PART IV: Wetland Management

INTRODUCTION TO WETLAND MANAGEMENT

laciers, melting nearly United States. Today, only about 12,000 years ago, left 47 percent remain. During the Gbehind raw materials--water, 1980s, wetland loss through drain- lowlands, and poorly-drained soils- ing or filling continued at an annu- -to form up to 11 million acres of al estimated rate of 290,000 acres. wetlands in Michigan. This total While the rate of loss has was nearly one-third of the state's decreased in recent years, the goal land mass. In the fewer than 200 of "no net loss" is not yet a reality. years since European settlers first hooded merganser arrived, between 35 to 50 percent People often think of a wetland of Michigan's wetland acres have as an area that floods, or at least saturated conditions, and wetland been drained, filled, or otherwise has soggy soils, throughout the or "hydrophytic" vegetation, grows altered. Much of the loss occurred growing season. They often pic- in the moist soil. through efforts to increase agricul- ture a specific, isolated area such tural production on these rich soils, as a cattail marsh or a wooded but other wetlands were filled to Wetland Values swamp. However, there is much Some people view wetlands as make room for development. The more to consider and there are wastelands, but this belief is far greatest amount of loss has many different types of wetlands. from true. All Michigan citizens, occurred in southern Michigan Wetlands are often transitional whether they own land or not, ben- where some counties have experi- zones between dry upland sites efit from wetlands, which are some enced a loss of more than 75 per- such as old fields and forests and of our most valuable natural cent. This loss is not limited to open-water areas such as lakes and resources. Wetlands provide recre- Michigan. It is estimated that in rivers. Most wetlands have three ational opportunities for birdwatch- 1780 there were 221 million acres things in common: (1) water at or ers, hunters, hikers, photogra- of wetlands in the continental near the surface some time of the phers, canoeists, anglers, and year (2) hydric soils, and (3) wet- other outdoor enthusiasts. land vegetation. Wetlands are among the most bio- logically diverse and productive The distribution, movement, landscape cover types. Acre for amount, and seasonal availability of acre, the biomass or living material water influences wetland systems. produced on marshlands is four Wetlands have enough water on or times that of grasslands and three near the ground surface to affect times that of cropland. Production the soils and the type of plants that in marshlands can equal or even can grow there. Sites with soggy, exceed that in tropical forests. saturated soils but no standing water can also be wetlands. A wet- Wetlands provide habitat for land does not have to be "wet" all thousands of species of fish, of the time--only during part of the insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, year. The presence of water results and mammals. Nearly 35 percent in a lack of oxygen in spaces of the nation's rare wildlife species between soil particles. Wetland or are located in wetlands or are sandhill crane "hydric" soils develop under such water is slowed, pollutants and sediments drop out of suspension. Wetland organisms intercept nutri- ents and pollutants, trapping them in wetland plants or substrates. Although too many pollutants can damage them, wetland plants also help to circulate and reuse nitro- gen, phosphorus, and other essen- tial nutrients. Many local govern- ments have used this phenomenon to their advantage, constructing wetlands to filter treated waste- Mitchell’s satyr water and reducing the overall cost of treatment operations. dependent on them. The Mitchell's satyr butterfly, for example, is a Marsh hay, wild rice, blueber- rare Michigan butterfly typically ries, cranberries, timber, furbear- only found in prairie fens. ers, and fish are examples of prod- Mammals (muskrats, mink, and tamarack ucts with economic value that wet- beavers), waterfowl (ducks and lands provide. For this reason, bottomland forests on floodplains, geese), shorebirds (plovers and farmers, trappers, fishermen, and conifer swamps, and dense shrub sandpipers) wading birds (herons others that rely on wetlands for swamps. and rails), amphibians (salaman- income must exercise care to avoid ders, frogs, and toads), and insects degrading them while harvesting Marsh is another type of wet- (dragonflies and mayflies) are their products. land covered periodically by stand- examples of the host of wild crea- ing or slow-moving water. Soft- tures raised in and around wet- stemmed plants such as cattails, lands. In addition, muskellunge Types of Wetlands Wetlands vary greatly depend- sedges, and rushes dominate a and northern pike spawn in wet- ing on how much water is present, marsh's nutrient-rich soils. lands. Many species of wildlife use how long water is present, how the wetlands along with other habitats. water got there, the type of soil, Wet meadows, sedge and the kinds of vegetation pre- meadows, and wet prairies are Wetland plants are important sent. All wetlands, regardless of similar to marshes in that they also as they stabilize soils and reduce size and water depth, provide contain grasslike vegetation. erosion. Wetlands act as huge important wildlife habitat. However, these wetlands typically sponges to store water, which helps Additional chapters in this section have only seasonally saturated soils to reduce flood damage. The explain the types of wetlands in and little or no standing water. water then percolates back into the more detail and provide sugges- earth where it helps to recharge tions for protecting and managing Seasonal wetlands are shal- the ground water supply and/or them. low, temporary wetlands that can maintain water levels in streams have standing water from late win- and rivers. A one-acre wetland Swamps have saturated soils, ter through early spring. Examples holding water to a depth of one may have standing water during are seeps, which usually provide a foot, will store 330,000 gallons of part of the year, and are dominated year-round source of water, and water. by water-tolerant trees such as sil- vernal pools, which vary in size ver maple, cottonwood, black ash, from a few square feet to over an Wetlands function as nature's or tamarack. Buttonbush, alder, acre. These wetlands can be impor- kidneys to filter pollutants and sed- willow, and red-osier dogwood are tant for breeding and migrant iments from surface water. They shrub species that often grow in waterfowl, amphibians, and other capture and slow runoff water in swamps. Types of swamps include wildlife. their thick tangle of plants. When INTRODUCTION

Bogs and fens are wetlands Evidence of Hydrology: with a thick accumulation of organ- • Standing or flowing water for ic matter called peat. The acidic seven or more consecutive days water of a bog is nutrient-poor during the growing season. because the bog is fed by rain •Waterlogged soil: Determined water. Acid-loving plants include by digging a 12-inch-deep hole and sphagnum moss, blueberries, and then checking for water in the hole; tamarack. “Insect-eating” plants or by looking for soil that glistens such as pitcher plant and sundew with water; or squeezing water water lily are also found only in bogs and from a handful of soil. fens. Fens are somewhat rare in • Water marks on trees or small Are There Former Wetlands Michigan. Unlike bogs, they are fed piles of debris lodged in trees or on my Property? by groundwater that has passed piled against other objects in the If you can answer "yes" to the through calcium and manganese direction of water movement near following questions, it is quite pos- rich mineral soils. Fens are typical- river systems. sible that you may have a drained ly more nutrient-rich than bogs, wetland that can be restored: they support sedges, rushes, and Wetland Soils: some shrubs. • Check with your County • Are there depressions or low Conservation District (CD) for a soil areas (potholes) on your prop- Wetland Indicators survey and a list of soil types that erty that are drained with tile Some wetlands, such as occur in wetlands. or ditches? swamps and marshes, are obvious • Check for a blue or gray color to most people. Others, like sea- about a foot below the surface. • Are vegetation changes read- sonal wetlands or bogs, are not as Your local CD office may describe ily visible in the field? For easily recognized because they other color characteristics to look example, do you have patches may dry out during part of the year for. of stressed or drowned crops or or simply do not look very wet. • Look for organic matter such other vegetation? Remember that all wetlands have as peat or muck. three things in common and the • Smell the soil for an odor like • Do patches of wetland plants presence of these may indicate that rotten eggs. such as cattails, sedges, you have a wetland on your prop- smartweeds, or red-osier dog- erty: Wetland Vegetation: wood occur in your fields? More than 5,000 different plants grow in wetlands. Some common wetland plants to look for Should I Protect, include: Enhance, or Create a Wetland? • Water lilies, cattails, arrow- Wetlands should be preserved head, smartweed, pondweed whenever possible. Natural wet- and other plants in standing lands, which developed over thou- water. sands of years, are hard to dupli- • Grasses such as reed canary cate because of their complexity. grass, barnyard grass, and Preserving those that are not cur- prairie cordgrass, or rushes and rently being drained or altered by sedges. humans is often the best way to • Trees such as willow, white maintain existing wetland func- cedar, cottonwood, silver and tions, including wildlife habitat. red maple, green ash, tama- Recognize, however, that wetlands rack, pin oak, and elm. are a dynamic system that will • Shrubs such as buttonbush, change with time. Change may be Water marked trees may indicate Michigan holly, and red-osier positive or negative. the presence of a wetland. dogwood. INTRODUCTION

Those wetlands that have been site-specific plan are the keys to wetland regulations for landowners dredged, drained, filled, or other- successful habitat management. who participate in U.S. Department wise altered offer an opportunity of Agriculture programs. Allow for restoration. Often, blocking a What Regulations enough time for permit application ditch or removing a portion of a Apply? and approval so as not to upset the field tile line may be all that is Because of their importance, time frame for your project. needed to restore water, which will wetland manipulations are regulat- help to germinate aquatic plant ed by local, state, or federal laws. In summary, wetlands are very seeds lying dormant in the soil. Check with your township or other complex systems that offer a vari- Remember, a restored wetland local government office to see if ety of benefits to both people and need not hold water all year long; there is a wetland protection ordi- wildlife. There are many types of in fact, many do not. Temporary nance that applies to your property. wetlands that are each dependent wetlands are usually less than two State and some federal regulations on local hydrology, hydric soils, and feet deep and often retain water for can be addressed by contacting the wetland vegetation. Wetlands only a few weeks each spring. Michigan Department of Environ- should be protected or restored mental Quality (MDEQ), Land and whenever possible. As with any “Enhancement” of an existing Water Management Division. This other management activity, prior wetland can be done to improve agency coordinates the review of planning helps to ensure that your wetland functions. However, this project proposals with various divi- goals are reached. can be difficult, and improving sur- sions within MDEQ, the Michigan rounding uplands may be more Department of Natural Resources effective. Enhancement efforts (MDNR), and federal agencies such may include varying water depths; as the U.S. Army Corps of mowing, burning, or planting; Engineers, if required. Further, the removing nuisance plants; adding Natural Resource Conservation nest structures and other habitat Service also administers federal improvements.

