DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of the Distribution of Radionuclides and Impact of Industrial Facilities in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zones

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of the Distribution of Radionuclides and Impact of Industrial Facilities in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zones FINAL REPORT Assessment of the Distribution of Radionuclides and Impact of Industrial Facilities in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zones under the GEF project “Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone” Reporting period 01 November 2017 – 31 March 2018 Agreement SSFA/2017/19 S1-32GFL-000370/11232/SB-000687.37/14AC0003 Institute for Radiation Measurement and Development (IRMD) Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone SUMMARY This technical report includes information on the distribution of radionuclides that originated from the accident within the Chornobyl exclusion zone (ChEZ). The existing systems of routine and precision (scientific) radioecological monitoring were analyzed and approaches to their optimization are proposed. This report presents results of the latest field studies, which were carried out in the ChEZ during November 2017 - March 2018, and earlier historical data that follow the subjects of Tasks C and D. Comparison of the latest and historical data shall provide an opportunity to assess changing dynamics of the radiation situation parameters in the ecosystems of ChEZ. Distribution of radionuclides within the ChEZ was mostly preconditioned by the initial release of irradiated fuel from the emergency Chornobyl reactor (1986). The initial pattern of contamination has changed significantly during the works for the liquidation of the accident consequences. Also, the initial radiation contamination pattern of ChEZ ecosystems was and is still subject to changes due to various natural processes. As for possible redistribution of radioactive contamination within the ChEZ, special attention was paid to the sites containing radioactive materials and located within the ChEZ, such as RWTLS, RWDS, ChCP and some other man-made objects. Regular observations of radiation situation in the ChEZ (routine monitoring) shall allow identification and assessment of its trends and timely corrective measures for radiation protection of personnel, people and the environment, as appropriate. A prospective area of scientific monitoring in the ChEZ is related to studying the long-term radioecological and radiobiological effects, as well as provision of information for long-term forecasting of changes in exposure doses of humans and biota within and outside ChEZ based on verified mathematical models of radionuclide behaviour in the environment. This report consists of 203 text pages including 33 tables, 97 pictures and photos, 2 appendixes, bibliography with 252 references. 2 Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone CONTENTS 1 GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND CRITERIA OF EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIOECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE CHEZ ............................................ 7 1.1 Description of monitoring objects ......................................................................................... 8 1.1.1 Natural objects ................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.2 Industrial (man-made) facilities ..................................................................................... 9 1.1.3 Population centers ........................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Routine monitoring .............................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Forests and meadows ................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Surface waters .............................................................................................................. 12 1.2.3 Groundwater ................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Population centers, where people live (the “self-settlers”) .......................................... 12 1.2.5 Man-made objects ........................................................................................................ 13 1.2.6 Air in the ChEZ ............................................................................................................ 14 1.3 Scientific monitoring ........................................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Forests and meadows ..................................................................................................... 18 1.3.1 Research of radiobiological effects .............................................................................. 23 2 OPTIMIZATION OF RADIOECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE ChEZ 38 2.1 Retrospective of the network of research sites for scientific radioecological monitoring in the ChEZ ........................................................................................................................................ 38 2.2 Routine monitoring .............................................................................................................. 43 2.3 Scientific monitoring ........................................................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Development of criteria and requirements for the monitoring system of terrestrial ecosystems .................................................................................................................................. 44 3 APPROBATION OF SCIENTIFIC MONITORING IN THE ChEZ ECOSYSTEMS ........................................................................................................... 