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100 Years of Commercial Aviation KOSTAS IATROU 100 Years of Commercial Aviation KOSTAS IATROU PUBLISHED BY: IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: SPONSORED BY: Dedicated to my wife Evgenia and my sons George and Yianni 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 1 Copyright © 2014: Kostas Iatrou ISBN: 978-618-81502-0-1 First Edition: December 2014 Published by: Hermes Air Transport Club Graphic Design - Layout: Sophia Darviris Printing: International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Material (either in whole or in part) from this publication may not be published, photocopied, rewritten, transferred through any electronical or other means, without prior permission by the publisher. 2 / 1914-2013 i 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION 100 Years of Commercial Aviationpreface his year we celebrate 100 years of commercial aviation, and at the same time 70 years since the signing of the Chicago Convention. The dream of flying goes back to the ancient world, from the mythological flights of Icarus and Daedalus, even Tthough the first heavier-than-air flight did not occur until 1903. Over the last 111 years, and especially since the dawn of commercial aviation in 1914, humankind has managed to make huge steps in aviation. From what was originally an expensive, for-adventurers pursuit, flying has now become accessible to an ordinary person. Without aviation, the world would be a completely different place. The air transport industry has become a key component in the globalization of the world, with airlines regularly traveling across national borders transporting people and cargo. This book provides a timeline of key moments in commercial air transport history. I have made my best effort to include as many key moments in aviation history as possible, and to provide the most accurate dates for the events that influenced the evolution of the air transport industry. The book gives an understanding of the path air transport has followed to become a major contributor to modern society by bringing together people from around the world, allowing for the exploration of the wonders of our planet, and by playing an important humanitarian role, for example through opportunities for family reunification. The air transport industry remains a fascinating sector. Its future will undoubtedly will bring new adventures – flights in orbit – and wondrous new technologies – flying with solar energy. I would like to thank first and foremost my family, Aikaterini, Evgenia, George, Yianni, Toula and Giannis for their support over the five months I have spent researching and writing this volume. I also appreciate the support of the Hermes Air Transport Club founding members for accepting my invitation to launch Hermes. In addition, I would like to thank Raymond Benjamin, Angela Gittens, Jeff Poole, Tony Tyler and their organizations for partnering with Hermes on this book, SITA for its sponsorship, and the Board of Hermes for its advice and consent. Without the support of Anthony Philbin, Ryan White, Martine Ohayon, Quentin Browell and Tony Concil, who provided me with valuable information and comments, writing this book would have been impossible. Finally, I appreciate the efforts of Professor Martin Dresner, President, ATRS and Hermes Board Member, for his excellent job editing the contents of the book. Dr Kostas Iatrou Administrator of Hermes Air Transport Club 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION i 1914-2013 / 3 Foreword t behoves the critical importance of International Civil Aviation that while World IWar ll was still underway in Europe and Asia 52 States met, formulated and on 7 December 1944 signed the Convention on International Civil Aviation better known as the Chicago Convention. As we celebrate the 100 years of commercial aviation and the 70 years of the International Civil Aviation Organization let us re- member that a country’s or region’s competitiveness is directly related to its con- nectivity. Globally Travel & Tourism represents US$7 trillion, 266 million jobs and US$1.3 trillion in exports. 35% of international trade by value is transported by air. The multiplier effect of air transport is amazing as ICAO estimated that every US$ 100 of revenue produced by air transport triggers an additional US$ 325 and that every 100 jobs generated by air transport triggers over 600 additional jobs in other industries. A more dramatic case for aviation was made in 2010 when Iceland’s volcanic ash led to the closure of 300 European airports for 5 days, over 100,000 cancelled flights, more than 10 million stranded passengers and $5 billion in lost GDP worldwide. However, even if air transport is the strongest link in the job creation and economic development chain it remains the weakest and most exposed link in the travel and tourism value chain. We simply cannot promote connectivity if we ignore profitability and we can- not promote profitability if we ignore all that undermine it. In these exceptionally difficult financial times Governments should not clip the wings of a sector