Creating wetlands can also help wildlife, but this process may be both difficult and expensive depending on site characteristics. Often created wetlands do not function correctly and result with failed projects due to incorrect soils, vegetation, etc. It is hard to duplicate the complexity of wetland systems. Remember that wetlands FOR ADDITIONAL can influence, and are influenced CHAPTERS CONTACT: by, what goes on around them. Michigan United The type and amount of vegetation Conservation Clubs PO Box 30235 around a wetland can greatly affect Lansing, MI 48909 its value for wildlife, and how the 517/371-1041 wetland performs other functions. Having clear goals along with a heron

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

BOGS AND FENS

ogs and their close cousins-- are both considered peatlands, fens--are biologically fascinat- what sets them apart from each Bing wetlands. Their deep other is the source of their water peat layers offer a glimpse into the supply. Fens typically are fed by a geologic past--seeds, plant parts, steady source of ground water and even animals may remain whereas bogs are usually enclosed intact in the acidic peat for thou- depressions filled by rain water. sands of years. If a bog or fen exists on your property, consider These unusual wetlands are yourself lucky as they are very rare. home to a variety of plants and ani- mals including unique bog lem- In Michigan, bogs and fens mings, pitcher plants, and sun- occurred historically as a result of dews. The familiar song sparrow glaciation, dating from about 8,000 and red-winged blackbird live there to 12,000 years ago when the last along with yellow-bellied flycatch- ice sheets retreated north, ers, and Nashville warblers, which although some bogs and fens are nest only in northern Michigan. pitcher plant only 3,000 to 5,000 years old. The American goldfinch, American retain water from precipitation, and retreat of these glaciers created woodcock, alder and willow fly- sphagnum moss, which grows tundra climates, and over time, catchers, and golden-winged and abundantly over the layers of peat forests of spruce and fir, which still chestnut-sided warblers are other found here. Common shrubs dominate in the north. However, birds that use them. Ruffed grouse include leatherleaf, bog laurel, bog bogs and fens began to form in eat the catkins of bog birches, rosemary and Labrador tea. areas that were too wet for most which often grow around the edges Blueberries and cranberries are trees to grow, and that had poorly of bogs and fens, and migrating also common. drained dark soils and cold water. ducks use their open pools. Although both bogs and fens are Because bogs attract insects, Although they occur through- similar types of wetlands as they shrews, mice, frogs, and toads, they also attract mink, raccoons, out Michigan, bogs are more herons, and other predators. numerous in the Upper Peninsula Moose also use these areas in the where they are found along the Upper Peninsula. In winter, the margins of lakes and ponds and in white cedar forests that often sur- depressions created by glacial round many bogs yield important activity. Many southern Michigan browse and cover for deer. bogs, however, were converted to muck farms, and in many other Bogs cases landowners felled the trees, Bogs are unique wetlands drained the bogs, and plowed the because their nutrient-poor sys- soil for agriculture. tems support a specific group of plant species. Such plants include Bogs often lie in frost hollows carnivorous species such as pitcher or other cold, wet environments plants, sundews, and bladderworts, where cold air and water are which eat insects and are able to trapped. On clear nights, heavier cold air settles to the ground and Kettle-lake bogs begin as flows down slopes and valleys reeds, sedges, and mosses around often ending in bog lakes or ponds. the edges of lakes formed by Although daytime surface tempera- glaciation. This vegetation slowly tures may reach 90 to 100 degrees expands across the entire lake sur- Farenheit, the root level of plants face, forming a floating mat of growing within a bog are typically peat. This mat slowly consolidates 45 to 55 degrees Farenheit. and is then dominated by sphag- Because of the great insulating num moss and other bog plants. quality of sphagnum moss, these Over time, the peat forms an areas rarely exceed 60 degrees impermeable layer and isolates the Farenheit. bog from the water table. Shrubs and trees then begin to move in. As bogs age, they tend to Thus, this process of natural suc- bulrush become more acidic. As peat accu- cession turns an open-water lake mulates in bogs, it becomes tightly into a forested wetland. This bonates, the water is usually neu- compressed by the weight of mate- process may also reverse itself dur- tral or alkaline. Fens are often rial lying over it, and the oldest part ing cooler and wetter periods and found on hillsides along lakes, turns into fine-textured black muck. become more open. streams, and rivers, which occur in This compressed peat becomes glacial outwash on sandy glacial impermeable, cutting off the bog lakebeds. Others are located in from the water table making it Paludification bogs are broad outwash channels. acidic, or mineral poor. Over time, formed by the blanketing of previ- Researchers distinguish among the older peat is colonized by ously dry land by overgrowth of several different kinds of fens: shrubs and then trees such as bog vegetation as it exceeds its prairie fens, northern fens, pat- white pine, tamarack, and black basin boundaries. These bogs can terned fens, and poor fens. spruce. be brought about by climatic change, hydrological change Prairie fens are found in the There are two ways that bogs caused by beaver dams or logging, former oak-savanna prairie region are formed in Michigan: kettle-lake or the natural advancement of a of southern Lower Michigan. They bogs, and paludification bogs. peatland. Once this blanket are very rich in calcium and mag- These processes may take thou- advances and begins to accumu- nesium. Typical plants found in sands of years. In the Great Lakes late, the formerly mineral-rich soil prairie fens are switchgrass, region various estimates for form- is cut off from the water table cre- Indiangrass, big bluestem, sedges, ing a single foot of peat range from ating acidic conditions. This kills rushes, Indian plantain, and prairie 100 to 800 years. many existing trees and allows bog dropseed. The wettest part of a vegetation to dominate. prairie fen, which is usually found near the water source, is called a Fens "sedge flat" because members of Fens are somewhat rare in the sedge family dominate the veg- Michigan. They are peat-covered etation. The "fen meadow" is the grassy wetlands that are springy largest part and is more diverse when walked upon. Fens are fed with many lowland prairie grasses by mineral-rich artesian groundwa- and wildflowers. Slightly elevated ter in the form of springs, rivulets, areas, especially around the upland marl flats, or saturated peat. The edge, also support tamarack, dog- constant supply of groundwater wood, bog birch, and poison sumac. being forced up through accumu- lating peat causes some fens to Northern fens are dominated appear higher than the surrounding by sedges and rushes and are terrain. Because the groundwater is found in areas of northern Michigan sundew rich in calcium and magnesium car- where limestone bedrock is cov- BOGS AND FENS ered with a thin mantle of glacial Management shoe hares may help decrease drift. Marl flats are very common in Considerations the invasion of surrounding these places. Orchids, gentians, Bogs and fens are extremely dogwood, willow, and other and other plants may be present. sensitive to disturbance. Land-own- woody plants because these are Bulrush, spike rush, cinquefoil, ers cannot create bogs or fens on their preferred food in winter. sawgrass, and white cedar usually their property. Bog management surround northern fens. amounts to not disturbing the nat- •Avoid using fertilizers near any wet- ural succession process and hydrol- land. However, be especially careful Patterned fens have a gentle ogy. Modifying the bog to convert near fens as polluted runoff can alter slope of less than one percent per it to a cranberry marsh will destroy fen vegetation, gradually increase mile, tend to have both acidic and the original plant community. invasive species over natives. alkaline areas, and feature strips of Harvesting the top layers of sphag- Remove invasive species such sedge-peat ridges only a few inch- num for commercial market will as garlic mustard, glossy buck- es high alternating with depres- damage the fragile ecosystem. thorn, or purple loosestrife, sions. The depressions are wettest Researchers have little information whenever they appear in order with sedge and rush dominating. about the recovery rate of harvest- to avoid future problems. Besides sedges, the ridges may ed bogs but assume recovery is contain sphagnum, bog rosemary, probably very slow or may never •Do not alter water courses. bog birch, shrubby cinquefoil, occur. Hydrology or water availability leatherleaf, and stunted white is a very important concept in spruce and larch. Patterned fens The following are options to maintaining bogs and fens. For tend to occur on larger flat outwash consider when managing bogs and example, changing water cours- or lake plain areas in the Upper fens: es typically causes the soil to Peninsula. dry out, which can lead to the •Protect the mineral-rich invasion of lowland and upland Poor fens are those peatlands groundwater source of fens tree and shrub species. Also, with reduced water flow and lower from pollution or drainage or additional water or drought mineral content. Consequently, the other alterations in hydrology. over several years can have a saturated peat is somewhat acidic. major impact on the health and These fens occur throughout the •Avoid diverting or damming condition of these wetlands. northern Lower Peninsula and water flowing out of fens. Draining adjacent uplands Upper Peninsula. Dominated by Mowing for hay and allowing might lead to a higher water sedges and grasses, poor fens lack livestock to graze can also table, which can also affect the the plant diversity of northern and destroy these unique wetlands. site. Also, do not dig a pond patterned fens. within the site. Because of their •Periodic burning in winter or importance and uniqueness, early spring may help to retard bogs, fens, and their adjacent the invasion of woody species, uplands should be left alone if but because fire can be damaging as well as beneficial, be sure to consult with local fire authorities and a resource professional. Historically, many fens burned along with the surrounding prairie and forest, which were set by Native Americans or lightning. Fire burned the mulch and top growth of the fen--the specialty plants--with little danger to the peat below because of the steady water supply. •Cottontail rabbits and snow- garlic mustard BOGS AND FENS

you want to maintain the exist- ing bog and fen.

•Create a buffer strip of at least 100 yards around the wetland. This can be done by planting shrubs or grasses, or by not dis- turbing the area. Do not devel- op roads or trails in the bog, fen, or buffer strip.

•If livestock have access to the site, be sure to fence around it because heavy use by cows, horses, or sheep can damage the vegetation, disturb the soil surface layer, and pollute the water with manure.

In summary, bogs and fens are highly unusual, important places. They are important to wildlife seek- ing secure cover where they can feed, nest, rear their young, and escape predators. They also pro- vide areas for many types of unique, threatened, and endan- gered plant and animal species. If you have a bog or fen on your property, enjoy its uniqueness and diverse plant and animal life.

