An Introduction to Nanophotonics and Its Various Applications
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Quantum Optics with Giant Atoms – the First Five Years
Quantum optics with giant atoms – the first five years Anton Frisk Kockum Abstract In quantum optics, it is common to assume that atoms can be approximated as point-like compared to the wavelength of the light they interact with. However, recent advances in experiments with artificial atoms built from superconducting circuits have shown that this assumption can be violated. Instead, these artificial atoms can couple to an electromagnetic field at multiple points, which are spaced wavelength distances apart. In this chapter, we present a survey of such systems, which we call giant atoms. The main novelty of giant atoms is that the multiple coupling points give rise to interference effects that are not present in quantum optics with ordinary, small atoms. We discuss both theoretical and experimental results for single and multiple giant atoms, and show how the interference effects can be used for interesting applications. We also give an outlook for this emerging field of quantum optics. Key words: Quantum optics, Giant atoms, Waveguide QED, Relaxation rate, Lamb shift, Superconducting qubits, Surface acoustic waves, Cold atoms 1 Introduction Natural atoms are so small (radius r ≈ 10−10 m) that they can be considered point- like when they interact with light at optical frequencies (wavelength λ ≈ 10−6 − 10−7 m)[1]. If the atoms are excited to high Rydberg states, they can reach larger sizes (r ≈ 10−8 − 10−7 m), but quantum-optics experiments with such atoms have them interact with microwave radiation, which has much longer wavelength (λ ≈ arXiv:1912.13012v1 [quant-ph] 30 Dec 2019 10−2 −10−1 m)[2]. -
Merging Photonics and Artificial Intelligence at the Nanoscale
Intelligent Nanophotonics: Merging Photonics and Artificial Intelligence at the Nanoscale Kan Yao1,2, Rohit Unni2 and Yuebing Zheng1,2,* 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA 2Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Nanophotonics has been an active research field over the past two decades, triggered by the rising interests in exploring new physics and technologies with light at the nanoscale. As the demands of performance and integration level keep increasing, the design and optimization of nanophotonic devices become computationally expensive and time-inefficient. Advanced computational methods and artificial intelligence, especially its subfield of machine learning, have led to revolutionary development in many applications, such as web searches, computer vision, and speech/image recognition. The complex models and algorithms help to exploit the enormous parameter space in a highly efficient way. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the emerging field where nanophotonics and machine learning blend. We provide an overview of different computational methods, with the focus on deep learning, for the nanophotonic inverse design. The implementation of deep neural networks with photonic platforms is also discussed. This review aims at sketching an illustration of the nanophotonic design with machine learning and giving a perspective on the future tasks. Keywords: deep learning; (nano)photonic neural networks; inverse design; optimization. 1. Introduction Nanophotonics studies light and its interactions with matters at the nanoscale [1]. Over the past decades, it has received rapidly growing interest and become an active research field that involves both fundamental studies and numerous applications [2,3]. -
Up-And-Coming Physical Concepts of Wireless Power Transfer
Up-And-Coming Physical Concepts of Wireless Power Transfer Mingzhao Song1,2 *, Prasad Jayathurathnage3, Esmaeel Zanganeh1, Mariia Krasikova1, Pavel Smirnov1, Pavel Belov1, Polina Kapitanova1, Constantin Simovski1,3, Sergei Tretyakov3, and Alex Krasnok4 * 1School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia 2College of Information and Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China 3Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15500, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland 4Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, NY 10031, USA *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The rapid development of chargeable devices has caused a great deal of interest in efficient and stable wireless power transfer (WPT) solutions. Most conventional WPT technologies exploit outdated electromagnetic field control methods proposed in the 20th century, wherein some essential parameters are sacrificed in favour of the other ones (efficiency vs. stability), making available WPT systems far from the optimal ones. Over the last few years, the development of novel approaches to electromagnetic field manipulation has enabled many up-and-coming technologies holding great promises for advanced WPT. Examples include coherent perfect absorption, exceptional points in non-Hermitian systems, non-radiating states and anapoles, advanced artificial materials and metastructures. This work overviews the recent achievements in novel physical effects and materials for advanced WPT. We provide a consistent analysis of existing technologies, their pros and cons, and attempt to envision possible perspectives. 1 Wireless power transfer (WPT), i.e., the transmission of electromagnetic energy without physical connectors such as wires or waveguides, is a rapidly developing technology increasingly being introduced into modern life, motivated by the exponential growth in demand for fast and efficient wireless charging of battery-powered devices. -
