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THE PROCEEDINGS the South Carolina Historical Association 2011 THE PROCEEDINGS of The South Carolina Historical Association 2011 THE PROCEEDINGS of The South Carolina Historical Association 2011 Robert Figueira and Stephen Lowe Editors The South Carolina Historical Association South Carolina Department of Archives and History Columbia, South Carolina www.palmettohistory.org/scha/scha.htm © South Carolina Historical Association Officers of the Association President: Kevin Witherspoon, Lander University Vice President: Paul Thompson, North Greenville University Secretary: Michael Kohl, Clemson University Treasurer: W. Eric Emerson, South Carolina Department of Archives and History Executive and Editorial Board Members Vernon Burton, Clemson University (2012) Sarah Miller, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie (2013) Robert C. Figueira, Lander University, editor Stephen Lowe, University of South Carolina Union, editor Officers of the Association Editors’ Notes The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association is a refereed journal containing selected papers presented at the annual meeting. The editors and the other members of the Executive Board serve as the editorial committee, which is assisted by external reviewers chosen for their expertise.The opinions expressed in this journal represent the views only of the individual contributors; they do not reflect the views of the editors, other members of the editorial committee, or the South Carolina His- torical Association. The South Carolina Historical Association asserts its copyright to the contents of this journal. The editors are especially indebted to those colleagues who reviewed papers for publication. Their comments and suggestions have greatly improved the quality of the papers presented here. Reviewers for the 2011 volume were: Allan Charles, University of South Carolina Union Joel Cleland, Lander University (emeritus) M. Ryan Floyd, Lander University Gilbert S. Guinn, Lander University (emeritus) Carmen V. Harris, University of South Carolina Upstate Michael Morris, Independent Scholar Kenneth N. Mufuka, Lander University (emeritus) The editors wish to thank the authors whose papers are published here for their cooperation in revising their oral presentations and their written submissions. As has been the case often in the past, the assistance of W. Eric Emerson and the South Carolina Department of Archives and History has been crucial in the production of this volume. Finally, very special thanks must be accorded to Judy Andrews for copy preparation and copyediting. Her speedy, careful, and judicious work in this capacity has once again greatly enhanced this volume. A Notice to Contributors Concerning Style he editorial committee invites submission of manuscripts from authors of Tpapers presented at the annual meeting. On the recommendation of reviewers and editors, manuscripts may be published in The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association. In general, manuscripts should not exceed 4500 words (about eighteen double- spaced pages) including endnotes. As soon as possible after the annual meeting, authors should submit two paper copies and one electronic copy to the editors for review. The electronic copy should be submitted as an e-mail attachment in Word for Windows or WordPerfect for Windows format. E-mail addresses for the editors follow this note. The electronic text should be flush left and double-spaced, with as little special formatting as possible. Do not paginate the electronic version of the paper. All copies should use 12-point type in the Times New Roman font. Place your name and affiliation, along with both electronic and postal contact information, on a separate page. The title of the paper should be at the top of the first page of the text, in bold type. Please use margins of one inch throughout your paper and space only once between sentences. Indent five spaces without quotation marks all quotations five or more lines in length. Documentation should be provided in endnotes, not at the foot of each page. At the end of the text of your paper double-space, then type the word “NOTES” cen- tered between the margins. List endnotes in Arabic numerical sequence, each number followed by a period and space, and then the text of the endnote. Endnotes should be flush left and single-spaced. If your word-processing program demands the raised footnote numeral, it will be acceptable. Foreign words and titles of books or journals should be italicized. For the rest, The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical As- sociation adheres in matters of general usage to the The Chicago Manual of Style. Editors: Robert Figueira, Lander University, [email protected] Stephen Lowe, University of South Carolina Union, [email protected] Contents “You Say Yemassee, I Say Yamasee”: Recasting the Early History of South Carolina (Keynote Address). 7 William L. Ramsey, Lander University “We Will Strike at the Head and Demolish the Monster”: The Impact of Joel R. Poinsett’s Correspondence on President Andrew Jackson during the Nullification Crisis, 1832–1833. 