DOCSLIB.ORG

Historical Earthquakes That Damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia Antique Cities and Their Implications for Earthquake Potential of Denizli Basin in Western Turkey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historical Earthquakes That Damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia Antique Cities and Their Implications for Earthquake Potential of Denizli Basin in Western Turkey Bull Eng Geol Environ DOI 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey 1 2 3 4 Halil Kumsar • O¨ mer Aydan • Celal S¸ ims¸ek • Francesco D’Andria Received: 19 November 2014 / Accepted: 24 August 2015 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract Denizli basin is situated at the junction of NW– severe damage is induced by earthquakes having a mag- SE trending Gediz Graben and E–W trending Bu¨yu¨k nitude 6.5 or more. However, the largest earthquake could Menderes Graben in the eastern part of the western Ana- be up to 7.1 in the Denizli Basin. dolu (Anatolian) extensional province in western Turkey, which has been home to many civilizations during its long Keywords Lykos valley Á Hierapolis Á Laodikeia Á history and therefore has ruins of many antique cities and Denizli Á Geo-archaeology Á Earthquake relic settlements. Most of antique cities were destroyed by strong earthquakes that occurred in ancient times. Strong historical earthquakes in Denizli basin caused heavy Introduction damage to antique cities in the region, namely, Hierapolis in Pamukkale, Laodikeia in Denizli city center, colassae in There is a tendency of ancient civilizations of the old world to Honaz, Attuda in Babadag˘ and Tripolis in Buldan. A strong be located along plate boundaries of the transcurrent to earthquake occurred in the early seventh century AD in convergene type. The most pertinent tectonic micro-envi- Lykos (C¸u¨ru¨ksu) Valley of the Denizli area, heavily ronment involves extensional faulting (Force and McFagden damaging the antique cities in the region and causing 2010). Recurrence of destructive seismic activity has influ- people to abandon their cities. Recent archaeological enced the development of societies through history. Many excavations in Hierapolis and Laodikeia clearly revealed antique cities were rebuilt on the ruins of collapsed ancient many relics associated with the early seventh century AD structures, and some ancient cities were abandoned due to earthquake. For example, the collapse directions of col- heavy damage, with survivors settling in different places. umns and walls are mainly towards the NE or SW. The Archeoseismological relics in different antique cities in surface ruptures in the Hierapolis antique city area in the the Aegean and East Mediterranean region have been Pamukkale area prove that Pamukkale Fault is the main evaluated and discussed by various researchers (Schaeffer active fault producing strong earthquakes in the region, and 1968; Ambraseys 1971; Kilian 1996; Nur and Cline 1999), to find out either a single strong earthquake or an earth- quake storm caused the destruction of antiquity in the & Halil Kumsar region for a period of 50 years between 1225 and 1175 BC. [email protected] Big earthquakes in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas 1 Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale caused heavy damage to historical buildings, followed by University, Denizli, Turkey devastating tsunamis, as happened in Crete on 21 July AD 2 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 365 (Guidoboni et al. 1994; Yolsal et al. 2008). Inland University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan earthquakes also caused heavy damage to historical places, 3 Department of Archaeology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, such as surface ruptures along earthquake faults, as in Turkey Nimrod Fortress and Mamshit (Kamai and Hatzor 2008), 4 Department of Archaeology, University of Salento, Lecce, Susita (Yagoda-Biran and Hatzor 2010), Hierapolis (Han- Italy cock and Altunel 1997; Aydan and Kumsar 2005), and 123 H. Kumsar et al. Sagalassos (Similox-Tohon et al. 2006); slope failures, as year (Jackson and McKenzie 1988; McClusky et al. 2000; in Stratonikeia (So¨g˘u¨t 2014), and change in the direction of Bozkurt 2001), has been well described and numerously river beds, as in Colossae (Piccardi 2007). debated (Van Noten et al. 