 countries and large-scale projects in 7 focus countries in Africa, sanitation facilities that keep the environment household has a toilet. Regular demand creation 3. Continue action research on introduced to facilitate easy and safe pit Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All activities work up to a certain point but more Asia and Latin America. It is supported by a team of over 100 staff across free from human faecal contamination depends alternative safe faecal sludge emptying by toilet owners • Support concrete producers to diversify their (SSH4A) is SNV’s comprehensive approach needs to be done to ensure that the remaining the world. on the right mix of demand, fi nance and management practices product- and business portfolio to ensuring equitable and sustainable supply. Only when people have access to unserved population is reached. A quick For more information visit www.ircwash.org The action research should focus primarily on • Alternative but acceptable superstructures access to improved sanitation and hygiene knowledge, skills, means, materials and so forth assessment to analyse the current situation need to be introduced that allow customers household practices as professional pit emptying • Avoid introducing fi xed prices. for those who need it most. Developed to construct, maintain and, where necessary, would help to determine what programme to customise the shelter according to their providers are unlikely to become an affordable since 2008 in Asia with IRC, the SSH4A upgrade their toilet facilities will they be in a interventions need to be modifi ed to ensure fi nancial means and aesthetic preferences 9. Review the existing pro-poor This research brief was written by Erick Baetings, IRC Senior Sanitation Expert universal access to sanitation facilities. alternative in the short term. Issues that are to approach is now implemented by SNV in position to sustainably change their support strategy on the basis of a report prepared by IRC and SNV Cambodia: Sanitation market defecation practices. be researched include 15 countries in Asia and Africa. The SSH4A the following: • A modular system, that enables customers to research in rural Cambodia, Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three Access to The rapid assessment revealed that without toilets at build and upgrade their toilet whenever they rural districts; Final (unpublished) report, SNV Cambodia; Erick Baetings programme integrates best practices in start of The “last mile” intervention are able to afford it, should be considered as any fi nancial support, ID Poor households will (December 2015) sanitation demand creation, sanitation Situation in • Characteristics of faecal sludge, as this would not be able to afford an improved toilet. It Banteay Meas an alternative option for poorer households. supply chain strengthening, hygiene provide insight into the dangers of handling also revealed that SNV Cambodia’s Pro-poor This research brief can be found on the on the Sustainable Sanitation and faecal sludge and will determine what Hygiene for All (SSH4A) project page at: http://www.ircwash.org/projects/ behaviour change communication and 6. Increase knowledge on appropriate Sustainable Sanitation Fund has been effective governance, including gender and social treatment options need to be considered in increasing access to toilets for the poor sustainable-sanitation-and-hygiene-all and affordable sanitation technologies inclusion and scaled through government- Progress households. The Fund’s eligibility criteria may Situation in Chum Kiri led districtwide programmes. and Basedth • Factors that impact the variability of faecal More needs to be done to increase the prove to be too strict to ensure rapid realisation sludge such as toilet usage, storage duration, knowledge of potential customers on appropriate of equitable access to improved sanitation Trigger Acknowledgements The current phase of the SSH4A Access to infl ow and infi ltration characteristics of and affordable technology options. This to facilities in general, and specifi cally in Chum Kiri toilets at programme in Cambodia lasts until June start of different containment options, emptying make sure that households have suffi cient and Basedth. Special thanks go to Petra Rautavuoma, SNV Cambodia WASH Sector Leader, and intervention 2017 and is funded by the Stone Innovators Early adaptors Early majority Late majority Laggards frequencies, etc. information to make an informed decision and Bimal Tandukar, former SNV Cambodia Senior WASH Advisor, for providing all the Time The review should focus on: 1) how pro-poor Family Foundation. to avoid inappropriate toilets being copied. The necessary support and guidance throughout the research. Thanks are also due support can become less dependent on the • Safe pit emptying and transportation practices knowledge of other relevant actors, for example to Vanny Suon and the entire SSH4A team for providing valuable input and for 2. Think beyond ODF and promote safe actions taken by non-poor households; and 2) concrete producers, sales agents and local organising the fi eld trips. Thanks to Amar Ung and his team from SBK Research faecal sludge management practices how uptake of improved toilets among poor • Treatment and reuse options. masons, also