49 3.1 Air ........................................................................................................................................ 49 3.2 Surface waters ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Groundwater ........................................................................................................................ 51 3.4 Monitoring of meadow and meadow-shrub ecosystems ..................................................... 51 3.5 Justification, selection, organization and equipment of experimental sites for terrestrial ecosystems ...................................................................................................................................... 54 3.5.1 Definition of requirements ........................................................................................... 54 3.5.2 Experimental efforts on forest sites. Determination of inventories and fluxes of biologically mobile radionuclide in typical forest plantations ................................................... 58 3.5.3 Organization of experimental sites in forest test areas to further determine redistribution of biologically mobile radionuclides in typical forest stands .............................. 75 4 MAN-MADE OBJECTS. INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES, INCLUDING THE CHCP AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS LOCALIZATION SITES ......... 77 4.1 Comprehensive statistical analysis of landscape diversity in industrially impacted areas .. 77 4.2 Approbation of radioecological monitoring in the ChEZ ecosystems subjected to severe anthropogenic impacts .................................................................................................................... 82 4.3 Monitoring of the RWTLS effects for surrounding ecosystems (by the example of a pilot site at trench No.22 in the “Red Forest”) ....................................................................................... 83 4.3.1 Characterization of еру experimental site .................................................................... 84 4.3.2 Radioactive contamination of soil cover ...................................................................... 85 4.3.3 Physicochemical characteristics of radioactive waste .................................................. 87 3 Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone 4.3.4 Radioactive contamination of vegetation ..................................................................... 88 4.3.5 Radiobiological effects of chronic exposure ................................................................ 89 4.3.6 Lateral migration of radionuclides with groundwater flow ......................................... 89 4.3.7 Impact of biogenic transport of radionuclides on their redistribution in topsoil .......... 95 4.3.8 Monitoring of 36Cl concentrations in the groundwater of RWTLS "Red Forest" ........ 96 4.3.9 Impact of fires on the mobility of radionuclide migration in soil cover ...................... 97 4.3.10 Impact on surface air in case of fires .......................................................................... 104 4.4 Monitoring of ChNPP cooling pond .................................................................................. 105 4.5 Main directions of radioecological monitoring of the environmental impacts produced by man-made facilities ...................................................................................................................... 120 5 MONITORING OF NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ............................................. 122 5.1 Network of radioecological monitoring existing in the ChEZ .......................................... 122 5.2 Scientific monitoring of radiobiological effects in natural ecosystems............................. 126 5.3 Radioecological monitoring of aquatic ecosystems .........................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthropogenic Transformation of Hydrological Regime of the Dnieper River
    Manuscript Number: 2701 Indian Journal of Ecology (2018) 45(3): 445-453 NAAS Rating: 4.96 Anthropogenic Transformation of Hydrological Regime of The Dnieper River Vitalii Ivanovich Pichura, Daria Sergeevna Malchykova1, Pavel Aleksandrovich Ukrainskij2, Iryna Aleksandrovna Shakhman and Anastasiia Nikolaevna Bystriantseva1 Kherson State Agricultural University, Ukraine, 73006, Kherson, Stritens'ka str. 23, 1Kherson State University, Ukraine, 7300 0, Kherson, Universitets'ka str. 27, 2Belgorod State National Research University, Russian Federation, 308015, Belgorod, 85 Pobedy Str. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Problems of rational water use and water quality assessment are the priorities of many states, especially in the basins of transboundary rivers. Creation and functioning of the cascade of Dnieper reservoirs led to a radical transformation of the hydrological regime of the Dnieper River. As a result, there occurred a significant deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of surface water quality, increase of its trophic state, reduction of the efficiency and stability of the aquatic ecosystem of the Dnieper basin, which is largely determined by anthropogenic factors. As a result of interpretation the series of space images (August, 1986-2016) of the satellites Landsat- 5, Landsat- 7 and Landsat-8 with a spatial resolution of 30 meters, the spatio-temporal trend of changes in physical (water transparency), hydrochemical (general phosphorus concentration in water), biological (chlorophyll-a) properties of water areas of reservoirs was determined. In studies trophic state index developed by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection was used to classify all types of water surface, including rivers. It is established that the value of trophic state index in reservoirs is distributed unevenly from 26.5 to 56.5.
