Collating baseline invasive non-indigenous data for MSFD reporting

March 2016

Esther Hughes, Chris A. Wood, John D.D. Bishop, Matt Arnold, Charly Griffiths, Jack Sewell, and Dan Lear

Project title: Collating baseline invasive non-indigenous species data for MSFD reporting

Contract Reference: ME5223

Defra Contract Manager: Tarquin Dorrington

Funded by:

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Area 8b 9 Milbank C/O 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR

Authors: Esther Hughes, Christine A. Wood, Matt Arnold, John D.D. Bishop, Charly Griffiths, Jack Sewell, and Dan Lear.

The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom The Laboratory Citadel Hill Plymouth Devon PL1 2PB

Restrictions of Use: Please see http://www.dassh.ac.uk/terms-and-conditions

Disclaimer: The content of this report does not necessarily reflect the views of Defra, nor is Defra liable for the accuracy of the information provided, nor is Defra responsible for any use of the report’s content.

Acknowledgements: Thank you to everyone who has contributed NIS records and expert advice.

2 Contents

Glossary 5

Executive Summary 6

Introduction 7 Project Background 7

Development of priority species lists for monitoring of marine non-natives in the UK 9

Adopted Approach and Methodology 9 Aims and objectives 9

Collation of Data and Information 9

Quality Assurance 10

Taxonomic Standards 10

Analysis and Database Development 10 Derived maps for MSFD marine NIS 13

Ease of Access and Supply of Data 13

Data Formatting Issues and Standards 13

Future Considerations 13

Appendices 15 Appendix 1: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) taxon-matched MSFD Monitoring List of NIS 15 Appendix 2: Data contacts and providers 16 Appendix 3: Presence and Absence Distribution Maps for each of the 24 NIS on the Monitoring List 26 Acartia (Acanthocartia) tonsa 26 Amphibalanus amphitrite 27

3 Asterocarpa humilis 28 Bonnemaisonia hamifera 29 Caprella mutica 30 Crassostrea spp. 31 Crepidula fornicata 32 33 Didemnum vexillum 34 Dyspanopeus sayi 35 Ensis directus 36 Eriocheir sinensis 37 Ficopomatus enigmaticus 38 Grateloupia turuturu 39 Hesperibalanus fallax 40 Heterosigma akashiwo 41 Rapana venosa 42 Sargassum muticum 43 Schizoporella japonica 44 Spartina townsendii var. anglica 45 Styela clava 46 pinnatifida 47 Urosalpinx cinerea 48 Watersipora subatra 49 Appendix 4: Records from literature review of publication and data sources used 50 Appendix 5: Restriction of Use Document 56

4

Glossary

Cefas – Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science

Defra – Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DAC – Data Archive Centre

DASSH – The Archive for Marine Species and Habitats Data

GBNNSS – Great Britain Non-Native Species Secretariat

GES - Good Environmental Status

GIS – Geographic Information System

HELCOM - Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission - Helsinki Commission

INSPIRE – Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community

LRC – Local Record Centre

MBA – The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

MEDIN – Marine Environmental Data and Information Network

MS – Member State

MSFD – Marine Strategy Framework Directive

NBN – National Biodiversity Network

NIS – Non-Indigenous Species

NNSIP – Non-Native Species Information Portal

NNSS – Non-Native Species Secretariat

OSPAR - Oslo and Paris Conventions

RAS – Rapid Assessment Survey

WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species

WFD – Water Framework Directive

5 Executive Summary

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) is an EU directive which aims to manage and protect the marine environment across Europe. The central goal of the directive is to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in marine waters of EU Member States (MSs) by 2020. The MSFD is composed of a list of descriptors on which GES will be assessed. In accordance with the understanding that Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) may have negative impacts on the marine environment and the need for their management and control, indicators have been developed on which GES in relation to NIS will be assessed.

Cefas (see Cefas contract report C6484) collated master lists of marine Monitoring and Surveillance NIS relevant to the UK from a number of different sources. In order to establish a known baseline of the current known distribution of NNS in the UK, the Marine Biological Association identified a group of relevant experts for the 24 species on the Monitoring List, made updates from recent data and digitised key historic datasets and data from the literature, producing spatially referenced tables and associated maps (appendix 3.) showing the current known distribution of each species on the Monitoring List within the MSFD boundary (Figure 1). As Defra develops programmes to monitor the rate of spread of NIS, the baseline data described in this report will allow comparison to be made in terms of future spread.

Where possible, it has been the aspiration of the Marine Biological Association and DASSH that the contract to make the data generated from this project freely available on the National Biodiversity Network (NBN) Gateway and archived in DASSH (The Archive for Marine Species and Habitats Data). All derived data will be made available to Government Departments and Public Bodies for non-commercial purposes according to DASSH ( the archive for marine species and habitat data) Terms and Conditions.

A large data collation exercise of this kind inevitably encountered some issues. In particular negotiation which was necessary with a variety of data providers to allow the widest possible release of data. The work also highlighted the importance of cataloguing and storing datasets with an appropriate level of metadata. The project identified future considerations to improve access to marine data, which include the need to further promote and adopt the standards and specification developed through the Marine Environmental and Data Information Network (MEDIN) programme and to ensure compliance with EU legislation such as the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE Directive.

6 Figure 1: Area of UK waters over which the MSFD applies

Introduction

Project Background

The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC) (MSFD) is an EU directive, formally adopted in July 2008, which aims to manage and protect the marine environment across Europe. The central goal of the directive is to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in marine waters of EU Member States (MSs) by 2020. The MSFD is composed of a list of descriptors on which GES will be assessed. In accordance with the understanding that Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) may have negative impacts on the marine environment and the need for their management and control, one of the eleven MSFD descriptors (Descriptor 2), on which GES is assessed, refers to NIS, stating:

“Non-indigenous species introduced by human activities are at levels that do not adversely alter the ecosystem”

Indicators have also been developed on which GES in relation to NIS will be assessed. These indicators are as follows:

1. Trends in abundance, temporal occurrence and spatial distribution in the wild of NIS, particularly invasive NIS, notably in risk areas, in relation to the main vectors and pathways of spreading of such species.

2. Ratio between invasive NIS and native species in some well-studied taxonomic groups (e.g. fish, macroalgae, molluscs) that may provide a measure of change in species composition (e.g. further to the displacement of native species).

3. Impacts of invasive NIS at the level of species, habitats and ecosystem where feasible.

7 Under the MSFD MSs are required to implement a monitoring programme to assess the impact of the descriptor in addition to determining the effectiveness of a programme of measures designed to achieve GES by reducing the impact of the descriptor. The UK has developed an indicator looking at the rate of introduction and spread of new NIS. Rather than attempt to develop monitoring and surveillance programmes for all non-native marine organisms present or likely to arrive, focusing efforts on priority species, representing those that do or could have high environmental impact, is a more cost effective means of assessing GES under the MSFD. This does not exclude the monitoring/surveillance and reporting of other species, but presents a more manageable list of species allowing for representation of different taxa and pathways. A similar principle has been applied to the Water Framework Directive (WFD), the OSPAR/HELCOM ballast water exemption guidelines and the 1143/2014 EU regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, where lists of species operate at a number of different levels from the community to the MS scale.

