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General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019
United Nations A/74/461 General Assembly Distr.: General 27 September 2019 Original: English . Seventy-fourth session Agenda item 71 (d) Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance: strengthening of international cooperation and coordination of efforts to study, mitigate and minimize the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster Persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster Report of the Secretary-General Summary The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 71/125 on the persistent legacy of the Chernobyl disaster and provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of all aspects of the resolution. The report provides an overview of the recovery and development activities undertaken by the agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system and other international actors to address the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. The United Nations system remains committed to promoting the principle of leaving no one behind and ensuring that the governmental efforts to support the affected regions are aimed at achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals. 19-16688 (E) 041019 151019 *1916688* A/74/461 I. General situation 1. Since the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident on 26 April 1986, the United Nations, along with the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, has been leading the recovery and development efforts to support the affected regions. While extensive humanitarian work was conducted immediately after the accident, additional recovery and rehabilitation activities were conducted in the following years to secure the area, limit the exposure of the population, provide medical follow-up to those affected and study the health consequences of the incident. -
Present and Future Environmental Impact of the Chernobyl Accident
IAEA-TECDOC-1240 Present and future environmental impact of the Chernobyl accident Study monitored by an International Advisory Committee under the project management of the Institut de protection et de sûreté nucléaire (IPSN), France August 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Waste Safety Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria PRESENT AND FUTURE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1240 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2001 FOREWORD The environmental impact of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident has been extensively investigated by scientists in the countries affected and by international organizations. Assessment of the environmental contamination and the resulting radiation exposure of the population was an important part of the International Chernobyl Project in 1990–1991. This project was designed to assess the measures that the then USSR Government had taken to enable people to live safely in contaminated areas, and to evaluate the measures taken to safeguard human health there. It was organized by the IAEA under the auspices of an International Advisory Committee with the participation of the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The IAEA has also been engaged in further studies in this area through projects such as the one on validation of environmental model predictions (VAMP) and through its technical co-operation programme. -
Environment International 146 (2021) 106282
Environment International 146 (2021) 106282 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Environment International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/envint Current radiological situation in areas of Ukraine contaminated by the Chornobyl accident: Part 2. Strontium-90 transfer to culinary grains and forest woods from soils of Ivankiv district I. Labunskaa’*, S. Levchukb, V. Kashparov b,c, D. Holiakab, L. Yoschenkob, D. Santilloa, P. Johnston a a Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Innovation Centre Phase 2, Rennes Drive, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK b Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Mashinobudivnykiv str.7, Chabany, Kyiv Region 08162, Ukraine c CERAD CoE Environmental Radioactivity/Department of Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Handling Editor: Olga Kalantzi Some of the highest 90Sr activity concentrations recorded beyond the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone occur in the Ivankiv district of Ukraine, located approximately 50 km south of the power plant, an area which nonetheless Keywords: remains important for agricultural production. Although characterized by soils with low exchangeable calcium 90Sr values, which can enhance the bioavailability of certain radionuclides, information on the transfer of 90Sr to food Grain contamination crops and trees in the region has remained limited to date. Analysis of 116 grain samples (wheat, rye, oat, barley Wood contamination or Triticale) collected from fields in 13 settlements in the region between 2011 and 2019 revealed 90Sr and 137Cs The Chernobyl accident Effective dose activity concentrations above Ukrainian limits in almost half of those samples, with annual averages exceeding Transfer factor this limit in four of those nine years (most recently in 2018) and with no clear evidence for a declining trend over time. -
Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology the Report Prepared in a Framework of GEF UNEP Project &
Chornobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology The report prepared in a framework of GEF UNEP Project "Project entitled "Conserving, Enhancing and Managing Carbon Stocks and Biodiversity in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone" (Project ID: 4634; IMIS: GFL/5060-2711-4C40) Revision and optimization of the systems of routine and scientific radiological monitoring of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the ChEZ Slavutich - 2016 1 Analysis by Prof. V. Kashparov Director of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr S. Levchuk Head of the Laboratory of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr. V. Protsak Senior Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr D. Golyaka Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine Dr V. Morozova Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine M. Zhurba Researcher of UIAR of NUBiP of Ukraine This report, publications discussed, and conclusions made are solely the responsibility of the au- thors 2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 System of the radioecological monitoring in the territory of Ukraine alienated after the Chernobyl accident 8 2. Exclusion Zone....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Natural facilities11 2.2 Industrial (technical) facilities 12 2.2.1 Facilities at the ChNPP industrial site.....................................................................................12 2.2.2 Facilities -
Group Multi-Day Tour (*.Pdf)
The explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is an example of human negligence that has made impact on the lives of millions of people. If you want to feel like a part of the modern life of the Exclusion Zone, and to listen to the stories of local residents, join our multi-day tour to Chernobyl. The tour program covers all the important places associated with the catastrophe and its consequences, and allots enough time to each location for feeling the atmosphere of the modern zone. Multi-day tours allow not only to study deliberately such key objects as Pripyat, Chernobyl 2, the Red forest, the buried village and the remains of the NPP infrastructure, but also to communicate with the employees who are now eliminating the consequences of the disaster, and local residents. After a walk around the ghost city, you can spend a night at a local hotel, have a dinner in the Chernobyl NNP refectory, and buy groceries at a local store. Our multi-day tour provides an opportunity to discover more secrets of the past of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, and study its current life. Languages: English, Ukrainian, Russian (Polish, French, Spanish on request) Inclusions: Transportation from our office in Kyiv, insurance policy, accommodation, complete package of documents allowing a visit to the Exclusion Zone, permission for photo / filming, and tour guide services. 1 Approximate Itinerary (may be changed up to the CEZ administration request) Day 1 07:30 am • Come to the meeting point at Shuliavska Street, 5 (Metro Station Polytechnic Institute), Kyiv for check-in 08:00 – 10:00 am • Road to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone 10:05 – 10:40 am • "Dytyatky" checkpoint. -
ANNEX J Exposures and Effects of the Chernobyl Accident
ANNEX J Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION.................................................. 453 I. PHYSICALCONSEQUENCESOFTHEACCIDENT................... 454 A. THEACCIDENT........................................... 454 B. RELEASEOFRADIONUCLIDES ............................. 456 1. Estimation of radionuclide amounts released .................. 456 2. Physical and chemical properties of the radioactivematerialsreleased ............................. 457 C. GROUNDCONTAMINATION................................ 458 1. AreasoftheformerSovietUnion........................... 458 2. Remainderofnorthernandsouthernhemisphere............... 465 D. ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSITEDRADIONUCLIDES .............................. 465 1. Terrestrialenvironment.................................. 465 2. Aquaticenvironment.................................... 466 E. SUMMARY............................................... 466 II. RADIATIONDOSESTOEXPOSEDPOPULATIONGROUPS ........... 467 A. WORKERS INVOLVED IN THE ACCIDENT .................... 468 1. Emergencyworkers..................................... 468 2. Recoveryoperationworkers............................... 469 B. EVACUATEDPERSONS.................................... 472 1. Dosesfromexternalexposure ............................. 473 2. Dosesfrominternalexposure.............................. 474 3. Residualandavertedcollectivedoses........................ 474 C. INHABITANTS OF CONTAMINATED AREAS OFTHEFORMERSOVIETUNION............................ 475 1. Dosesfromexternalexposure -
Area in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone
Contract No. and Disclaimer: This manuscript has been authored by Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting this article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF 90SR AND 137CS CONCENTRATIONS IN AN ECOSYSTEM OF THE ‘RED FOREST’ AREA IN THE CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE Sergey P. Gaschak*, Yulia A. Maklyuk*, Andrey M. Maksimenko*, Mikhail D. Bondarkov*, Igor Chizhevsky†, Eric F. Caldwell ‡ and G. Timothy Jannik‡, and Eduardo B. Farfán‡ *International Radioecology Laboratory, Chernobyl Center for Nuclear Safety, Radioactive Waste and Radioecology, Slavutych, 07100 Ukraine †State Scientific and Technical Enterprise “Chernobyl Radioecological Center”, Chernobyl, 07270 Ukraine ‡Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA For reprints and correspondence contact: Eduardo B. Farfán, Ph.D. Environmental Science and Biotechnology Environmental Analysis Section Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC 773-42A, Room 236 Aiken, SC 29808 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (803) 725-2257, Fax: (803) 725-7673 Part of the Savannah River National Laboratory HPJ Special Issue October 2011 Frequency Distributions of 90Sr and 137Cs Concentrations in the ChEZ Red Forest 0 ABSTRACT In the most highly contaminated region of the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: the ‘Red Forest’ site, the accumulation of the major dose-affecting radionuclides (90Sr and 137Cs) within the components of an ecological system encompassing 3,000 m2 were characterized. -
Roundtable: “Living with Radioactive Contamination: a Discussion Between Generations” Kyiv, Ukraine May 18Th & 19Th, 2006
Roundtable: “Living with radioactive contamination: a discussion between generations” Kyiv, Ukraine May 18th & 19th, 2006 May 18th Introduction: Valentina Pidlisnyuk • This roundtable is a cooperative force between universities. • We are bringing together students, faculty, and experts from the U.S.A. and Ukraine to discuss radioactive contamination after Chernobyl and in Native American territory. • This will begin a new cooperative partnership between Ukraine and the U.S.A. Muchailo Borusyuk • This roundtable is a side event of the initial conference on the 24th and 25th of April. Octaviana Trujillo • We’re honored to be here for this discussion. Igor Ryduk • This marks the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl catastrophe. • This event impacted the whole world. • The legal situation associated with the event has been developing. • A planned project to provide a shelter for the Ukrainian population in the event of another such catastrophe will cost $1.9 billion, and will be completed in 2010. • The Ukrainian population may not want the shelter, due to the cost, medical impacts, etc. • Only three places in Ukraine are possible sites for the shelter, and it is being disputed exactly where it will be built. • The preliminary results of the effects from Chernobyl were found under political pressure and should be doubted. Gennady Rudenko • 70,000 families lost at least one member in the disaster. • Many problems have resulted over the last 20 years. • The population cannot forget. Memorials remember firefighters, builders, military, medical personnel, etc. who were involved in the cleanup. • The cleanup cost $7.5 million USD. • Ukraine needs national support for the elimination of the consequences. -
Energy Field Trips: Chernobyl and the Catastrophe with Nuclear Power
CASE STUDY PEDAGOGY Energy Field Trips: Chernobyl and the Catastrophe with Nuclear Power JOHN H. PERKINS1 , NATALIE KOPYTKO2 AND KATHLEEN M. SAUL3 1Member of the Faculty Emeritus, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, USA, 2University of York, York, UK YO10 5DD, 3Member of the Faculty, Graduate Program on the Environment, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA 98505, USA Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Energy poses challenges to environmental studies because of climate change and other effects, and field trips are indispensable aids to learning. They enable students to see situations first-hand, and many are joyous and fun, such as field trips to forests, wetlands, wildlife reserves, or communities exhibiting positive contributions to safeguarding the natural world. Field trips to the built environment, especially those illustrating sites with rag- ing controversies or past catastrophes are equally important in helping students turn theory into understanding of real situations. Chernobyl, one of the two worst nuclear power plant disasters, provided the venue for a field trip examining the strengths and weaknesses of nuclear power. Students had 3 weeks of preparatory classwork before departing for Kyiv, Ukraine. They spent 2 weeks there, with 1 day touring the Exclusion Zone surrounding the Cher- nobyl plant. Background work included basic concepts and units for measuring radiation and their biological and medical effects, types of nuclear power plants, disaster planning and response, Ukrainian history, and details ofthe Chernobyl accident and its effects. Participants heard from a wide variety of speakers, who presented details ofthe accident, its lingering consequences, efforts of the Ukrainian government and various NGOs to deal with thecon- sequences, and Ukrainian plans for new nuclear power plants. -
The Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl: Immediate and Further Consequences