needs to be enhanced. Training and Development responsible for collecting and managing the additional demand households can be accelerated. Considering current practices, the focus and post-training support needs to be provided and supply related data. Final thanks to Gabrielle Halcrow, SNV Asia rural SSH4A should be on safe handling of faecal sludge by to programme staff and to staff of the provincial Programme Coordinator, for proofreading the fi nal report. Map of Cambodia with three SSH4A focus districts households as this is expected to be the main and district branches of the MRD to carry out method for the foreseeable future. This activity these activities more effectively. would include the following: 1. The last mile refers to the fi nal leg towards achieving universal sanitation coverage. This is usually the last 10 to 20% without 7. Design more effective demand access to sanitation facilities. The sector has come to realise that this last leg is not easy to realise and requires alternative creation approaches The sanitation supply and demand rapid assessment was undertaken with more-effective approaches and often also additional resources. support from The Stone Family Foundation as part of SNV Cambodia’s Sustainable 2. WSP (February 2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Cambodia, A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, It is another top priority to accelerate toilet Sanitation and Hygiene for All Programme. Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI). The research report is available on uptake among all households. The proposed http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/fi les/publications/ESI_Cambodia_full.pdf study on the last mile in Banteay Meas is 3. UNICEF and World Health Organisation (2015), Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG expected to provide the valuable insights assessment. The report is available on http://www.unicef.org/publications/fi les/Progress_on_Sanitation_and_Drinking_ Water_2015_Update_.pdf 4. Support MRD to develop necessary to improve demand creation Other recommendations 11. Support development of Sanitation market research in Main recommendations post-ODF guidelines approaches. Considering earlier successes, it is community-level sanitation legislation safe to conclude that the programme has been 10. Share learnings with MRD to The fi ndings from the rapid assessment support the fact that three mutual supportive ingredients Considering that Banteay Meas is expected to and enforcement rural Cambodia very effective in raising demand for sanitation support the development of the pro- need to be in place for households to be able to acquire, use and sustain improved sanitation be declared ODF soon, it is crucial that SNV Experience in a similar rural sanitation and facilities. However, considering the time it takes poor guidelines facilities: demand, fi nance and supply. The fi ndings also support the premise that the entire Cambodia continues to engage with the Ministry to increase sanitation coverage, this approach hygiene programme in Eastern Indonesia Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three sanitation service chain (capture, containment, emptying and transport, treatment, and safe disposal of Rural Development (MRD) to ensure the may not be adequate. Formative research on MRD is currently consulting with the sector to has shown that local legislation can be very rural districts or reuse) needs to be taken into consideration from the onset by any programme which has the district level learning is refl ected at the national sanitation uptake revealed a couple of persistent develop the national pro-poor support guidelines supportive in achieving sustained universal intention to increase access to improved environmentally safe sanitation. Recommendations specifi c level. One option would be to support the barriers which delay action. Future demand and the use of smart subsidies. The review of access to, and use of, improved sanitation and relevant to the actual situation in the districts are presented here: development of post-ODF guidelines with specifi c creation activities should therefore ensure that a the pro-poor support strategy and the results of, facilities. The programme should therefore attention to ensuring i) inclusion of measures sense of urgency is generated among villagers. and learning from, implementing the pro-poor explore whether it is possible to introduce similar designed to sustain behavioural change in support strategy in Banteay Meas should provide sanitation supportive legislation at commune- Demand Finance Supply ODF communes and districts; ii) inclusion Demand creation activities should focus on useful insight into what works at scale and will and possibly district-level in the three of approaches to upgrade basic sanitation ensuring that all households have access to, potentially contribute district based experiences SSH4A districts. Key ndings Genuine desire to acquire Availability of pro-poor Availability of affordable and use, an improved sanitation facility. When goods and services financing mechanisms goods and services facilities; and iii) inclusion of safe faecal sludge to the national guidelines. a proportion of households are still using management practices. • In general, the