Lecture 1 – Overview Is Nano a hype or the future?

EECS 598-002 Winter 2006 Nanophotonics and Nano-scale Fabrication P.C.Ku Nano!

„ Okay… you open a newspaper or magazine, turn on the TV, surf the internet, go to supermarket, and you pretty much be sure will hear the word nano popped up somewhere in the news and products. You started to feel excitement (and at times, suspicion, fear, or even sick) in your hearts.

„ Now you come to this course on double nano’s and your feeling is even stronger. You wonder why all of a sudden everything is nano’ed. Does it make any difference?

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 2 What is nanotechnology?

„ Your name

„ Your background

„ What do you think the nanotechnology is?

„ What’s your feeling about it?

„ Are you working on nano? What field?

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 3 About your instructor…

„ Name: Pei-Cheng (P.C.) Ku

„ Background: Optoelectronics in graduate school (UC Berkeley EECS) and lithography at Intel D2 Research until mid-October last year.

„ Leverage nanotechnogy in solving optoelectronic problems with no good solutions yet.

„ I feel excited about this. (sure… otherwise I won’t be GaAs InAs GaAs here ) QD

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 4 What is nanotechnology?

„ Your name

„ Your background

„ What do you think the nanotechnology is?

„ What’s your feeling about it?

„ Are you working on nano? What field?

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 5 What is nanophotonics

„ Photonics – Study or the use of light-matter interaction. For example, the study of the interaction between light and electrons in ruby crystal leads to the first laser.

„ Nanophotonics – Study or use of photonics in nanoscale materials or technologies.

„ For example optical properties of quantum dots

„ For example the use of photonics in nanoscale CMOS processing or nano-resolution microscopy.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 6 Some facts about nanophotonics market

„ Technology advancement has made nanostructure manufacturing possible.

„ Near-term nanotechnology applications all involve photonics:

„ Materials

„ Biomedicine

„ Molecular electronics (including displays)

„ Energy (e.g. solar cells and fuel cells)

„ Information technologies

„ Nanophotonics market (not including IT section) opportunities > $33B (estimated*) and > 100 companies offering or developing nanophotonics products

* Data from Strategies Unlimited, Mountain View, CA (1995)

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 7 The journey to nano…

Top-down Bottom-up (Miniaturization)

- Electronics circuits (IC) - Putting small things together - Photonics (e.g. lasers) - Individual manipulation of atoms and molecules

Nanotechnology

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 8 IC scaling in the next 15 years

e.g. Wei Lu’s course on nanoelectronics ITRS = International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 9 Photonics v.s. electronics miniaturization electronics

time photonics

Plasmons Nanoparticles ? Nanowires

Some images are from Wikipedia.com From Intel

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 10 Challenges we are facing…

„ When an existing and established technology experiences a bottleneck, we move on by…

„ Living with it and outsourcing to reduce the cost

„ Introducing new technologies to replace the current technology

„ Needs to be feasible, manufacturable, and provide a cost-effective, extendable (scalable) solution.

„ Introducing new technologies to improve the current technology

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 11 In addition to miniaturization…

„ Technology is meant to improve our life experience and fulfill our curiosity for exploration.

„ In addition to making the device smaller and smaller, we also need to focus on several key parameters:

„ Human interface (portability, accessibility, etc)

„ Multi-functionality (e.g. SOC-MT)

„ Lower power consumption

„ Green manufacturing

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 12 Is nano a hype or the future?

06 08 10 12 year 06 08 10 12 year

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 13 Nanophotonics Applications

„ A few examples of the future applications from nanophotonics:

„ Display

„ Sunscreen

„ Nanobarcode

„ CMOS integration (silicon photonics)

„ Quantum dot lasers

„ Near field optical microscopy

„ Nanolithography

„ Biosensing

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 14 Sunscreen

„ Zinc oxide nanoparticles have strong UV absorption.

From AppliedNanoWorks website

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 15 Nanobarcode

Science 294 (2001) 137

Applications in achieving fast and large amount of bioassays.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 16 Silicon photonics

From Intel Silicon Photonics Group

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 17 Quantum dot lasers

g(E) = Density of states

dot wire bulk sheet

3D 2D 1D 0D g(E) g(E) g(E) g(E)

Eg E Eg E Eg E Eg E

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 18 Display

CNT TV demo

IEEE Spectrum, Sep 2003.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 19 Near field optical microscopy

From NIST website.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 20 Biosensing

Prof. Kopelman’s group (Univ. of Michigan)

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 21 Course information Level the course

„ Recommended for graduate students or senior-level undergraduates who are interested in knowing more about photonics and nano-scale fabrication.