The article was received on September 10, 2020, and accepted for publishing on February 13, 2021. VARIA The nuclear accident at Chernobyl: Immediate and further consequences Symeon Naoum1, Vasileios Spyropoulos1 Abstract: The accident at Chernobyl occurred in April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Soviet Union. The incident occurred during a scheduled safety test. A combination of inherent reactor design flaws and operators’ mistakes resulted in reactor’s No.4 disaster and the emission of a large quantity of radiation. The immediate actions involved the fire extinguishing, the cleanup of radioactive residues and the prevention of a new explosion. For this purpose, plenty of people worked with self-sacrifice. The people who lived nearby were removed. As far as the socio-economic impact for the Soviet Union is concerned, it was quite serious. Moreover, the environmental and human health consequences were also alarming with thyroid cancer being the most studied. Useful conclusions, especially for the safety both of reactors and nuclear power, as well as for the impact of radiation at ecosystems have been drawn. The debate about the use of nuclear power has remained open ever since. Keywords: nuclear power, thyroid cancer, RBMK reactor, radiation, radioactivity, liquidators INTRODUCTION while 28 firemen and employees finally died. The Chernobyl The Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred on 26 April 1986 in accident is considered the most damaging nuclear power the light water graphite moderated reactor No 4 at the plant accident in history. The Chernobyl and the Fukushima Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, close the town of Pripyat, in accident are the two nuclear accidents classified as a level 7 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Soviet Union, roughly (the maximum classification) on the International Nuclear 100km of the city of Kiev [1]. -
This Manuscript Has Been Authored by Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC Under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S
Contract No. and Disclaimer: This manuscript has been authored by Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC09-08SR22470 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting this article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this work, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DECOMMISSIONING THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COOLING POND B.Ya. Oskolkov*, M.D. Bondarkov*, S.P. Gaschak*, A.M. Maksymenko *, V.M. Maksymenko*, V.I. Martynenko*, E.B. Farfán†, G.T. Jannik†, and J.C. Marra† Main Author: Borys Ya. Oskolkov Senior Staff Scientist Head of the Industrial Ecology and Expertise Department International Radioecology Laboratory Slavutich, Ukraine Email: [email protected] Phone: +38 (04479)6 15 62, Fax: +38 (04479)6 15 62 For Reprints and Correspondence Contact: Eduardo B. Farfán, Ph.D. Environmental Science and Biotechnology Environmental Analysis Section Savannah River National Laboratory Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC 773-42A, Room 236 Aiken, SC 29808 E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (803) 725-2257, Fax: (803) 725-7673 ABSTRACT Decommissioning of nuclear power plants and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities associated with residual radioactive contamination of their territories is an imperative issue. Significant problems may result from decommissioning of cooling ponds with residual radioactive contamination. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) Cooling Pond is one of the largest self-contained water reservoirs in the Chernobyl Region and Ukrainian and Belorussian Polesye Region. -
The Competition Commission
CHERNOBYL – A NUCLEAR C ATASTROPHE 20 YEARS ON A REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SITUATION IN THE UKRAINE O REF N Q3143-A2 Client: GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL 1ST ISSUE REVISION NO APPROVED CURRENT ISSUE DATE 21 DECEMBER 2 005 Q3143-A1-11 22 APRIL 2006 2 - 29 CHERNOBYL – A NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE 20 YEARS ON SUMMARY Twenty years ago the No 4 reactor of the Chernobyl nuclear power and excused on the basis that they, those receiving the higher dose station underwent catastrophic failure, spewing radioactivity into and risk, can choose to leave whenever they themselves wish to do the environment for 10 or so days. The radiological consequences so. applied throughout most of Europe, extending as far afield as Britain and Scandinavia. Locally, in the regions of the Ukraine, It might not be a full understanding to put this deadlock entirely Russian and Belarus, the radiological situation was very severe, in down to the almost symbiotic relationship that has developed fact so bad necessitating the immediate evacuation of ninety between those in the contaminated territories, who receive financial thousand or more population from towns and villages nearby the compensation, and the politicians who look towards this stricken Chernobyl nuclear power plant and, as time passed, whole compensated group as a block vote. Correcting this overdosing via settlements were evacuated, demolished and ploughed into the the food uptake path requires a greater degree of intervention ground, and more and more stringent controls over foodstuffs and management of the agricultural cycle and critical group habit. Put agricultural were imposed. simply, it requires additional resources costing relatively small sums of money to finance, perhaps no more that €10M per year for Today the town of Pripyat, once home to 50,000, remains deserted a few successive years.