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Metasurfaces for Biomedical Applications: Imaging and Sensing Metasurfaces for biomedical applications: imaging and sensing from a nanophotonics perspective Shuyan Zhang, Chi Wong, Shuwen Zeng, Renzhe Bi, Kolvyn Tai, Kishan Dholakia, Malini Olivo To cite this version: Shuyan Zhang, Chi Wong, Shuwen Zeng, Renzhe Bi, Kolvyn Tai, et al.. Metasurfaces for biomedi- cal applications: imaging and sensing from a nanophotonics perspective. Nanophotonics, Walter de Gruyter, 2020, 10 (1), pp.259 - 293. 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0373. hal-03123677 HAL Id: hal-03123677 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03123677 Submitted on 28 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Nanophotonics 2021; 10(1): 259–293 Review Shuyan Zhang, Chi Lok Wong, Shuwen Zeng, Renzhe Bi, Kolvyn Tai, Kishan Dholakia and Malini Olivo* Metasurfaces for biomedical applications: imaging and sensing from a nanophotonics perspective https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0373 introducing the metasurface concept to the biomedical Received July 4, 2020; accepted August 17, 2020; published online community; and secondly by assisting the metasurface September 7, 2020 community to understand the needs and realize the op- portunities in the medical fields. In addition, this article Abstract: Metasurface is a recently developed nano- provides two knowledge boxes describing the design pro- photonics concept to manipulate the properties of light by cess of a metasurface lens and the performance matrix of a replacing conventional bulky optical components with biosensor, which serve as a “crash-course” introduction to ultrathin (more than 104 times thinner) flat optical com- those new to both fields. ponents. Since the first demonstration of metasurfaces in 2011, they have attracted tremendous interest in the Keywords: bioimaging; biophotonics; biosensing; meta- consumer optics and electronics industries. Recently, surface; nanophotonics. metasurface-empowered novel bioimaging and biosensing tools have emerged and been reported. Given the recent advances in metasurfaces in biomedical engineering, this 1 Introduction review article covers the state of the art for this technology and provides a comprehensive interdisciplinary perspec- From auroras and rainbows to the human eye – light has tive on this field. The topics that we have covered include fascinated scientists for centuries. Today, optical technol- metasurfaces for chiral imaging, endoscopic optical ogies – from lasers to solar cells to cameras – harness light coherence tomography, fluorescent imaging, super- to advance physics and serve societal needs. The under- resolution imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, quanti- standing and use of the fundamental properties of light are tative phase imaging, sensing of antibodies, proteins, important parts of the progress of human history. Recently, DNAs, cells, and cancer biomarkers. Future directions are the development of photonic materials, circuitry, devices, discussed in twofold: application-specific biomedical and probes on the nanoscale has opened up new oppor- metasurfaces and bioinspired metasurface devices. Per- tunities for controlling light in the subwavelength regime. spectives on challenges and opportunities of metasurfaces, In 1968, Veselago theoretically predicted the generation biophotonics, and translational biomedical devices are of artificial materials [1] by engineering their permittivity also provided. The objective of this review article is to and permeability. This was eventually realized by the inform and stimulate interdisciplinary research: firstly, by studies of Pendry et al. [2] and Smith et al. [3] that helped realize Veselago’s prediction and have revolutionized our approach to electromagnetics. Such so-termed meta- *Corresponding author: Malini Olivo, Laboratory of Bio-Optical materials are artificial composite nanostructures that Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore, possess unique properties for controlling light and demon- Singapore, E-mail: [email protected] Shuyan Zhang, Chi Lok Wong, Renzhe Bi and Kolvyn Tai, Laboratory of strate numerous exciting new optical effects and applica- Bio-Optical Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, tions that cannot be achieved by natural materials [4–7]. Singapore, Singapore. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1286-4856 Metasurfaces are structures that benefit from the reduced (S. Zhang). https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7173-064X (R. Bi) dimensionality of metamaterials. They are relatively easy to Shuwen Zeng, XLIM Research Institute, UMR CNRS, Paris, France. fabricate and possess a smaller footprint (thickness of less https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2188-7213 than a millimeter) than conventional optical components. Kishan Dholakia, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; and Department of Physics, Yonsei They consist of optical components (or meta-atoms) University, Seoul, South Korea patterned on a surface with subwavelength dimensions, Open Access. © 2020 Shuyan Zhang et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 260 S. Zhang et al.: Metasurfaces for biomedical applications which shape the wavefront of light to introduce a desired metasurfaces and a comprehensive and detailed account of spatial profile of the optical phase. Since their discovery [8], both biomedical applications. The objective of this review their exceptional optical properties have led to the devel- is to stimulate interdisciplinary research by introducing the opment of ultrathin optical devices with various function- metasurface concept to the biomedical community and alities outperforming their conventional bulky counterparts informing the metasurface community about the needs and and also demonstrating new optical phenomena covering a opportunities in the biomedical research area. wide range of electromagnetic spectrum from the visible to Figure 1 gives an overview of the structure of this review the terahertz (THz) region. Such metasurface-based flat de- paper. Firstly, the general concepts of metasurfaces will be vices represent a new class of optical components that are introduced including the governing principles and fabrica- compact, flat, and lightweight. Numerous devices based on tion techniques. Secondly, recent advances in metasurfaces metasurfaces have been developed, including metasurface for various bioapplications will be reviewed. This includes lenses (metalenses) [9–19], waveplates [20–23], polarime- opticalchiralimaging,endoscopicopticalcoherenceto- ters [24–26], and holograms [27–29]. For metalenses, in mography (OCT), fluorescent imaging, super-resolution im- particular, numerical aperture (NA) as high as 0.97 was aging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and quantitative demonstrated [15]. Metalenses with NA > 1 was realized by phase imaging (QPI). Thirdly, applications of metasurface in immersion metalenses [30]. There are review papers dedi- biosensing are discussed, including the detection of anti- cated to the fundamentals, progress, and applications of bodies and proteins, DNAs, cells, and cancer biomarkers. metasurfaces. Some representative examples can be found Lastly, future directions are described including various in the references [31–51]. metasurface functions demonstrated for non-biomedical Metasurfaces have generated tremendous interest in the applications that could be potentially useful for biomedical consumer optical and electronics industries. In addition, applications and the development of biomimetic metasur- metasurface-empowered novel bioimaging and biosensing face devices. We conclude with perspectives on present devices have also emerged and reported recently. For many challenges to make metasurface-based biomedical devices optically based bioimaging devices, their bulk footprint and toward commercialization and for translational research. heavy physical weight have limited their usage in clinical settings. One of the bottlenecks is the large footprint of conventional optical components, such as lens assemblies 2 Fundamentals of metasurfaces and spectrometers. There are also limitations in the perfor- mance of optical components, for example, spherical lenses In contrast to conventional optical components that achieve suffer from spherical aberrations which greatly impact the wavefront engineering by phase accumulation, meta- imaging quality and require often additional corrective op- surfaces control the wavefront of light using arrays of optical tics. Besides imaging, sensing is another important research resonators with subwavelength dimensions. By tailoring the field in biomedical engineering. There has been a crucial optical properties of each meta-atom, one can spatially need for a rapid and reliable sensing method for micro- control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of the light organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Current methods and consequently shape the wavefront. There has been an are tedious and time-consuming, as the growth of these increasing interest in the past decade in the field of meta- micro-organisms
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