rural supply chains for unimproved sanitation facilities, an effort should sanitation products and services are well be made to motivate and support them to Recommendations for Chum Kiri established in the three districts. improve their existing toilets. Improved sanitation Safe faecal sludge management practices and Basedth 8. Improve product quality and pilot a • Uptake of toilets is showing steady progress 5. Review existing sanitation 1 quality assurance system but slows down drastically when the last mile Emptying & Safe disposal technologies is in sight. Capture Containment Treatment Transport or reuse To improve the quality of the concrete products It is a top priority to make sure that the correct SNV is a not-for-profi t international development organisation. Founded in the the programme should consider developing and toilet sub-structures are installed, which Netherlands nearly 50 years ago, we have built a long-term, local presence in 39 of • Rural households opt for high-end, rather introducing quality standards and a certifi cation Assessing supply and facilitate manual pit emptying, and to speed the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Our global team of local and expensive sanitation facilities. system for all (affi liated) concrete producers. up toilet uptake by poorer households as too international advisors works with local partners to equip communities, businesses This should be done in consultation with MRD demand for sanitation Environmentally safe sanitation many households prefer to wait till they have and organisations with the tools, knowledge and connections they need to increase • The preferred types of toilet facilities are and other WASH programmes such as iDE and enough resources to construct their “dream their incomes and gain access to basic services – empowering them to break the unaffordable for most if not all of the WaterSHED. Programme staff, sub-national MRD products and services toilet”. The existing informed choice catalogue cycle of poverty and guide their own development. poorer households. staff and concrete producers should be trained needs to be reviewed to ensure that it provides on the application of the new quality For more information visit http://www.snv.org/sector/water-sanitation-hygiene Cambodia has the lowest sanitation coverage • Raising awareness among toilet adopters adequate alternative (and more affordable) • Knowledge on appropriate and affordable Recommendations for assurance system. in the region, and it is reported that, as a Banteay Meas and local authorities on the potential dangers technology options. The review and subsequent toilets is low among consumers and result, over 6,600 children die each year from associated with faecal sludge and increasing modifi cations should address the Additional recommendations are: sanitation entrepreneurs. diarrhoeal diseases.2 Although there is still a knowledge on safe practices following issues: long way to go, Cambodia ranked third among 1. Create a better understanding of the IRC is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, • Work with the most successful (and largest) • Existing pit confi gurations – two pits linked in 16 countries that reduced open defecation rates last mile businesses and people around the world to fi nd long-term solutions to the global • Developing practical guidelines for the safe • Designs and quality of construction should concrete producers series – do not facilitate current manual pit by at least 25 per cent from 94% in 1990 to crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services. At the heart of its mission is the Although Banteay Meas is heading towards emptying and transportation as well as the ensure that improved toilets are put in place emptying practices. 69% in 2015.3 aim to move from short-term interventions to sustainable water, sanitation and becoming the fi rst district in Cambodia that will safe disposal or reuse of pit contents. • Provide tailored capacity building support to be declared ODF, this does not mean that every hygiene services. With over 40 years of experience, IRC runs programmes in The rapid uptake of appropriate and adequate • Alternative pit confi gurations need to be enhance the capacity of concrete producers more than 25 countries and large-scale projects in 7 focus countries in Africa, sanitation facilities that keep the environment household has a toilet. Regular demand creation 3. Continue action research on introduced to facilitate easy and safe pit Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All activities work up to a certain point but more Asia and Latin America. It is supported by a team of over 100 staff across free from human faecal contamination depends alternative safe faecal sludge emptying by toilet owners • Support concrete producers to diversify their (SSH4A) is SNV’s comprehensive approach needs to be done to ensure that the remaining the world. on the right mix of demand, fi nance and management practices product- and business portfolio to ensuring equitable and sustainable supply. Only when people have access to unserved population is reached. A quick For more information visit www.ircwash.org The action research should focus primarily on • Alternative but acceptable superstructures access to improved sanitation