FOR ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS CONTACT: Michigan United Conservation Clubs PO Box 30235 Lansing, MI 48909 517/371-1041

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this guide provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

MARSHES

arshes are shallow-water The Importance of and food. Marshes with dense cat- areas that sustain water-lov- Marshes tail stands provide choice winter Ming plants such as cattail, habitat to ring-necked pheasants. sedge, arrowhead, bulrush, water Like most wetlands, marshes Further, they supply food and cover lily, and pondweed. Marshes found are dynamic systems that are to leopard and chorus frogs, snap- in Michigan include wet meadows important to wildlife and also pro- ping turtles, and northern water with grasses and sedges, potholes vide other valuable functions. On and ribbon snakes. Uncommon with cattails, and shallow vegeta- average, marshes produce at least wildlife species that live in marshes tion zones along Great Lakes shore- three times more biomass than include black terns, American and lines. While marshes are generally lakes, upland grasslands, and farm- least bitterns, king rails, and mas- covered by standing or slow-moving land. Their high rate of productivi- sassauga rattlesnakes. Arrowhead water, certain marshes dry out late ty allows marshes to support com- and marsh mallow are examples of in the growing season or during dry plex food chains and a broad diver- unique plants that may grow there. years. This fluctuating water level sity of wildlife. For example, about is part of the natural process, which 80 percent of Great Lakes fish use Many human activities can increases plant and habitat diversi- coastal marshes during at least one harm marshes. Construction pro- ty, and productivity of the marsh. stage of their life cycle. Marshes jects, some farming practices, and also store and collect nutrients and logging methods may increase silt Less than an acre or as large as sediments from surface water run- loads into marshes. Draining several thousand acres, marshes off, and they reduce flooding by marshes to create farmland and fill- have appeared and disappeared temporarily storing water. ing marshes to make building sites since the beginning of time. When are activities that most commonly the glaciers slowly melted about All wetlands provide food, have destroyed these wetlands. 12,000 years ago, they left behind water, shelter, and living space to Streams that provide water to depressions that formed lakes and many kinds of wildlife. Mammals marshes may also deliver pollutants potholes. As these bodies of water such as muskrats, raccoons, mink, and fertilizer runoff, which eventual- became shallower and warmer, many and deer feed, rest, and hide in ly alters marsh vegetation. Some turned into marshes--an evolutionary marshes. Herons, shorebirds, marshes are accidentally ruined by step in the long natural succession waterfowl, red-winged blackbirds, well-intentioned landowners who process from water to dry upland. sedge wrens, common yel- dig ponds in the existing marsh and Also, when rivers change course in lowthroats, and other songbirds then deposit the spoils in the sur- their serpentine march to the Great also seek shelter, nesting habitats, rounding marsh. Because marshes Lakes, they also leave old isolated are such a valuable natural sections of a channel, called resource, they should be pre- oxbows, many of which become served, restored, or enhanced marshes over time. Marshes may whenever possible. also occupy slow-moving shallow zones of active rivers or develop Marsh Conservation at river mouths along the Great The general rule for wetland Lakes as coastal marshes. management is to protect those Fluctuating water levels in the that are healthy, restore those Great Lakes create, maintain, and that have been damaged, and continually alter these marshes. actively manipulate only those that are too disturbed to function •Do not use the marsh environ- least 50 feet of tile will also bring naturally. If a marsh on your prop- ment as a dumping ground for water back to the marsh. Some erty is not currently being affected refuse and debris, including log- landowners also add water-control by human activities, the best way to ging waste. Doing so can lead structures to allow periodic draw- protect it for future generations to contamination of the water, downs and re-flooding. The may be to leave it alone, or conduct soil, plants, and wildlife. Michigan Department of Natural small management activities. In Resources, U.S. Fish & Wildlife addition to avoiding harmful prac- • Remove invasive plant species Service, and Natural Resource tices like draining or filling, consider such as garlic mustard, glossy Conservation Service (NRCS), and the following: buckthorn, phragmites, and County Conservation Districts are purple loosestrife. Reed canary among several organizations and • Avoid forest cutting and other grass is a problem plant that is agencies that offer assistance to mechanical operations, i.e., best removed and replaced by landowners interested in wetland farming and logging, that may native species such as cattail, restorations. For additional infor- increase sediment within 100 bullrush, and cordgrass. mation, see the Wetland Restoration feet of the marsh or any of its Techniques chapter. connecting streams. Cutting Marsh Restoration trees near the marsh can Restoring a marsh on your Marsh Creation change water levels, accelerate property is one of the most satisfy- Although many landowners are erosion, and destroy travel cor- ing of all habitat management pro- interested, creating a marsh can be ridors for wildlife using the jects because the results are usually expensive and hard to do, especial- marsh. immediate and dramatic. Normally ly if the site is not on hydric soils. too shallow to support fish, the In addition, quality wet meadows, • Create or maintain a buffer restored marsh will become an sedge marshes, wooded swamps, zone of grassy vegetation to act oasis for other wildlife, and the and uplands may be destroyed by as a filter strip around the amount and diversity of animals landowners trying to create deep marsh. Old farm fields taken that quickly move in may surprise water marshes or ponds. Careful out of production will naturally you. planning is required, along with vegetate or can be planted to securing government permits. native grasses or wildflowers. The most important considera- Remember, most private and gov- This buffer will help protect the tion is restoring the wetland depres- ernment groups provide only tech- marsh and will provide habitat sion or basin with a stable supply of nical assistance to wetland creation, for insects, amphibians, rep- water. Most likely the marsh has whereas financial assistance is pro- tiles, birds, and mammals. As a been drained by a ditch or field vided to projects that restore natur- general guide, the buffer tiles. If the marsh has been drained al wetland systems. should be a minimum of 100 by a ditch, plugging the ditch with feet wide. For seeding rates soil will restore the natural water The topography of your proper- and other information, refer to source. If drainage has occurred- ty and the surrounding land -- along the chapters in the Grass-land from buried field tiles, removing at with the soil type, watershed size, Management section. and drainage patterns--are impor- tant points to consider before actu- •Fence off the marsh and al construction begins. The U.S. buffer zone if livestock have Department of Agriculture main- access to them. Heavy use by tains a NRCS office in nearly every cows, horses and sheep can Michigan County. Agency staff can damage vegetation and pol- help you evaluate the water-holding lute the water source with capability of the soil, the elevation manure. However, light graz- of the present water table, and ing over a short time period whether or not there will be ade- can be beneficial. quate runoff or spring flow to main- tain desired water levels in a con- invasive species: reed canary grass, phragmites, and purple loosestrife MARSHES structed basin. Also, they •Building nesting struc- can help you design the tures for wood ducks, project. mallards, and other waterfowl is not neces- In your design, think sary, but can be helpful small and shallow. Areas as in attracting them. small as one-half acre or Ducks, turtles, and other less will support a marsh. animals will use loafing Waterlogged or Emergent Floating-Leaved and However, two to five acres Zone Periodically platforms. To learn Flooded Shallow Water Macrophytes Submersed Aquatics would be productive for more, refer to the chap- wildlife, especially water- Plants Lowland Sedges and Cattails and Water lilies, pond weeds, ters on Wetland Birds, fowl. Various water depths grasses arrowhead bulrush and bladderwort Waterfowl, and Frogs, result in a mosaic of vege- Turtles, and Snakes in tation zones and increased Cross-section through a fresh water marsh, showing the water depth, and the plants the species section. diversity of both plant and found in each zone. animal species. A general rule from a 4:1 to 6:1 horizontal dis- •You may want to adjust the worth noting is to provide water tance:vertical drop to ensure that a vegetation:open water ratio of depths in the following proportions: variety of marsh-loving plants will your marsh. Marshes with a 50 percent at less than 1-1/2 feet, grow in various patterns. ratio of 40 percent vegetation to 30 percent at 1-1/2 to 3 feet, and 60 percent open water provide 20 percent at 3 to 6 feet. When excavating, be sure to habitat for the greatest variety scrape and stockpile the topsoil, of wildlife. Wetlands with high- No simple guidelines exist that then replace the upper six to eight er levels of vegetation will cover all the construction methods inches on the berm and excavated attract rails and red-winged possible. Site characteristics, avail- basin to take advantage of seed blackbirds. More open water able funding, water source, and sources already in the soil. In gen- wetlands with a small percent- total size of the marsh to be creat- eral, planting aquatic plants is not age of vegetation will attract ed all must be considered. The necessary because seeds are natu- species such as herons and project design may include excava- rally transported in the environment Canada geese. tions below the water table and the and are usually already in the soil. use of berms to catch surface water. But if vegetation is slow to respond •If your marsh contains more on a new site (after 2-3 years) or than 60 percent emergent vege- Great care should be taken in you wish to add diversity to a pre- tation, you may want to create planning any excavation projects-- sent site, you might consider plant- openings approximmately 30 including soil probing--to ensure ing duck potato, pickerelweed, bul- feet by 30 feet, or strips 30 feet that you can reach your goals with- rush, and cattail—all of which are wide from shore to shore. out destroying desirable natural available from specialty growers. Openings in cattail marshes can conditions. Digging too deep, for Water depths between one and two be made in winter by cutting example, could cause many prob- feet are ideal for these species. In plants at ice level with a back- lems. A thin layer of clay or other addition, sago pondweed, coontail, blade pulled by a tractor. This impermeable soil may be the only and wild celery are common sub- practice works best after a dry reason water exists above the sur- mergent plants able to grow at a fall because spring runoff will face at the project site. Breaking variety of water depths. this subsurface seal by digging too deeply would remove existing Other water, much like pulling a bathtub Management plug. Also, you need to be careful that you are not creating a pond Considerations that is too deep for maximum The following are general wildlife benefit. Another considera- options to consider when tion is the side-slope grade of the managing a marsh: excavation. This grade should range MARSHES

40 Acres •Another method to control the forest forest with amount of marsh vegetation is P timber harvesting M to control the number of Exist ing feat ures muskrats, which eat cattails and M GB Road other tall emergents and build House their homes from the plants. Stream Regulating muskrat numbers P Permanent grass strip hayfield through trapping will indirectly M Marsh GB balance the amount of vegeta- tion and open water in the Habit at projects GB marsh. GB Grass Buffer pasture Vegetation Mgt. In summary, marshes are an WR Wetland Restoration WR crop field Fence for livestock important part of Michigan's natural landscape. Identifying any that exist or historically existed on your M P property is the first step toward developing a management plan. By This map is an example that demonstrates the many management options discussed protecting, restoring, enhancing, or throughout this chapter. The option(s) you choose should depend not only on your goals, successfully creating marshes using but the location, condition, and present use of your land. the above management practices, flood plant stubble with at least •Constructing peninsulas and these dynamic wetlands will provide six inches of water during the islands can enhance marsh use critically important wildlife habitat. next growing season, and by waterfowl, shorebirds, and should reduce regrowth for a wading birds. However, if not few years. Herbicides that can done properly, such land forms be used in wetlands, such as can have a negative impact on Rodeo, can also be used to con- wildlife and be a costly addition trol vegetation. Remember to to your project. Consider always follow label directions on increasing shoreline irregularity all herbicides. with small peninsulas. In wet- lands larger than two to three •Fire is another marsh manage- acres, you might construct an ment tool that can be used during island. Marshes from four to 25 winter or early spring. In addition acres in size should feature a to creating openings, the tech- maximum density of one island nique helps to rejuvenate fertility per four acres. Marshes larger FOR ADDITIONAL and to reduce the amount of than 25 acres can support a CHAPTERS CONTACT: emergent plant debris. Be sure to higher density. The islands Michigan United obtain necessary permits and fol- should be at least 200 feet apart Conservation Clubs PO Box 30235 low all safety precautions. For and 100 feet from the mainland Lansing, MI 48909 more information, see the chapter to protect nesting waterfowl 517/371-1041 on Prescribed Burning as a from predators. management tool.