2013). Northward migration of Antique cities in western Anadolu are usually located the Arabian microplate to the eastern Anadolu plate and the along an active fault zone where there are spring waters or subduction of the North African oceanic crust below the thermal water discharges, and a strategic hill site found to Anadolu plate in the Aegean region caused lateral trans- control the basin. Most of the antique cities were destroyed pressional and transtensional deformation in the Anatolian by strong earthquakes that occurred in ancient times; for Block, such as exemplified by several intraplate strike–slip example, Hierapolis (Pamukkale), Tripolis (Yenice), Lao- faults and the dominantly dextral and sinistral interpolate dikeia (Laodecia), Colossae (Khonia or Honaz) in Denizli, strike–slip motions along the North Anatolian and East Aphrodisias (Geyre) and Magnesia (Gu¨mu¨s¸ler) in Aydın, Anatolian fault zones, respectively (Bozkurt 2001; van Ephesus (Apasa or Efes), Metropolis (Yeniko¨y–Torbalı), Hinsbergen et al. 2010; Westaway et al. 2005; Van Noten Smyrna (old I˙zmir), Lagina (Karatoprak or Turgutreis), et al. 2013) (Fig. 1a). Stratonikeia (Eskihisar) and Knidos (Yazıko¨y) in Mug˘la The subduction of the North African oceanic crust (Altunel 1999, 2000, Aydan 1997; Aydan and Kumsar below the Anadolu plate in the Aegean region caused N–S 2005; Kumsar and Aydan 2007; D’Andria 2003; D’Andria extension in the West Anatolian Extensional Province that et al. 2008;S¸ ims¸ek 2007, 2013;Tırpan and So¨g˘u¨t 2005). It is accompanied by normal faulting and the development of should be noted that the original names of these settlements many E–W oriented basins in western Turkey (Westaway belonging to the Hattian period were all changed following 1993; Aydan 1997; Aydan and Kumsar 2014; Van Noten the migration of Hittites into Anadolu and subsequent et al. 2013; Demirciog˘lu et al. 2010; Koc¸yig˘it 2005; colonization during Hellenistic and Roman periods. Fur- Koc¸yig˘it and Deveci 2007). These geodynamic processes thermore, some confusion results from historians, who triggered the orogenic collapse of the Menderes Massif in often quote Greek or Roman names rather than original the Miocene and caused the Pliocene to Quaternary local names; this is a common issue not only places in development of the main E–W grabens and NW–SE or Turkey, but also in other countries in the Middle East. NE–SW cross-grabens in western Turkey (Westaway 1993; Excavations in antique cities bring to daylight earthquake Westaway et al. 2005; Van Noten et al. 2013). relics related to seismicity of the region during the history of As the extension straining of the upper crust in the the city. These relics give an idea about the magnitude of a western Anadolu continues and rotates anti-clockwise, the possible foreseen strong earthquake in the region. Earth- development of graben-horst structures in the western quake relics in the Denizli Basin have been studied by Anadolu, including the I˙zmir, Aydın and Denizli regions, is Altunel and Hancock (1993a, b), Altunel (1996), Hancock still going on. Due to the subduction of the African plate and Altunel (1997), C¸akır(1999), Hancock et al. (1999), beneath the Anadolu plate, the western Anadolu exhibits a Altunel and Karabacak (2005), and Piccardi (2007). These high seismic activity (Aydan 1997; Aydan et al. 2000; investigations mainly cover faulting, damages on travertine Reilinger et al. 1997). channels and damaged structures in Hierapolis. Piccardi The Denizli Basin is situated in the junction of NW–SE (2007) focused on the AD 60 earthquake by using early trending Gediz Graben and E–W trending Bu¨yu¨k Menderes Christian and medieval legend, which include the apparition Graben in the eastern part of the Western Anadolu of Archangel Michael at Colossae and the apocryphal Extensional Province (Fig. 1b). The oldest bedrocks in the account of the arrival of St Philip at Hierapolis. basin, exposed on the graben shoulders and in the moun- Excavations were started in Laodikeia antique city in the tainous horst areas, are composed of schists, marbles and Denizli Basin in 2003. There have been new archeoseis- gneiss that are cover units of the Menderes Massif (Bozkurt mological findings. This paper is focused on investigation and Oberha¨nsli 2001; Erdog˘an and Gu¨ngo¨r 2004) and the of seismicity of the Denizli Basin from relics and