Cefas (see Cefas contract report C6484) collated a master list of marine NIS relevant to the UK from a number of different sources (204 species in total). These sources were:

• The Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) NIS list of concern (Helen Roy, personal correspondence). • Republic of Ireland, Invasive species Ireland NIS species list of concern (Kelly, O’Flynn, & Maguire, 2013). • Republic of Ireland, MSFD NIS species list (Barry et al., 2013). • Non-Native Species Information Portal (NNSIP), marine NIS list (Jack Sewell, personal correspondence). • Water Framework Directive, Alien Species Group priority list (Philip Boon, personal correspondence). • Recent publication on NIS horizon scanning (Roy et al., 2014).

Please note that to ensure no species relevant to the UK were missed lists from Republic of Ireland were included in the master list and in the event that the distribution of the species was unspecified in relation to Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland the species was assumed to be present within the UK.

The master list was further refined by removing species that are parasites or diseases. Freshwater or exclusively brackish (including freshwater/brackish) species were removed from the list as these fall outside the scope of the MSFD. Species that spend part of their lifecycle in brackish/freshwater, but also part of their lifecycle in marine habitats, or species which are only found in marine habitats were retained on the list.

Cefas defined monitoring as an intermittent series of observations in time, carried out to show the distribution of NIS currently established within the risk assessment area, from which changes in their distribution can be assessed over a series of such observations. Surveillance is defined as close observation for NIS not currently present in the risk assessment area.

Species on the master list were recorded as either i) present; ii) unknown to be present in the UK. The absence of a species cannot be clearly demonstrated especially given current surveillance efforts. Therefore all species listed as absent in sources used were listed as unknown on the master list. As part of this process expert opinion was sought; this was predominantly from the Marine Pathways Project steering group (for more information on the Marine Pathways Project and its Steering Group please go to the GBNNSS webpages at (http://www.nonnativespecies.org/index.cfm?sectionid=105) and the Marine Biological Association.

8 Both lists are live and subject to change in relation to advancements in understanding and knowledge or additional information on the status of listed species or species that may yet be perceived as a potential risk.

Development of priority species lists for monitoring of marine non-natives in the UK

The following criteria were used to develop the final Monitoring List of NIS (See Cefas contract report C6484):

• Those species recorded under the WFD species list as either high or moderate impact. • Species that had previously been risk assessed by the GBNNSS as medium or higher. • Species Risk Assessed by Cefas as part of this project that were identified as having an impact of medium or higher.

The priority Monitoring List of NIS as it currently stands is presented in Appendix 1. The list consists of 24 species representing a range of taxa with varying current distributions. This report is concerned with the Monitoring List of NIS only.

As with other species lists developed for similar purposes, this is a living list and will be subject to change as more information and knowledge becomes available, and as more NIS become established within UK waters. It may be appropriate to review the current list in light of the 70 species that, although fitting the criteria for rapid risk assessment, were not risk assessed due to time constraints. However, the priority Monitoring List of NIS presented within this document is considered sufficient to monitor the effectiveness of a programme of measures in reducing the risk of spread by major pathways required under the MSFD in conjunction with indicators being developed for the UK and OSPAR.

Adopted Approach and Methodology

Aims and objectives

The aims of this part of the wider project were to produce spatially referenced tables and associated GIS layers showing the distribution of the Monitoring List of NIS.

The aims were to:

• Identify a group of relevant experts for the species on the Monitoring List • Make updates from recent data and undertake digitization of key historic datasets for the 24 species • Digitise data from the literature not already in MEDIN format, National Biodiversity Network (NBN) format or Marine Recorder (MR) format, and • Create distribution maps for each species focusing on the last 10 years (one-point per record).

Collation of Data and Information

Data were requested from all the major holders of marine biodiversity data e.g. statutory agencies and major databases, the NBN, Local Record Centres (LRCs), schemes and societies, the Natural History Museum (NHM), Wildlife Trusts, and (MEDIN and other) Data Archive Centres (DACs), for the target species. We created provisional distribution maps for each species from available records. We then sent the draft maps to a group of relevant experts to look at and review the distributions of these 24 species for comments and additions/subtractions and to gather additional information on their current known distribution. Additional records for the species were sought through direct contact with authors, NIS specialists, recording schemes, societies and organisations known to have carried out work on target species, or who were likely to hold

9 records and information on their distribution (see details of individuals and organizations contacted along with details of the additional data collated in Appendix 2).

Alongside this, we carried out a thorough literature search for each species on the Monitoring List from (but not limited to) the following search engines: The National Marine Biological Library (NMBL), Web of Science, Science Direct, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Scopus, PubMed, VLIZ, Copac, Google (for grey literature), and Google Scholar.

Originally, using just the MSFD boundary area meant that the majority of marina rapid assessment survey (RAS) and shore survey records would need to be excluded since the MSFD boundary stops at the high water mark. This would include all major ports, where NIS are commonly recorded as present. Since they are main areas for shipping and recreational boating it would not be sensible to exclude them. Defra agreed that it would be better to include the WFD areas as it would include the hotspot locations and the marina RAS data.

Quality Assurance

Progress of datasets into the archive used for the contract was monitored using an Access database to ensure that QA standards were adhered to during data input. Records of publication and data sources used were stored in an Endnote database. The bibliography is included in this report (see Appendix 4). Details of the points of contact and specialists consulted during the data acquisition phase of the project were also logged.

After initial data entry all data and metadata were validated and verified to ensure the data met appropriate standards. The standards used included those established by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and DASSH in its role as a MEDIN DAC. Data validation was carried out independently of the member of staff responsible for data entry.

Taxonomic Standards

All species records were matched to the World Register of Marine Species, (WoRMS) using the online “Match taxa” tool. The matching gave a consistent species list to work from and ensured that the layers included the most up-to-date taxonomic information. In all cases, the originally assigned by the data provider were retained to ensure all changes were clear in the final layer.

It is worth noting that Crassostrea spp. refers to records of Crassostrea gigas (Pacific Oyster), Crassostrea angulata (Portuguese oyster), and Crassostrea virginica (Chesapeake Bay oyster). Our searches yielded records of all three species (only one of each C. angulata and C. virginica), and therefore it was agreed that we would amalgamate them as Crassostrea spp.

Also relevant is that Grateloupia turuturu has previously been recorded as Grateloupia doryphora (a species which has not yet arrived in the UK), and therefore we searched for records of both these species and added them all to the database as Grateloupia turuturu.

Analysis and Database Development

Data layers were produced by the collation of existing data from a wide range of sources. Once collated, the data were entered into a standard structure and are displayed as ESRI Shapefiles for inclusion in standard GIS and mapping packages including ArcGIS, MapInfo and Google Earth. In addition, the spatial referencing system was standardized and the distributions clipped to the MSFD boundary for the UK (see Figure 1). Once in the standard format the underlying data tables were quality assured to check valid information was

10 entered in each of the attributes. Alongside the spatial data, each derived dataset has a metadata record to assist in the discovery and reuse of data collated.