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

SWAMPS

wamps include a broad range port more woody vegetation. of wetlands that have stand- Occasional flooding or several Sing or slowly moving water years of wet weather can slow this and are dominated by trees or process, and several dry years can shrubs. Swamps differ from speed it up. marshes in that swamps do not contain large amounts of cattails, Swamps provide habitat for sedges, bulrushes, and other non- mink, muskrats, beaver, otter, deer, woody aquatic plants. However, black bear, squirrels, hares, barred these plants may appear around owls, various species of woodpeck- swamp edges or in openings. ers, wood ducks, nuthatches, sev- mink Michigan swamps include conifer eral kinds of warblers, black- swamps, hardwood swamps, mixed capped chickadees, snakes, turtles, prise much of the overall loss-- conifer-hardwood swamps, and frogs, toads, butterflies, dragon- about two-thirds of the original 5.5 shrub swamps. Swamps and low- flies, and many other insects. million acres of conifer swamps land forests are very similar and Uncommon animals such as red- have either been drained or con- are often one in the same. shouldered hawks, cerulean and verted by logging activity to low- However, swamps are often wetter prothonatory warblers, Indiana land hardwood, farmland, marshes for a longer period throughout the bats, smallmouth salamanders, and or shrub swamps. year and have deeper standing Blanchard's cricket frog, all rely on water than lowland forests. These swamps for survival. Types of Swamps lowland forests may be seasonal Northern white cedar and black wetlands. About one-third to one-half of spruce dominate most conifer Michigan's wetland acreage has swamps in northern Michigan, Like most wetlands, swamps been lost since 1800. Swamps, although balsam fir, eastern hem- are ever changing systems. conifer swamps in particular, com- lock, and white pine may also be Depending on the surrounding important components. Found landscape, swamps are often a mostly in northern Lower Michigan transitional step in the natural and the Upper Peninsula, conifer process from water to dry upland. swamps are situated along All swamps start out as a lake, moraines, lake beds, outwash pond, stream, or other body of plains, and other glacial shallow slow moving water. drainage. Associated with Water-loving trees and shrubs peatlands, conifer swamps may take root in the warm, relative- be rich or poor in minerals. ly stable wetland. As plants Sunlight penetration to the decay, their material accumu- ground is usually poor. This lates and adds to the topsoil until reduces the amount of the water depth decreases and ground cover and gives supports more dense vegetation. some conifer swamps a Continued succession will result in dark, mysterious appear- very little surface water, and a ance. The soil of these swamps buildup of organic soils, which sup- is typically acid, but it may also be neutral or even alkaline if it is influ- Combinations of shrubs such as enced by groundwater input. tag alder, buttonbush, willow, and Alkaline sites tend to be cedar- dogwood often dominate shrub dominated and offer greater plant swamps. Alder-willow swamps diversity. In slightly less water-sat- are most commonly found along urated conditions in northern streams and lake margins in north- Michigan or along northern flood- ern Lower Michigan and the Upper plains, mixed conifer-hardwood Peninsula. Buttonbush-willow swamps are more common. swamps appear mostly in the southern Lower Peninsula. In Hardwood swamps are 1800, about one percent, or some those dominated by ash, elm, and 43,000 acres, of Michigan was cov- buttonbush red maple but may also include sil- ered with some kind of shrub One management option, ver maple, cottonwood, and black swamp, mostly in the Upper therefore, may be to leave the willow. Pin oak and swamp white Peninsula. Today, about 730,000 swamp alone and allow it to mature oak are included in southern Lower acres are thought to exist naturally, especially if the tract is Michigan and quaking aspen, big- statewide. The increase is due to large (200 acres or more). Old- tooth aspen, and balsam poplar extensive logging of conifer growth forest left intact, for exam- can be found throughout northern swamps and to the network of road ple, will favor area-sensitive birds Michigan swamps. In 1800, hard- construction. like the red-shouldered hawk, the wood swamps comprised about five cerulean warbler, and the pro- percent (1.7 million acres) of the Management thonotary warbler. Do not frag- state's land base, and most were Considerations ment the swamp by making roads, found in southern Lower Michigan. and trails. Create a buffer strip of Today, many of the conifer swamps Swamp management for grass, shrubs or trees at least 100 have been converted to hardwood wildlife can be as simple as doing feet wide around the swamp. swamps. This is due to the exten- nothing or it can be very complex Remove invasive species like garlic sive logging of conifer swamps and and involve the manipulation of mustard, glossy buckthorn, and changes in hydrology. Much of this wildlife habitat. Swamps that have purple loosestrife that may be has occurred in the northern Lower a steady, stable supply of water growing in the swamp or around it. Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula. year round function naturally. Many southern Michigan counties Usually they can best be managed Swamps that have been frag- hardwood swamp areas have by protecting the water source and mented can be regenerated by decreased by as much as 50 per- enhancing the adjacent uplands. planting tree and shrub species cent. Many hardwood swamps are suited to the sites, but the process located along lower river reaches Water is the key to swamp takes a long time and may not be that flood in spring and fall. maintenance, even though water successful. The slow growth of Southern Michigan lowlands tend levels fluctuate throughout the many swamp-loving trees and the to be very diverse and support year. Additional water over several exacting conditions required to many plants commonly found in years or many years of drought can restore them are good reasons for states farther south. impact the condition of the site. maintaining what already exists. In Draining adjacent uplands into the many cases, little or no timber har- swamp, for example, can lead to a vest is needed to increase the value higher water table, which may to wildlife. prompt conversion of the swamp to a marsh of cattails. By altering If timber harvest is part of your watetables, soils could dry out, overall plan, however, take no more leading to succession and a conver- than 25 percent of the trees at one sion to upland vegetation. time and space harvests 10 to 20 years apart. Removing one to four swamp white oak trees in a group is the best way to SWAMPS mimic natural disturbances such as some wildlife species such as deer, lightning strikes and severe storms rabbit, wild turkey, grouse, and that topple trees. This method of woodcock. Opening the canopy by uneven-aged management (also careful timber harvest to allow sun- called selective cutting) promotes a light to reach the ground may stim- swamp of mixed-aged, young and ulate the growth of vegetation that old trees and is the best timber these species prefer. However, harvesting strategy as it creates where stands exist on poorly the least amount of disturbance to drained muck soils or on sites with white cedar the swamp. Uuneven-aged man- a high water table, the results of agement can retain benefits to a the timber harvest are far less pre- seed sources for regeneration. variety of wildlife species that dictable. The species composition require mix-aged forests. However, of the resulting stand may not be at Shrub swamps with a ratio of it is not the best harvesting method all like the parent stand. Consider, 40 to 60 percent open water can for many edge-loving wildlife for example, that full-crowned provide habitat for a variety of species. swamps release up to 1/4 inch of wildlife such as beaver, muskrat, soil moisture into the air each day waterfowl, and numerous reptiles When conducting timber har- through the process of evaporation and amphibians. If your shrub vesting, retain a good mix of tree and transpiration. The higher swamp contains more than 60 per- species, including swamp white water table and seasonal flooding, cent woody vegetation, consider oak, basswood, and hackberry, which could result from extensive creating openings 30 feet by 30 while managing for structural diver- logging, may completely change feet or 30-foot-wide strips from sity--a mixture of ages, diameters, the vegetation composition. Also, edge to edge. Make the openings crown sizes, and shapes of trees. success in regenerating conifer in winter by cutting willow, button- Leave old logs, large standing swamps can be poor, especially if bush and other woody plants at ice snags, and den trees because they white cedar is the target species. level with a chainsaw, loppers, or provide food and habitat for inver- White cedar is often promoted as backblade pulled by a tractor. This tebrates, amphibians, woodpeck- critical to deer management practice works best after a dry fall ers, and other cavity-nesting birds. because it provides both quality because spring flooding over the See the Timber Harvesting chap- food and cover. However, once cut stems during the next growing ter in the Forest Management sec- cedar is cut, white spruce and bal- season will eliminate or reduce tion for more harvest strategies. sam fir usually regenerate the site regrowth for several years. because deer browse the nourish- Because swamps are often ing shoots of white cedar. For Wildlife professionals do not devoid of young trees and an more information see the chapter usually recommend building water- understory of shrubs, they don't on Lowland Conifers. control devices in swamps because provide high quality habitat for of the difficulty in duplicating and Minimize harvest activities in enhancing the natural wetland spring when water levels are high processes. However, if dikes or and flood events are likely. Do any other means of water retension selective cutting in late summer, already exist, waterfowl and shore- and only when soils are dry and birds may benefit by drawing down firm. Some swamps freeze, allow- the water level to only a few inches ing for a winter harvest. Be careful in spring to allow preferred plants not to disturb the soil any more such as smartweed, wild millet, than is necessary and avoid making arrowhead, bulrushes, and sedges permanent logging roads, which to grow on exposed mud flats. The will alter the flow of water. Do not spring draw-down also provides log where deer browsing is severe. waterbirds with improved access to Locate skid trails and any roads on insects, crayfish, and other inver- the upland edge of the cut, and tebrates. Once the plants have leave clumps of scattered trees as produced seed in late summer or SWAMPS

40 acres ally inappropriate for the north. Furthermore, government permits will be needed for most activities in HS a swamp. aspen upland & SS hardwoods Existing features birch Beaver dams often create com- bination marshes and swamps. M Road Although many individuals are House tempted to eliminate the beaver M Marsh & open water grassland LB Lowland brush upland and its dam and replace it with an SS Shrub swamp hardwoods conifer earthen dam, this is extremely HS Hardwood swamp swamp costly and difficult due to soil con- Beaver dam hardwoods ditions. If you have a beaver dam Habitat projects on your land, realize its importance Tree and shrub plant ing to the landscape and enjoy the nat- cropland Small group timber ural engineering abilities of the harvest beaver. cropland In summary, swamps occur SS LB throughout Michigan and are important havens for many wildlife This map is an example that demonstrates the many management options discussed species. Determining the water throughout this chapter. The option(s) you choose should depend not only on your source and evaluating the condition goals, but the location, condition, and present use of your land. of the swamp and adjacent uplands will help you decide on manage- ment options. Simply protecting the swamp and its water source as early fall, reflood the area with six large number of mast-producing it now exists will often be the most inches of water to attract herons, trees such as oak, red maple, wil- effective management decision. rails, red-winged blackbirds, and low, and ash. When considering harvest of waterfowl. Throughout the fall you swamp timber, carefully consider can increase the depth to 12 inch- Before creating dikes, earthen the various possible outcomes as es to enable migrants to reach dams, or other water-control struc- these are highly complex environ- acorns and other food. Because ice tures, consult with a professional to ments. action during the winter and early see if the management goal is spring can cause significant dam- desirable and realistic in terms of age to trees, it is important to draw the site's potential. Water control down the area in late fall to water structures are helpful in maintain- depths less than twelve inches. ing vegetation growth and FOR ADDITIONAL This practice of flooding and draw- regrowth. Unfortunately, they can CHAPTERS CONTACT: down is best conducted in dormant be costly to install and maintain, Michigan United Conservation Clubs swamps that have a dependable and may alter the natural process- PO Box 30235 water supply and heavy soil to help es of the area. Remember that Lansing, MI 48909 retain the water. They should be at wildlife-flooding practices used in 517/371-1041 least one acre in size and contain a the southern United States are usu