13 Joshua Cain, Georgia Southern University “Ever Able, Manly, Just and Heroic”: Preston Smith Brooks and the Myth of Southern Manhood. 27 Ken Deitreich, West Virginia University “Firm and Immovable as Rocks”: Native American Women’s Empowerment in the Jesuit Missions of New France. 39 Ivy Farr McIntyre, Saint Louis University “Were you entitled to an answer. ” General Anthony Wayne and Major William Campbell on the Banks of the Maumee. 51 Sarah E. Miller, University of South Carolina Salkehatchie “Just Plain Hard Work”: Shelby Cox Plemmons’ Life on a South Carolina Tobacco Farm . 63 Matthew Roberts, Converse College Undertakers of the Weimar Republic? The Nazification of Munich Professors, 1918–1933. 73 Stefan W. Wiecki, Presbyterian College Minutes of the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting . 89 Index of Articles 2006–2010 . 93 Robert C. Figueira, Lander University Constitution. 97 South Carolina Historical Association Roster of Members, 2006–2010. 99 7 “You Say Yemassee, I Say Yamasee”: Recasting the Early History of South Carolina William L. Ramsey thought I was being clever when I came up with the title for this presentation, “You I Say Yemassee, I Say Yamasee.” But several people, mostly younger folks, some of them my own students at Lander University, have asked me what I meant by it. Well, I was hoping for a catchy, hip, cultural reference, but I suppose, in retro- spect, this one is a little dated. It doesn’t become any clearer for younger listeners, I now realize, when I explain that Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers sang a song back in 1937 about pronouncing the words tomato and potato in different ways while roller skating in the movie Shall We Dance. When I continue to explain, usually after an awkward silence, that the two different spellings of Yamasee are, surprisingly enough, pronounced the same way, whereas the same spellings of tomato and potato once lead Rogers and Astaire to the brink of romantic rupture, it doesn’t help much. So I’ve pretty much had it with my own speech title. As a matter of fact, after much reflection on the matter, I’m ready to call the whole thing off. I thought it up in the first place only because the most frequently asked question about my book on the Yamasee War, cleverly entitled The Yamasee War,is why do I spell the word Yamasee as I do. Why not the traditional spelling, Yemassee, as it appears on the Rand McNally map of South Carolina, as it appears in most traditional histories of the event, as it appears, for heaven’s sake, in William Gilmore Simms’ nineteenth- century work of fiction about the Yamasee, cleverly entitled The Yemassee? It was a question I had not anticipated at my first readings, and my initial, clumsy efforts to answer it tended to focus on two basic points, which still hold true as far as they go. First, the Yamasees themselves were non-literate Muskhogee/Timuccua language speakers. So they would not have recognized a specific, Anglicized spelling of their name as being more or less correct. Second, the preponderance of the English and Spanish language documents I consulted from the early 1700s spelled their name as Yamasee. The William Gilmore Simms spelling, on the other hand, appeared nowhere in the colonial documents, absolutely nowhere. As a responsible historian, I told people, I simply used the earliest reliable consensus spelling of the name available in the surviving records. But there was a bit more to it than I understood at first. And the more I thought about the question, the more I found myself skating a duet of sorts with William Gilm- ore Simms. It was Simms, after all, who invented the traditional spelling, Yemassee, in The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 2011 8 his 1835 novel. I suspect that he was simply trying to make the name appear more exotic, more Indian perhaps, for his white readers by defying English phonetic rules. And while his fictional treatment of the Yamasee War was never intended as a work of historical scholarship, it was, nevertheless, the only other book length treatment of the Yamasees and the Yamasee War available until my book was published a couple of years ago. With respect to the basic facts of the Yamasee War, I can agree with Simms on several points. Following their attack on British negotiators at Pocotaligo Town in April 1715, Yamasee warriors attacked plantations throughout the South Carolina lowcountry. Joined later by Lower Creek, Apalachee, Savannah, Euchee, Cherokee, and Catawba allies, they reduced the colony to a frightened enclave of refugees huddled in Charleston. At the height of the war effort, nearly every Indian nation in the South, reaching all the way to the Choctaws in modern day Mississippi, had declared war on South Carolina. As one Englishman observed in late 1715, “we are surrounded and under attack on every side but the sea-side.” The colony survived the ordeal, Simms and I agree, only by the narrowest of margins.
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