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Environment International 146 (2021) 106282

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Environment International 146 (2021) 106282 Environment International 146 (2021) 106282 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envint Current radiological situation in areas of Ukraine contaminated by the Chornobyl accident: Part 2. Strontium-90 transfer to culinary grains and forest woods from soils of Ivankiv district I. Labunskaa’*, S. Levchukb, V. Kashparov b,c, D. Holiakab, L. Yoschenkob, D. Santilloa, P. Johnston a a Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK b Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv Region 08162, Ukraine c CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity/Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handling Editor: Olga Kalantzi Some of the highest 90Sr activity concentrations recorded beyond the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone occur in the Ivankiv district of Ukraine, located approximately 50 km south of the power plant, an area which nonetheless Keywords: remains important for agricultural production. Although characterized by soils with low exchangeable calcium 90Sr values, which can enhance the bioavailability of certain radionuclides, information on the transfer of 90Sr to food Grain contamination crops and trees in the region has remained limited to date. Analysis of 116 grain samples (wheat, rye, oat, barley Wood contamination or Triticale) collected from fields in 13 settlements in the region between 2011 and 2019 revealed 90Sr and 137Cs The Chernobyl accident Effective dose activity concentrations above Ukrainian limits in almost half of those samples, with annual averages exceeding Transfer factor this limit in four of those nine years (most recently in 2018) and with no clear evidence for a declining trend over time. Analysis of paired sandy soil samples from the same fields yielded concentration ratios for transfer of 90Sr from soils to grains that were on average 3 times higher than that specified by the IAEA. In addition, three quarters of wood samples collected from the trunks of trees (primarily pines) from 12 locations in the same district between 2015 and 2019 contained 90Sr activity concentrations in excess of the Ukrainian limits for firewood (60 Bq/kg), with levels more than four times that limit at one location and again no evidence for decline over time. A single sample of ash collected from a domestic wood-burning oven in the district contained 90Sr at a level 25 times higher than in the most contaminated wood sample collected in this study. Overall these results reveal additional facets of the ongoing legacy of Chornobyl contamination within the Ivankiv district, and the diversity of pathways by which local residents may be exposed to radionuclides. They also highlight the dangers associated with the current lack of routine and comprehensive environmental and food monitoring programs within the region, especially at a time in which the use of locally-sourced wood for biomass energy generation is set to expand markedly. 1. Introduction the territory of Ukraine (9% of the land area) were contaminated with 90Sr at a deposition density above 4 kBq/m21 , with 3,092 km2 of agri­ Vast areas of Ukraine were contaminated with a range of radionu­ cultural land receiving a deposition density above 5.5 kBq/m2 (IAEA, clides including Strontium-90 (90Sr) as a result of the explosion of the 2006; Kholosha, 2008; Nadtochiy, 2003). 4th reactor at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) in 1986 The majority of the 90Sr (over 85% of its activity) was released from (former name is the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant). This radionuclide the reactor as part of the fuel particles (FP) matrix - a specific physico­ is one of the major radioactive products of nuclear fission, and was chemical form of Chornobyl radioactive fallout (Kashparov, 2003; released in significant quantities in the explosion. Over 55,400 km2 of Kashparov et al., 2003, 2019, 2020; Salbu et al., 2018). FP, which DOI of original article: https://doi.org/10.1016Zj.envint.2018.04.053. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Labunska). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106282 Received 24 May 2020; Received in revised form 20 October 2020; Accepted 20 October 2020 0160-4120/© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). I. Labunska et al. Environment International 146 (2021) 106282 consisted of uranium oxides (UO2-U3O8) together with various addi­ contrast, around half of the samples of wheat, rye, and oats collected tives, had a density of 8-10 g/cm3 and were sized from several microns from Ivankiv district during 1997-2011 (Kashparov et al., 2013) to several hundred microns. As a consequence, FP were deposited pri­ exceeded the Ukrainian PL-2006 (Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2006). marily within the 30 km zone surrounding ChNPP, also called the As we have previously shown (Kashparov