Maps for all species are presented within this document as image files to allow visualization of the distribution of each species

In total, over 140 individuals from 120 organizations were initially contacted of which 121 people replied, and 65 provided data to the project. The resulting number of species records collated for the mapping exercise reached over 44,000. Literature containing relevant information was collected and records extracted. All records (and their originating publication) were standardised into MEDIN format where permissions allowed. Where permission was not granted for upload, or where there was risk of duplication, some records were entered directly into the species layers. The risk of duplication mainly related to LRC’s giving us early access to data which was awaiting upload to the NBN Gateway. Entry by DASSH would therefore result in multiple entries for the same record when DASSH holdings were uploaded to the NBN. In addition to requests for data for the MSFD baseline project, data providers were asked to give permission for wider dissemination and archiving in DASSH, the MEDIN Data Archive Centre (DAC) for biodiversity data. Where it was agreed, the requests enabled the derived datasets to be more widely available and ensured that data became available from a central point for future projects.

Amendments and additions were made through conversations and debate was encouraged between experts. In many cases it was necessary to convert ad-hoc personal communications and expert knowledge to geographically and temporally referenced records (presence and absence). This process helped to address the current gap(s) between expert knowledge and publicly available distribution information. The literature search produced 511 sources with a reference to one or more of the species in the Monitoring List, of which 81 provided one record or a group of records or dataset(s) (see list of citations in Appendix 4).

We created MEDIN-compliant metadata records for each dataset we collated and exported them to the MEDIN Discovery portal. Records on the MEDIN portal are also complaint with the INSPIRE directive and are also made available through data.gov.uk. We ensured copyright and any restrictions on data use were noted. DASSH will release any data not currently on the NBN Gateway, with the agreement from providers, and add metadata to the MEDIN Discovery portal.

During our literature search, we found a few records posted on social media such as the Grateloupia turuturu record in the Sound of Barra and Grateloupia turuturu and Sargassum muticum records from Wembury through Twitter (see Figure 2). Experts were consulted on the likely validity of these records before their inclusion.

Figure 2. Example Tweet from Twitter – Grateloupia turuturu record from Wembury, Devon

11

The species data was then imported into an ESRI Geodatabase structure and the GIS information was standardised and referenced to geographic coordinate system WGS84. The standardization involved re- projection of any data held in different datums using the toolboxes available through the ESRI ArcGIS software. The collated data were stored in an ESRI Geodatabase with standardised fields. The fields included were agreed with the Project Steering Group and are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Field names included for species layers

Field name Description OrigName Name in original dataset TaxonName Name matched in WoRMS SurveyID Unique Survey ID from original database. Where data was not entered into a database a unique project ID was assigned StartDate Date of Record EndDate End date of record (for ranges) DateType Day (D) Days (DD), Month (M), Months (MM), Year (Y), Years (YY), Unknown LocName Name of location where record was made. SampleID Unique ID from database (where relevant). Event Name Survey Event from database/Marine Recorder (where relevant). Lat Latitude of record (decimal degrees) Long Longitude of record (decimal degrees) Determiner The group or individual(s) responsible for the taxonomic determination Status Status of the record (Present, Absent, Uncertain). Precision Precision of spatial information, based on how the spatial information was derived (if possible) ZeroAbundance TRUE or FALSE

GIS data were manually screened for duplicate entries, missing information and points plotting inland. There remains an issue with creating point layers where some historic data is stored at resolutions of 1, 2 or 10km. Coordinate precision was therefore included where possible as a data attribute, to allow records at these resolutions to be filtered out as required without having to remove them from the final layers.

12 Derived maps for MSFD marine NIS

All records are provided as points. These point data must be interpreted using the coordinate precision field. The precision may affect how a record displays, particularly for those at 10 km resolution as they may appear further offshore for an intertidal species or intertidal for a sublittoral species. Layers have been ordered so that presence records are on top of absence, and recent records are on top of old(er) records. There were only a limited number of recent ’absence’ records for these species, the majority coming from the rapid assessment surveys of marinas and harbours which specifically target NIS.

The NIS datasets are provided only for the uses set out by Defra in the Restrictions of Use document, included here as Appendix 5. The original data providers should be contacted for any uses outside the contract remit. Where possible, permission has been cleared for data to be disseminated publicly via the NBN.

The derived datasets resulting from the project will be made available through the MEDIN DAC network, with metadata available through the MEDIN portal available from the MEDIN website.

From the resulting data layers, a series of images have been produced within this report showing the distribution of those NIS as specified in the project specification. These demonstrate the outputs from the project GIS but do not include the GIS functionality to allow the user to zoom, pan and query the data points (see Appendix 3).

Ease of Access and Supply of Data

Some organisations holding key datasets were slow to, or did not, respond to data requests. We conclude that these organisations need to review their data dissemination policies in order to ensure compliance with the 20 day limit specified in the Environmental Information Regulation (EIR) ) and the EU’s Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) legislation.

It is hoped that organisations will continue to develop and complete INSPIRE-compliant metadata catalogues as this contract emphasises that regional and local data are vital for use at a national level. In some cases reports had been separated from the raw or derived data, meaning that data had to be digitised to allow inclusion at a less accurate level than would have been possible with the original data.

Much of the polygon data available was too generic to be of use for plotting species data (e.g. based on life forms) even though some biotopes are relevant to species data.

Data Formatting Issues and Standards

The provision of data without relevant report references or metadata of any kind resulted in some difficulty in collating information to populate the survey table. In addition the lack of metadata greatly increases the level of QA that is required. While transformation between electronic formats was (in most cases) simple, when data were late arriving it made incorporation into the project outputs difficult.

Future Considerations

The project identified some issues related to access, collation and onward dissemination of data gathered from a wide variety of sources. The data providers recognised the importance of the project and were keen to be involved; however the time of year for collation of data was a busy period for many LRCs and DACs.

It is encouraging to note that many organisations who we requested datasets from already had full access on the NBN. Other LRCs required completion of a Data Access Request form, some of which were time

13 consuming and difficult to complete. Others, for example Cofnod (North Wales Environmental Information Service) http://www.cofnod.org.uk/Enquiries provided a very effective and efficient data request service.

Many of the issues are being addressed though the work of MEDIN which has, and continues to develop, data specifications, standards and metadata standards to simplify the exchange of marine data and metadata. Carefully defined pathways for marine data flow and the adoption of MEDIN standards and specifications will facilitate the update of these derived data products and provide a solid foundation for future marine data management.

These data layers constitute the best available knowledge at the current date, but may provide an incomplete picture, and this must be taken into consideration in their application.