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

STREAMS AND RIVERS

ichigan wetlands are classi- of their nesting habitat and as shel- Management Options fied according to where they ter during migration. Brown bats There are several things you Mare found. Wetlands that and swallows gorge themselves on can do to improve wildlife habitat in occur on the edges of lakes and insects produced by these water- a riverine wetland. Before consid- reservoirs are called lacustrine. ways and their adjacent communi- ering improvement projects, the Wetlands that form on the edges of ties. Shallow river expanses also waterway and riparian zone must shallow bodies of water such as provide important spawning-nurs- be assessed to determine its cur- marshes or bogs are called palus- ery habitat for fish, especially rent condition. In general, if a trine. Those that include rivers, northern pike. stream or river has little riparian streams, and surrounding areas are vegetation, little in-stream cover called riverine. Riverine wetlands Because waterways are dynam- (rocks, logs, vegetation), is rela- are often the least stable because ic pieces of the wildlife-habitat puz- tively straight and shallow, or is periodic flooding causes erosion zle, you are fortunate if a stream or subject to considerable amounts of and sedimentation. river crosses your property. erosion, it may be in need of some Michigan has an abundance of improvements. As with any wet- Riverine wetlands are also moving water--more than 36,000 land, it is important to seek assis- among the most important. running miles of navigable rivers tance before making any manage- Streams and rivers serve as travel and streams--plus countless more ment decisions. Contact the corridors for wildlife, both resident miles of brooks and other tiny trib- Department of Environmental and migratory. Streams are identi- utaries. Some are so small they Quality Land and Water fied as flowing bodies of water with are barely noticeable, and yet each Management Division, or your local a defined bank and bottom. These is vitally important. Conservation District office for waterways, along with adjacent assistance with your manage- communities called riparian ment plan. zones, provide a variety of substrates and an abundance The following are options to of food--insects for birds and consider when managing fish; and amphibians and rep- streams and rivers: tiles for herons, raccoons, and other predators. Water, com- Keep Livestock Out bined with trees, shrubs, and Allowing cattle and other grasses, furnishes a rich vari- livestock to access the stream ety of habitat for muskrats, can create enormous prob- mink, and beaver. Frogs and lems. The animals are capable salamanders live in the shal- of destroying wildlife habitat, low water of streams and polluting the water, and tram- along their muddy banks. pling streambanks causing Wood ducks laze in quiet erosion. If cattle must cross backwaters and nest in tree the stream to reach pastures cavities. Kingfishers fish from on the other side, install a tree limbs above the river. fence that will limit their Vireos, thrushes, and warblers access to one site. Adding use streamside cover as part chapters in the Forest Any harvest of streamside tim- Management section for more ber must be done with great care. information on tree species and The trees and shrubs that grow their requirements. Gray dog- along Michigan's waterways are wood, silky dogwood, red-osier critical components of wildlife habi- dogwood, hawthorn, ninebark, tat. They attract insects that fish serviceberry, elderberry, and high- and wildlife feed upon, help cool bush cranberry are fruit-bearing water temperatures, and provide shrubs that offer good sources of shade. Fallen trees provide loafing streamside food and cover for areas for ducks, snakes, and turtles songbirds, pheasants, and ruffed and protective cover for fish. They grouse. also provide important habitat for insects and smaller forage fish and approaches of concrete, gravel or If you want to create a grass- are a natural source of nutrients. broken rock will lessen the cattle's land instead of forest or brush, Besides food in the form of nuts impact. If livestock currently drink wildflowers and certain grasses like and berries, riparian cover offers from your stream, consider the timothy, orchard grass, or switch- dens, roosts, and nesting sites as variety of low-cost watering sys- grass may be suitable choices. well as safe travel lanes. For these tems now available. At the very Depending on soil conditions, you reasons cutting timber in riparian least, choose a small section of the could also plant alfalfa, medium- zones can seriously damage the waterway that does not have a red clover, and other legumes, stream and its value to wildlife if steep embankment, and weigh the which will attract birds as well as done improperly. cost and benefits of building a rabbits, woodchucks, mice, and fence. other small mammals. Planting However, if timber harvesting is wildflowers is also a good option. part of your overall plan, arrange Improve Riparian Habitat If you fertilize or mow streamside logging trails and roads as far away Maintaining a buffer strip from areas, stay back from the water's from the waterway as possible to 100 to 200 feet wide or wider on edge a distance of at least 100 feet. avoid erosion and any alteration to each side of the waterway will help For more information, refer to the the stream flow. Also, use extreme provide homes for wildlife, prevent Grassland Management section caution when cutting within 100 erosion, and maintain water quali- or to the chapter on Wildflowers feet of a stream, lake, pond, or ty. The buffer will slow siltation of in the Backyards section. open water wetland. Logging can the stream and absorb pesticide be conducted in the suggested and fertilizer runoff. You can Doing nothing, of course, is 100-foot buffer area without harm- improve the existing buffer or cre- also an option. If you choose not ing nearby waters if good manage- ate a new one by planting trees, to mow, cultivate, or selectively log ment practices are employed. Key grasses, or shrubs. In southern the riparian corridor, natural things to keep in mind when log- Michigan, silver maple, red maple, processes will eventually change ging within the buffer area are cottonwood, and basswood can all that area with no effort on be grown from seedlings. In north- your part. The disadvantage ern Lower Michigan and the Upper to the natural process of suc- Peninsula aspen, black ash, alder, cession is that changes may balsam fir, and white spruce are not be what the landowner good species to consider. In really wants. However, if the natural wet areas black spruce and tama- changes fit within the rack might be better choices. If landowner’s goal, then doing beaver are undesirable because of nothing is the right manage- possible tree damage on your prop- ment option and will also ben- erty, consider planting evergreens efit the riverine wetland. although beaver might even girdle and kill a few of them. Refer to the STREAMS AND RIVERS keeping soil disturbance to a mini- Environmental Quality (DEQ) Land mum and not operating wheeled or and Water Management Division is tracked logging equipment when responsible for administering

w

o l f soils are wet. Further, use selective Michigan's Inland Lakes and

m

a

e harvesting techniques as they Streams Protection Regulations. A r t result in the least amount of distur- permit is required to do any in- s bance. Try to spare most nut and stream work. This protects fruit producing trees and leave at streams and inland lakes larger least one to six snags or den trees than five acres from unauthorized per acre for those birds and mam- dredging, filling, or construction of mals that rely upon them. Dead permanent structures below the trees about to fall into the stream ordinary high-water mark. The law should be left alone. Remove in- also requires a permit for dredging stream logs and fallen trees only if within 500 feet of a lake or stream. they are causing problems. Alerting Michigan DEQ officials to stream boulder placement illegal excavation activities is also stream boulder placement an excellent means of stream and Improve In-stream Habitat those with protruding limbs of sev- The goal of most landowners river conservation. eral inches produce turbulence and who improve habitat within a spot scouring, both of which are stream is to improve fish popula- The following are five basic advantageous. Use logs already in tions, but many of the improve- project suggestions to consider the stream or roll a few felled logs ments they make will also benefit when improving in-stream habitat: from the bank into the stream. wildlife. Stream management is an Place them parallel to the flow or at exacting science, the objectives of 1. Boulder placement. a slight angle. Anchor with stakes which are often to create a diversi- Adding large boulders with irregu- (construction rebar works best) to ty of habitat with a variety of water lar surfaces creates overhead cover prevent washing away during flood depths, remove sediments by flush- and resting pockets for fish to hide. periods. ing action, add cover for fish, and It also increases water depth from increase substrate and other food- the natural scouring that occurs 3. Rootwads. When trees fall producing habitats. Wildlife is a downstream of the boulders. The over from windstorms or erosion, secondary beneficiary of these best results occur when boulders their complex root systems, or improvements. For example, are placed in groups increasing the amount of insects anywhere in the for fish means more food for tur- stream where cur- tles, frogs, and birds. Producing rents exceed 2 feet more fish enhances the food supply per second. for herons, mink, and otter. 2. Cover logs. Improving in-stream conditions These structures pro- can be as simple as adding rocks, vide overhead cover logs, and rootwads to create hiding where water depth is cover, or as work-intensive as adequate but cover is building wing dams and bankside lacking. Logs with cribs. Costs can range from no diameters larger than expense to very expensive, espe- 10 inches work best cially if earth-moving equipment in open pools, rapid must be used. Remember, it is currents, or flat water important to receive guidance from where the water is at a professional before starting any least 8 inches deep. of the projects listed below so as to Crooked logs and not cause damage to the stream or river. The Department of CoverCover logslogs aandnd rrootoot wadswads STREAMS AND RIVERS

should always be placed nearly par- allel to water flow. Placing the tree perpendicular may cause erosion around the ends.

