Metodi E Modelli Di Pianificazione E Progettazione Eliportuale Per Servizi Di Trasporto Civile

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Metodi E Modelli Di Pianificazione E Progettazione Eliportuale Per Servizi Di Trasporto Civile Metodi e modelli di pianificazione e progettazione eliportuale per servizi di trasporto civile Luigi Maritano Corso di Dottorato in Tecnica ed Economia dei Trasporti XXIV Ciclo Tutor: Prof. Ing. Salvatore Amoroso Coordinatore: Prof. Ing. Marco Migliore UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO FACOLTA’ DI INGEGNERIA Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali (D.I.C.A.M.) In copertina: Artist Rendering of the Air Pegasus Metro Heliplex heliport http://ironboundnewark.com/we-fly-high-newark-heliportheliplex UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PALERMO FACOLTÀ DI INGEGNERIA Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali Corso di Dottorato di Ricerca in Tecnica ed Economia dei Trasporti – XXIV Ciclo S.S.D. ICAR/05 Metodi e modelli di pianificazione e progettazione eliportuale per servizi di trasporto civile Tesi di dottorato di: Tutor: Luigi Maritano Prof. Ing. Salvatore Amoroso Coordinatore del Corso: Prof. Ing. Marco Migliore INDICE GENERALE INDICE GENERALE ................................................................................................. pagina I INDICE DELLE FIGURE E DELLE TABELLE ................................................................ V INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................................. 1 CAPITOLO 1 - L’impiego civile dell’elicottero: considerazioni di carattere generale e analisi del contesto nazionale ed internazionale Premessa ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Cenni storici sull’evoluzione tecnologica dell’elicottero ........................................ 4 1.2 Il mercato degli elicotteri civili ............................................................................... 9 1.3 Infrastrutture eliportuali per trasporto pubblico: esperienze internazionali .......... 12 1.3.1 Il collegamento Monaco-Nizza ...................................................................... 12 1.3.2 I servizi elicotteristici dell’area newyorkese ................................................. 14 1.3.3 I collegamenti Hong Kong-Macau-Shenzhen ................................................ 14 1.3.4 I collegamenti dello stretto di Gibilterra ........................................................ 15 1.3.5 Il collegamento Vancouver-Victoria ............................................................. 16 1.3.6 Un caso isolato in ambito nazionale: il collegamento Foggia-Isole Tremiti . 17 1.3.7 Altre infrastrutture eliportuali di interesse ..................................................... 19 1.4 Aspetti concernenti la safety nelle operazioni con gli elicotteri ........................... 22 CAPITOLO 2 - Il quadro normativo dell’uso civile dell’elicottero Premessa .......................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 Il concetto di “eliporto” ......................................................................................... 27 2.2 La normativa sulla progettazione e sulla gestione delle infrastrutture .................. 28 2.2.1 La normativa dell’International Civil Aviation Organization in materia di eliporti ............................................................................................................ 28 Indice generale 2.2.2 La normativa della Federal Aviation Administration .................................... 30 2.2.3 La normativa dell’Ente Nazionale per l’Aviazione Civile ............................. 32 2.3 La normativa sulle operazioni di volo con elicotteri ............................................. 34 2.3.1 Normativa internazionale e comunitaria ........................................................ 34 2.4 La normativa sulla certificazione degli elicotteri .................................................. 35 2.5 La certificazione acustica degli elicotteri .............................................................. 36 CAPITOLO 3 - Analisi comparativa delle differenti fonti normative in materia di progettazione eliportuale per servizi di trasporto aereo civile Premessa........................................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Infrastrutture di decollo ed atterraggio per gli elicotteri ........................................ 41 3.2 Distanze dichiarate e helicopter clearways ............................................................ 48 3.3 Infrastrutture per la movimentazione degli elicotteri all’interno di eliporti/aeroporti .................................................................................................... 50 3.4 Infrastrutture per lo stazionamento degli elicotteri all’interno di eliporti/aeroporti .. ............................................................................................................................... 55 3.5 Segnaletica orizzontale di eliporto ......................................................................... 61 3.6 Segnaletica verticale e luminosa di eliporto .......................................................... 65 3.7 Servizi di soccorso e antincendio ........................................................................... 67 3.8 Movimentazione degli elicotteri all’interno delle infrastrutture aeroportuali ....... 69 3.9 Superfici di delimitazione degli ostacoli ............................................................... 70 3.10 Capacità dell’apron in relazione alla domanda di trasporto .................................. 78 3.10.1 Modelli analitici per la determinazione della capacità dell’apron ................. 79 3.10.2 Influenza dei parametri di esercizio sulla capacità dell’apron ....................... 81 3.11 Comparazione delle normative ICAO e FAA in materia di progettazione del land- side e dell’air-side eliportuale ................................................................................ 84 3.11.1 Dimensionamento dell’air-side eliportuale .................................................... 84 3.11.2 Dimensionamento del land-side eliportuale ................................................... 91 II Indice generale CAPITOLO 4 - La compatibilità ambientale delle infrastrutture eliportuali Premessa .......................................................................................................................... 97 4.1 Gli impatti delle infrastrutture eliportuali sul territorio ......................................... 98 4.2 Gli effetti sulla comunità ..................................................................................... 100 4.3 Panoramica sulle linee guida per la valutazione dell’impatto ambientale delle operazioni con elicotteri ...................................................................................... 103 4.4 Analisi sperimentale delle relazioni esistenti tra il rumore generato dalle operazioni con elicotteri ed i parametri operativi del mezzo ............................... 105 4.5 Analisi statistica dei risultati ................................................................................ 113 4.6 Le emissioni atmosferiche degli elicotteri ........................................................... 117 CAPITOLO 5 - Valutazione dell’efficienza delle infrastrutture eliportuali Premessa ........................................................................................................................ 121 5.1 Considerazioni introduttive sulla metodologia DEA ........................................... 121 5.2 Il modello CCR .................................................................................................... 124 5.3 Il modello BCC .................................................................................................... 128 5.4 Altri modelli DEA per la valutazione dell’efficienza .......................................... 131 5.4.1 Modello BCC output-oriented ..................................................................... 131 5.4.2 Modelli CRS/NIRS/NDRS .......................................................................... 131 5.4.3 Modelli measure-specific ............................................................................. 132 5.4.4 Modelli additivi (slack-based) ..................................................................... 133 5.4.5 Modelli non radiali ....................................................................................... 134 5.4.6 Modelli con struttura di preferenza .............................................................. 134 5.4.7 Modelli bad input/output ............................................................................. 135 5.4.8 Modelli di congestione ................................................................................. 136 5.4.9 Modello della super-efficienza (super-efficiency DEA models) ................. 138 5.4.10 Modello con variabili categoriche ............................................................... 138 5.5 Panoramica sullo stato delle infrastrutture aeroportuali nazionali ...................... 139 III Indice generale 5.6 Simulazione 1 ...................................................................................................... 144 5.7 Simulazione 2 ...................................................................................................... 148 5.8 Simulazione 3 ...................................................................................................... 152 5.9 Simulazione 4 .....................................................................................................
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