DNA Nanotechnology Meets Nanophotonics
DNA nanotechnology meets nanophotonics Na Liu 2nd Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Email: [email protected] Key words: DNA nanotechnology, nanophotonics, DNA origami, light matter interactions Call-out sentence: It will be very constructive, if more research funds become available to support young researchers with bold ideas and meanwhile allow for failures and contingent outcomes. The first time I heard the two terms ‘DNA nanotechnology’ and ‘nanophotonics’ mentioned together was from Paul Alivisatos, who delivered the Max Planck Lecture in Stuttgart, Germany, on a hot summer day in 2008. In his lecture, Paul showed how a plasmon ruler containing two metallic nanoparticles linked by a DNA strand could be used to monitor nanoscale distance changes and even the kinetics of single DNA hybridization events in real time, readily correlating nanoscale motion with optical feedback.1 Until this day, I still vividly remember my astonishment by the power and beauty of these two nanosciences, when rigorously combined together. In the past decades, DNA has been intensely studied and exploited in different research areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology. At first glance, DNA-based nanophotonics seems to deviate quite far from the original goal of Nadrian Seeman, the founder of DNA nanotechnology, who hoped to organize biological entities using DNA in high-resolution crystals. As a matter of fact, DNA-based nanophotonics does closely follow his central spirit. That is, apart from being a genetic material for inheritance, DNA is also an ideal material for building molecular devices. -
Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics: from Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Deep Neural Networks
applied sciences Review Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics: From Iterative Optimization Algorithms to Deep Neural Networks Simei Mao 1,2, Lirong Cheng 1,2 , Caiyue Zhao 1,2, Faisal Nadeem Khan 2, Qian Li 3 and H. Y. Fu 1,2,* 1 Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (C.Z.) 2 Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] 3 School of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-755-3688-1498 Abstract: Silicon photonics is a low-cost and versatile platform for various applications. For design of silicon photonic devices, the light-material interaction within its complex subwavelength geometry is difficult to investigate analytically and therefore numerical simulations are majorly adopted. To make the design process more time-efficient and to improve the device performance to its physical limits, various methods have been proposed over the past few years to manipulate the geometries of silicon platform for specific applications. In this review paper, we summarize the design methodologies for silicon photonics including iterative optimization algorithms and deep neural networks. In case of iterative optimization methods, we discuss them in different scenarios in the sequence of increased degrees of freedom: empirical structure, QR-code like structure and irregular structure. We also review inverse design approaches assisted by deep neural networks, which generate multiple devices Citation: Mao, S.; Cheng, L.; Zhao, with similar structure much faster than iterative optimization methods and are thus suitable in C.; Khan, F.N.; Li, Q.; Fu, H.Y. -
Wirelessly-Powered Cage Designs for Supporting Long-Term Experiments on Small Freely Behaving Animals in a Large Experimental Arena
electronics Review Wirelessly-Powered Cage Designs for Supporting Long-Term Experiments on Small Freely Behaving Animals in a Large Experimental Arena Byunghun Lee 1 and Yaoyao Jia 2,* 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-919-515-7350 Received: 22 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 25 November 2020 Abstract: In modern implantable medical devices (IMDs), wireless power transmission (WPT) between inside and outside of the animal body is essential to power the IMD. Unlike conventional WPT, which transmits the wireless power only between fixed Tx and Rx coils, the wirelessly-powered cage system can wirelessly power the IMD implanted in a small animal subject while the animal freely moves inside the cage during the experiment. A few wirelessly-powered cage systems have been developed to either directly power the IMD or recharge batteries during the experiment. Since these systems adapted different power carrier frequencies, coil configurations, subject tracking techniques, and wireless powered area, it is important for designers to select suitable wirelessly-powered cage designs, considering the practical limitations in wirelessly powering the IMD, such as power transfer efficiency (PTE), power delivered to load (PDL), closed-loop power control (CLPC), scalability, spatial/angular misalignment, near-field data telemetry, and safety issues against various perturbations during the longitudinal animal experiment. In this article, we review the trend of state-of-the-art wirelessly-powered cage designs and practical considerations of relevant technologies for various IMD applications. -