5. Deflectors. Deflectors con- strict and divert water flow to cre- ate meanders in the stream. In addition, pools are formed in the stream bed by the scouring and Hinge-felled tree cover relocation of fine sediment and gravel. Deflectors work well in rootwads, usually become exposed. fish and good substrate for insects. places where the banks are too low When submerged, these rootwads They may also help to increase or too wide for dams, and they are can create ideal habitat for fish. If water velocity by serving as deflec- much more cost-effective than rootwads exist in your stream, tors to constrict wide, shallow dams. Various designs abound-- leave them. If they lie along the channels. The increased velocity the simplest ones involve placing banks, consider pulling them into helps flush sediment out and cre- heavy boulders or anchored logs the stream, especially in places ates deeper scour pools that create across the stream to create a nar- where the waterway meanders to good fish habitat. Individual trees row opening through which rushing prevent washing away during flood can be hinge-felled so they topple water creates the desired effect. periods. into the stream but remain con- Care must be taken not to direct nected to the stump. Adding a water flow into the opposite bank, 4. Tree covers. Felled trees cable from trunk to stump will thus creating a new erosion prob- placed in wide, shallow streams ensure stability. Choose trees that lem. with sand or gravel substrates pro- can be spared without creating an vide excellent overhead cover for erosion problem. These trees In summary, rivers and streams and their adjacent riparian commu- nities are among the most impor- tant of all wildlife habitats. Key Managing these waterways as part Bank 3/4” rebar of the overall plan for your proper- ty can produce relatively fast, long- g o River current L lasting benefits that are cost-effec- r e v tive and enjoyable. o C Bank

Rock Pile Deflector and Cover Log FOR ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS CONTACT: Michigan United Conservation Clubs PO Box 30235 Lansing, MI 48909 517/371-1041

Deflector and Cover Log

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

SEASONALLY FLOODED WETLANDS

cattered throughout Michigan mammals. There are many differ- are thousands of small sea- ent types of seasonal wetlands Ssonally wet areas that may including seasonal pools, springs only hold water from late fall to late and seeps, coastal plain marshes, spring or early summer. and lake plain prairies. If you are Seasonal wetlands result from win- lucky enough to own any of these ter snowmelt and spring rains, and seasonal wetlands, you will notice typically occur in low areas in they are used by a wide variety of woods and open fields. Some of wildlife. these seasonal wetlands may not have visible standing water, but Seasonal Pools instead they have waterlogged Seasonal pools are most often soils. By mid-summer, most sea- found in low, wooded areas that sonal pools have dried out or are collect runoff water after spring because they are free of predatory just barely moist. Although many thaw and heavy storms. Although fish. Birds migrating through the of these seasonal wetlands may be usually found in woodlands, sea- area often rely on the large amount less than a half-acre in size, they sonal pools also occur in grasslands of insects found in these sites to provide an important food source and active crop fields. These sites help them get to their summer for migratory songbirds, waterfowl, are rich in plants and invertebrates nesting area. Local birds also eat breeding and feeding areas for because of their shallow depth and the insects to build up energy amphibians and reptiles, and criti- warm temperatures, as well as the reserves for nesting and brood cal winter food supplies for wild build up of decaying organic mate- rearing. Because these areas are turkeys, deer, and other birds and rial. Such conditions lead to a large wet for only a short period, the output of algae, fungi, bacteria, pools generate a large and diverse invertebrates, and annual plants, array of plants including jewel- all of which form the weed, iris, marsh-marigold, skunk base of the food web. cabbage, and blue-joint grass. Seasonal wetland food Plant species found in more open webs provide nourish- areas include smartweed, beg- ment for birds, garticks, nut-grasses, and wild mil- mammals, let. Many wildlife species depend amphibians, rep- upon seasonal pools for part of tiles, and their life history. Examples are invertebrates. spotted salamanders, chorus frogs, spring peepers, leopard frogs, Wooded wood ducks, yellowthroats, swamp seasonal sparrows, muskrats, raccoons, pools in particu- deer, and turkeys. lar are important areas for Springs and Seeps amphibians that Springs and seeps occur in prefer shallow water rolling or hilly topography where ground water percolates through colates at lower elevations often most of which are annuals, creates a snow-free area in winter appeared. The natural periodic and provides wildlife with access to reduction of water levels favors green vegetation. As flocks of these species and helps them to turkeys and herds of deer disperse persist by exposing bare substrate from winter haunts, they seek for germination. these lush food areas. Because these small wetlands--some of Lake Plain Prairies which are so tiny as to be hardly Lake plain prairies are coastal noticeable--produce insects, they wet meadows occurring in scat- are attractive to many kinds of tered fragments along Lakes songbirds. Further, the constant, Michigan, Huron and Erie. These smartweed always-moving shallow water is wetlands vary dramatically in their the soil and emerges from the favored by reptiles and amphibians, level of wetness from season to ground on lower slopes. This including several kinds of salaman- season, and even year to year. ground water develops into either ders. Many of these shallow wetlands small streams or small bodies of function as a first step in the tran- pooled water. Springs are identi- Coastal Plain Marshes sition zone from upland vegetation fied by their faster discharge rate Coastal plain marshes are an to deeper wetlands. They are the and their tendency to come from a unusual and unique kind of season- wet prairies leading to shallow single, concentrated source form- al wetland. Though called marshes, marshes, deep marshes, and shal- ing a stream, while seeps are iden- these wetlands are more like wet low open-water zones. Often used tified by their slow discharge rates meadows, which are very wet in as feeding, breeding, and brood- usually forming pools. These areas the spring, yet sometimes dry by rearing areas for shorebirds, wad- are often surrounded by wet mead- late summer. Dating to an earlier ing birds, waterfowl, amphibians, ows, which may not be noticed in geologic time, coastal plain marsh- and reptiles, lake plain prairies can the summer due to dryness. es occur primarily along the west- also serve as spawning grounds for Because many springs and seeps ern side of the Lower Peninsula and muskellunge, smallmouth bass, do not readily freeze during winter as far inland as the middle of the yellow perch, northern pike, and months, they offer a dependable state. Ranging in size from a half- other fish during years when high source of water year around. acre to over 20 acres, they do not Great Lakes water levels flood Wildlife depend on springs and necessarily exist along the Great these areas. Big bluestem, prairie seeps when rivers, creeks, ponds, Lakes shoreline. They are named cordgrass, bluejoint grass, and New and other water sources are dry or after, and are unique because they England aster are examples of wet frozen. The ground water that per boast a large number of plant prairie plants that can withstand species found along the Atlantic occasional, temporary flooding. coastal plain. Coastal plain marsh- This community is home to several es are usually dominated by a rich rare plant species including prairie variety of vegetation such as bushy fringed orchis, tall green milkweed, aster, twigrush, and bulrush. creamy wild indigo, dwarf bulrush, These marshes are also home to and globe-fruited seedbox. In over 45 rare plant species such as addition, several rare wildlife black fruited spike rush, dwarf bul- species exist in these prairies such rush, meadow beauty, and prairie as the fox snake, king rail, least bit- dropseed. Coastal plain marsh- tern, and red-legged spittlebug. es usually dry up by late sum- mer to the point were standing However, as the shoreline water only remains in the center drops in elevation and the soils of the wetland. No one knows for become more saturated, the vege- sure why they exist in Michigan or tation composition changes and canvasback how their unusual plant species, red-top grass, giant golden rod, SEASONALLY FLOODED WETLANDS

marsh aster, and other an upland. Although practices Michigan Department of wet meadow plants that destroy one cover type Environmental Quality, which is begin to domi- may create another, the unique responsible for regulating cer- nate. Bottle- combination of ingredients tain activities in wetlands. brush sedge, lake found only in seasonal wetlands sedge, and other will be gone. •Remove exotic nuisance plants sedges then take such as purple loosestrife, reed over where the soils •Protect seasonally flooded canary grass, and glossy buck- are saturated most of wetlands from off-road vehicle thorn. These aggressive the year. Depending (ORV) use. Coastal plain species have little or no value upon the slope of the marshes and their associated for wildlife and can quickly out - shoreline and the mud flats, in particular, are compete native plants in small water table, this prime targets for ORV users seasonal wetlands. zone between who like the "mud holes" but prairie white wet prairies who often damage the soil sur- •Build loafing platforms to fringed orchis and sedges face, destroy valuable plants, attract turtles and certain may be 30 and alter the hydrology or species of waterfowl. Nesting feet wide or hundreds of feet wide. water resource. structures for ducks, geese, and Human development of shorelines songbirds, in or near seasonal have destroyed many of these lake •Restore degraded or drained wetlands, is normally unneces- plain prairies that are valuable to seasonal wetlands by providing sary. However, nesting struc- wildlife. a consistent source of water tures may help these species to during the period of late winter use some areas. Management through spring. Several organi- Considerations zations and agencies are inter- In summary, to the casual The following are options to con- ested in helping landowners observer seasonal wetlands may sider when managing seasonal manage seasonal wetlands. For not appear to be important. Dry wetlands: additional information, see the during much of the year, they nev- Wetlands Restoration ertheless provide key food and •Protect wetland water sources Techniques chapter in this cover for many kinds of animals and surrounding uplands to section. during late winter through early provide critical habitats for summer when wildlife need high wildlife. Draining or filling them •Maintain or establish vegeta- energy foods for the start of the for agriculture, housing pro- tion in a strip at least 100 feet breeding season. These wetlands jects, or other human use frag- wide around the wetland to are unique, provide important ments wildlife habitat and alters help protect them. Because of wildlife habitat, and are part of our water courses. Logging activi- their low elevation on the land- diverse landscape. Because they ties and livestock grazing scape, wetlands are sinks for figure importantly in the production around seasonal pools can have nutrients, sediments, and pollu- and welfare of Michigan wildlife, a major negative impact on tants. Manage surrounding seasonal wetlands should be pro- water supply, temperature, and uplands to trap erosion and pre- tected at all times and restored ground cover. Altering water vent nutrient overloading. whenever possible. courses to raise water levels or duration may reduce plant •Never use any wetland as a diversity and insect production dumping ground for refuse and and can turn seasonal wetlands debris, including logging waste, into more permanent wetlands because these activities lead to such as marshes and swamps. contamination of the water, soil, bullfrog On the other hand, reducing plants, and animals. Before water levels or duration through draining or filling any wetland, draining or building roads can contact the Land and Water turn a temporary wetland, into Management Division of the SEASONALLY FLOODED WETLANDS

FOR ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS CONTACT: Michigan United Conservation Clubs PO Box 30235 Lansing, MI 48909 517/371-1041