14 Appendices

Appendix 1: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) taxon-matched MSFD Monitoring List of NIS

Species Common name/ Synonyms/ Notes Algae/Plants Bonnemaison's Hook Weed (previously known as Trailliella Bonnemaisonia hamifera intricata, Asparagopsis hamifera) Devil's Tongue Weed Grateloupia turuturu (previously incorrectly recorded as Grateloupia doryphora) Sargassum muticum Japanese Weed, Wireweed

Undaria pinnatifida Japanese , Common Cord-Grass, Smooth Cord-Grass, Townsend’s Grass or Rice Spartina townsendii var. Grass (also known as Spartina anglica, Spartina townsendii) anglica Ascidians Asterocarpa humilis Compass sea squirt (also known as Cnemidocarpa humilis) Didemnum vexillum Carpet sea squirt Styela clava Leathery sea squirt Barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite Striped barnacle (previously known as Balanus amphitrite) Hesperibalanus fallax A barnacle (previously known as Solidobalanus fallax) Bryozoans Schizoporella japonica Orange ripple bryozoan Red ripple bryozoan (previously incorrectly recorded as Watersipora Watersipora subatra subtorquata) Crabs Eriocheir sinensis Chinese Mitten Crab Dyspanopeus sayi Say’s Mud Crab Other Crustaceans Caprella mutica Japanese Skeleton Shrimp Cnidarians Diadumene lineata Orange-Striped Anemone (Previously known as Haliplanella lineata) Molluscs Crassostrea spp. Cupped Oyster (to include C. gigas, C. virginica, and C. angulata records) American Jackknife Clam, Atlantic Jackknife Clam, American Razor Ensis directus Clam (previously known as Ensis americanus) Crepidula fornicata Slipper Limpet Rapana venosa Asian Rapa Whelk Urosalpinx cinerea American oyster drill Plankton Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa A marine copepod (previously known as Acartia tonsa) A dinoflagellate (microscopic alga of the class Raphidophyceae, NOT the Heterosigma akashiwo virus which has the same species name) Polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus Trumpet tubeworm

15 Appendix 2: Data contacts and providers

Organisation Species Geographic Data Required Reply? Data Data offered? received? Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute All Northern Ireland Data No No No (AFBI) AlgaeBase (www.algaebase.org) and Seaweeds All Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes The Seaweed Site (www.seaweed.ie) checking maps Apem Ltd All East Coast England Data Yes Yes Yes Arran Biological Records Centre; the All Scotland Data Yes No No National Trust for Scotland (AWT); Bristol All Avon; Bristol, Data Yes Yes Yes Regional Environmental Records England Centre (BRERC) Bangor University (BU) All Wales Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Bedfordshire and Luton Biodiversity All Bedfordshire Data Yes No No Recording and Monitoring Centre Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and All Bedfordshire, Data Yes Yes No Northamptonshire Wildlife Trust Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire Berks, Bucks and Oxon Wildlife Trust All Buckinghamshire Data Yes No No (BBOWT) and Milton Keynes, England Birmingham and Black Country Eriocheir sinensis Birmingham and the Data Yes No No Wildlife Trust (BBCWT) Black Country Botanical Society of the British Isles Spartina UK Data Yes Yes Yes (BSBI) townsendii var. anglica Bournemouth University (BU) Seaweeds All Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Bournemouth University (BU) Molluscs South Coast England Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes and UK checking maps

16

Great Britain Non Native Species All UK Data and expertise for Yes No No Secretariat (GBNNSS) checking maps

17

Brecknock Wildlife Trust (BWT), All Brecknock and Data Yes No No Powys and BBNP Biodiversity Powys, Wales Information Service British Phycological Society (BPS) Seaweeds UK Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes maps British Phycological Society (BPS) Seaweeds UK NIS seaweed records Yes Yes Yes Cambridgeshire & Peterborough All Cambridgeshire & Data Yes Yes Yes Environmental Records Centre Peterborough, England Centre for Environment, Fisheries Molluscs East Coast Data and expertise for No No No and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) checking maps Centre for Environment, Fisheries Crabs, Molluscs All Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) maps Cheshire Region Biological Records All Cheshire, England Data No No No Centre (rECOrd): () ERICA/ Cornwall and the Isles of All Cornwall, England Data Yes Yes Yes Scilly Federation for Biological Recorders (CISFBR)) Conchological Society of Great Molluscs UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Britain and Ireland (ConchSoc) checking maps (CWT) and All Cornwall, England Data Yes Yes Yes Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust (IoSWT); Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (ERCCIS) Cumbria Biodiversity Data Centre: All UK Data Yes Yes Yes () Cumbria Freshwater Invasive Non- All Cumbria, England Data Yes Yes Yes Native Species (CFINNS) Initiative Department of Natural Sciences All Ireland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes National Museums Northern Ireland checking maps (NMNI) Department of the Environment All Northern Ireland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Ireland (DOENI) checking maps 18

Department of the Environment Seaweeds Northern Ireland Data and expertise for No No No Ireland (DOENI) checking maps Department of the Environment All Northern Ireland Data Yes Yes Yes Ireland (DOENI) Department of the Environment All Northern Ireland Data No No No Ireland (DOENI) Derbyshire Biological Records Centre All Derbyshire, England Data Yes No No (DBRC) (Derbyshire Wildlife Trust) Devon and Severn Inshore Fisheries All Devon and Severn, Data and expertise for No No No Conservation Authority (IFCA) England checking maps (DWT); Devon All Devon, England Data Yes No No Biodiversity Records Centre (DBRC) Doncaster MBC Biological Records All Doncaster, England Data Yes Yes Yes Centre Dorset Environmental Records All Dorset, England Data Yes Yes Yes Centre (DERC); () Dumfries and Galloway All Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes Environmental Resources Centre (DGERC) Environment Agency (EA) All UK Data Yes Yes No Environmental Consultant (Cornwall) All Cornwall Data and expertise for Yes No No checking maps Environmental Consultant (Dorset) – All; Seaweeds South Coast England Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Dr Lin Baldock and UK checking maps Environmental Consultant (South All Wales Data and expertise for Yes Yes No West Wales) checking maps for Welsh marine NIS records Environmental Consultant (Norfolk) Seaweeds All Data and expertise for Yes Yes No checking maps Environmental Records Information All North East England Data Yes No No Centre North East (ERIC): , Northumberland

19

Wildlife Trust, and Tees Valley Wildlife Trust Environmental Research Institute All; particularly Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes Schizoporel la japonica (EWT) All Essex, England Data Yes Yes Yes Fife Nature Records Centre All Fife, Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes Glasgow Museum Biological Records All Scotland Data Yes No No Centre (including East and West Dunbartonshire) Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust (GWT) All Gloucestershire, Data Yes Yes Yes England Greater Manchester Ecology Unit All Greater Manchester, Data Yes No No England Greenspace Information for Greater All Greater London Data Yes Yes No London (GiGL) Hampshire Biodiversity Information All Hampshire and IoW, Data No No No Centre (HBIC); (Hampshire and IoW England Wildlife Trust) Herefordshire Wildlife Trust (HWT) All Herefordshire, Data Yes No No England Heriot-Watt University (HWU) Bryozoans All Data and expertise for No No No checking maps Highland Biological Recording Group All Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes (HBRG) Individual All; Seaweeds UK; Sussex Yes Yes Yes No Paul Dansey Ensis directus UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Mathilde Bue Undaria pinnatifida Wales Data Yes Yes Yes Plymouth University – Sabrina Heiser Undaria pinnatifida South West England Data Yes Yes Yes Inshore Fisheries Conservation All UK Data and expertise for Yes No No Authority (IFCA) checking maps Invasive Species Forum Ireland - Dr All Ireland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Dan Minchin checking maps for 20