NANOPHOTONICS a FORWARD LOOK NANOPHOTONICS Association a FORWARD LOOK
association NANOPHOTONICS A FORWARD LOOK NANOPHOTONICS association A FORWARD LOOK Report Editors Gonçal Badenes, ICFO Stewe Bekk, ICFO Martin Goodwin, 2020 Insights DESIGN Sergio Simón Petreñas D.L. B-29170-2012 (Printed version) B-29171-2012 (Electronic version) © 2012 NEA. The text of this publication may be reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. Reproduction for commercial use without prior permission is prohibited. PICTURES © reserved by original copyright holder. Reproduction of the artistic material contained therein is prohibited The Nanophotonics Europe Association is partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grant ACI-2009-1013 NANOPHOTONICS association A FORWARD LOOK About this Report This document is the report of the Nanophotonics Europe Association workshop held at King's College, London (UK) in July 2012. The purpose was to define a strategy for advancing research and development of nanophotonics. The views, ideas, conclusions and recommendations presented in this report are those of the workshop participants. Nanophotonics Europe Association The Nanophotonics Europe Association (NEA) is a not-for-profit organisation created to promote and advance European science and technology in the emerging area of nanophotonics. The goals of the association are fourfold: 1. To promote research in nanophotonics by coordinating the efforts of the various players involved, and, in particular, by encouraging collaboration between academic institution and industry. 2. To create a common interest group that represents member’s interests with national and transnational scientific government funding agencies, technology platforms, professional associations and the general public. 3. To integrate the resources and strategies of its members. 4. To facilitate the exchange of information, ideas and data. -
Advanced Trends of Nanophotonics
Part VII Advanced Trends of Nanophotonics Wei Ting Chen and Din Ping Tsai Introduction Nanophotonics is the study of the behavior of light-matter interaction at the nanometer scale. By adding the dimensions of optical devices and components to sub-wavelength scale, nanophotonics provides new opportunities for fundamen- tal science and practical applications. One of the goals of nanophotonics devel- opment is to manipulate light at the nanoscale, which may not be limited by the chemical composition of natural materials and the diffraction limit of electromag- netic wave. Nanophotonics has several advantages with such diffraction-unlimited properties for functional applications: (i) nanoscale footprints-smaller compo- nents and devices; (ii) photon-electron process in nanoscale—faster processing speed, and (iii) nanoscale confinement of optical radiation and electromagnetic fields—enhancing the light-matter interactions and dramatically reducing the optical energy consumption. The characterization of drastic optical localization within such components strongly enhances the typically weak interaction between light and matter, which increases the energy efficiency to obtain desired effects and phenomena. This chapter covers two major parts of the latest trends of nano- photonics, plasmonics, and metamaterials. Several cutting-edge approaches har- vested from the extraordinary properties of nanophotonics, which are conducted to advanced trends relate to: Micro/nano-lasers with the smallest plasmonic nano- laser, theoretical models of the micro/nano-cavity, and semiconductor micro-lasers with tuning functions on a flexible substrate (Chap. 16, 17 and 19), nanostructures light-emitting diode (LED) with better light extraction and reduced piezoelectric field induced by strain (Chap.18 , 24), one-dimensional photonic crystal nanowires with small footprints and ultrahigh Q-factors (Chap. -
Recent Trends in Micro- and Nanophotonics: a Personal Selection
JOURNAL OF OPTOELECTRONICS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol. 13, No. 9, September 2011, p. 1055 - 1066 Recent trends in micro- and nanophotonics: A personal selection D. MIHALACHE Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, P. O. B. MG-6, 077125 Magurele, Romania I give a brief overview of some recent results in micro- and nanophotonics. Due to the vast amount of research activity in these exploding areas I only concentrate on selected recent advances in (a) silicon photonics, (b) spatial and spatiotemporal optical solitons (alias light bullets) in microwaveguide arrays and in arrays of evanescently-coupled silicon- on-insulator nanowires, (c) spatial solitons in photorefractive materials, (d) nanoplasmonics, (e) photonic crystals, (f) metamaterials for micro- and nanophotonics including optical materials with negative refractive indices, (g) terahertz radiation and its applications, and (h) solid-state single photon sources and nanometric size optical cavities for quantum information processing. (Received August 12, 2011; accepted September 15, 2011) Keywords: Microphotonics, Nanophotonics, Silicon photonics, Plasmonics, Photonic crystals, Spatial optical solitons, Light bullets, Plasmonic lattice solitons, Metamaterials, Terahertz radiation 1. Introduction for biosensing and chemical sensing applications, ability of metal nanoparticles to act as efficient pointlike sources The term “photonics” was coined in 1967 by Pierre of both light and heat, and subwavelength plasmonic Aigrain, a French scientist, who gave the following lattice solitons in arrays of metallic nanowires embedded definition: “Photonics is the science of the harnessing of in nonlinear Kerr media will be briefly discussed. light. Photonics encompasses the generation of light, the Section 4 is devoted to recent advances in the study of detection of light, the management of light through photonic crystals and metamaterial structures (including guidance, manipulation, and amplification, and most engineered media with negative refractive indices). -