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management WETLAND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES

etlands come in a wide Wetland Ingredients Wetland Creation variety of types and sizes, There are three characteristics Versus Restoration and support a great diver- that every wetland posesses. W Wetland creation involves sity of wildlife. We have come to impounding water with berms and realize that collectively wetlands 1) Hydrology: A supply of water dikes or by excavating depressions are of great benefit to society by that is at or near the ground in areas that did not previously providing wildlife habitat, improv- surface at least a portion of the contain wetland soils or vegetation. ing water quality, reducing flood growing season. Essentially, all three key character- damage, and offering recreational istics are missing. Adding these opportunities and aesthetic value. 2) Hydric soils: Soils that devel- characteristics where they do not In the past, we had less under- op under saturated conditions. exist is difficult, costly, and often standing of the functions of wet- Hydric soils have the capacity to unsuccessful. Financial assistance lands and often placed little value hold water on or near the to land owners is not generally on them. As a result, many were ground surface for at least a available. For these reasons, drained, filled, or otherwise portion of the year. landowners are often discouraged degraded for other land uses. from undertaking creation projects. 3) Wetland vegetation: Plants However, it is possible to create a Historically, Michigan had an that are adapted to grow in small shallow pond for wildlife on estimated 11 million acres of wet- wet soils. upland areas. Refer to the chapter lands, or about one-third of the on Building and Managing state's land mass. Since European Wetland restoration involves Ponds in this section for more settlement, over 35 percent of returning one or more of these information. these wetlands have been lost. In three characteristics to a site. southern Michigan the loss is even Hydric soils form over a long period Wetland restoration involves greater -- more than 75 percent in of time and the soil characteristics returning one of the wetland ingre- some counties. In some cases, the are very difficult to create. For this dients, generally water retension, loss is permanent. In others, we reason, restorations take place to a degraded or drained wetland are able to reverse these impacts, where the hydric soils remain but site. Sites that have been ditched, such as drainage, and restore the the hydrology or vegetation has tiled or leveed, or degraded from wetland. been altered. excessive logging, uncontrolled cat- tle grazing, or unrestricted off-road Wetland restoration techniques vehicle use are all candidates for provide private landowners with an restoration. Projects can span the opportunity to benefit wildlife, spectrum from curtailing these or themselves, and their community. mallard other damaging practices to restor- If at one time a wetland existed on ing the water source and/or other your land, you might be able to wetland properties. Because the restore it. This chapter explains degree of current damage will vary, how. the effort needed to restore sites will also vary. For instance, a par- tially drained wetland may be fairly simple to restore to its natural water level. The remainder of this royal fern marsh-marigold has been stuck. On fields no chapter will focus on restoring wet- longer farmed, look for changes in lands that have been fully or par- vegetation including the presence tially drained. of wetland vegetation, and depressional areas that are wet or Locating Restoration hold water at least a portion of the year. Sites Identifying a drained wetland is Before Beginning the first step in restoring it. Some Wetland restoration is typical- degraded or partially drained wet- cardinal flower ly NOT a do-it-yourself project. A lands are readily apparent, while Wetland plants that occur in wet- wildlife biologist or wetland spe- others may be apparent only lands 99 percent of the time. cialist can help assess the project through review of soil maps, pho- area, look for potential impacts to tographs, or other records. others, and determine if hydric Drained wetland sites will have soils and a water source are pre- hydric soils. You can obtain a copy sent. Voluntary programs offering of the County Soil Survey from your technical and financial help may local Conservation District (CD) be available to help restore your office and ask a staff person to help wetland - check with your local CD indicate any hydric soils on your trout lily staff for initial assistance before property. You can also ask the CD proceeding any further. You can staff if aerial photographs are avail- common blue violet probably save yourself time and able for review. On photos, money by working with the CD degraded wetlands or wet spots staff. appear as dark areas and field tiles appear as dark, linear marks. Projects begin with planning Reviewing photos taken from sev- to determine feasibility and eral different years, and those red maple design. Without proper plan- taken 20 years ago or more may ning, projects may lead to prob- help identify areas that were wet at Wetland plants that occur in wetlands lems for you or your neighbors. one time. In addition, records 67-99 percent of the time. Develop a reasonable manage- from, or conversations with, previ- ment goal and stick to it. Safety ous landowners or neighbors may is a primary concern both during help to identify past drainage. and after construction. Also, the good neighbor policy applies -you A field inspection can also help don't want to flood a neighbor's to identify restorable wetlands. crop field or basement, or inter- Hydric soils often display similar balsam fir rupt their drainage. By talking field characteristics (see northern white with your neighbors you can Introduction to Wetland cedar address their concerns, and may Management). Also, drainage find they want to join in on the ditches or evidence of drain tiles project. In addition, watershed may be apparent. Spots in fields size is important - too much water that hold water briefly after a or too little water may mean the heavy rainfall may be tiled and project is not workable. If a pro- drained wetland basins. Also, look ject looks like a "go," survey for clumps of wetland vegetation in equipment will be used to deter- existing fields, low areas where mine water levels for the complet- showy lady’s slipper crops are stressed or do not grow, ed project and to help design or wet areas where farm machinery Wetland plants that occur in wetlands structures, such as ditch plugs, 34-66 percent of the time WETLAND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES dikes, or spillways. Finally, local, state, or federal permits may be needed. In Michigan, permits are ditch plug drainage ditch drainage tile breaks required from the Michigan ditch Department of Environmental tile drain field Quality (DEQ) for any work in a spillway stream, flood plain, and most exist- berm ing wetland areas. a)

Restoration b)

Techniques Examples of restoring drained wetlands a) drainage ditch stopped with ditch plug, and spillway Typical projects restore water b) tile drain field broken, and berm constructed to prevent flooding in areas that are to remain dry. to a fully or partially drained wet- clay fill, and the trench is filled. bottom width of 24 to 30 feet. land basin by removing under- Sometimes, a portion of unperfo- When constructing a low-level dike, ground drain tiles, plugging open rated tile, called a “riser”, is con- soil is often pushed up or excavat- ditches, or building small dikes. nected to the downstream end of ed from within the former wetland Projects are often one to three the tile line and brought to the sur- site. This helps to form a deeper acres in size, and have an average face in order to control the water pool within the basin. Sod and top- water depth of about 18 inches. level. Water will fill the wetland soil are stripped from the construc- Many small-basin wetlands of this basin until it reaches the mouth of tion site and stockpiled. The dike type that were drained for agricul- this riser where it will then flow or berm is then constructed with ture, provide opportunities for back through the tile line into the subsoil, often with a good clay restoration today. Generally ditch. This may work well when component. Topsoil from the marshes or swamps, with seasonal you wish to maintain downstream basin, which is a good seed source or permanent water, are most often drainage. for wetland plants, is then spread restored. back into the basin and on the dike A “ditch plug” restoration builds or berm. Disturbed upland areas, The simplest restoration, a "tile an earthen wall to impound water. including areas of the ditch plug, break," involves removing a section This type of restoration uses equip- dike, or berm, are seeded with of underground agricultural tile that ment to fill a portion of a drainage grasses to minimize erosion and is draining a wetland basin. Drain ditch to natural ground level. provide cover. Generally, nothing is tile, or field tile as it is often called, Again, a riser may be used to let planted in the wetland basin as is usually made of clay or perforat- water flow through a tube once it wetland vegetation usually re- ed plastic and buried at a depth of reaches a certain level. A small establishes itself quickly from seeds two to six feet. Generally, a con- dike or berm may also be used, that have remained dormant in the tractor with a backhoe is used to which will impound the water that soil. remove or crush a 25 to 50 ft sec- will begin to collect once the drain tion of tile downstream of the has been plugged. A dike prevents Managing water, especially basin. The downstream end or the drainage of water downstream excess water, is important on outlet pipe is then plugged with a and requires a spill way or other restoration projects. A water-con- bag of redi-mix concrete or clean water-control structure to regulate trol structure can be used to man- the water level and prevent the age water levels within a project. dike from being washed away dur- Examples include plastic or metal

trash gaurd ing periods of heavy runoff. risers, and corrugated metal or plastic stop-log structures. These water level Typically, a berm or dike is con- help to manage the normal flow of structed with a top width of eight water. An emergency spillway, remove tiles to 10 feet and a maximum side which is a wide trough-like opening slope of 3:1 (three feet of horizon- in the side of the dike, should be install elbow cap & riser tal width to each foot of rise). A designed into wetland restoration

Removing tiles from a drain field to restore a wetland three foot high dike would have a projects if excess water is expected WETLAND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES during flood events. Emergency remove materials before problems able to direct you to available assis- spillways are sized according to the develop. tance programs. watershed but typically are at least eight feet wide and one to two feet Ditch plugs, dikes, and berms In summary, restoring wetlands below the top of the ditch plug, also require some care. may require more time, effort, and dike, or berm. These spillways Established seedings of grasses money to complete than many allow water to pass through with- should be periodically mowed or other wildlife projects. Fortunately, out damaging the retension struc- burned to prevent woody vegeta- technical and financial help is avail- tures in high-water events. Since tion from invading. Root growth able, and the rewards are well water management is critical, con- from woody vegetation will allow worth the effort. Most landowners sult a professional for design spec- water to penetrate the earthen are quite pleased to see how quick- ifications suitable for your wetland. structure, which will cause it to leak ly the wetland is re-established and may contribute to a future when water is restored. They also Most restoration projects washout. Annual maintenance also often report rapid use by wildlife. involve open-area wetlands, but means keeping muskrats, beaver, You will also have the satisfaction forest and shrub wetlands are also and woodchucks in check by filling of returning to health a part of important and can be restored too. their excavations, and removing Michigan's natural history. Restoration of wooded sites should some through trapping if neces- be done cautiously, however, to sary. avoid killing the trees and shrubs that normally grow in wetlands. As you enjoy your restored Woody wetland plants can often wetland, you can also keep an eye withstand brief flooding during the open for potential problems and growing season, but be aware that address them quickly. It is much prolonged inundation may stress easier to solve a problem while it is trees and kill them. small than to wait until it is out of hand. Also, remember that a Maintenance of the restored wetland is most often only Restored Site four feet deep at its deepest spot Simple basin restorations and averages only two feet deep should be relatively maintenance- throughout the basin. This is not a free. However, some restored wet- fish pond. If you want to create a lands, particularly those with fish pond, see the chapter on water-control or earthen struc- Building and Managing Ponds tures, require some maintenance. in this section. Water-control structures should be checked periodically. Fallen leaves, State and federal agencies and twigs, or other debris may build up conservation groups often have FOR ADDITIONAL around the mouth of the structure. programs that may be able to assist CHAPTERS CONTACT: An accumulation of debris may par- you in identifying potential restora- Michigan United Conservation Clubs tially obstruct the flow causing the tion sites and in wetland restora- PO Box 30235 water level to rise. Inspection of tions. These programs may pro- Lansing, MI 48909 the site, particularly during and vide technical assistance and cost- 517/371-1041 after a big storm, will allow you to share expenses. Start with your local CD office staff as they will be

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT PART IV: Wetland Management

