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Hierapolis-Pamukkale - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment (Archived)

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IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Hierapolis-Pamukkale - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) IUCN Conservation Outlook Assessment 2017 (archived) Finalised on 09 November 2017 Please note: this is an archived Conservation Outlook Assessment for Hierapolis-Pamukkale. To access the most up-to-date Conservation Outlook Assessment for this site, please visit https://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org. Hierapolis-Pamukkale عقوملا تامولعم Country: Turkey Inscribed in: 1988 Criteria: (iii) (iv) (vii) Deriving from springs in a cliff almost 200 m high overlooking the plain, calcite-laden waters have created at Pamukkale (Cotton Palace) an unreal landscape, made up of mineral forests, petrified waterfalls and a series of terraced basins. At the end of the 2nd century B.C. the dynasty of the Attalids, the kings of Pergamon, established the thermal spa of Hierapolis. The ruins of the baths, temples and other Greek monuments can be seen at the site. © UNESCO صخلملا 2017 Conservation Outlook Good with some concerns The natural values of Hieropolis-Pamukkale, as well as its cultural attributes, caused a flood of tourists to visit the site which in turn stimulated the rapid growth of a tourist infrastructure. The diversion of spring water to feed hotel pools, pollution by sewage, mechanical damage to the stone and constant tourist bathing and littering in the pools diminished them and began to turn the travertine grey. Moreover, the thermal water flow that feed travertine has decreased compared to previous times. The encroaching hotel development was therefore pushed back and the commercial use of water came under control. As a consequence the quality of the travertine deposit is returning. However, high tourist numbers are still an issue which requires careful management for which the current level of staffing is insufficient. There are some concerns about the clarity regarding the responsibilities of different authorities and lack of cooperation between them. There is an urgent need to establish a management unit with representatives from all relevant agencies. There is also a need of revision of the current management plan with integration of social, cultural, economic and natural values at larger landscape level. IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Hierapolis-Pamukkale - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) FULL ASSESSMENT Description of values Values World Heritage values ▶ Visually stunning landscape of calcite deposits forming Criterion:(vii) white travertine terraces Calcite-laden waters from hot springs, emerging from a cliff almost 200 metres high overlooking the plain, have created a visually stunning landscape at Pamukkale. These mineralized waters have generated a series of petrified waterfalls, stalactites and pools with step-like terraces, some of which are less than a meter in height while others are as high as six meters. Fresh deposits of calcium carbonate give these formations a dazzling white coating. The Turkish name Pamukkale, meaning “cotton castle”, is derived from this striking landscape (SoOUV, 2013) Other important biodiversity values ▶ Plant endemism According to Pamukkale Special Environmental Protection Area biodiversity report (2010), there are 29 endemic plants (3 LR(nt), 2 VU, 20 LR (Lc), 1 DD, 2 EN and 1 LR (cd)). Assessment information Threats Current Threats Low Threat The main current threat to the site’s integrity is from tourism infrastructure development and high tourist numbers, as well as diversion of spring water, and domestic sewage. Pamukkale is one of the top ten visited tourisim destination among the archaeological sites in Turkey (2015 DÖSİMM tourism statistics). According to the archaeological site statistics in 2014 there were 1,874,657 visitors and in 2015 there were 1,731,271 visitors in Hierapolis. However in 2016 this numberdecreased to 974,508. This shows and overall a decline in tourist numbers in the recent years. Threats from tourism infrastructure to spring water and natural assets have been reduces thanks to measures taken in line with the management plan. ▶ Tourism/ Recreation Areas Low Threat (Tourism infrastructure) Outside site Tourism infrastructure has been built by both the municipality of Denizli and by private enterprise and includes hotels, motels and swimming pools. (UNEP-WCMC Fact Sheet, 2011). Threats from infrastructure werehave been reduced thanks to several measures, incuding demolition of hotels inside the park in line with the management plan. that Currently there are no threats to the travertine terraces caused by tourism infrastructure (Consultation with park staff, 2017). IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Hierapolis-Pamukkale - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) ▶ Dams/ Water Management or Use Low Threat (Use of water for tourism and agriculture) Inside site, extent of threat not known It was stated in the project report for "Determination of biodiversity of Pamukkale Special Environmental Protection Area" in 2010 that water regulation and flow was negatively affected by use of water at tourism locations and agriculture. Agricultural lands within the upper basin may affect and pollute the water (Consultation with park staff, 2017). Since there is no research and landscape level planning, the impacts at upper basins are not known. The main pollution is at the archaeological pool due to high tourist numbers. ▶ Water Pollution Low Threat (Water pollution) Inside site, extent of threat not known Outside site Pollution from sewage and constant tourist bathing in natural pools was reported as a threat at the time of inscription. (IUCN , 1988). Organic pollution at travertine ponds due to tourism and agriculture has also been reported more recently (Cinar Muhendislik 2010). ▶ Dams/ Water Management or Use Low Threat (Diversion of spring water) Outside site Water regulation in the site has improved in recent years due to strict measures to control tourism infrastructure (hotels etc.). Calcite deposits have been recovering and there is enough water discharge for travertine terraces (Consultation with park staff, 2017) ▶ Tourism/ visitors/ recreation Low Threat (Impacts from tourism) Inside site, extent of threat not known Outside site High tourist numbers (more than one million tourists in some years) constitute a serious threat to the property (UNESCO 2006). However, number of tourists has been declining in recent years. Pamukkale is the one of the top-ten visited tourism destination among the archaeological sites in Turkey (2015 DÖSİMM tourism statistics). According to archaeological site statistics in 2014 there were 1,874,657 visitors and in 2015 there were 1,731,271 visitors in Hierapolis. However in 2016 this number decreased to 974,508. This shows and overall a decline in tourist numbers in the recent years. There is still some impact due to unplanned and /uncontrolled tourism. The management plan needs revision and an integrated plan should be prepared which include would considers tourism, nature conservation, socio- economic and rural development as a whole (Consultation with park staff, 2017). At travertine terraces there is controlled movement through pedestrian roads. There is only a small part where tourists can enter with bare foot which is controlled by site rangers (private guards). Potential Threats Low Threat Earthquakes have been identified as a potential threat the travertine terraces; however, it is considered as a low threat. ▶ Earthquakes/ Tsunamis Low Threat (Earthquakes) Inside site, extent of threat not known Earthquakes are the only identified potentials threat to travertine terraces (IUCN Advisory Body Evaluation, 1988). In 2017, earthquakes in southern part of Aegean Sea have increased but no impacts have been recorded in Denizli Province. The quantity of water within the property is mostly affected by earth movements. The earth movements may change the flow of water within the limestone system. At the moment, there is adequate water for travertine terraces (Consultation with park staff, 2017). IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Hierapolis-Pamukkale - 2017 Conservation Outlook Assessment (archived) Overall assessment of threats Low Threat The main current threat to the site’s integrity is from tourism infrastructure development and high tourist numbers, as well as diversion of spring water, and domestic sewage. Tourist numbers have been declining in the recent years and threats from tourism infrastructure to spring water and natural assets have been reduced thanks to measures undertaken in line with the management plan. However, there is a need for better planning with regards to tourism management. Protection and management Assessing Protection and Management ▶ Relationships with local people Some Concern The Turkey Community Development and Heritage Project (2000) encompassed a socio-economic assessment, the resettlement of squatters on the site, and an association of local stakeholders all to be coordinated by the University of Pamukkale (IUCN, 2002; IUCN/WCMC, May 2011). For an increased brand image in Pamukkale there is a need of increased collaboration among stakeholders. There should be social, economic and cultural research to define the integration of local culture in management. Local people should receive more benefits from the tourism by increasing the quality of their services and defining quality standards. The benefits from tourism are mostly received by
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  • Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Within Sweet Cherry Orchards in Honaz (Denizli) Province of Western Turkey

    Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Within Sweet Cherry Orchards in Honaz (Denizli) Province of Western Turkey

    Linzer biol. Beitr. 50/1 675-679 27.7.2018 Thrips (Thysanoptera) species within sweet cherry orchards in Honaz (Denizli) province of western Turkey Ezgi MAYA & Serdar TEZCAN A b s t r a c t : During the month of April-June 2013, in order to determine the species of Thysanoptera existing at important sweet cherry orchards in Honaz (Denizli) province of western Turkey this study was carried out. At the end of this study, sixteen species belonging to three families of Thysanoptera were determined. The most abundant species in this study were Taeniothrips inconsequens (UZEL, 1895), Thrips meridionalis (PRIESNER, 1926), T. tabaci (LINDEMAN, 1889), Haplothrips reuteri (AMYOT & SERVILLE, 1843) and Frankliniella occidentalis (PERGANDE, 1895). K e y w o r d s : Thysanoptera, Thrips, Sweet cherry, Prunus avium, Denizli, Turkey. Introduction Sweet cherry is a fruit which has an important place in the Turkish economy. There are 17 922 171 sweet cherry trees in Turkey and annual production is 494 325 tons (ANONYMOUS 2013). Sweet cherries are widely grown in the Mediterranean, Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkey (ANONYMOUS 2013). In the previous studies some species belonging to Thysanoptera reported from sweet cherry orchards by different researchers. In those studies, LODOS (1993) and ULUSOY et al. (1999) reported Taeniothrips inconsequens (UZEL, 1895); ÖZBEK et al. (1996) recorded Haplothrips reuteri (KARNY, 1907) and Thrips meridionalis (PRIESNER, 1926). TUNÇ (1989a, 1989b), TUNÇ et al. (2012) reported some thrips species from fruit production areas in different regions of Turkey. ŞAHIN & TEZCAN (2014) reported 21 species [Aeolothrips collaris PRIESNER, 1919, A. fasciatus (LINNAEUS, 1758), A.