and hygiene knowledge, skills, means, materials and so forth assessment to analyse the current situation need to be introduced that allow customers household practices as professional pit emptying • Avoid introducing fi xed prices. for those who need it most. Developed to construct, maintain and, where necessary, would help to determine what programme to customise the shelter according to their providers are unlikely to become an affordable since 2008 in Asia with IRC, the SSH4A upgrade their toilet facilities will they be in a interventions need to be modifi ed to ensure fi nancial means and aesthetic preferences 9. Review the existing pro-poor This research brief was written by Erick Baetings, IRC Senior Sanitation Expert universal access to sanitation facilities. alternative in the short term. Issues that are to approach is now implemented by SNV in position to sustainably change their support strategy on the basis of a report prepared by IRC and SNV Cambodia: Sanitation market defecation practices. be researched include 15 countries in Asia and Africa. The SSH4A the following: • A modular system, that enables customers to research in rural Cambodia, Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three Access to The rapid assessment revealed that without toilets at build and upgrade their toilet whenever they rural districts; Final (unpublished) report, SNV Cambodia; Erick Baetings programme integrates best practices in start of The “last mile” intervention are able to afford it, should be considered as any fi nancial support, ID Poor households will (December 2015) sanitation demand creation, sanitation Situation in • Characteristics of faecal sludge, as this would not be able to afford an improved toilet. It Banteay Meas an alternative option for poorer households. supply chain strengthening, hygiene provide insight into the dangers of handling also revealed that SNV Cambodia’s Pro-poor This research brief can be found on the on the Sustainable Sanitation and faecal sludge and will determine what Hygiene for All (SSH4A) project page at: http://www.ircwash.org/projects/ behaviour change communication and 6. Increase knowledge on appropriate Sustainable Sanitation Fund has been effective governance, including gender and social treatment options need to be considered in increasing access to toilets for the poor sustainable-sanitation-and-hygiene-all and affordable sanitation technologies inclusion and scaled through government- Progress households. The Fund’s eligibility criteria may Situation in Chum Kiri led districtwide programmes. and Basedth • Factors that impact the variability of faecal More needs to be done to increase the prove to be too strict to ensure rapid realisation sludge such as toilet usage, storage duration, knowledge of potential customers on appropriate of equitable access to improved sanitation Trigger Acknowledgements The current phase of the SSH4A Access to infl ow and infi ltration characteristics of and affordable technology options. This to facilities in general, and specifi cally in Chum Kiri toilets at programme in Cambodia lasts until June start of different containment options, emptying make sure that households have suffi cient and Basedth. Special thanks go to Petra Rautavuoma, SNV Cambodia WASH Sector Leader, and intervention 2017 and is funded by the Stone Innovators Early adaptors Early majority Late majority Laggards frequencies, etc. information to make an informed decision and Bimal Tandukar, former SNV Cambodia Senior WASH Advisor, for providing all the Time The review should focus on: 1) how pro-poor Family Foundation. to avoid inappropriate toilets being copied. The necessary support and guidance throughout the research. Thanks are also due support can become less dependent on the • Safe pit emptying and transportation practices knowledge of other relevant actors, for example to Vanny Suon and the entire SSH4A team for providing valuable input and for 2. Think beyond ODF and promote safe actions taken by non-poor households; and 2) concrete producers, sales agents and local organising the fi eld trips. Thanks to Amar Ung and his team from SBK Research faecal sludge management practices how uptake of improved toilets among poor • Treatment and reuse options. masons, also needs to be enhanced. Training and Development responsible for collecting and managing the additional demand households can be accelerated. Considering current practices, the focus and post-training support needs to be provided and supply related data. Final thanks to Gabrielle Halcrow, SNV Asia rural SSH4A should be on safe handling of faecal sludge by to programme staff and to staff of the provincial Programme Coordinator, for proofreading the fi nal report. Map of Cambodia with three SSH4A focus districts households as this is expected to be the main and district branches of the MRD to carry out method for the foreseeable future. This activity these activities more effectively. would include the following: 1. The last mile refers to the fi nal leg towards achieving universal sanitation coverage. This is usually the last 10 to 20% without 7. Design more effective demand access to sanitation facilities. The sector has come to realise that this last leg is not easy to realise and requires alternative creation approaches The sanitation supply and demand rapid assessment was undertaken with more-effective approaches and often also additional resources. support from The Stone Family Foundation as part of SNV Cambodia’s Sustainable 2. WSP (February 2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Cambodia, A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, It is another top priority to accelerate toilet Sanitation and Hygiene for All Programme. Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI). The research report is available on uptake among all households. The proposed http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/fi les/publications/ESI_Cambodia_full.pdf study on the last mile in Banteay Meas is 3. UNICEF and World Health Organisation (2015), Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG expected to provide the valuable insights assessment. The report is available on http://www.unicef.org/publications/fi les/Progress_on_Sanitation_and_Drinking_ Water_2015_Update_.pdf 4. Support MRD to develop necessary to improve demand creation Other recommendations 11. Support development of Sanitation market research in Main recommendations post-ODF guidelines approaches. Considering earlier successes, it is community-level sanitation legislation safe to conclude that the programme has been 10. Share learnings with MRD to The fi ndings from the rapid assessment support the fact that three mutual supportive ingredients Considering that Banteay Meas is expected to and enforcement rural Cambodia very effective in raising demand for sanitation support the development of the pro- need to be in place for households to be able to acquire, use and sustain improved sanitation be declared ODF soon, it is crucial that SNV Experience in a similar rural sanitation and facilities. However, considering the time it takes poor guidelines facilities: demand, fi nance and supply. The fi ndings also support the premise that the entire Cambodia continues to engage with the Ministry to increase sanitation coverage, this approach hygiene programme in Eastern Indonesia Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three sanitation service chain (capture, containment, emptying and transport, treatment, and safe disposal of Rural Development (MRD) to ensure the may not be adequate. Formative research on MRD is currently consulting with the sector to has shown that local legislation can be very rural districts or reuse) needs to be taken into consideration from the onset by any programme which has the district level learning is refl ected at the national sanitation uptake revealed a couple of persistent develop the national pro-poor support guidelines supportive in achieving sustained universal intention to increase access to improved environmentally safe sanitation. Recommendations specifi c level. One option would be to support the barriers which delay action. Future demand and the use of smart subsidies. The review of access to, and use of, improved sanitation and relevant to the actual situation in the districts are presented here: development of post-ODF guidelines with specifi c creation activities should therefore ensure that a the pro-poor support strategy and the results of, facilities. The programme should therefore attention to ensuring i) inclusion of measures sense of urgency is generated among villagers. and learning from, implementing the pro-poor explore whether it is possible to introduce similar designed to sustain behavioural change in support strategy in Banteay Meas should provide sanitation supportive legislation at commune- Demand Finance Supply ODF communes and districts; ii) inclusion Demand creation activities should focus on useful insight into what works at scale and will and possibly district-level in the three of approaches to upgrade basic sanitation ensuring that all households have access to, potentially contribute district based experiences SSH4A districts. Key ndings Genuine desire to acquire Availability of pro-poor Availability of affordable and use, an improved sanitation facility. When goods and services financing mechanisms goods and services facilities; and iii) inclusion of safe faecal sludge to the national guidelines. a proportion of households are still using management practices. • In general, the rural supply chains for unimproved sanitation facilities, an effort should sanitation products and services are well be made to motivate and support them to Recommendations for Chum Kiri established in the three districts. improve their existing toilets. Improved sanitation Safe faecal sludge management practices and Basedth 8. Improve product quality and pilot a • Uptake of toilets is showing steady progress 5. Review existing sanitation 1 quality assurance system but slows down drastically when the last mile Emptying & Safe disposal technologies is in sight. Capture Containment Treatment Transport or reuse To improve the quality of the concrete products It is a top priority to make sure that the correct SNV is a not-for-profi t international development organisation. Founded in the the programme should consider developing and toilet sub-structures are installed, which Netherlands nearly 50 years ago, we have built a long-term, local presence in 39 of • Rural households opt for high-end, rather introducing quality standards