Northern Irish marine NIS records Islay Natural History Centre All Islay, Scotland Data No No No South Cumbria Rivers Trust All; particularly South Cumbria, Data No No No Eriocheir England sinensis and Spartina townsendii var. anglica Joint Nature Conservation All UK Data Yes Yes Yes Committee (JNCC) Marine Biological Association (MBA) All UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes – Keith Hiscock checking maps (KWT) All Kent, England Data Yes Yes Yes Lancashire, Manchester, and North All Lancashire, England Data YES Yes Yes Merseyside Wildlife Trust Leicestershire & Rutland All Leicestershire and Data No No No Environmental Records Centre Rutland, England (LRERC); (Leicestershire and Rutland Wildlife Trust) Lincolnshire Environmental Records All Lincolnshire, England Data Yes Yes Yes Centre (LERC); (Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust) (LWT) All London, England Data Yes Yes No Lorn Natural History Group (LNHG) All Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes Manx Wildlife Trust (MWT) All Offshore Isle of Man Data Yes Yes Yes (inside MSFD boundary for the UK) Marine Biological Association (MBA) All UK Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes Dr John Bishop Group maps Marine Biological Association (MBA) All UK Data Yes Yes Yes Dr John Bishop Group Marine Biological Association of the Plankton All Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes UK (MBA) – Dr David Conway checking maps Marine Biological Association of the All UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes 21

UK (MBA) – Dr Nova Mieszkowska checking maps (MarClim project) Marine Biological Association of the All; crabs All; South West Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes UK (MBA) – Jack Sewell England checking maps Marine Biological Association of the All UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes No UK (MBA); Cocoast project – Ben checking maps Holt Marine Ecological Surveys Limited All All Data No No No (MESL) Marine Species Expert/Naturalist All Cornwall Data and expertise for Yes No No (Cornwall) – David Fenwick checking maps MarineSeen – Francis Bunker Seaweeds All and Wales Data Yes Yes Yes MarineSeen – Francis Bunker Seaweeds All Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes maps Merseyside BioBank All Merseyside Data Yes Yes Yes Montgomeryshire Wildlife Trust All Montgomeryshire, Data No No No (MWT) Wales Natural England (NE) All; Spartina England Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes townsendii var. checking maps anglica records Natural History Museum (NHMUK) Crabs All Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Natural Resources Wales (NRW) All, particularly Wales Data Yes Yes Yes new records of Eriocheir sinensis Natural Resources Wales (NRW) All Wales Data No No No Natural Resources Wales (NRW) Seaweeds All and Wales Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes maps Natural Resources Wales (NRW) All Wales Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Norfolk Non-Native Species Initiative All Norfolk, England Data No No No (NNNSI) (NWT); Norfolk All Norfolk, England Data Yes Yes No Biodiversity Information Service

22

(NBIC) North East Scotland Biological All North East Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes Records Centre (NESBReC) North Wales Environmental All Wales Data Yes Yes Yes Information Service (Cofnod) North Wales Wildlife Trust (NWWT); All Wales Data Yes Yes No Dee Invasive Non-Native Species Project (DINNS) North Western Inshore Fisheries All North West England Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Conservation Authority (IFCA) checking maps Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust All Nottinghamshire, Data Yes No No (NWT) England Orkney Islands Council (OIC); Orkney All Scotland (Orkney) Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Wildlife Information & Records checking maps Centre (OWIRC) Outer Hebrides Biological Recording All Outer Hebrides, Data Yes Yes Yes (OHBR) Scotland Porcupine Marine Natural History All All Data and expertise for Yes No No Society (PMNHS) checking maps Porcupine Marine Natural History All UK Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Society (PMNHS); Invasive Species checking maps Forum Ireland Queens University Belfast (QUB) All Northern Ireland Data No No No Radnorshire Wildlife Trust (RWT) All Radnorshire, Wales Data Yes Yes No Rivers and Fisheries Trust of Scotland All Scotland Data No No No Rotherham Biological Records All Rotherham, England Data Yes No No Centre (RBRC) Scottish Association for Marine All Scotland Data and expertise for No No No Science (SAMS) checking maps for Scottish marine NIS records Scottish Environment Protection All Scotland Expert for checking Yes No No Agency (SEPA) maps Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Grateloupia Scotland Check map for Yes Yes Yes 23

turuturu Grateloupia turuturu Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) Didemnum Expert for checking Yes Yes Yes vexillum maps (SWT) All Scotland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes checking maps Sea Fisheries Protection Authority All Northern Ireland Data Yes Yes Yes (SEPA) Seasearch All All Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes map checking Sheffield Wildlife Trust (SWT), All Sheffield, England Data Yes No No Sheffield and Barnsley Records Centres Shetland Biological Records Centre All Shetland, Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes (SBRC) Shropshire Wildlife Trust (SWT) All Shropshire, England Data Yes No No Sir Alistair Hardy Foundation for Plankton All Data and expertise for Yes No No Ocean Science (SAHFOS) checking maps Sir Alistair Hardy Foundation for Plankton All Data and expertise for Yes No No Ocean Science (SAHFOS) checking maps Sir Alistair Hardy Foundation for Plankton All Data and expertise for Yes No No Ocean Science (SAHFOS) checking maps Skye Environmental Centre (SEC) All Skye, Scotland Data No No No (SWT) All Somerset, England Data Yes No No South and West Wales Wildlife Trust All South and West Data Yes Yes Yes and Wales Southampton University (SU) All South Coast England Data and expertise for Yes Yes No and UK checking maps Southampton University (SU) All South Coast England Data and expertise for Yes Yes No and UK checking maps St. Mary’s seal watch, through NIFCA Crassostrea St Mary's Island Data Yes Yes Yes Staffordshire Wildlife Trust (SWT) All Staffordshire, Data Yes No No England (SWT); Suffolk Spartina Suffolk, England Data Yes Yes Yes Biodiversity Information Service townsendii var. 24

(SBIC) anglica, Undaria pinnatifida and Eriocheir sinensis Surrey Biodiversity Information Eriocheir sinensis Surrey, England Data No No No Centre (SBIC); records ; Sussex All Sussex, England Data Yes Yes Yes Biodiversity Record Centre (SBRC) Swansea University (SU) Bryozoans, All Wales and UK Data and expertise for Yes No No checking maps Thames Valley Environmental All England Data Yes Yes Yes Records Centre (TVERC) Thanet Coast Project - Willie Knight Crassostrea SE Data Yes Yes Yes The Hertfordshire Environmental All Hertfordshire and Data No No No Records Centre (HERC); (Herts and Middlesex, England Middlesex Wildlife Trust (HMWT)) The Marine Alliance for Science and All; Scotland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Technology for Scotland (MASTS), St Undaria checking maps Andrew's University pinnatifida The Shellfish Association Of Great Molluscs All Data No No No Britain The Tees Rivers Trust Eriocheir sinensis Tees, England Data No No No The Wildlife Information Centre All Scotland Data Yes Yes Yes (TWIC) All Northern Ireland Data Yes Yes Yes Unicomarine/Thomson Ecology All UK Data Yes Yes Yes University of the Highlands and Schizoporella Scotland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Islands (UHI) japonica checking maps University of the Highlands and All, Schizoporella Scotland Data and expertise for Yes Yes Yes Islands (UHI) japonica checking maps Warwickshire Wildlife Trust (WWT) All Warwickshire, Data Yes No No England West Wales Marine Conservation All, especially Wales Data and expertise for No No No (WWMC) Dyspanopeus sayi checking maps Wild Mull All Mull, Scotland Data No No No 25