traces allochthonous Mesozoic limestone, dolomite, and gypsum induced by past earthquakes in the antique cities of Hier- of the Lycian Nappes (Alc¸ic¸ek et al. 2003), which tecton- apolis and Laodikeia, and evaluation of the seismic activity ically overlie the Menderes Massif (Okay 1989). The Sr of the region in historical time and in the last century. isotope data from the gypsum formation as a tectonic slice display Late Triassic age of the Mediterranean belt (Gu¨n- dog˘an et al. 2008). The Neogene fill overlying uncon- Geological and tectonic setting formably the bedrock units is formed from alluvial, fluvial and lacustrine deposits (Alc¸ic¸ek et al. 2007). The continental extensional deformation of western Ana- The Denizli Basin is a graben bounded by a series of dolu (Turkey), one of the most seismically active tectonic normal faults along the margins (Koc¸yig˘it 2005; Westaway regions on the Earth with an extension rate of 30–40 mm/ et al. 2005; Kaymakc¸ı 2006; Van Noten et al. 2013; Hanc¸er 123 Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications… Fig. 1 a Simplified tectonic map of Turkey (NAFZ North Anadolu relatively small NW–SE to NE–SW trending cross-basins (after Fault Zone, EAFZ East Anadolu Fault Zone, WAEP West Anadolu Kaymakc¸ı 2006; Van Noten et al. 2013) Extensional Province, Dnz Denizli Basin), b E–W oriented basins, 2013). As seen in Fig. 2, the boundary faults are in seg- The striations and internal structure of the faults are ments at the north and south margins (C¸akır 1999) and evidence of the stress state that caused them, and may also range up to 15 km long, such as the Honaz fault segment, indicate the type of earthquake they produced.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ABO and Rh Blood Groups Frequency in Denizli Province
    ULUSLARARASı HEMATOLOJI-ONKOLOJI DERGISI ARTICLE International Journal of Hematology and Oncology ABO and Rh Blood Groups Frequency in Denizli Province Yasemin I. BALCI1, Gultekin OVET2, Ibrahim E. COVUT2, Ferzan GONCU2, Meziyet YILMAZ2 1 Denizli State Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology 2 Denizli State Hospital, Department of Blood Transfusion Control Committee, Denizli, TURKEY ABSTRACT The history of the studies on blood groups dates back to early 20th century. Today, more than 600 antigenic structure was detected among 29 blood groups. However, ABO and Rh antigenic structure were taken into consideration in transfusion medicine. To know the rates of the blood groups in a city really helps the citizens in need and blood bank employees. There isn’t any study on frequency of blood groups in Denizli. In this study, we aimed to find out the rates of ABO and Rh blood groups in Denizli province and provide new data to the literature. This study is fulfilled by evaluation of 64.840 people, who were applied to Denizli State Hospital for identification of blood groups between January 2005 and August 2009. Blood groups were examined by gel-centrifugation method. In our study, 58.292 (89.9%) people were found Rh positive and 6548 (10.1%) people were found Rh negative. The frequency of the blood groups A, O, B, AB were found in order as 42.6%, 33.3%,16.8%, 7.4% respectively. The rates of blood groups in Denizli are similar throughout Turkey and in city basis. We consider that this study, which is the first in our city, will contribute to the literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Decreasing Hydrothermalism at Pamukkale- Hierapolis (Anatolia) Since the 7Th Century
    EGU2020-20182 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20182 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Decreasing hydrothermalism at Pamukkale- Hierapolis (Anatolia) since the 7th century Bassam Ghaleb1, Claude Hillaire-Marcel1, Mehmet Ozkul2, and Feride Kulali3 1Université du Québec à Montréal, GEOTOP, Montreal, Canada ([email protected]) 2Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey 3Uskudar University, Istanbul,Turkey The dating of travertine deposition and groundwater / hydrothermal seepages in relation to late Holocene climatic changes can be achieved using short-lived isotopes of the 238U decay series, as illustrated by the present study of the Pamukkale travertine system, at the northern edge of the Denizli and Baklan graben merging area (see Özkul et al., 2013; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2013.05.018. The