and a certifi cation Assessing supply and facilitate manual pit emptying, and to speed the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Our global team of local and expensive sanitation facilities. system for all (affi liated) concrete producers. up toilet uptake by poorer households as too international advisors works with local partners to equip communities, businesses This should be done in consultation with MRD demand for sanitation Environmentally safe sanitation many households prefer to wait till they have and organisations with the tools, knowledge and connections they need to increase • The preferred types of toilet facilities are and other WASH programmes such as iDE and enough resources to construct their “dream their incomes and gain access to basic services – empowering them to break the unaffordable for most if not all of the WaterSHED. Programme staff, sub-national MRD products and services toilet”. The existing informed choice catalogue cycle of poverty and guide their own development. poorer households. staff and concrete producers should be trained needs to be reviewed to ensure that it provides on the application of the new quality For more information visit http://www.snv.org/sector/water-sanitation-hygiene Cambodia has the lowest sanitation coverage • Raising awareness among toilet adopters adequate alternative (and more affordable) • Knowledge on appropriate and affordable Recommendations for assurance system. in the region, and it is reported that, as a Banteay Meas and local authorities on the potential dangers technology options. The review and subsequent toilets is low among consumers and result, over 6,600 children die each year from associated with faecal sludge and increasing modifi cations should address the Additional recommendations are: sanitation entrepreneurs. diarrhoeal diseases.2 Although there is still a knowledge on safe practices following issues: long way to go, Cambodia ranked third among 1. Create a better understanding of the IRC is an international think-and-do tank that works with governments, NGOs, • Work with the most successful (and largest) • Existing pit confi gurations – two pits linked in 16 countries that reduced open defecation rates last mile businesses and people around the world to fi nd long-term solutions to the global • Developing practical guidelines for the safe • Designs and quality of construction should concrete producers series – do not facilitate current manual pit by at least 25 per cent from 94% in 1990 to crisis in water, sanitation and hygiene services. At the heart of its mission is the Although Banteay Meas is heading towards emptying and transportation as well as the ensure that improved toilets are put in place emptying practices. 69% in 2015.3 aim to move from short-term interventions to sustainable water, sanitation and becoming the fi rst district in Cambodia that will safe disposal or reuse of pit contents. • Provide tailored capacity building support to be declared ODF, this does not mean that every hygiene services. With over 40 years of experience, IRC runs programmes in The rapid uptake of appropriate and adequate • Alternative pit confi gurations need to be enhance the capacity of concrete producers more than 25 countries and large-scale projects in 7 focus countries in Africa, sanitation facilities that keep the environment household has a toilet. Regular demand creation 3. Continue action research on introduced to facilitate easy and safe pit Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene for All activities work up to a certain point but more Asia and Latin America. It is supported by a team of over 100 staff across free from human faecal contamination depends alternative safe faecal sludge emptying by toilet owners • Support concrete producers to diversify their (SSH4A) is SNV’s comprehensive approach needs to be done to ensure that the remaining the world. on the right mix of demand, fi nance and management practices product- and business portfolio to ensuring equitable and sustainable supply. Only when people have access to unserved population is reached. A quick For more information visit www.ircwash.org The action research should focus primarily on • Alternative but acceptable superstructures access to improved sanitation and hygiene knowledge, skills, means, materials and so forth assessment to analyse the current situation need to be introduced that allow customers household practices as professional pit emptying • Avoid introducing fi xed prices. for those who need it most. Developed to construct, maintain and, where necessary, would help to determine what programme to customise the shelter according to their providers are unlikely to become an affordable since 2008 in Asia with IRC, the SSH4A upgrade their toilet facilities will they be in a interventions need to be modifi ed to ensure fi nancial means and aesthetic preferences 9. Review the existing pro-poor This research brief was written by Erick Baetings, IRC Senior Sanitation Expert universal access to sanitation facilities. alternative in the short term. Issues that are to approach is now implemented by SNV in position to sustainably change their support strategy on the basis of a report prepared by IRC and SNV Cambodia: Sanitation market defecation practices. be researched