Wiltshire Wildlife Trust (WWT) All; Eriocheir Wiltshire and Data Yes No No sinensis Swindon Worcestershire Wildlife Trust (WWT) All, particularly Worcestershire, Data Yes No No Eriocheir sinensis England and All West Yorkshire, Data Yes No No Yorkshire Invasive Species Forum England

26

Appendix 3: Maps

Figure a. Distribution of presence and absence records for Acartia (Acanthocartia) tonsa

26 Figure b. Distribution of presence and absence records for Amphibalanus amphitrite

27 Figure c. Distribution of presence and absence records for Asterocarpa humilis

28 Figure d. Distribution of presence and absence records for Bonnemaisonia hamifera

29 Figure e. Distribution of presence and absence records for Caprella mutica

30 Figure f. Distribution of presence and absence records for Crassostrea spp.

31 Figure g. Distribution of presence and absence records for Crepidula fornicata

32 Figure h. Distribution of presence and absence records for Diadumene lineata

33 Figure i. Distribution of presence and absence records for Didemnum vexillum

34 Figure j. Distribution of presence and absence records for Dyspanopeus sayi

35 Figure k. Distribution of presence and absence records for Ensis directus

36 Figure l. Distribution of presence and absence records for Eriocheir sinensis

37 Figure m. Distribution of presence and absence records for Ficopomatus enigmaticus

38 Figure n. Distribution of presence and absence records for Grateloupia turuturu

39 Figure o. Distribution of presence and absence records for Hesperibalanus fallax

40 Figure p. Distribution of presence and absence records for Heterosigma akashiwo

41 Figure q. Distribution of presence and absence records for Rapana venosa

42 Figure r. Distribution of presence and absence records for Sargassum muticum

43 Figure s. Distribution of presence and absence records for Schizoporella japonica

44 Figure t. Distribution of presence and absence records for Spartina townsendii var. anglica

45 Figure u. Distribution of presence and absence records for Styela clava

46 Figure v. Distribution of presence and absence records for Undaria pinnatifida

47 Figure w. Distribution of presence and absence records for Urosalpinx cinerea

48 Figure x. Distribution of presence and absence records for Watersipora subatra

49 Appendix 4: Records from literature review of publication and data sources used.

Arnold, M., Teagle, H., Brown, M.P. and Smale, D.A., 2015. The structure of biogenic habitat and epibiotic assemblages associated with the global invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida in comparison to native macroalgae. Biological Invasions, 18(3): 661-676.

Ashelby, C.W., 2005. The occurrence and distribution of non-native fauna in Harwich Harbour and the Stour and Orwell estuaries, including new records of Caprella mutica Schurin 1935 and Bugula stolonifera Ryland 1960. Essex naturalist, 22: 103-116.

Ayres, P.A., Seaton, D.D. and Tett, P.B., 1982. Plankton blooms of economic importance to fisheries in UK waters 1968-1982. ICES Council Meeting, 38: 12.

Baldock, L. and Bass, J., 2011. Chesil and the Fleet European Marine Site. Survey of Shingle Springline Communities. Data report by Natural England, January 2012

Barnes, R.S.K. and Coughlan, J., 1970. A Survey of the Bottom Fauna of the Blackwater Estuary: 1970. Essex Naturalist, 32: 263-265.

Bessell, A., 2008. Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm Turbine Foundation Faunal Colonisation Diving Survey. Report by EMU consultants prepared on behalf of Kentish Flats Ltd. Report No 08/J/1/03/1034/0839.

Beveridge, C., Cook, E.J., Brunner, L., MacLeod, A., Black, K. Brown, C. and Manson, F.J., 2011. Initial response to the invasive carpet sea squirt, Didemnum vexillum, in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 413.

Bishop, J.D.D., Wood, C.A., Lévêque, L., Yunnie, A.L.E. and Viard, F. 2015a. Repeated rapid assessment surveys reveal contrasting trends in occupancy of marinas by non-indigenous species on opposite sides of the western English Channel. Marine Pollution Bulletin 95: 699-706.

Bishop, J.D.D., Wood, C.A., Yunnie, A.L.E. and Griffiths, C.A. 2015b. Unheralded arrivals: non-native sessile invertebrates in marinas on the English coast. Aquatic Invasions 10: 249-264.

Bishop, J. D. D., C. Roby, et al. 2013. The Southern Hemisphere ascidian Asterocarpa humilis is unrecognised but widely established in NW France and Great Britain. Biological Invasions 15(2): 253-260.

Castro-Longoria, E., 2001. Comparative observations on the external morphology of subitaneous and diapause eggs of Acartia species from Southampton water. Crustaceana, 74(3): 225-236.

Clark, P. 1986. North East Atlantic Crabs. An atlas of distribution. Marine conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye: 252 pages.

Clark, S., 2008. Distribution of Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) around the South Devon Coast. Devon Sea Fisheries Committee Report.

Cole, H.A., 1942. The American Whelk Tingle, Urosalpinx cinerea (Say), on British Oyster Beds. Fisheries Experimentation Station, Conway, North Wales. Pages 477-508.

Collin, S.B., Tweddle, J.F. and Shucksmith, R.J. 2015. Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in the Shetland Islands, Scotland. BioInvasions Records 4: 147-155.

Conover, R.J. 1957. Notes on the seasonal distribution of zooplankton in Southampton Water

50 with special reference to the Acartia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 12th Series, 10: 63-67.

Cook, E.J., Beveridge, C.M., Lamont, P., O’Higgins, T., Wilding, T. (2014). Survey of Wild Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas in Scotland. Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum Report SARF099.

Coughlan, J., 1985. Occurrence of the Immigrant Ascidian Styela clava Herdman in Heysham Harbour, Lancashire. Porcupine Newsletter, 3(3): 85-86.

Couzens, G., 2006. The Distribution and Abundance of the Non-Native Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Devon – a Result of Climate Change? Shellfish News, 22: 5-7.

Dansey, P., 2011. Ensis directus (Conrad 1843) (Bivalvia: Solenoidea) found in Liverpool Bay (Sea Area S24). Journal of Conchology, 40(6): 679.

Davis, M.H., Lützen, J. and Davis, M.E., 2007. The spread of Styela clava Herdman, 1882 (Tunicata, ) in European waters. Aquatic Invasions, 4.

Davison, M., 2006. Corbicula fluminea in the River Thames. Mollusc World, 10: 15.

Edwards, B. 2005. The vegetation of Poole Harbour. Proceedings in Marine Science 7: 49-59.

Elbrächter, M., 1998. Exotic flagellates of coastal North Sea waters. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 52(3-4): 235-242.