strongly lithified self-built channels and modern pools where analysed for their 238U,234U,230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb and 210Po contents, whereas 238U,234U and 226Ra were measured in modern hydrothermal waters. When corrected for detrital contamination, 230Th-ages of travertine samples range from 1215±80 years, in the oldest self-built hydrothermal channels, to the Present (modern pool carbonate deposits) thus pointing to the inception of the existing huge travertine depositional systems during the very late Holocene, probably following the major Laodikeia earthquate of the early 7th century (cf. Kumsar et al., 2016; DOI 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0). So far, the available data suggest three major growth phases of the travertine system: an early phase (7th to 8th centuries CE), an intermediate phase (~ 14th century CE) and a modern one, less than one century old.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trip to Denizli
    REPUBLIC OF TURKEY, SOUTHERN AEGEAN DEVELOPMENT AGENCY A TRIP TO DENİZLİ A TRIP TO DENİZLİ A TRIP TO A TRIP TO DENİZLİ Republic of Turkey (R.T.), Southern Aegean Development Agency Denizli Investment Support Office 2014 eparedAyşe Esin Başkan by: Now we are going to take a trip Denizli together…. Investment Support Office Coordinator Are you ready for a wonderful trip extending from 3rd Edition ancient cities to cotton travertine pools, from hot springs to thermal mud baths, from traditional weaving looms to historical places, from vineyards to the summit of the Aegean Region, from waterfalls each a natural wonder to legends, and from local folk songs to delicious dishes? ISBN No: 978-605-64988-1-7 All rights reserved. This work cannot be used either wholly or in part for processing, reproduction, distribution, copying, selling, leasing, lending, representing, offering, transmitting through wired/wireless systems or any other method, including digital and/or electronic media, without the prior written permission of the Southern Aegean Development Agency within the scope of legislation pertaining to intellectual and artistic works. The work may be cited on the condition that a reference to it is provided. References used in the work are provided at the end of the book. Cover Photo : Pamukkale Travertine Close-up Denizli Provincial Special Administration Archive - Mehmet Çakır A TRIP TO DENİZLİ 03 RUSSIA BULGARIA BLACK SEA GEORGIA İstanbul L. Edirne Kırklareli Atatürk Ereğli L. Bartın Sinop Tekirdağ Samsun Rize Artvin Zonguldak Kastamonu Trabzon Ardahan İstanbul İzmit Düzce Giresun S.Gökçen ARMENIA Sakarya Çankırı Amasya Ordu Yalova Bayburt Kars Bolu Çorum Tokat Bandırma L.
    [Show full text]
  • Concert Choir Tour in TURKEY an Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations
    Concert Choir Tour in TURKEY An Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations Choir Tour in rt U R K E T U R K E ce T Y UR T Y n KE U R K E Co Y T Y s A n n CHOIR o CHOIR O i p t p a o c r o GROUPS t L u GROUPS n n i a t i y t s t i o r T S h C T U Si n c T R g U S i r K U i o n Ut O R H s T i T T K U T O U U T R S K U T O U An Opportunity to Sing in Historic Christian Locations alk in the footsteps of Paul and John. Travel to sites connected with Paul’s First, Second and Third Missionary Journeys W(Attalia, Perge, Aspendos, Pisidian Antioch, Loadicea, Hierapolis, Ephesus) and the Seven Churches (Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea) to whom John wrote the Book of Revelation. Added to these magnificent biblical sites is a two-day visit to Istanbul where you can enjoy its rich historical sites and impressive archeological museum, as well as a short cruise on the Bosphorus Sea. BLACK SEA ISTANBUL CANAKKALE ALEXANDER TROAS TURKEY A PERGAMON E S SARDIS PHILADELPHIA PSIDIAN ANTIOCH N IZMIR PAMUKKALE A EPHESUS (HIERAPOLIS) E LAODICEA G E A ANTALYA PERGE DAY 01 FRI DEPART USA EA DAY 02 SAT ARRIVE ISTANBUL MEDITERRANEAN S DAY 03 SUN ISTANBUL DAY 04 MON ISTANBUL - FLY ANTALYA DAY 05 THU PERGA - ASPENDOS - ANTALYA DAY 06 FRI ANTIOCH OF PISIDIA – LAODICEA - PAMUKKALE DAY 07 SAT HIERAPOLIS - PHILADELPHIA - SARDIS - IZMIR DAY 08 SUN PERGAMUM - IZMIR DAY 09 MON EPHESUS - KUSADASI DAY 10 TUE SMYRNA - IZMIR DAY 11 WED IZMIR AIRPORT - FLY BACK HOME PERFORMANCE SCHEDULE: Sun, Day 3 Morning Worship Service followed by a short concert performance.
