Cultura Della Trasformazione Della Città E Del Territorio|Storia E Conservazione Dell'oggetto D'arte E D'architettura|Cic

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Cultura Della Trasformazione Della Città E Del Territorio|Storia E Conservazione Dell'oggetto D'arte E D'architettura|Cic Cultura della trasformazione della città e del territorio | Storia e conservazione dell’oggetto d’arte e d’architettura | ciclo XXIV Le protezioni delle aree archeologiche Architettura per l’archeologia Stefano Villani tutor prof.arch.Mario Panizza | coordinatrice prof.Barbara Cinelli LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 0 Cultura della trasformazione della città e del territorio Storia e conservazione dell’oggetto d’arte e d’architettura ciclo XXIV Le protezioni delle aree archeologiche Architettura per l’archeologia Stefano Villani tutor prof.arch.Mario Panizza coordinatrice prof.Barbara Cinelli LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 1 LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 2 INDICE Ringraziamenti 4 Abstract / Riassunto 6 Introduzione 9 Brevi considerazioni sul metodo 1. Dalle origini all’affermazione di una coscienza critica 15 1.1 Antecedenti: rapporti con le preesistenze prima del „700. 1.2 Verso un interesse archeologico, tra accumulo e conservazione. 1.3 Dal collezionismo alla catalogazione in ambito vesuviano. 1.4 Dal valore storico al valore dell‟antico. 1.5 Tra manutenzione e innovazione: prassi sperimentazione nella prima metà del „900 1.6 Evoluzione delle idee: nascita di una coscienza critica. 1.7 Una soluzione “integralmente moderna e integralmente modesta” 1.8 Il dibattito, la sperimentazione e gli atteggiamenti recenti 2. La conservazione in situ 49 2.1 Scelte sulla “forma archeologica” 2.2 Il sito archeologico come museo 2.3 Continuità e discontinuità tra documento e protezione. 2.4 Il problema della durata: sistemi temporanei e sitemi definitivi 3. Architettura per l’archeologia 77 3.1 Qualità e vulnerabilità dei reperti 3.2 Criteri per la progettazione di coperture in ambito archeologico 3.3 Caratteri tipologici e morfologici delle coperture in aree archeologiche 3.3.1 Le tettoie 3.3.2 Gli involucri 3.3.3 L‟involucro come possibilità di riproposizione spaziale 3.4 Protezioni di documenti ipogei e problemi in ambito urbano 3.5 La luce come strumento interpretativo Appunti per una conclusione 105 Casi studio 115 Elenco delle immagini 245 Bibliografia 251 LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 3 RINGRAZIAMENTI a Luigi Franciosini per l‟aver suggerito il tema, per la sua generosa disponibilità a guidare e informare la ricerca e soprattutto per i suoi continui e preziosi insegnamenti; a Mario Panizza per il sostegno e la fiducia; ad Angelo per la dedizione a supporto delle ricerche bibliografiche; a Vera per il sostegno alla revisione delle bozza finale; ad Amelia … per tutto il resto. LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 4 1 LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 5 Abstract The rediscovery of an ancient structure opens aspect of the finding and of the spatiality of its up a dimension of perception of the place architectural structure. These interventions entirely new: it changes the topography, should also suggest the kind of life, the producing sudden discontinuities in the original functions of the finding and it should landscape. The archaeological excavation has indentify the role and the relationships of the the power to change the places into sites: to settlement with the local context in which it is bring to light is like an “additional” act that included. often introduces an image with its own The protection system must ensure a formal identity, unexpectedly set in a place without unit: discrete, to affirm the priority and any capacity of interrelation. The request of centrality of ruin than the devices added to the modern archeology, increasingly broad and original, and evocative as all the equipment organic, to preserve the structures brought to ready to provide an extension of the time and light, immediately raises the question of their place of the remains archaeological, must protection each time there are recognized as contribute to present more clearly the valuable documents to be preserved and character and spatial quality of the recovered spread. To think that the acts of protection can ancient structure. be intangible and abstract acts, it‟s illusory. Archaeology is often too weak to return alone Everything that is put in place to preserve a carried an image of spatial organization. The structure from oblivion, avoiding or at least archaeological protection, juxtaposed with an slowing down the fate to which it would be organic archaeological structures, should destined, it sets up an additional act that allow a better interpretation of the ancient necessarily modifies the perception of a model - in-out