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WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008

A Suggestion for Roman Military Bath At Eumenia in Phrygia Region

Coskun DASBACAK Archaeology Department University Pamukkale Uni. Faculty of Science and Humanities K n kl Kampus

Abstract Eumenia () is situated in Phrygia region. City where is located Civril township Is kl place of Denizli province in Turkey. Strabon, Plinius, Ptolemaeus Tabula Peutingeria, Byzantion Stephanus are informed that the Eumenia. Eumenia was a garrison city of Roman imperial. It is necessarily easement of access to the other regions and abundant water to be used a garrison. Romans could be built baths for soldier and monumental baths to propagandize her imperial power in the region. There is no water problem because of the water resource span around of the Is kl stream. It could be built monumental baths which demanded for people and crowd garrison. The military bath of Eumenia probably could be related to water distribution tower. Key Words: Phrygia, Eumenia, Military, Bath, Garrison, Water Tower

Peutingeria, Byzation Stephanus5 are informed that the Eumenia. Eumenia is founded by II. Attalos Philadelphos (B.C. 159- 138) and gave 6 his brother Eumenes name’s . The reason of to set the city that situation was the domain of the 1 Introduce geographical conditions of the region. Because of the Eumenia way which was a transit road Eumenia is situated in Phrygia region. between Apemea and Kings7. The City where is located Civril township Is kl cities which influenced by Pergamon like place of Denizli province in Turkey. Eumenia, generally found against to the Hellenistic Eumenia is take place on the Seleucid Kings8. Eumenia city where is on the Mountain Sar baba (1298 m.) and Aral k Hill Sar baba Hill located on like the other cities the where on the east of the mountain. The city is Pergamon Kings tradition. However Pliny located among the mountains and a valley that misinformed us to set that Eumenia into the about 700 m. width and a valley slope which cities of Caria region9. lies on southeast. Roman stage of the city is span on the east slope of the Mount and Is kl 5 M. Besnier, Lexique De Geographie Ancienne, Paris, town. Kufi River is on the west part of 1914. 1 Sar baba Hill (Glaukos) , and Gumussu 6 F. V. J. Arundell, Asia Minor Ruins of Several Ancient (Siblio-Khoma) on the east, Akdag on the Cities, I-II, London, 1834, W. M Ramsay, The Cities north2. Strabon3, Plinius4, Ptolemaeus, Tabula Bishoprics of Frygia The Local History of Frygia, II, Oxford, 1897, D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, To The End of The Third Century After Christ, Princeton, 1950, K. Bekle - N.Mersich, Phrygien und Pisidien TIB 1 W. M Leake, Journal of A Tour in Asia Minor, With 7, Wien, 1990. Comparative Remarks on the Ancient and Modern 7 F. V. J. Arundell, Asia Minor Ruins of Several Ancient Geography of That Country, Georg Olms Verlag Cities, I-II, London, 1834. Hildesheim- New York, 1824. 8W. M. Ramsay, Anadolu Tarihi Coğrafyası, (Edit. M. 2 B. Söğüt - C. Simşek, Eumenia, Dunden Bugune Civril Pektas ), , 1960. Sempozyumu, Civril, 2001, 301–331. 9 Plinius, Natural History, W. Ruge, Eumenia, RE VII–1, 3 Strabon, Geographica. Stutgart, 1907, 1082, L. Robert, Villes D’Asie Mineure 4 Plinius, Natural History. Études De Géographie Antique, Paris, 1935. ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 63 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008 There are rich water resources on lower 2 The Military Bath of Eumenia east city which located by Roman period. These water resources poured into the valley Eumenia was a garrison city of Roman and south part then turn into the marsh in the imperial. It is necessarily easement of access to . It is channeled to stream to the other regions and abundant water to be the Menderes River that the waters where in used a garrison. There is no water problem marsh in the Roman period. This river that was because of the water resource span around of enclosed water resources named that Kloudros. 10 the Is kl stream. It could be built monumental Today, Glaukos is also Kufi stream . Eumenia baths which demanded for people and crowd city was partaken as a management Delague to garrison. Apameia Conventus. The city when was Roma could be built baths for soldier founded by Pergamon started to mint coins in and monumental baths to propagandize her the 2nd century B. C. The earliest bronze coins nd imperial power in the region. We can give which are dated to the 2 cent. B.C., have 17 11 examples from Antiocheia Orontes city B and legend ΕΥΜΕΝΕΩΝ . It is represented Zeus C 18 Baths, such that kind of military baths in head who crowned a oak wreath, Athena head, Anatolian19. C Bath was built as symmetric Dionysus head, Nice, Tyche, a labris between rd 12 plan type in 3 century A.D. The bath is built the tripod and the names of magister . that oriented on north-south way. Caldarium Eumenia was important situation that the which includes adjoining 3 rooms is on the reason of a garrison that rested by Roman 13 south part of the Bath, the cleaning rooms, legion in the Roman period . It is known a frigidarium that has a mosaic pavement and a garrison and a place for the retired Roman pool and an exercise place are located on the soldiers. Emperor Septimus Severus (A.D. north side of caldarium. The furnaces which 193–211) rebuilt the Roman garrison which 14 are made to heat the bath are built south side of was destroyed by a big earthquake . The name building and adjacent to the south wall of list that includes on many roman soldiers are caldarium. The bath is destroyed by earthquake found in the inscriptions in the city. There is and then rebuilt in 4th century A.D. The not found as much any name list which covers symmetric plan type of Antiocheia Orontes C Roman soldiers name as the other cities in th 15 Bath was characteristic for the baths of 4 Anatolian in the Roman period . Eumenia was century A.D. Forerunner of this plan type was very one of the important Christianity cities. South Bath in Bosra in the 2nd century A.D. Ecclesiastics and Martyrs were lived in the city The South Bath that consists symmetric rooms, since 2nd century A.D. The city as participated th th oriented to south-north way and formed as “T” to the consul since 4 till 12 centuries A.D. plan Type. Two caldarium are on the east - and very famous bishops were from 16 west sides and frigidairum, basilica and Eumenia . exercise place are situated between two caldarium20. Emperor Septimus Severus again built