    [Show full text]
  • TURKEY GRAND TOUR with Dr
    TURKEY GRAND TOUR with Dr. Robert M. Schoch The Greatest Ancient Wonders of Anatolia – Exploring the Roots of Civilization June 6–19, 2020 & June 5–18, 2021 Join world-renowned geologist, scholar and author, Dr. Robert Schoch, for an incredible 14- day comprehensive tour exploring the archaeology, history, culture and natural beauty of Turkey – the region rightfully referred to as the "Cradle of Civilization". 1. Introducing Dr. Robert Schoch – Our Host for the Tour There is no better person to guide you through ancient sites and geological wonders than Dr. Robert M. Schoch. Classically trained, with a Ph.D. in geology and geophysics from Yale University, Dr. Schoch has been a fulltime faculty member at Boston University since 1984. For over two decades Dr. Schoch has been studying ancient civilizations around the world, in such diverse countries as Egypt, Turkey, Bosnia, Romania, Wales, Scotland, Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Easter Island, Indonesia, and Japan. During the tour, Dr. Schoch will give a formal lecture presentation regarding his research, discuss the sites as we travel, and guests will also have the opportunity to take part in public and private conversations with Dr. Schoch, as everyone travels together, enjoying all of the sites and activities on the itinerary. In the early 1990s, Dr. Schoch's geological analyses of the Great Sphinx demonstrated that the statue is thousands of years older than the conventional dating of 2500 B.C., bringing him worldwide fame. This work has been both controversial and pivotal in reshaping our understanding of the origins and history of civilization. Recent discoveries in Turkey, particularly at Göbekli Tepe, which Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Bulletin Turkey Wildfires – 10.08.2021 Turkish Red Crescent
    INFORMATION BULLETIN TURKEY WILDFIRES – 10.08.2021 TURKISH RED CRESCENT Date of Issue: 10 August 2021 Date of Disaster: Ongoing since Point of Contact: 28.07.2021 Kaan SANER, Director of International Policies and Partnerships, Turkish Red Crescent, TRC E-mail: [email protected] Host National Society: Turkish Red Crescent Situation Overview A total of 270 wildfires have started in 53 provinces across Turkey in the last 14 days. While 267 of these fires have been controlled, 3 wildfires are still ravaging different areas in Antalya, Adana, Isparta, Mersin, Muğla, and Osmaniye. The fires have adversely affected forests and residential areas; thus, several neighbourhoods and villages have been evacuated. Many animals have perished amidst the fires. According to the most recent information received from the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), a total of 9 people lost their lives due to wildfires. Overview of Operating National Society Response Action President Dr. Kerem Kınık mobilized all the TRC teams from the initial moments of the wildfires. Since the beginning of the wildfires on July 28, all the efforts have been continuing under the leadership of Dr. Kerem Kınık. Director-General Dr. Ibrahim Altan coordinates all the relief efforts of TRC from the ground. TRC teams are also providing support for the ongoing struggle with great determination. The teams consisting of the disaster experts and volunteers of the TRC mobilized to deliver emergency aid to the teams working in disaster areas and to the victims. Food, hygiene and shelter aid required for protecting affected ones from adverse conditions are being dispatched to disaster areas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis
    THE GRAVE GOODS OF ROMAN HIERAPOLIS AN ANALYSIS OF THE FINDS FROM FOUR MULTIPLE BURIAL TOMBS Hallvard Indgjerd Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History University of Oslo This thesis is submitted for the degree of Master of Arts June 2014 The Grave Goods of Roman Hierapolis ABSTRACT The Hellenistic and Roman city of Hierapolis in Phrygia, South-Western Asia Minor, boasts one of the largest necropoleis known from the Roman world. While the grave monuments have seen long-lasting interest, few funerary contexts have been subject to excavation and publication. The present study analyses the artefact finds from four tombs, investigating the context of grave gifts and funerary practices with focus on the Roman imperial period. It considers to what extent the finds influence and reflect varying identities of Hierapolitan individuals over time. Combined, the tombs use cover more than 1500 years, paralleling the life-span of the city itself. Although the material is far too small to give a conclusive view of funerary assem- blages in Hierapolis, the attempted close study and contextual integration of the objects does yield some results with implications for further studies of funerary contexts on the site and in the wider region. The use of standard grave goods items, such as unguentaria, lamps and coins, is found to peak in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Clay unguentaria were used alongside glass ones more than a century longer than what is usually seen outside of Asia Minor, and this period saw the development of new forms, partially resembling Hellenistic types. Some burials did not include any grave gifts, and none were extraordinarily rich, pointing towards a standardised, minimalistic set of funerary objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Denizli İş Ve Yatırım Ortamı I Denizli Valisi Dr
    DENİZLİ İŞ ve YATIRIM ORTAMI DENİZLİ YATIRIM DESTEK OFİSİ Güvenli Yatırım İçin DENİZLİ, Yerinde Destek İçin DENİZLİ YDO, Hep Sizin Yanınızda… www.geka.gov.tr Hazırlayanlar ve Katkıda Bulunanlar Ayşe Esin Başkan (Koordinasyon/Konsept ve İçerik Hazırlama) Nilay Akay (Bilgi / Veri Derleme) Metin Mert (Bilgi / Veri Derleme) İrfan Sezgin (Veri Derleme / Kontrol) Çalışmanın tüm hakları saklıdır. Bu kitabın tamamı ya da bir bölümü, fikir ve sanat eserlerine ilişkin ilgili mevzuat kapsamında kullanılmadan önce Güney Ege Kalkınma Ajansından uygun yazılı izin alınmadıkça, hiçbir şekil ve yöntemle işlenmek, çoğaltılmak, çoğaltılmış nüshaları yayılmak, kopyalanmak, satılmak, kiralanmak, ödünç verilmek, temsil edilmek, sunulmak, telli/telsiz ya da başka teknik, sayısal ve/veya elektronik yöntemlerle iletilmek suretiyle kullanılamaz. Kitaptan kaynak gösterilmek suretiyle alıntı yapılabilir. Çalışmada yararlanılan kaynaklar kitabın arkasında sunulmuştur. DENİZLİ İŞ ve YATIRIM ORTAMI Kasım 2016 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ i DÜNYADA VE TÜRKİYE'DE DENİZLİ'NİN KONUMU (HARİTA) ii DENİZLİ MEDENİYETLERİN BEŞİĞİ, YATIRIMLARIN EŞİĞİ 1 KONUM VE GENEL BİLGİLER 2 NÜFUS VE DEMOGRAFİ 4 EĞİTİM DÜZEYİ 7 GAYRİ SAFİ KATMA DEĞER (GSKD), İSTİHDAM VE İŞSİZLİK 8 SOSYO-EKONOMİK GELİŞMİŞLİK DÜZEYİ 10 ARGE, TEKNOLOJİ VE YENİLİK 10 ORGANİZE SANAYİ BÖLGELERİ, SERBEST BÖLGE VE KÜÇÜK SANAYİ SİTELERİ 12 ULAŞIM VE LOJİSTİK AVANTAJLARI 14 DIŞ TİCARET HACMİ VE ÖNE ÇIKAN SEKTÖRLER 19 YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ POTANSİYELİ 23 TARIMSAL ÜRETİM ÜSTÜNLÜKLERİ 28 SANAYİ ÜRETİM POTANSİYELİ 32 ALTERNATİF TURİZM POTANSİYELİ 34 YATIRIMLARIN DURUMU 36 BANKACILIK 38 DENİZLİ’DE TEŞVİKLER, DİĞER FİNANSMAN KAYNAKLARI VE İŞ KURMA 40 TEŞVİKLER VE DİĞER FİNANSMAN KAYNAKLARI 41 DENİZLİ’DE İŞ KURMA ADIMLARI VE ŞİRKET TÜRLERİ 47 KAYNAKÇA 55 Denizli İş ve Yatırım Ortamı Denizli İş ve Yatırım ÖNSÖZ ydın, Denizli ve Muğla’dan oluşan Güney Ege Bölgesi antik çağlardan günümüze birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış, doğal, tarihi, kültürel zenginlikleri ile dünyanın önde gelen yerlerindendir.
