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Marine Ecology

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Marine Ecology Appendix T Appendix T Marine ecology January 2020 Roads and Maritime Services Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade Technical working paper: Marine ecology January 2020 Prepared for Roads and Maritime Prepared by Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd © Roads and Maritime The concepts and information contained in this document are the property of Roads and Maritime Services. You must not reproduce any part of this document without the prior written approval of Roads and Maritime Services. Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Overview 11 1.2 The project 11 1.3 Key construction activities 16 1.4 Project location 19 1.5 Purpose of this report 19 1.6 Secretary’s environmental assessment requirements 19 1.7 Avoid and minimise 19 1.8 Legislative context 20 1.9 Previous investigations for the project 21 1.10 Other project investigations 21 1.11 Definitions 22 2 Methods 24 2.1 Overview 24 2.2 Personnel 25 2.3 Background research 26 2.4 Field survey 26 2.5 Data analyses 31 2.6 Limitations 32 2.7 Impact assessment (including risk analysis) 33 3 Existing environment overview 36 3.1 Geology and socio-economics 36 3.2 Coastal processes and hydrology 36 3.3 Sediment properties 36 3.4 Water quality 38 3.5 Marine habitat types and communities 39 3.6 Threatened ecological communities 67 3.7 Critical habitat 67 3.8 Threatened marine species and endangered populations 67 3.9 Protected marine species 72 3.10 Matters of National Environmental Significance (MNES) 74 3.11 Wetlands and conservation areas 75 3.12 Key threatening processes 78 3.13 Pests and diseases 78 3.14 Commercial and recreational fishing 78 4 Potential project hazards 80 4.1 Removal of habitat/benthic habitat (ME1) 81 Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade iv Technical working paper: Marine ecology 4.2 Turbidity and sedimentation from dredging (ME2 and ME3) 81 4.3 Mobilisation of contaminants 84 4.4 Underwater noise 85 4.5 Altered hydrodynamics 88 4.6 Introduction of marine pests 89 5 Impact assessment 90 5.1 Risk analysis 90 5.2 Assessment of impacts 94 5.3 Key threatening processes 106 5.4 Assessments of significance 107 5.5 Cumulative impacts 107 6 Mitigation of impacts 108 6.1 Mitigating potential impacts from propeller wash 108 6.2 Mitigating impacts from groundwater treatment plant discharge 108 6.3 Mitigating impacts from turbidity and sedimentation 108 6.4 Mitigating potential introduction/spread of marine pests 108 6.5 Mitigating impacts of underwater noise from impact piling 109 6.6 Mitigating potential for spills 109 6.7 Reinstatement of nearshore habitat requiring removal during construction 109 6.8 Mitigating potential impacts on marine mammals and marine reptiles 110 6.9 Salvage of fish and other aquatic organisms 110 6.10 Recommended monitoring and management plans 110 7 Offset strategy 111 8 References 112 Significance assessment (EPBC Act) 19 Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade v Technical working paper: Marine ecology Appendices Appendix A Likelihood of occurrence - threatened species Appendix B Likelihood of occurrence – migratory species Appendix C Likelihood of occurrence – protected species Appendix D Assessments of Significance Appendix E Chapter plates Appendix F Statistical analyses results Appendix G Risk analysis rationale Tables Table 1-1 Secretary’s environmental assessment requirements – marine ecology 19 Table 2-1 Weather and sea conditions during the field survey campaign 27 Table 2-2 Qualitative measures of likelihood 34 Table 2-3 Qualitative measures of consequence adjusted to the spatial scale of the project marine area 34 Table 2-4 Risk matrix (after AS/NZ 4360:2004) 35 Table 3-1 Variability of ambient total suspended solid concentrations near the project area 39 Table 3-2 Key fish habitat classification 40 Table 3-3 Key fish habitat sensitivity 40 Table 3-4 Waterway classifications 40 Table 3-5 Marine TECs potentially occurring within the study locality 67 Table 3-6 Likelihood of occurrence criteria 68 Table 3-7 Summary of likelihood of occurrence of threatened species (see Appendix C for the rationale behind the assessment) 68 Table 3-8 Summary of likelihood of occurrence for protected species (see Appendix B for the rationale behind the assessment) 72 Table 3-9 Summary of likelihood of occurrence for migratory species (see Appendix C for the rationale behind the assessment) 74 Table 4-1 Identified hazards to marine ecology within the study area 80 Table 4-2 Project phase activities and the hazards they cause to marine ecology 80 Table 5-1 Identified biodiversity values within the study area 90 Table 5-2 Summary of risk analysis 92 Table 5-3 Key issues identified from the risk analysis 93 Figures Figure 1-1 Key features of the Western