et al., 2013), the aggre­ Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). Some territories adjacent to ChEZ gated transfer factor of 90Sr (TFag - the ratio of the activity concentration were also affected, though to a lesser extent. We have previously shown (Bq/kg) in a grain to the activity density (kBq/m2) of soil contamina­ (Kashparov et al., 2001, 2003, 2018) that the contamination density of tion) is inversely proportional to the concentration of exchangeable 90Sr steadily decreases with increasing distance from the ChNPP. For calcium in the soil. Hence, two major factors that contributed to example, the contamination density with 90Sr may reach tens of thou­ elevated levels of 90Sr in grains of Ivankiv district were: a) density of soil sands of kBq/m2 within the ChEZ while outside it does not exceed 100 contamination by 90Sr, which was the highest among all affected areas kBq/m2. located outside of the ChEZ (see Fig. 1), and b) the properties of the Unfortunately, detailed mapping of the contamination density of sandy soils in the area (Podzoluvisol) that facilitated increased uptake of 90Sr, conducted by the Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology 90Sr by vegetation due to a low content of exchangeable calcium in these (UIAR) of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of soils (IAEA, 2010; Gupta et al., 2018). Ukraine (NUBiP of Ukraine) (Kashparov et al., 2001, 2018, 2020), was In addition, trees growing on 90Sr contaminated areas may play an only carried out within the ChEZ in 1987 and 1997, and within the important role in redistribution of radionuclides by ‘pumping’ radio­ Ivankiv district only in 2014. These limitations arise from a variety of nuclides back to the surface soil through root uptake and subsequent leaf reasons, including the complexity and cost of the analysis for 90Sr. litter fall (Kashparov et al., 2012; Thiry et al., 2009). Moreover, our Nonetheless, from these surveys it was found that the highest contami­ recent research (Holiaka et al., 2020a, 2020b) had shown that currently nation density with 90Sr that was detected outside of the ChEZ had about 30% of the total 90Sr load in the pine trees ecosystem (e.g., pine occurred in the north-east part of the Ivankiv district, Kyiv region, trees forests) may be accumulated in wood pulp, bark, branches and Ukraine, reaching up to 96 kBq/m2 in 2014 (see Fig. 1) (Kashparov et al., brushwood of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) that potentially may be 2018). used as a fire wood. The territory of Ivankiv district is populated and is a location of At the same time, the usage of forest trees (especially small brush­ traditional agricultural production. Production includes the growing all wood) as a fuel in rural private households is commonplace in Ukraine. main types of culinary grains (e.g., wheat, rye, oats, and corn), vegeta­ Further, there is an existing thermal power plant (TPP) within the areas bles, fruits, and oilseeds. In general, all food-grade commodities pro­ of Ukraine contaminated by 90Sr, utilizing locally grown wood, and duced in Ukraine are assessed for the conformity to hygienic standards there are plans to build more. The operating plant, located in Ivankiv of Ukraine (known as PL-2006) and this assessment includes the content town and with a capacity of 18 MW, may utilise up to 600 tonnes of of both 90Sr and 137Cs (Ministry of Health of Ukraine, 2006) and takes wood per day sourced from local forests. In addition, a community boiler into account an appropriate estimate of measurement uncertainties (see plant located on the territory of ChEZ burns timber harvested within the Section 2.5.2 for details). From the only two governmental monitoring ChEZ to produce heated water for Chornobyl town inhabitants; and programmes of Chornobyl-affected settlements for 90Sr in Ukraine (in there are plans to build a TPP in the ChEZ that would also use locally 2011 and 2012), including some in Ivankiv district, it was reported that sourced wood. This situation is of considerable concern due to the po­ 90Sr activity concentration in cow’s milk and vegetables did not exceed tential for these TPPs to enhance the spread of radiation in the sur­ Ukrainian permissible levels (PL) (Lihtarov et al., 2012, 2013). In rounding territories. An issue of particular concern is the formation of Fig. 1. Map of Ivankiv district showing 90Sr terrestrial density contamination as well as location of sampling points of grain (G1-G13, brown ovals) and wood (W1- W12, green rectangles). None of the area shown falls within a zone of compulsory (unconditional) resettlement (with 90Sr above 111 kBq/m2), within which res­ idential use and commercial production would be prohibited; however much of the east of the District falls within the zone of guaranteed (voluntary) resettlement (with 90Sr in range of 5.5 - 111 kBq/m2), within which residence and production of agricultural goods is allowed with some conditions (Supreme Council of Ukraine, 1991a,b).
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