    [Show full text]
  • Waste Management in Dairy Cattle Farms in Aydin Region. Potential of Energy Application
    Waste management in dairy cattle farms in Aydin region. Potential of energy application E. Yilmaz1, G. Soyer2 1 Adnan Menderes University, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Aydin, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] 2 Current: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Provincial Directorate of Edirne, Department of Infrastructure and Land Evaluation, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: animal waste, waste management, biogas Abstract: In this paper the dairy cattle waste management systems at farms in Aydın region of Turkey were investigated. Number of farms and livestock size, type of housing, overall farm, type of machinery and a farm labour force were studied. The milking handling systems of dairy farms and waste management, system of collection and storage methods of produced the manure in the dairy cattle were taken into consideration. Additionally, biogas amount, which is produced from animal waste, was calculated for all districts of Aydın by using the number of livestock animals and also considering various criteria such as the rate of dry matter. Results show that typical and representative farm for Aydın region is facility with a total head over 100 heads. 89.6% of the farms have heads in range of 100 to 200. The amount of biogas that can be produced from manure collected in Aydın region in the biogas plants is approximately 160,438 m3/day (based on 0.5 m3/day biogas per cattle). It gives a production of electricity on level 99,552 MWh/year that can be used for own needs of farms owners. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, expansion and intensification of large-scale animal feeding operations have resulted in not only an increase the size of farms but also have an impact on environment and public health.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Findings on Agricultural History of Ancient Tripolis on the Maeander (Denizli – SW Turkey) in the Roman Period
    IMEKO International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Lecce, Italy, October 23-25, 2017 Preliminary Findings on Agricultural History of Ancient Tripolis on the Maeander (Denizli – SW Turkey) in the Roman Period Gürkan Semiz 1, Bahadır Duman 2 1 Department of Biology, Pamukkale University, TURKEY ([email protected]) 2 Department of Archeology, Pamukkale University, TURKEY Abstract - The ancient city of Tripolis is located Olive and its trade have been one of the most important within the town of Yenicekent in Buldan district of sources of income for many civilizations throughout the Denizli Province in southwest Anatolia [1]. In this history in the Mediterranean basin. In the Roman Empire study, we shall demonstrate the different dimensions the olive tree was exploited widely for its edible fruit, as of archaeological landscapes using the case of olives are rich in calories, essential fats (lipids), vitamins Tripolis, based on both mythological and biological and important minerals (such as calcium) [7]. Olive oil was also used for unguents, medicaments, perfumes, for features of some selected plants widely used for cosmetics and moisturizing oils for skin, for lubricants and domestication and agricultural trades. For these as a source for energy (lamp oil) [7-8]. The olive wood purposes, some seed remains found at Tripolis and could also be used for many purposes, mainly for roofing some plant motifs depicted in wall paintings are and framing of houses [9]. studied from the agricultural perspective. Additionally, olive and grape production in Tripolis Tripolis is located within the town of Yenicekent in the and its vicinity is explored in past and today.