that makes economies take off. Inefficient national and regional air space management, misguided national or regional regulation of the commercial and operational aspects of international civil aviation and unreasonable taxes, fees and charges undermine both connectivity and profitability. It is therefore simply senseless and counter-productive for anyone trying to stimulate socio-economic growth and jobs to fail to effectively promote connectivity. Travel and Tourism will only flow smoothly in a country and in a region only if and when all the stakeholders develop the necessary synergy and work in harmony in the pursuit of a shared vision. To achieve this alignment requires a worldwide culture of communication and cooperation because as States, ICAO and UNWTO, as air navigation service providers and CANSO, as airlines and IATA, as airports and ACI, as cargo operators and TIACA, as travel and tourism professionals and WTTC, as consumers, as employees, as aircraft and engine manufacturers and as ground handlers we need each other and we depend on each other. We are and we will remain a community of linked interests and we will make a formidable dif- ference if and only if we can work together to harness the formidable power of travel and tourism to bring about socio-economic growth, jobs, understanding and happiness worldwide. And we must all work together because we need each other and we depend on each other. Vijay Poonoosamy President Hermes Air Transport Club 4 / 1914-2013 • 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION Foreword he pilot of the first commercial flight to take to the air on 1 January 1914 for Tthe St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line, in Florida, could not have imagined that his exploit would be celebrated 100 years later as a historic event that would forever alter the way human beings live and relate to each other across a shrink- ing planet. How could he even think that aviation would one day become a formidable driver of economic, social, cultural and political development, way beyond his town or State? After all, the horizon from his cockpit extended barely a few miles. Could he travel in time, he would be proud to witness how air transport today contributes to the well being of hundreds of millions of people on every continent; how it is directly responsible for the creation of millions of jobs; and how it supports the world’s largest industry, travel and tourism. Indeed, with the democratization of air travel, holidays or visits to family and friends have become and remain affordable and easily accessible. Businesses can flourish and cargo flights readily bring high-value goods to homes every- where, while young people still dream of fulfilling their dreams with a career in aviation. Perhaps it would be the power of modern air travel to foster friendship and understanding among the peoples of the world that would impress him the most. Or the fact that, in spite of thousands of aircraft criss-crossing the skies above our heads, air travel is amaz- ingly safe and efficient. Of course, such a remarkable achievement could not have been possible without the regulatory framework established by ICAO from the day it was created 70 years ago, on 7 December 1944. Through the development of technical and operational standards, policies covering economic and legal matters, as well as on-going guidance and support to its Member States, ICAO paved the way for the sustained growth of air travel and kept the aviation community cooperatively focused on the issues that matter the most. Just as critical to the dramatic growth of civil aviation was the commitment of airlines, airports, air navigation service providers, manufacturers and all other stakeholders to work together in ensuring the integrity of the air transport system. Cooperation with and among IATA, ACI, CANSO, IFALPA and others will continue to inspire public confidence in air travel as we look forward to the many challenges ahead. On 1 January 2014, the second century of commercial flight held the promise of being as exciting as the first. New technologies will soon enable us to see our blue planet as never before aboard sub-orbital flights, while the liberalization of the industry will open up new markets and allow even more people to fly to more destinations than ever before. And ICAO will remain the global forum for the aviation world to proactively ensure the safety, the security, and the regularity of air travel, respectful of the environment we all depend on. Aviation has progressed as it has on the basis of determined cooperation, and it will certainly deliver humanity even greater connectivity and prosperity in the years ahead if we continue to confront its challenges together. Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu President ICAO Council 100 YEARS OF COMMERCIAL AVIATION • 1914-2013 / 5 Foreword espite being a pioneer in the world of air transport, I doubt very much that DTony Jannus could have foreseen just how far afield the consequences of his 1 January 1914 flight—the first commercial flight ever from St.
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