include 15 countries in Asia and Africa. The SSH4A the following: • A modular system, that enables customers to research in rural Cambodia, Rapid assessment of supply and demand in three Access to The rapid assessment revealed that without toilets at build and upgrade their toilet whenever they rural districts; Final (unpublished) report, SNV Cambodia; Erick Baetings programme integrates best practices in start of The “last mile” intervention are able to afford it, should be considered as any fi nancial support, ID Poor households will (December 2015) sanitation demand creation, sanitation Situation in • Characteristics of faecal sludge, as this would not be able to afford an improved toilet. It Banteay Meas an alternative option for poorer households. supply chain strengthening, hygiene provide insight into the dangers of handling also revealed that SNV Cambodia’s Pro-poor This research brief can be found on the on the Sustainable Sanitation and faecal sludge and will determine what Hygiene for All (SSH4A) project page at: http://www.ircwash.org/projects/ behaviour change communication and 6. Increase knowledge on appropriate Sustainable Sanitation Fund has been effective governance, including gender and social treatment options need to be considered in increasing access to toilets for the poor sustainable-sanitation-and-hygiene-all and affordable sanitation technologies inclusion and scaled through government- Progress households. The Fund’s eligibility criteria may Situation in Chum Kiri led districtwide programmes. and Basedth • Factors that impact the variability of faecal More needs to be done to increase the prove to be too strict to ensure rapid realisation sludge such as toilet usage, storage duration, knowledge of potential customers on appropriate of equitable access to improved sanitation Trigger Acknowledgements The current phase of the SSH4A Access to infl ow and infi ltration characteristics of and affordable technology options. This to facilities in general, and specifi cally in Chum Kiri toilets at programme in Cambodia lasts until June start of different containment options, emptying make sure that households have suffi cient and Basedth. Special thanks go to Petra Rautavuoma, SNV Cambodia WASH Sector Leader, and intervention 2017 and is funded by the Stone Innovators Early adaptors Early majority Late majority Laggards frequencies, etc. information to make an informed decision and Bimal Tandukar, former SNV Cambodia Senior WASH Advisor, for providing all the Time The review should focus on: 1) how pro-poor Family Foundation. to avoid inappropriate toilets being copied. The necessary support and guidance throughout the research. Thanks are also due support can become less dependent on the • Safe pit emptying and transportation practices knowledge of other relevant actors, for example to Vanny Suon and the entire SSH4A team for providing valuable input and for 2. Think beyond ODF and promote safe actions taken by non-poor households; and 2) concrete producers, sales agents and local organising the fi eld trips. Thanks to Amar Ung and his team from SBK Research faecal sludge management practices how uptake of improved toilets among poor • Treatment and reuse options. masons, also needs to be enhanced. Training and Development responsible for collecting and managing the additional demand households can be accelerated. Considering current practices, the focus and post-training support needs to be provided and supply related data. Final thanks to Gabrielle Halcrow, SNV Asia rural SSH4A should be on safe handling of faecal sludge by to programme staff and to staff of the provincial Programme Coordinator, for proofreading the fi nal report. Map of Cambodia with three SSH4A focus districts households as this is expected to be the main and district branches of the MRD to carry out method for the foreseeable future. This activity these activities more effectively. would include the following: 1. The last mile refers to the fi nal leg towards achieving universal sanitation coverage. This is usually the last 10 to 20% without 7. Design more effective demand access to sanitation facilities. The sector has come to realise that this last leg is not easy to realise and requires alternative creation approaches The sanitation supply and demand rapid assessment was undertaken with more-effective approaches and often also additional resources. support from The Stone Family Foundation as part of SNV Cambodia’s Sustainable 2. WSP (February 2008) Economic Impacts of Sanitation in Cambodia, A fi ve-country study conducted in Cambodia, Indonesia, It is another top priority to accelerate toilet Sanitation and Hygiene for All Programme. Lao PDR, the Philippines and Vietnam under the Economics of Sanitation Initiative (ESI). The research report is available on uptake among all households. The proposed http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/fi les/publications/ESI_Cambodia_full.pdf study on the last mile in Banteay Meas is 3. UNICEF and World Health Organisation (2015), Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water – 2015 update and MDG expected to provide the valuable insights assessment. The report is available on http://www.unicef.org/publications/fi les/Progress_on_Sanitation_and_Drinking_ Water_2015_Update_.pdf