    [Show full text]
  • HONAZ DAĞI Ve ÇEVRESİNİN BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ1
    Mayıs 2010 Cilt:18 No:2 Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi 631-652 HONAZ DAĞI ve ÇEVRESİNİN BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ1 Fatma BÜYÜKOĞLAN Maltepe Kız Teknik ve Meslek Lisesi, Coğrafya Öğretmeni, İstanbul. Özet Honaz Dağı ve çevresinde genel olarak, aşağı seviyelerde hakim elemanını kızılçamların, yukarı seviyelerde karaçamların oluşturduğu kuru ormanlar yayılış gösterir. Honaz kütlesinin kuzey yüzleri, Büyük Menderes vadisi boyunca sokulan Akdeniz ikliminin, iç kesimler ve güney yüzler ise karasal iklimin etkisinde kaldığından kütlenin kuzey ve güneyindeki bitki örtüsü farklıdır. Daha nemli kuzey yüzlerde türce daha çeşitli ve gür bir maki formasyonu gelişmiş olduğu halde güney yüzlerde, makinin ancak kuraklığa en dayanıklı birkaç türünden oluşan garig formasyonu yayılış gösterir. Bunun yanında, kuzey yüzlerdeki vadi içleri, güney kesimden farklı olarak, çoğu Karadeniz iklimine özgü nemcil bitki türlerini(Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica, Castanea sativa, Populus tremula, Corylus avellana, Cornus mas, C.sanguinea, Mespilus germenica, Sorbus torminalis, Fraxinus angustifolia, Acer hyrcanum subsp. keckianum) barındırmaktadır. Honaz Dağındaki bitki toplulukları (kütlede en geniş yayılışı olan kuru ormanlar, maki ve garig formasyonları, ağaç sınırının üzerindeki Alpin bitkiler) içinde en dikkate değeri kuzey yüzlerdeki vadi içlerinde maki elemanlarıyla birlikte ortaya çıkan Karadeniz kökenli nemcil türlerdir. Bunlar, Pleistosen’deki buzul devrinde bugünkünden daha nemli iklim şartları altında, kuzeyden Honaz kütlesine kadar sokulan nemcil bitkilerin kalıntıları (relikt) olmalıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Honaz, nemcil bitkiler, relikt THE VEGETATION OF HONAZ MOUNTAIN AND ITS ENVIROMENT Abstract Generally, the dry forests are dominant in Honaz mountain and its vicinity.They are represented by Pinus brutia in lower altitudes and by Pinus nigra in higher altitudes.The northern slopes of the mountain are under the influence of the Mediterranien climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Denizli Efsaneleri
    DENİZLİ EFSANELERİ M. Metin TÜRKTAŞ Haziran 2012 DENİZLİ DENİZLİ EFSANELERİ T.C. PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOKTORA TEZİ TÜRK DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI ANABİLİM DALI M. Metin TÜRKTAŞ Danışman: Prof. Dr. Önder GÖÇGÜN Haziran 2012 DENİZLİ TEŞEKKÜR Öncelikle 2010SOBE006 proje numaralı “Denizli Efsaneleri” adlı tezimize proje desteği sağlayan Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi’ne teşekkür ediyorum. İyi bir akademik çalışmanın ortaya çıkmasında olduğu gibi, bir tez çalışmasında da konusunun belirlenmesi aşamasından tezin bitim aşamasına kadar birçok kişinin emeği geçmektedir. Belki de bir tezde en zor konulardan birisi tez konusunun belirlenmesidir. Tez konusunu belirlemeye çalıştığım, birçok konu içerisinde karar vermekte sıkıntı yaşadığım dönemlerde, Denizli Efsaneleri’ni çalışmamı önererek, tezin başından sonuna kadar her daim engin bilgi ve uzun tecrübesiyle bana destek olarak, beni motive eden saygıdeğer hocam Prof. Dr. Önder GÖÇGÜN hocama sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Her altı ayda bir gerçekleştirilen tez izleme kurulunda ve tezim hakkında yardımına ihtiyacım olduğu zamanlarda, çok yoğun çalışmaları içerisinde bana zaman ayırarak çalışmamın şekillenmesinde yardımcı olan Prof. Dr. Metin EKİCİ hocama; tezin başından beri, hafta sonları da dâhil olmak üzere hiçbir zaman benden yardımını esirgemeyen ve hep yol gösterici olan, metot üzerine yaptığımız konuşmalarda ufkumu açan, Doç. Dr. Mustafa ARSLAN hocama; tezin ilk aşamasından beri, kaynak kişilerin belirlenmesinde bana yardımcı olan ve zaman zaman derleme çalışmalarımda bana eşlik eden mesai arkadaşım Öğr. Gör. Şerif KUTLUDAĞ hocam ve diğer mesai arkadaşlarıma sonsuz teşekkür ediyorum. Hayatıma girdiğinden beri beni çalışmalarımda daima yüreklendiren ve kendi zamanından fedakârlık ederek benim çalışmam için ortam oluşturan hayat arkadaşım, eşim, Filiz TÜRKTAŞ’a; akşamları eve dönünce bütün yorgunluğumu atmama vesile olan kızım Bilge ve oğlum Mert TÜRKTAŞ’a ayrıca teşekkür etmeyi bir borç bilirim.
    [Show full text]