From Classical Optics to Nanophotonics
FEATURES FROM CLASSICAL OPTICS TO NANOPHOTONICS 1 1 1 2 l François Flory , Ludovic Escoubas , Judikael¨ Le Rouzo , Gerard´ Berginc – DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/ epn/2018503 l IM2NP – Faculte´ des Sciences et Techniques – Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, Service 262 – 13397 Marseille cedex, France l THALES Optronique SA – 2 avenue Gay-Lussac – 78990 Elancourt, France Nanophotonics is a very large and rich young field experienting a very rapid development worldwide. It is based on the study of light/matter interaction at low dimension. Several books are dedicated to different aspects of nanophotonics [1]. FIG 1: long list of philosophers/scientists allowed (1000 A.D.) described light propagation, till 13th cen- (a) SEM image understanding the nature of light and of its tury Italian glassworkers made lenses that were used of Black Silicon surface obtained by interaction with matter, the development for spectacles. Kepler (1604) decribed the propagation cryogenic process. Aof optical instruments and of lasers. We of light through lenses with geometrical optics, and he (b) Cryogenic plasma can briefly cited some of them who are known to bring applied his studies to the eye. Lippershey invented the process black silicon reflectivity compared important steps in these progresses. By trying to explain telescope soon before Galileo (1609) produced his own with unprocessed vision, Greek like Euclid (300 B.C.), Hero (60 A.D.), telescope and started to study planets and moons. Snell, silicon. [10] Ptolemy (120 A. D.) and then the Arab scientist Alhazen Descartes(~1637), Newton (~1704) , Grimaldi (~1665), Huygens (~1690), Euler (1746), Gauss (~1800), Young (1803), Fraunhofer(1814), Fresnel (1819) , Abbe (1887).. -
EPIC Annual Report 2008
2008 ANNUAL REPORT 1 Annual Report 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Page 2 President’s Overview Page 3 Report of the General Secretary Page 4 Summary Balance Sheet Page 5 EPIC Workshops and Symposia Pages 6-7 CD Reports Page 7 Market Reports Page 8 EPIC Conferences and Meetings Page 9 Publications 2008-2009 Page 9 Invest in Photonics Page 10 EPIC Participation in European Projects Pages 11 Newly-funded European Projects Page 12 New Members Page 13 List of EPIC Members Pages 14-15 2 Annual Report 2008 WORD FROM THE PRESIDENT by Jean-François COUTRIS At the end of 2008, EPIC celebrated its 5th anniversary of bringing more value to its members. Starting with 5 founding members in 2003, of which Sagem was one, EPIC has grown to 80 members throughout Europe today. We are widely recognised as a strong contributing force to building photonics businesses in Europe with commercial presence around the world. The impact of EPIC comes from the concerted action of its members in focus areas designated by the membership and implemented by your Secretary General and the governing Board. The administration of EPIC has built a strong foundation for our activities as a consortium. The financial results of 2008 were posi- tive with a healthy increase in our strategic reserves. The budget for 2009 is balanced, and there will be no increase in annual membership fees, maintaining a 5-year tradition. Your Board of Governors has re-elected me to a second term as President, and I Jean-François Coutris, am pleased and honoured to accept this responsibility. -
Silicon Photonics
IPSR-I ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES SILICON PHOTONICS Contents Silicon Photonics .....................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................3 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................8 Infrastructure Analysis ..........................................................................................................................10 Manufacturing Equipment ...................................................................................................................... 10 Wafers and Epitaxy .............................................................................................................................................11 Lithography .........................................................................................................................................................13 Etching.................................................................................................................................................................13 Other technology modules ...................................................................................................................................14 Manufacturing Processes .......................................................................................................................