    [Show full text]
  • Mračni Turizam Na Primjeru Černobila
    Mračni turizam na primjeru Černobila Radulović, Olivera Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2016 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Karlovac University of Applied Sciences / Veleučilište u Karlovcu Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:128:113314 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-25 Repository / Repozitorij: Repository of Karlovac University of Applied Sciences - Institutional Repository VELEU ČILIŠTE U KARLOVCU POSLOVNI ODJEL STRU ČNI STUDIJ UGOSTITELJSTVA Olivera Radulovi ć MRA ČNI TURIZAM NA PRIMJERU ČERNOBILA ZAVRŠNI RAD Karlovac, 2016. VELEU ČILIŠTE U KARLOVCU POSLOVNI ODJEL STRU ČNI STUDIJ UGOSTITELJSTVA Olivera Radulovi ć MRA ČNI TURIZAM NA PRIMJERU ČERNOBILA ZAVRŠNI RAD Kolegij: Osnove specifi čnih oblika turizma Mentor: Mateja Petra čić, dipl.oec. Mati čni broj studenta: 0621612061 Karlovac, rujan 2016. SAŽETAK Cilj ovoga rada je bilo prezentiranje specifi čnog oblika turizma pod nazivom mra čni turizam. Kao primjer je odabran Černobil, osobito njegova Zona isklju čenja, koji je poprište najve će tehnogene katastrofe u povijesti čovje čanstva. U spoju s politi čkom situacijom tadašnjeg doba, prenosi poruku deindividualizacije, koja je posljedica komunisti čkog ustroja u tadašnjem Sovjetskom savezu te nemilosrdnost tehnologije koja se može okrenuti protiv čovjeka. U radu se daje teorijska podloga o mra čnom turizmu, njegovim vrstama i specifi čnosti. S porastom broja turista koji se definiraju kao mračni turisti, broj posjeta Černobilu tako đer raste te je dosegao brojku od preko 10 000 posjeta godišnje. Dana 26. travnja 2016. godine obilježena je 30. obljetnica nuklearne katastrofe reaktora broj 4. Posljedica eksplozije je bilo izbacivanje velike koli čine radioaktivnih čestica u atmosferu u Pripjatu, koji je tada bio dio bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza, a danas je dio Ukrajine.
    [Show full text]
  • Present and Future Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl Accident
    IAEA-TECDOC-1240 Present and future environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident Study monitored by an International Advisory Committee under the project management of the Institut de protection et de sûreté nucléaire (IPSN), France August 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria PRESENT AND FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1240 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2001 FOREWORD The environmental impact of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident has been extensively investigated by scientists in the countries affected and by international organizations. Assessment of the environmental contamination and the resulting radiation exposure of the population was an important part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990–1991. This project was designed to assess the measures that the then USSR Government had taken to enable people to live safely in contaminated areas, and to evaluate the measures taken to safeguard human health there. It was organized by the IAEA under the auspices of an International Advisory Committee with the participation of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IAEA has also been engaged in further studies in this area through projects such as the one on validation of environmental model predictions (VAMP) and through its technical co-operation programme.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment International 146 (2021) 106282
    Environment International 146 (2021) 106282 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envint Current radiological situation in areas of Ukraine contaminated by the Chornobyl accident: Part 2. Strontium-90 transfer to culinary grains and forest woods from soils of Ivankiv district I. Labunskaa’*, S. Levchukb, V. Kashparov b,c, D. Holiakab, L. Yoschenkob, D. Santilloa, P. Johnston a a Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK b Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv Region 08162, Ukraine c CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity/Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handling Editor: Olga Kalantzi Some of the highest 90Sr activity concentrations recorded beyond the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone occur in the Ivankiv district of Ukraine, located approximately 50 km south of the power plant, an area which nonetheless Keywords: remains important for agricultural production. Although characterized by soils with low exchangeable calcium 90Sr values, which can enhance the bioavailability of certain radionuclides, information on the transfer of 90Sr to food Grain contamination crops and trees in the region has remained limited to date. Analysis of 116 grain samples (wheat, rye, oat, barley Wood contamination or Triticale) collected from fields in 13 settlements in the region between 2011 and 2019 revealed 90Sr and 137Cs The Chernobyl accident Effective dose activity concentrations above Ukrainian limits in almost half of those samples, with annual averages exceeding Transfer factor this limit in four of those nine years (most recently in 2018) and with no clear evidence for a declining trend over time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ukrainian Weekly 1989
    І HCL Г^"^^^'^^^^ ^У ^^^ Ukrainian National Association Inc.. a fraternal non-profit associitiori UbainianWeekl Vol. LVJ! No. 27 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JULY 2, 1989 50 cents Chornovil accuses Shcherbytsky Tour of Chornobyl plant enmom of crimes against Ukrainian people provides insight into 1986 tragedy JERSEY CITY, NJ. - During his from a prison cell in Zolochiv, Lviv On June 9-18, Dr. David Marples, by Dr. David R. Marples IS^day incarceration last month, Ukrai­ region, was released by the UHU's press author of two books on the Chornobyl nian Helsinki Union activist and Ukrai­ service after Mr. Chornovil's release nuclear accident, visited the Chornobyl I have returned from a most re­ nian Herald editor Vyacheslav Chorno­ from prison on June 6. He was arrested area and Kiev, courtesy of the Ukrai­ markable journey to Ukraine. My vil penned a stingmg open letter to on May 21 on charges of "petty hooli­ nian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In intention at the outset was to visit Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, accusing the ganism" for participating in an April 26 addition to holding interviews with Chornobyl; something that I had been first secretary of the Communist Party Chornobyl demonstration. leaders of the Kombinat production granted permission to do, and to exa­ of Ukraine of "criminal" deeds against Titled "Don't try the people's pa­ association based at Chornobyl, he mine other areas of Ukrainian life as far the Ukrainian people, and called for his tience: an open letter to V. Shcherbyt­ interviewed the plant director, Mikhail as possible. I did much more than that.