10 garrison which had been destroyed after big W. M. Ramsay, The Cities Bishoprics of Frygia The 21 Local History of Frygia, II, Oxford, 1897. earthquake 196 A.D. in Eumenia . At the time 11 W. Ruge, Eumenia, RE VII–1, Stutgart, 1907, 1082, of rebuilding garrison, probably bath is built B. V. Head, Historia Numarum a Manual of Grek for solders. In Eumenia could be a bath as Numismatics, London, 1911. imperial plan type which was common in 12 B. V. Head, Historia Numarum a Manual of Grek in 2nd -3rd centuries A.D. Even if a Numismatics, London, 1911. 13 W. H. Buckler - W. M Calder - W. K. C. Guthrie, monumental bath as a imperial plan type was Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua, IV, The Manchester University Pres, 1933. 17 I. Nielsen, Thermae et Balnea, The Architecture and 14 D. Magie, Roman Rule ın Asia Minor, To End Of The Cultural History of Roman Public Bath, I Text, Aarhus Thırd Centry After Christ, Princeton, 1950. University Press, 1990. 15 W. M Ramsay, The Cities Bishoprics of Frygia The 18 F. K. Yegul, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, Local History of Frygia, II, Oxford, 1897, W .H. Newyork, 1992. Buckler - W. M. Calder - W. K. C. Guthrie, Monumenta 19 F. K. Yegul, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, Asiae Minoris Antiqua, IV, The Manchester University Newyork, 1992. Pres, 1933. 20 F. K. Yegul, Baths and Bathing in Classical Antiquity, 16Bishops names are: Thranus, Theodoros, Leo, Paulus, Newyork, 1992. Epiphanus. F. V. J. Arundell, Asia Minor Ruins of 21 D. Magie, Roman Rule ın Asia Minor, To End Of The Several Ancient Cities, I-II, London, 1834. Third Centry After Christ, Princeton, 1950. ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 64 ISSN 1790-2769 WSEAS International Conference on CULTURAL HERITAGE AND TOURISM (CUHT'08), Heraklion, Crete Island, Greece, July 22-24, 2008 not build, certainly a symmetric plan type bath which consist of apodyterium, frigidarium, sudatorium and caldarium must be built in Eumenia. The obtaining water of the Hellenistic Eumenia is provided with terracotta pipes and the rocky places which are surfaced as a footpath on the north part of the Sar baba Hill. The cisterns are built into the city walls for security system. The water that came to the city through the pipes is gathered in the cisterns and providing for the daily use. However, the water problem is solved by using the source Is kl in the Roman period. The water which need of the city is provided by terracotta pipes that distance 6 km. from Ortadag stream where is on the northeast of Is kl . Water is come to the distribution tower which was built terracotta bricks with lime mortar and with rubble stone masonry22. It is seen a hole wheel axis which fitted of whirl pails on the east side of tower. Terracotta pipe systems are on the top of the whirl pail to provide water for the city from the Hill and channels.

3 Conclusion

We see a bath which was related to water distribution tower and also a bath-gymnasium complex that honored for Emperor Hadrianus in Lykos Laodikeia city. The military bath of Eumenia probably could be related to water distribution tower and built around of here. Modern Is kl military headquarter is probably built over the ancient garrison. If it is true that we can characterize that ancient and modern military garrison was met the same place.

22 N. O. - N. Baykan - Y. Ö. Tanr över, Denizli İli Arkeolojik Belgeleme Çal şmalar (-Antik Su Yollar ), Kültür Envanteri Dergisi Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, 1, İstanbul, 2003, 33–44. ISBN: 978-960-6766-89-3 65 ISSN 1790-2769