Eno, N.C., Clark, R.A., Sanderson, W.G. (Eds) 1997. Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Page 152. Available from: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/pub02_nonnativereviewdirectory.pdf (Accessed: 19th March 2016).

Farrell, P. and Fletcher, R. L., 2006. An investigation of dispersal of the introduced brown alga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and its competition with some species on the man-made structures of Torquay Marina (Devon, UK). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 334(2): 236-243.

Fletcher, R. L., & Farrell, P. 1998. Introduced in the North East Atlantic, with particular respect to Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) suringar. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen, 52(3-4), 259-275.

Gabilondo, R., Graham, H., Caldwell, G.S. and Clare, A.S., 2013. Laboratory culture and evaluation of the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus for biofouling studies. Biofouling, 29(7): 869-878.

Garces, E., Zingone, A., Montresor, M., Reguera, B. and Dale, B., 2001. Life Histories of Microalgal Species Causing Harmful Blooms. Report of a European workshop organised jointly by the Fifth Framework Programme Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development of the European Commission, the Institut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA-CSIC (Barcelona) and the Calvià Town Council (Majorca, Balearic Islands). Calvià, Majorca, Spain, October 24-27, 2001.

Gibbs, P.E., Spencer, B.E. and Pascoe, P.L., 1991. The American oyster drill, Urosalpinx cinerea (): evidence of decline in an imposex-affected population (R. Blackwater, Essex). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 71(04): 827-838.

51 Gollasch, S., Kerckhof, F., Craeymeersch, J., Goulletquer, P., Jensen, K., Jelmert, A. and Minchin, D., 2015. Alien Species Alert: Ensis directus. Current status of invasions by the marine bivalve Ensis directus. ICES Cooperative Research Report, (323): 1-36.

Griffith, K., Mowat, S., Holt, R.H., Ramsay, K., Bishop, J.D., Lambert, G. and Jenkins, S.R., 2009. First records in Great Britain of the invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum Kott, 2002. Aquatic Invasions, 4(4): 581- 590.

Guy, C. and Roberts, D., 2010. Can the spread of non-native oysters (Crassostrea gigas) at the early stages of population expansion be managed? Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60(7): 1059-1064.

Hannah, F.J. and Boney, A.D., 1983. Nanophytoplankton in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland: seasonal abundance, carbon fixation and species composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 67(2): 105- 147.

Harries, D. B., Harrow, S., Wilson, J. R., Mair, J. M. and Donnan, D. W., 2007. The establishment of the invasive alga Sargassum muticum on the west coast of Scotland: a preliminary assessment of community effects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87(5): 1057-1067.

Hawkins, L. E., Hutchinson, S. and Askew, C., 2005. Evaluation of some factors affecting native oyster stock regeneration. Shellfish News, 19: 10-12.

Heiser, S., Hall-Spencer, J.M. and Hiscock, K., 2014. Assessing the extent of establishment of Undaria pinnatifida in Plymouth Sound Special Area of Conservation, UK. Marine Biodiversity Records, 7: e93.

Herbert, R.J. and Muxagata, E., 2009. Barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia) of the Solent and Isle of Wight. Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural History and Archaeology Society, 24: 42-56.

Herbert, R. J. H., Roberts, C., Humpreys, J. and Fletcher, S. 2012. The Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the UK: Economic, Legal and Environmental Issues Associated with its Cultivation, Wild Establishment and Exploitation. Britain, Shellfish Association of Great Britain: 166.

Hitchin, B., 2012. New Outbreak of Didemnum vexillum in North Kent: On Stranger Shores. Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter, 31: 43-48.

Holmes, N.J. and Coughlan, J., 1975. The ascidian fauna of Southampton Water. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society, 30: 9-15.

Jensen, A., Distribution, abundance and temporal variation of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas in Poole Harbour. Report by University of Southampton, Project Code FES 287, 16 July 2013.

Jessop, R.W., Akesson, O. and Smith, L.M., 2012. Eastern IFCA Annual Research Report Research report 2012.

Joyce, C.B., Vina-Herbon, C. and Metcalfe, D.J., 2005. Biotic variation in coastal water bodies in Sussex, England: implications for saline lagoons. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 65(4): 633-644.

Kerckhof, F., Vink, R.J., Nieweg, D.C. and Post, J.N., 2006. The veined whelk Rapana venosa has reached the North Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 1(1): 35-37.

Killeen, I., 2003. Ensis americanus continues to spread. Mollusc World, 2: 16.

52 King, J. W., Malham, S. K., Skov, M. W., Cotter, E., Latchford, J. W., Culloty, S. C. and Beaumont, A. R., 2006. Growth of Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles under differing environmental conditions at two sites in Wales. Aquatic Living Resources, 19(3): 289-297.

Kiorboe, T. and Johansen, K., 1986. Studies of larval herring (Clupea harengus L.) patch in the Buchan area. IV. Zooplankton distribution and productivity in relation to hydrographic features. Dana, 6: 37-51.

Kiorboe, T., Munk, P., Richardson, K., Christensen, V. and Paulsen, H., 1988. Plankton dynamics and larval herring growth, drift and survival in a frontal area. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 44: 205-219.

Klemm, G., Ervine, A., Meadows, A. and Meadows, P.S., 2006. Saltmarsh vegetation and coastal protection: an experimental flume study of the cord grass Spartina spp. in the Clyde Estuary. Glasgow Naturalist, 24(4): 49-56.

Lush, M.J., Haynes, T.A. and Lush, C.E. 2016. Spartina anglica and its management in estuarine Natura 2000 sites: an update of its status and monitoring future change in England. IPENS 041. Natural England. Available at http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5109184527859712 (Accessed: 19th March 2016).

Markowski, S., 1962. Faunistic and ecological investigations in Cavendish dock, Barrow-In-Furness. Journal of Ecology, 31(1): 44-49.

McKnight, W., and Chudleigh, I. J. 2015. Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas control within the inter-tidal zone of the North East Kent Marine Protected Areas, UK. Conservation Evidence 12: 28-32.

McNeill, G., Nunn, J. and Minchin, D., 2010. The slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata Linnaeus, 1758 becomes established in Ireland. Aquatic Invasions, 5(Supplement 1): 21-S25.

Minchin, D. and Nunn, J., 2014. The invasive brown alga Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873 (Laminariales: Alariaceae), spreads northwards in Europe. BioInvasions Records, 3(2): 57-63.

Minchin, D. M. and Nunn, J. D. 2013. Rapid assessment of marinas for invasive alien species in Northern Ireland. Research and Development Series. Northern Ireland Environment Agency: 116.

Mineur, F., Johnson, M.P. and Maggs, C.A., 2008. Non-indigenous marine macroalgae in native communities: a case study in the British Isles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 88(04): 693-698.

Moore, C.G., Harries, D.B., Atkinson, R.J.A., Clark, L., Cook, R.L., Hirst, N.E., Saunders, G.R., Lyndon, A.R., Sanderson, W.G. and Porter, J.S., 2013. The distribution and condition of proposed protected features within the Loch Sween possible Nature Conservation MPA. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 621.