    [Show full text]
  • Annoucements of Conducting Procurement Procedures
    Bulletin No�24(98) June 12, 2012 Annoucements of conducting 13443 Ministry of Health of Ukraine procurement procedures 7 Hrushevskoho St., 01601 Kyiv Chervatiuk Volodymyr Viktorovych tel.: (044) 253–26–08; 13431 National Children’s Specialized Hospital e–mail: [email protected] “Okhmatdyt” of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: 28/1 Chornovola St., 01135 Kyiv www.tender.me.gov.ua Povorozniuk Volodymyr Stepanovych Procurement subject: code 24.42.1 – medications (Imiglucerase in flasks, tel.: (044) 236–30–05 400 units), 319 pcs. Website of the Authorized agency which contains information on procurement: Supply/execution: 29 Berezniakivska St., 02098 Kyiv; during 2012 www.tender.me.gov.ua Procurement procedure: open tender Procurement subject: code 24.42.1 – medications, 72 lots Obtaining of competitive bidding documents: at the customer’s address, office 138 Supply/execution: at the customer’s address; July – December 2012 Submission: at the customer’s address, office 138 Procurement procedure: open tender 29.06.2012 10:00 Obtaining of competitive bidding documents: at the customer’s address, Opening of tenders: at the customer’s address, office 138 economics department 29.06.2012 12:00 Submission: at the customer’s address, economics department Tender security: bank guarantee, deposit, UAH 260000 26.06.2012 10:00 Terms of submission: 90 days; not returned according to part 3, article 24 of the Opening of tenders: at the customer’s address, office of the deputy general Law on Public Procurement director of economic issues Additional information: For additional information, please, call at 26.06.2012 11:00 tel.: (044) 253–26–08, 226–20–86.
    [Show full text]
  • มุมมองของสหรัฐอเมริกาต่อสหภาพโซเวียตในเหตุการณ์ Chernobyl ผ่าน ภาพยนตร์ฮอลลีวูด: กรณีศึกษาภาพยนตร์ชุดเรื่อง Chernobyl 2019 (HBO)
    มุมมองของสหรัฐอเมริกาต่อสหภาพโซเวียตในเหตุการณ์ Chernobyl ผ่าน ภาพยนตร์ฮอลลีวูด: กรณีศึกษาภาพยนตร์ชุดเรื่อง Chernobyl 2019 (HBO) โดย นางสาวภัทรกันย์ ชัยงาม ภาคนิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตร ศิลปศาสตร์บัณฑิต สาขารัสเซียศึกษา คณะศิลปศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ ปีการศึกษา 2562 ลิขสิทธิ์ของมหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ มุมมองของสหรัฐอเมริกาต่อสหภาพโซเวียตในเหตุการณ์ Chernobyl ผ่าน ภาพยนตร์ฮอลลีวูด: กรณีศึกษาภาพยนตร์ชุดเรื่อง Chernobyl 2019 (HBO) โดย นางสาวภัทรกันย์ ชัยงาม ภาคนิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตร ศิลปศาสตร์บัณฑิต สาขาวิชารัสเซียศึกษา คณะศิลปศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ ปีการศึกษา 2562 ลิขสิทธิ์ของมหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ STUDY OF THE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE ON THE SOVIET IN CHERNOBYL THROUGH HOLLOWOOD: A CASE STUDY OF THE CHERNOBYL SEREIS 2019 (HBO) BY MISS PATTARAKAN CHAINGAM A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ART RUSSIAN STUDIES PROGRAM FACULTY OF LIBERAL ARTS THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ คณะศิลปศาสตร์ ภาคนิพนธ์ ของ นางสาวภัทรกันย์ ชัยงาม เรื่อง มุมมองของสหรัฐอเมริกาต่อสหภาพโซเวียตในเหตุการณ์ Chernobyl ผ่านภาพยนตร์ฮอลลีวูด: กรณีศึกษาภาพยนตร์ชุดเรื่อง Chernobyl 2019 (HBO) ได้รับการตรวจสอบและอนุมัติ ให้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตร ศิลปศาสตรบัณฑิต เมื่อ วันที่ 3 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2563 ประธานกรรมการสอบภาคนิพนธ์ (อาจารย์ วัฒนะ คุ้นวงศ์) กรรมการและอาจารย์ที่ปรึกษาภาคนิพนธ์ (ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ดร. ทรงศักดิ์ พงษ์หิรัญ) กรรมการสอบภาคนิพนธ์ (อาจารย์ ดร. กัณฐัศศา พงษ์หิรัญ) (1) หัวข้อภาคนิพนธ์
    [Show full text]
  • Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology the Report Prepared in a Framework of GEF UNEP Project &
    Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology The report prepared in a framework of GEF UNEP Project "Project entitled "Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone" (Project ID: 4634; IMIS: GFL/5060-2711-4C40) Revision and optimization of the systems of routine and scientific radiological monitoring of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the ChEZ Slavutich - 2016 1 Analysis by Prof. V. Kashparov Director of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr S. Levchuk Head of the Laboratory of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr. V. Protsak Senior Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr D. Golyaka Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr V. Morozova Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine M. Zhurba Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine This report, publications discussed, and conclusions made are solely the responsibility of the au- thors 2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 System of the radioecological monitoring in the territory of Ukraine alienated after the Chernobyl accident 8 2. Exclusion Zone....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Natural facilities11 2.2 Industrial (technical) facilities 12 2.2.1 Facilities at the ChNPP industrial site.....................................................................................12 2.2.2 Facilities
    [Show full text]
  • Mračni Turizam Na Primjeru Černobila Završni
    VELEU ČILIŠTE U KARLOVCU POSLOVNI ODJEL STRU ČNI STUDIJ UGOSTITELJSTVA Olivera Radulovi ć MRA ČNI TURIZAM NA PRIMJERU ČERNOBILA ZAVRŠNI RAD Karlovac, 2016. VELEU ČILIŠTE U KARLOVCU POSLOVNI ODJEL STRU ČNI STUDIJ UGOSTITELJSTVA Olivera Radulovi ć MRA ČNI TURIZAM NA PRIMJERU ČERNOBILA ZAVRŠNI RAD Kolegij: Osnove specifi čnih oblika turizma Mentor: Mateja Petra čić, dipl.oec. Mati čni broj studenta: 0621612061 Karlovac, rujan 2016. SAŽETAK Cilj ovoga rada je bilo prezentiranje specifi čnog oblika turizma pod nazivom mra čni turizam. Kao primjer je odabran Černobil, osobito njegova Zona isklju čenja, koji je poprište najve će tehnogene katastrofe u povijesti čovje čanstva. U spoju s politi čkom situacijom tadašnjeg doba, prenosi poruku deindividualizacije, koja je posljedica komunisti čkog ustroja u tadašnjem Sovjetskom savezu te nemilosrdnost tehnologije koja se može okrenuti protiv čovjeka. U radu se daje teorijska podloga o mra čnom turizmu, njegovim vrstama i specifi čnosti. S porastom broja turista koji se definiraju kao mračni turisti, broj posjeta Černobilu tako đer raste te je dosegao brojku od preko 10 000 posjeta godišnje. Dana 26. travnja 2016. godine obilježena je 30. obljetnica nuklearne katastrofe reaktora broj 4. Posljedica eksplozije je bilo izbacivanje velike koli čine radioaktivnih čestica u atmosferu u Pripjatu, koji je tada bio dio bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza, a danas je dio Ukrajine. Zbog visoke razine radioaktivnosti, podru čje u krugu od 30 kilometara je proglašeno Zonom isklju čenja, me đutim, razina radioaktivnosti je trenutno dovoljno niska za kratke, nadzirane i privatno organizirane posjete. Postoji ve ći broj turisti čkih agencija i samostalnih vodi ča koji su se specijalizirali za organiziranje jednodnevnih i višednevnih posjeta Zoni isklju čenja, koji uklju čuju posjete samoj nuklearnoj elektrani te gradovima Černobil, Pripjat i okolnim evakuiranim selima.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction
    State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES For map and other editors For international use Ukraine Kyiv “Kartographia” 2011 TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS, FOR INTERNATIONAL USE UKRAINE State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by Nina Syvak, Valerii Ponomarenko, Olha Khodzinska, Iryna Lakeichuk Scientific Consultant Iryna Rudenko Reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa Translated by Olha Khodzinska Editor Lesia Veklych ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ © Kartographia, 2011 ISBN 978-966-475-839-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 2 The Ukrainian Language............................................ 5 2.1 General Remarks.............................................. 5 2.2 The Ukrainian Alphabet and Romanization of the Ukrainian Alphabet ............................... 6 2.3 Pronunciation of Ukrainian Geographical Names............................................................... 9 2.4 Stress .............................................................. 11 3 Spelling Rules for the Ukrainian Geographical Names....................................................................... 11 4 Spelling of Generic Terms ....................................... 13 5 Place Names in Minority Languages