„ Pre-requisite: Although all the important theories and concepts will be reviewed, we still recommend the following:

„ Required: Undergraduate level EM waves, optics and quantum mechanics; basic solid states and freshman level chemistry;

„ Recommended but not required: Semiconductor devices, lasers, and IC processing.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 23 Course syllabus and other information

„ Office hours

„ TTh 3:45-5 pm at 2417G EECS or by appointment ([email protected]; (734) 764-7134) „ Course website (supplemental notes will be posted here)

„ http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~peicheng/course/EECS598_06_Winter/inde x.htm „ Grading

„ Homework 50% (5-6 times)

„ Term paper and presentation (during final exam) 50% „ Recommended textbooks

„ Nanophotonics by P.N. Prasad

„ Introduction to Nanoscale Science and Technology by M. Di Ventra et al

„ Nano-optics by S. Kawata et al

„ Other references will be posted on the course website. „ Suggested readings will be provided before and after each lecture. „ Syllabus

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 24 Term paper guidelines

„ 1 or 2 students form a team. Each team submits one paper. „ Grading policy

„ Presentation 30%

„ Novelty 20% (An original term paper can potentially leads to a journal publication)

„ Rigor 10%

„ Results (or contents if it’s a review paper) 40% „ Scope of topics

„ Anything related to the course materials or relevant fields „ Timeline

„ Each team needs to make an appointment with the instructor to discuss the topic that you select by Feb 9.

„ Depending on your progress, you are welcome to schedule regular meetings with me.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 25 Homework and paper submission policy

„ Homework

„ You can submit your homework and term paper by email or hardcopy (during class or slide it under my door any other time.)

„ Cutoff time is 5pm

„ Saturday and Sunday are together counted as one day. For example, if the due date is Thursday and you submit your homework on the following Monday, it will be counted as 3-day late.

„ 1-day late: 90% of the original grade

„ 2-day late: 80% of the original grade

„ …

„ 6 or more days: Will not be accepted. „ Term paper

„ Due by the end of the class (i.e. immediately after the presentation by the last group).

„ No late term paper will be accepted!

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 26 Summary

„ Nano is happening in our daily life.

„ Photonics is entering the nano era. But we still have plenty of room to go with the inspiration from the silicon world.

„ Photonics is going to play crucial roles on all facets in nanotechnologies.

„ Combining photonics with nanotechnologies not only creates novel devices from the nanoscale materials but also stimulates the advancement of nanotechnology.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 27 Readings

„ Readings for this lecture:

„ Nanophotonics (Prasad) ch.14

„ Global community charts a course for nanophotonics, Laser Focus World, p.72, Aug 2005

„ Next time:

„ Review of Maxwell Equations and concepts of fields and waves

„ Suggested readings before the next lecture if you are not familiar with the basic EM theory: rd „ D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3 ed., Wiley: chapters 2, 4, 5, and 7

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 28 Useful web information

„ Nano info

„ http://www.smalltimes.com/

„ http://www.azonano.com/

„ http://nanotechweb.org/

„ http://public.itrs.net/

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 29 Brief history of electromagnetics Quantitative observation of EM fields

„ 1785: Coulomb discovered (partly by experiment) the inverse square law for the force between two charges. Electric field was then introduced as the force per unit charge.

„ 1819: Oersted observed the current can deflect the needle of a compass. Biot, Savart, and Ampere then established the law of force between one current and another. The magnetic field was introduced as the force per unit current.

„ 1834: Faraday discovered that any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will induce a voltage in the coil.

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 31 Gauss’s Law

Charges induce the E electric field s K ∇⋅E = ρε/ 0 K K Q EdsQ⋅=/ε0 v∫ S KK FqE=

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 32 Ampere’s Law

Current induces the magnetic flux µ K 1 K K ∂E ∇×BJ = +ε 0 ∂t 0 K 1 µ K K ∂E K I Bdl⋅=+ I0 ⋅ ds v∫∫CS 0 ε ∂t B

E I KKK FqvB=×

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 33 Faraday’s Law

Changes in magnetic flux induce a voltage or electromotive force.

K B K ∂B ∇×E =− ∂t K K dΦ dΦ VEdl=⋅=− V > 0 v∫C dt dt K K Φ=∫ Bds ⋅

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 34 Maxwell’s Equations in vacuum (SI units)

Differential form Integral form

K K ∂B K K dΦ ∇×E =− Edl⋅=− Faraday’s Law ∂t v∫C dt K µ K µ KK K K 1 ∂E 1 ∂E K Ampere’s Law ∇×=+BJε Bdl⋅ =+ Iε0 ⋅ ds 0 v∫∫CS ∂t 0 ∂t 0 K K ρε K ε EdsQ⋅=/ 0 Gauss’s Law ∇⋅E = / 0 v∫ S K K K ∇⋅B =0 Bds⋅=0 No magnetic monopole v∫ S

EECS 598-002 Nanophotonics and Nanoscale Fabrication by P.C.Ku 35