BUILDING AND MANAGING PONDS

mall and large, deep and shal- the pond site is smaller than sever- low, ponds abundantly dot al acres. For more information on SMichigan’s landscape. People, creating shallow water ponds for fish, and wildlife love the resources wildlife, see the chapters on that these small bodies of water Marshes and Wetland Restor- provide. Michigan landowners ation Techniques. Landowners have built an estimated 50,000 interested in pond development for ponds on farms and near rural other uses should consult with their households to store water for irri- Michigan State University Extension gation and livestock, to provide fire office or the U.S. Natural Resource wood duck protection, to attract wildlife, and Conservation Service. are vulnerable to winter and sum- to raise fish for recreation. Deep mer kills. Fish ponds should be 1/2 water ponds are great places for Deep Water Ponds acre or more in water surface area. fish production because of their To successfully raise fish you cooler temperatures and reduced must ensure a balanced fish popu- Minimizing the amount of shal- vegetation. Although shallow lation, provide appropriate water low edge around your deep water ponds are not as valuable for fish temperature, and limit growth of pond will reduce emergent vegeta- production, they provide suitable emergent (cattails and bulrushes) tion, most species of which grow in sites for cattails, bulrushes, and and submergent (pondweed and water less than four feet deep. For other vegetation that create food milfoil) plant species. The Michigan this reason, create steep slopes to and cover for wildlife. Department of Natural Resources a depth of four feet or more. Fisheries Division has information Slopes should range from a mini- The type of pond to construct about how many fish and what mum ratio of 2:1 (2 feet of hori- depends upon your goals. If you species to stock to meet your zontal per 1 foot drop) to a maxi- want to raise bluegills, bass, or pond's size and shape. Minimum mum of 3:1 (3 feet of horizontal trout, then make the pond deep. If depth for sustaining warm water per 1 foot drop). Minimize the your goal is to attract ducks, frogs species like bass and panfish is 10 amount of edge by constructing a and wetland birds, then build it feet. For trout and other cold circular or rectangluar shaped shallow. Some landowners try to water species, the minimum is 12 pond. achieve both goals with a single feet or more unless a cold spring or project and usually fail, especially if stream feeds the pond. The entire Shallow Water Ponds pond need not be this deep, but Wildlife species attracted to unless 25 to 50 percent of its sur- constructed shallow water ponds face area lies at such depths, the (depending on size) include water- pond will not provide the right fowl, songbirds, shorebirds, wading amount of dissolved oxygen in win- birds, amphibians, and reptiles, as ter and range of temperatures in well as some upland birds and summer that fish need to survive. mammals. Although a portion of Even though some fish may live in the pond can be six feet or deeper- shallower ponds, they will not grow -to reduce emergent plant growth as fast nor as large as they would and to maintain an opening useful in better habitat. In addition, they to waterfowl and other wetland birds--depths ranging from six 12 ft. 12 ft. 24 ft. Most landowners thinking of 4 ft. 4 ft. building a pond assume that low areas offer the best location. 12 ft. Actually, upland sites may be better because the groundwater table generally follows the land's con- tours, and it may be fairly close to Example of a deep water pond with minimal shallow edges, due to a 3:1 slope reaching 4 ft the surface at higher elevations. deep, a deep water level of 12 ft. to facilitate a diversity of fish species, and a 25% open Upland excavation most certainly water area,24 ft. across , which provides the correct temperatures and amounts of dissolved will be better than in the low spots, oxygen, depending on the season. as they may be muck-filled and more difficult to work with. Excavation projects in lowlands or wetlands should be avoided and 30 ft. 30 ft. may require a permit from the Land 3 ft. and Water Management Division of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Marshes, Example of a shallow water pond with maximum shallow area due to a 10:1 lowland woodlands, brushy wet- slope reaching 3 ft. deep at a horizontal length of 30 ft. The total width of lands, bogs, and other wetland the pond is 60 ft. to reduce impact of predators on young birds. types provide important wildlife inches to four feet are most pro- increasing its wildlife value. Slope habitat, and converting them to ductive for a variety of wildlife. design should be flatter, ranging deep or shallow ponds is not rec- Ponds deep enough to house fish from 3:1 to 10:1 (horizontal:drop), ommended. can have a negative impact on the and projects that are at least 60 production of wildlife such as frogs, feet wide reduce the impact of The Natural Resources toads, salamanders, and even predators on ducklings and other Conservation Service, an agency of ducklings. Wildlife ponds often young birds. the U.S. Department of Agriculture host some of the same plants as with offices in most Michigan coun- marshes, including cattails and bul- Constructing a Pond ties, have soil surveys on record rushes in the shallow areas and Generally, ponds should be dug that can tell landowners how well pondweed and other submerged on fairly level areas not suited for certain soils on their property will plants in the deeper spots. wetland restorations. Many parts hold water. Soils for pond construc- of Michigan are favorable because tion should contain a minimum of For shallow ponds, increasing of the flatter topography and 20% clay. It is important when con- the amount of edge makes the groundwater which lies close structing ponds to know water- pond more productive for wildlife. beneath the soil surface. Water will holding capacity, depth to water, Irregular-shaped projects or long, slowly seep through gravel, loam, and expected fluctuations of water rectangular ones with scalloped and sand layers of a dug depres- in the soil because excavation will edges will have more edge, sion with a high water table. have to go below that level to Conversely, surface run-off will maintain water. This information is readily fill basins constructed on also helpful if the source of water clay soils. While some people have for the pond is runoff. excavated springs to create ponds, we do not recommend it. The best way to determine Remember that springs provide water table depth is to review a soil important wildlife habitat to wild survey with an NRCS staff member- turkeys, frogs, salamanders, and to get an idea of expected normal turtles. For more information on conditions, then dig test holes springs, see the chapter on when the water table is likely to be Seasonal Wetlands. at its lowest, usually in the hot, dry

leopard frog BUILDING AND MANAGING PONDS part of the summer. Spring and depression they dig will fill with summer groundwater depths often water. In truth, the water flowing vary by two to four feet or more in into the test hole is probably Michigan, which is why many shal- groundwater seeping through sand low ponds dry up in summer. This or gravel. This water will fill a condition typically occurs where the depression only to the level where soil is sandy or the slope too great. it currently exists. Although the drying process may have a negative impact on fish An option is to create a pond by stocks in deeper ponds, it actually impounding existing surface water. helps promote a diversity of plant For example, field ditches that fur- growth in shallow ponds. When nish a constant flow of water can water returns to the site, typically be dammed with an earthen berm. in fall, wildlife will greatly benefit. Adding a spillway will allow you to control water depth. For more In addition, be sure not to dig information, refer to the brochure the pond too deep. A thin layer of on Wetland Restoration impermeable soil, such as clay, may Techniques. However, such be what holds the water table ponds usually require the periodic where it is. Puncturing this soil removal of silt and other sedi- invasive species: garlic mustard, layer is much like pulling the plug ments. Also, such projects require glossy buckthorn, and purple of a bathtub.If this layer of soil is a permit from Michigan loosestrife broken, the water table will no Department of Environmental that are no wider than 300 feet. longer exist at the previous level Quality and may also need to be However, they can be bigger if the and the created pond will be dry. coordinated with the county drain budget allows. commissioner's office. Further, Operators of earthmoving runoff and stream water are rarely The least-expensive ponds are equipment all too often do not take as pure as groundwater, which has usually those that require the groundwater tables into account been well filtered and is free of removal of excavated dirt (spoil) when they contract with landown- phosphorus and other pollutants. only once. With the help of the ers. An agreement to create a On the other hand, groundwater contractor, plan where you will put pond that is 15 feet deep, for may be low in oxygen and contain the spoil. Many landowners are example, could produce a pond iron, copper, or other minerals that amazed at the large volume of with only 12 feet of water if the are detrimental to fish. For this spoil, which typically takes up 20 groundwater table lies three feet reason, if a fish pond is desired, percent more storage volume once below the surface. In this instance one should test the water source it is removed because it loses its the operator would have to dig to a before 'building' the pond. compact nature. A half-acre pond, depth of 18 feet in order to satisfy for example, with a quarter-acre the agreement. Landowners are The actual design of your pro- that is 18 feet deep, may easily advised to get a written agreement ject will be based on your goals. require a full acre of land for spoil from the contractor that Also, design considerations will disposal. Place the spoil on an guarantees water depth, have to take into account the soil upland site and take precautions to not depth of the type and terrain and the aesthetics prevent erosion back into your excavation. Anoth- desired. Keep ponds away from pond. er misconception is woodlots to minimize loading from the common belief leaves and other nutrients, and that water seeping locate them away from homes and Management into a test hole must buildings for maximum wildlife use. Considerations come from springs. Keep in mind excavating costs can Ponds offer opportunities for Landowners and their soar if dirt must be moved farther wildlife and fish management. contractors all too often than 150 feet. The most cost- Those that have a reliable supply of assume the "spring-fed" effective ponds, then, are those water year around function natural- BUILDING AND MANAGING PONDS

inate because of its strong root- wetland woods stock. The best method is to dig it P out by hand before it becomes Existing features wetland firmly established. If already Road WR established over a large area this House plant may be cut in winter, and Stream then sprayed with the herbicide P Perm anent grass strip GB Rodeo until June. However, it may Ditch be easier to identify the plant after Habitat projects June when it blooms, at which time old field Rodeo can also be used. Be sure to GB DP Deep-water pond follow all label directions. SP Shallow-water pond SP WR Wetland restoration DP GB G rass buffer In summary, deep ponds can Ditch plug hold fish and shallow water ponds Nesting platform old field can attract wildlife to your property. woods However, landowners should think P about the many considerations involved, including construction This map is an example that demonstrates the many management options discussed and maintenance costs. throughout this chapter. The option(s) you choose should depend not only on your goals, but the location, condition, and present use of your land. Government cost-sharing programs for pond creation are rare. If your property is located in a lowland ly and can best be managed by restrict livestock access. Continuous area, you may be able to restore a protecting the water source. The use by cows, horses, and sheep wetland instead of creating a pond. hydrology (water availability) of can damage vegetation and pollute This option wold most likely create your pond is critical in maintaining the water source with manure. Do better habitat for a variety of the water quality and quantity. A not let the pond become a collec- wildlife. Because of the high priori- berm around the pond that is one tion point for trash or debris. ty for restoring drained wetlands foot high by four feet wide and is Consider building loafing platforms and the relative lower cost of these vegetated will help to filter surface to attract waterfowl and turtles. To projects compared to pond cre- water from sediments and contam- learn more, refer to the chapters ations, there are several programs inants before reaching the pond. on Frogs, Turtles, and that cost share restorations. Refer Snakes, and Homes for to the other chapters in the Within at least 100 feet of the Wildlife. Wetlands Management sec- pond, avoid the application of pes- tion for more information. ticides and fertilizers, and do not Unavoidable problems could continuously plow or mow to the include the invasion of garlic mus- water's edge. Creating a buffer tard, glossy buckthorn, or purple FOR ADDITIONAL zone of grassy vegetation at least loosestrife. The latter is a beauti- CHAPTERS CONTACT: 100 feet around the pond will help full, purple-flowered invader that Michigan United Conservation Clubs protect the pond. For seeding can quickly take over a wetland by PO Box 30235 rates and other information, refer outcompeting native plants. This Lansing, MI 48909 to the Grass Planting chapter. noxious weed has little value to 517/371-1041 Fence the pond and buffer zone to wildlife and can be difficult to elim-

Private Land Partnerships: This partnership was formed between both private and public organizations in order to address private lands wildlife issues. Individuals share resources, information, and expertise. This landowner’s guide has been a combined effort between these groups working towards one goal: Natural Resources Education. We hope this manual provides you with the knowledge and the motivation to make positive changes for our environment.

FOR ADDITIONAL ASSISTANCE: CONTACT YOUR LOCAL CONSERVATION DISTRICT