Harbour Tunnel component of the project 13 Figure 1-2 Key features of Warringah Freeway Upgrade component of the project 14 Figure 1-3 Indicative cross section of the immersed tube tunnels (Sydney Harbour) 15 Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade vi Technical working paper: Marine ecology Figure 1-4 Indicative long section of the immersed tube tunnels (Sydney Harbour) 16 Figure 1-5 Overview of construction support sites 18 Figure 1-6 Study area and study locality 23 Figure 2-1 Marine ecology survey sites 29 Figure 3-1 Mean number of sessile taxa at intertidal sites 42 Figure 3-2 Mean cover of sessile groups at low shore sites 42 Figure 3-3 Mean cover of sessile groups at high shore sites 43 Figure 3-4 Principal coordinate analysis results for assemblage of algae and sessile invertebrates in intertidal habitat 44 Figure 3-5 Average number of mobile invertebrate taxa at intertidal sites 45 Figure 3-6 Average number of mobile invertebrates at intertidal sites 45 Figure 3-7 Principal coordinate analysis results for assemblages of mobile invertebrates in intertidal habitat 46 Figure 3-8 Intertidal rocky shores and associated survey sites within the study area 47 Figure 3-9 Mean number of shoots across Zostera and Halophila sites within the study area 49 Figure 3-10 Mean leaf length of Zostera across all sites within the study area 49 Figure 3-11 Mean leaf length of Halophila across all sites within the study area 50 Figure 3-12 Seagrass meadows and associated survey sites within the study area 51 Figure 3-13 Mangrove and intertidal sand and mudflats within the study area (source: Creese et al., 2009) 53 Figure 3-14 Subtidal rocky reef and associated survey sites within the study area 55 Figure 3-15 Mean cover of biota at sites in medium relief rocky reef habitat 56 Figure 3-16 Mean cover of biota at sites in high relief rocky reef habitat 56 Figure 3-17 Principal coordinate analysis results for assemblages of algae and sessile invertebrates in subtidal rocky reef habitat 57 Figure 3-18 Mean number of fish taxa at sites in medium relief rocky reef habitat 58 Figure 3-19 Mean number of fish taxa at sites in high relief rocky reef habitat 58 Figure 3-20 Mean number of fish at sites in medium relief rocky reef habitat 58 Figure 3-21 Mean number of fish at sites in high relief rocky reef habitat 59 Figure 3-22 Principal coordinate analysis results for assemblages of fish in subtidal rocky reef habitat 60 Figure 3-23 Mean epibiota diversity observed across sites 62 Figure 3-24 Standardised percentage cover of functional epibiotic groups 62 Figure 3-25 Total number of taxa across sites 63 Figure 3-26 Total abundance of individuals across sites 63 Figure 3-27 Deepwater soft sediment habitat and associated survey sites within the study area 64 Figure 3-28 Principal coordinate analysis results for infauna in deep soft sediment habitat 65 Figure 3-29 Commonwealth MNES in relation to the study area 76 Figure 3-30 Wetlands and conservation areas within the study area 77 Figure 5-1 Biodiversity values within Yurulbin Point (WHT4), Sydney Harbour south cofferdam (WHT5), Sydney Harbour north cofferdam (WHT6) and Berrys Bay (WHT7) construction support sites (ZoHI) 96 Figure 5-2 Biodiversity values within ZoI and ZoMI (source: Cardno, 2020) 98 Figure 5-3 Potential levels of sedimentation on biodiversity values (source: Cardno, 2020) 99 Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade vii Technical working paper: Marine ecology Figure 5-4 Potential impact of underwater noise at Sydney Harbour south cofferdam (WHT5) on biodiversity values (no mitigation) 102 Figure 5-5 Potential impact of underwater noise at Sydney Harbour north cofferdam (WHT6) on biodiversity values (no mitigation) 103 Western Harbour Tunnel and Warringah Freeway Upgrade viii Technical working paper: Marine ecology Glossary Acronym Definition AEPs Auditory evoked potentials AOBV Area of outstanding biodiversity value ANC Acid neutralising capacity AASS Actual ASS ASS Acid sulfate soils/sediments BAM Biodiversity Assessment Method BOD Biological oxygen demand BoM Bureau of Meteorology Cardno Cardno (NSW/ACT) Pty Ltd CBD Central Business District CCA Crustose coralline algae CEMP Construction environmental management plan cm Centimetres CM Act NSW Coastal Management Act 2016 CZMP Coastal zone management plan dB Decibel DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DECC Formerly Department of Environment and Climate Change DoE Department of the Environment DoEE Department of the Environment and Energy DPI Fisheries NSW Department of Primary Industries (Fisheries) EAC East Australian Current EEC Endangered ecological community EIA Environmental impact assessment Elasmobranchs Sharks and rays EMP Environmental management plan EP Endangered population EPA Act NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment Act
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