    [Show full text]
  • The Congress of Local and Regional Authorities
    THE CONGRESS Appendix OF LOCAL AND REGIONAL T�e Sl�vut��� Appe�l AUTHORITIES l�un��ed �� t�e Inte�n�tion�l �onfe�en�e “��e�no��l 20 �e��s on lo��l �nd �egion�l �ut�o�ities de�ling wit� dis�ste�s” Resolution 215 (2006)1 Slavutych (Ukraine), 2-4 March 2006 on ��e�no��l 20 �e������s on lo��l We, �nd �egion�l �ut�o�ities de�ling wit� dis�ste�s The participants in the International Conference “Chernobyl, 20 years on: local and regional authorities dealing with disasters”, local and regional elected representatives, parliamentarians and representatives of . The date of 26 April 2006 marked the 20th anniversary governments, international and non-governmental of the unprecedented catastrophe in the history of mankind organisations and experts, which took place at the Chernobyl nuclear power station. Meeting in Slavutych on the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster, 2. The consequences of the Chernobyl disaster have long been a subject of speculation and the issue is a no less Resolve to adopt an appeal, which will be forwarded to the topical subject today, which is why the Congress decided to Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council hold a conference on “Chernobyl, 20 years on: local and of Europe and to other interested organisations. regional authorities dealing with disasters” in Slavutych in Ukraine, from 2 to 4 March 2006. Here in Slavutych, some 50 kilometres from Chernobyl and twenty years after the worst technological disaster in the history of humankind, we feel the need to solemnly 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Radiocaesium Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems
    BY0000223 Modelling Radiocaesium Fluxes in Forest Ecosystems Results from the ECP-5 project conducted under the Agreement for International Collaboration on the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident between the European Commission and the Ministries for Chernobyl Affairs in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine G. Shaw: Centre for Analytical Research in the Environment, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7TE, United Kingdom A Kliashtorin, S. Mamikhin, A Shcheglov: Radioecology Laboratory, Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899 Russian Federation B. Rafferty: Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland, 3 Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14, Ireland A. Dvornik, T. Zhuchenko: Byelorussian Research Institute of Forestry, Gomel, Belarus N. Kuchma: 'Pripyat' Research and Industrial Association, 1-a B. Khmelnitsky Street, Chernobyl, 255620 Ukraine Abstract: Monitoring of radiocaesium inventories and fluxes has been carried out in forest ecosystems in Ukraine, Belarus and Ireland to determine distributions and rates of migration. This information has been used to construct and calibrate mathematical models which are being used to predict the likely longevity of contamination of forests and forest products such as timber following the Chernobyl accident. 1. Introduction Little information on radionuclide migration processes within forest ecosystems existed before the Chernobyl accident. Yet in countries such as Belarus, where approximately 20% of the national forest cover is contaminated to levels in excess of 15 Ci km"2 (555 kBq m"2), the post-contamination management of forests is a highly important economic and social problem [1]. During the period 1992 - 1995 forest sites contaminated by the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine, Belarus and Ireland have been monitored by ECP-5 to determine the magnitudes of radionuclide fluxes (principally radiocaesium) between the major components of the forest ecosystems concerned.
    [Show full text]