ratio, closed-open, of being consolidated spatiality. between places and places of travel, between The essential choice to preserve even the most light and shadow - not only to a few initiates fragile artifacts in their original context, such public . These objectives are quite complex, as wall and floor coverings, as well as the for the attainment of which, in recent years, opportunity to exhibit to the public delicate has also come to question many considered stratigraphies or artifacts , have encouraged definitive solutions. the research for different solutions including The need to define, in a shared sense of space the construction of shelters. Archaeologists that is generated by the relationship between a rely on these shelters for the protection of the witness and an ancient structure that takes most fragile structures, expecting from them a part of that image, changing the identity in series of seemingly incompatible both its internal and spatial relationships with requirements: they must be able to combine the surrounding landscape. It 'just the the protection requirements with the use of relationship with the landscape, today, the excavation and they are not always theme that offers more food for thought and reconcilable. Today the final objective that undermines a lot of choices on sites where required from protection interventions, is the relationship between the space of the complex: to restore an organic image to be monument with the larger scale of the places significative and informing of the qualities of that surround it is absolutely central to his the material, constructive and decorative reading. LE PROTEZIONI DELLE AREE ARCHEOLOGICHE. ARCHITETTURA PER L‟ARCHEOLOGIA 6 Riassunto La riscoperta di una struttura antica apre ad complesso: restituire un‟immagine organica, una dimensione percettiva del luogo del tutto significativa e parlante delle qualità materico- nuova: ne modifica la topografia producendo costruttive e decorative del reperto e della delle improvvise discontinuità nel paesaggio. spazialità del suo impianto architettonico, Lo scavo archeologico ha il potere di suggerendo il tipo di vita e le funzioni modificare i luoghi in siti: riportare alla luce originali ed identificando il ruolo ed i rapporti equivale ad un atto di natura “giustappositiva” dell‟insediamento con il contesto territoriale che spesso introduce un‟immagine con una sua che lo comprende. propria identità, calata in un luogo in maniera Il sistema di protezione deve garantire una inaspettata senza nessuna capacità di unità formale: discreta, nell‟affermare la interrelazione. priorità e centralità del rudere rispetto ai La richiesta, sempre più ampia ed organica, dispositivi aggiunti all‟originale, ed evocativa della moderna archeologia, di preservare le in quanto l‟insieme degli apparati disposti ad strutture portate alla luce, pone assicurare il prolungamento nel tempo e nello immediatamente il problema della loro spazio dei resti archeologici, devono protezione, ogni qual volta che ad esse viene contribuire a presentare con maggiore riconosciuto il valore di documento da chiarezza il carattere e la qualità spaziale della tutelare e divulgare. Pensare che l‟attività di struttura antica recuperata. protezione possa essere un atto impalpabile ed L‟archeologia è spesso troppo debole per astratto, è illusorio. Tutto quello che viene restituire da sola un‟immagine di messo in atto per sottrarre una struttura organizzazione spaziale compiuta. Le all‟oblio, evitando o quantomeno rallentando protezioni, giustapposte organicamente alle la sorte a cui sarebbe destinata, configura un strutture archeologiche, devono permettere atto aggiuntivo che necessariamente va a una migliore interpretazione del modello modificare la percezione di una spazialità antico - rapporto dentro-fuori, chiuso-aperto, consolidata. tra luoghi dello stare e luoghi del percorrere, La scelta irrinunciabile di conservare nel loro tra luci ed ombre - non solo ad un pubblico di contesto originario anche i manufatti più pochi iniziati. Si tratta di obiettivi piuttosto fragili, quali rivestimenti parietali e complessi, per il cui raggiungimento, negli pavimentali, nonché l‟opportunità di esporre ultimi anni, si è arrivati anche a mettere in alla fruizione pubblica delicate stratigrafie o discussione molte soluzioni considerate manufatti, hanno favorito la ricerca di definitive. soluzioni differenziate tra cui la realizzazione Si rende necessario, dunque, definire di volta di coperture. A queste, gli archeologi affidano in volta, in maniera condivisa, un‟idea di la salvaguardia delle strutture più fragili, spazio che si genera dal rapporto tra una ponendo loro una serie di requisiti testimonianza antica e una struttura che apparentemente incompatibili: esse devono partecipa di quell‟immagine, e che ne poter coniugare l‟esigenze della protezione
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