Lengyelország, Szovjetunió És a Szolidaritás (1980–1981)

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Lengyelország, Szovjetunió És a Szolidaritás (1980–1981) Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar DOKTORI DISSZERTÁCIÓ MITROVITS MIKLÓS LENGYELORSZÁG, SZOVJETUNIÓ ÉS A SZOLIDARITÁS (1980–1981) Történelemtudományok Doktori Iskola A doktori iskola vezetője: Gergely Jen ő DSc., egyetemi tanár 19–20. századi kelet-európai történelem doktori program A doktori program vezetője: Krausz Tamás DSc., egyetemi tanár A bizottság tagjai és tudományos fokozatuk: Palotás Emil, professzor emeritus Tischler János, PhD Juhász József, Dr. habil. egyetemi docens Bartha Eszter, PhD Szokolay Katalin, Dsc., nyug. egyetemi tanár Témavezető: Krausz Tamás DSc., ELTE BTK Kelet-Európa Története Tanszék, tanszékvezető, egyetemi tanár Budapest, 2009 Hogyha a lengyel majd igazán fölkel, Akkor a sok nép nem alamizsnára Kész, de figyel majd csodálkozó füllel Puska dalára, fogadóit tárva. (Juliusz Słowacki: Hogyha a lengyel... ford.: Devecseri Gábor) „Lengyelország a kelet-európai demokrácia tőzhelye” (Friedrich Engels) 1 TARTALOM TARTALOM ..................................................................................................................................................2 BEVEZETÉS ......................................................................................................................................................4 FORRÁSOK ÉS SZAKIRODALOM ........................................................................................................................... 10 Levéltári források ................................................................................................................................... 10 Publikált levéltári források .................................................................................................................... 12 Visszaemlékezések ................................................................................................................................. 14 A szakirodalom ...................................................................................................................................... 15 1. A SZOLIDARITÁS TÖRTÉNELMI GYÖKEREI .......................................................................................................... 18 1.1. A HÁBORÚ UTÁNI MUNKÁS -ÖNSZERVEZŐDÉSEK ............................................................................................. 19 1.2. LENGYELORSZÁG A HETVENES ÉVEKBEN ......................................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 Ellenzéki programok ..................................................................................................................... 40 1.2.2. A szervezett politikai ellenzék ..................................................................................................... 53 1.2.3. A Szabad Szakszervezetek létrehozása ....................................................................................... 56 1.3. A KATOLIKUS EGYHÁZ SZEREPE ÉS A LENGYEL PÁPA .......................................................................................... 58 1.4. KATYŃ EMLÉKE ......................................................................................................................................... 65 2. SZOVJET GONDOK A HETVENES ÉVEKBEN .......................................................................................................... 71 2.1. A CSEHSZLOVÁK LECKE ............................................................................................................................... 71 2.2. SZOVJET GAZDASÁGI PROBLÉMÁK A HETVENES ÉVEK VÉGÉN .............................................................................. 77 2.3. AZ AFGÁN LECKE ....................................................................................................................................... 81 2.4. A MOSZKVAI OLIMPIAI JÁTÉKOK .................................................................................................................. 86 3. A SZOLIDARITÁS SZÜLETÉSE ........................................................................................................................... 89 3.1. AZ AUGUSZTUSI SZTRÁJKOK : AZ ELSŐ CSATA .................................................................................................. 89 3.2. A KÖVETELÉSEK ÉS MEGÁLLAPODÁSOK .......................................................................................................... 91 3.3. POLITIKA VAGY ERŐSZAK ? ........................................................................................................................ 100 3.3.1. Az első lépések a hadiállapot felé 1980 augusztusában .......................................................... 101 3.3.2. A szovjet reakció ........................................................................................................................ 104 3.3.3. A konszolidáció időszaka ........................................................................................................... 113 3.3.4. Kania Moszkvában .................................................................................................................... 116 3.3.5. A konfrontáció küszöbén ........................................................................................................... 118 4. FORRÓ TÉL (1980. DECEMBER ) .................................................................................................................... 121 4.1. AZ 1980. DECEMBER 5-I MOSZKVAI TANÁCSKOZÁS ...................................................................................... 122 4.1.1. Az események lengyel szemmel: „A közösség elszakíthatatlan része vagyunk” ..................... 124 4.1.2. „A szocializmus nagy veszélyben van Lengyelországban” ....................................................... 129 4.1.3. A harcias szomszédok ................................................................................................................ 132 4.1.4. Egy platformon: a magyar-román érdekközösség ................................................................... 136 4.1.5. Közös nyilatkozat (1980. december 5.) ..................................................................................... 140 4.2. INTERVENCIÓ VAGY NYOMÁSGYAKORLÁS ? .................................................................................................. 143 4.2.1. Kania visszaemlékezése ............................................................................................................. 143 4.2.2. A Szojuz ’80 hadgyakorlat ......................................................................................................... 146 4.2.3. Ryszard Kukliński és a CIA ......................................................................................................... 152 4.3. A SZOLIDARITÁS NEMZETKÖZI LEGALIZÁLÁSA SZOVJET SZEMMEL ...................................................................... 158 4.3.1. Levél az Olasz Kommunista Párt vezetőihez ............................................................................. 158 4.3.2. Wałęsa olaszországi útja szovjet szemmel ............................................................................... 161 5. A „SZAKASZOS KONFRONTÁCIÓ ” TAKTIKÁJÁTÓL A VALÓS KONFRONTÁCIÓIG (1981. JANUÁR –MÁRCIUS )....................... 164 5.1. „N EM HÁTRÁLHATUNK A HADIÁLLAPOT KIHIRDETÉSE ELŐL .” ........................................................................... 164 5.2. „H OGY LEHETSÉGESEK ILYEN ESEMÉNYEK EGY ORSZÁGBAN , AHOL 36 ÉVE ÉPÍTIK A SZOCIALIZMUST ?” .................... 168 5.3. SZOCIALISTA INTERNACIONALIZMUS A GYAKORLATBAN .................................................................................. 172 5.3.1. Tábornok miniszterelnök ........................................................................................................... 172 2 5.3.2. Mire tanít a történelem? ........................................................................................................... 175 5.3.3. „Lengyelországot nem hagyjuk el a bajban” ............................................................................ 178 5.4. AZ UTOLSÓ ELŐTTI CSATA: BYDGOSZCZ – SZOJUZ ’81 – VARSÓI MEGÁLLAPODÁS ............................................... 180 5.4.1. „Nincs hova visszavonulni.” A breszti találkozó. ...................................................................... 188 6. AZ ERŐGYŰJTÉS IDŐSZAKA .......................................................................................................................... 194 6.1. ZŰRZAVAROS HÓNAPOK ........................................................................................................................... 194 6.2. FELKÉSZÜLÉS A KONGRESSZUSRA ................................................................................................................ 196 6.3. AZ SZKP LEVELE ÉS KÖVETKEZMÉNYEI ........................................................................................................ 202 6.4. A LEMP RENDKÍVÜLI KONGRESSZUSA . MIT AKAR A PÁRT ? ............................................................................ 207 7. LENGYELORSZÁGOT , DE MILYET ? .................................................................................................................. 215 7.1. MIT AKAR A SZOLIDARITÁS ? AZ ÖNIGAZGATÁSTÓL A PIACI SZOCIALIZMUSIG ...................................................... 220 7.2. MEGEGYEZÉS VAGY KONFRONTÁCIÓ ? ......................................................................................................... 238 7.3. A HADIÁLLAPOT ELŐTT : VOLT -E VALÓS VESZÉLYE A KATONAI INTERVENCIÓNAK?
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