Munro, L.A., Wallace, I.S. and Mayes, A.S.

Nall, C. R., Guerian, A. J. and Cook, E. J. 2014. Rapid assessment of marine non-native species in northern Scotland and a synthesis of existing Scottish records. Aquatic Invasions 10(1): 107-121.

Naylor, E. 1960. A North American xanthoid crab new to Britain. Nature, 187: 256–257.

Nice, H. E., 2005. Sperm motility in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is affected by nonylphenol. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(12): 1668-1674.

O'Reilly, M., 2006. The Japanese Macho Skeleton Shrimp (Caprella mutica) in the Clyde Estuary. Glasgow Naturalist, 24(4): 156-157. 53 Palma, P. and Parham, D., 2006. Swash Channel Wreck; 2006 Season Report. Maritime Archaeology Research Group, Bournemouth University. Report to Poole Harbour Commissioners, November 2009.

Palmer, D., 2003. The introduced razor fish Ensis directus in the Wash and north Norfolk. Shellfish News, 16: 13-15.

Robb, G.N., McDermott, T. and Reid, N., 2009. Current distribution of Spartina anglica in Northern Ireland. Report prepared by the Natural Heritage Research Partnership, Quercus for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Northern Ireland, UK.

Ryland, J.S., Holt, R., Loxton, J., Spencer Jones, M.E. and Porter, J.S., 2014. First occurrence of the non-native bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ortmann (1890) in Western Europe. Zootaxa, 3780(3): 481-502.

Smith, I.P., Guy, C. and Donnan, D., 2015. Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, established in Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 25(6): 733-742.

Southward, A.J., Hiscock, K., Moyse, J. and Elfimov, A.S., 2004. Habitat and distribution of the warm-water barnacle Solidobalanus fallax (Crustacea: Cirripedia). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 84(06): 1169-1177.

Spencer, B. E., Edwards, D. B., Kaiser, M. J., & Richardson, C. A. 1994. Spatfalls of the non‐native Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in British waters. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 4(3): 203-217.

Stubbings, H.G. and Houghton, D.R., 1964. The Ecology of Chichester Harbour, South England, with special reference to some fouling species. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 49, 233-279.

Taylor, C.J.L., 1987. The zooplankton of the Forth, Scotland. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 93B: 377-388.

Thorp, C.H. 1994. Population variation in Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) (Polychaeta, Serpulidae) in a brackish water millpond at Emsworth, West Sussex, U.K, In: Dauvin, J.-C. et al. (Ed.) (1994). Actes de la 4ème Conférence internationale des Polychètes, Angers, France. Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Série A, Zoologie, 162: 585-591.

Tittley, I., Chapman, B., Hitchin, B., Spurrier, C.J.H. 2012. Thanet Coast Special Area of Conservation: 2011 intertidal monitoring. Kent Wildlife Trust report to Natural England.

Tweedley, J. R., Jackson, E. L. and Attrill, M. J., 2008. Zostera marina seagrass beds enhance the attachment of the invasive alga Sargassum muticum in soft sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 354: 305-309.

Vierna, J., Jensen, K.T., González-Tizón, A.M. and Martínez-Lage, A., 2012. Population genetic analysis of Ensis directus unveils high genetic variation in the introduced range and reveals a new species from the NW Atlantic. Marine biology, 159(10): 2209-2227.

Wells, R. 1987. Solent Aliens. Hampshire and Isle of White Naturalists’ Trust Newsletter, April 1987, Page 17.

Whittaker, D.E., 2013. On the occurrence of the planata in the North Sea and its addition to the Yorkshire marine fauna, with a note on recent new species. The Yorkshire Naturalist, 138(1083): 82-93.

54 Wood, C.A., Bishop, J.D.D. and Yunnie, A.L.E. 2015a. Comprehensive reassessment of NNS in Welsh marinas. Report to Natural Resources Wales. 42pp. Available at https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/nonnativespecies/downloadDocument.cfm?id=1215 (Accessed: 10th August 2020).

Wood, C.A., Bishop, J.D.D. and Yunnie, A.L.E. 2015b. Plotting the current distribution of NNS in English marinas. 37pp. Available at http://www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/files/NNS2014_public.pdf (Accessed: 19th March 2016).

Wood, C.A., Bishop, J.D.D., Rennocks, L. and Crundwell, R. 2016. RAS 2015: Non-Native Species Rapid Assessment Surveys in English Marinas (E Anglia & W coast). Report to Natural England and the Bromley Trust. 34pp. Available at http://www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/files/NNS2015_public.pdf (Accessed: 19th March 2016).

Yesson, C., Bush, L. E., Davies, A. J., Maggs, C. A., & Brodie, J. 2015. The distribution and environmental requirements of large brown seaweeds in the British Isles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95(4): 669-680.

55 Appendix 5: Restriction of Use Document

Terms and Conditions of MSFD baseline Data Access and Use for DASSH

Definitions.

The following terms and definitions apply.

Material, data and/or information includes (but may not be limited to) survey datasets, species lists, habitat or biotope lists, species or habitat/biotope distribution maps, figures, images, video clips and information (written or otherwise).

Original recorder - Individual or Organization responsible for physically taking the sample. The Original recorder includes the original surveyor or survey company responsible for the sample(s) in which the biological record(s) occurs, other professional surveyors, and volunteer or amateur recorders.

Originator - Person or Organization having primary responsibility for the intellectual content of the data, that is, the person or organization that generated the dataset(s). The Originator is not necessarily the Data provider or the person or organization responsible for publishing the data, and does not necessarily own the intellectual property rights (or copyright) of the data.

Data provider - the Individual or Organization from which the material, data and/or information has been obtained. The Data provider is usually the data copyright holder. However, in some instances the Data provider may not own the copyright but have the permission of the copyright holder to provide the material, data and/or information under these Terms & Conditions.

1. Use of material, data and/or information.

1.1. All material, data and/or information made available to you are protected by copyright, database rights and other intellectual property rights. All use of any material, data and/or information we make available to you is subject to these Terms & Conditions.

1.2. Under these Terms & Conditions you are permitted to access and hold any material, data and/or information for your own private use or for use in the ordinary course of your business provided that use is in accordance with these Terms & Conditions.

1.3. You may not make any financial profit from use of the material, data and/or information we make available to you or from any products you derive without first obtaining written permission from us. We will seek permission from the relevant Data providers on your behalf.

1.4. You may not republish wholesale the material, data and/or information made available to you, or exploit it for commercial or academic research purposes without first obtaining written permission from us. We will seek permission from the relevant Data providers on your behalf.

1.5. You must acknowledge the Originators (and Data provider if different) of the data you use in any derived information product or publication, whether printed, electronic or broadcast, that is based wholly or in part on the material, data and/or information they make available to you. Where you make specific use of or reference to a particular wildlife record you must acknowledge the Original Recorder [where their name is made available].

56 1.6. Access to some or all parts of the material, data and/or information we hold may be restricted for a variety of reasons. If you want access to restricted information you must not disseminate, deliberately compromise or otherwise infringe the confidentiality of such information without first obtaining written permission from us. Any published interpretations or representations you make based on the information must be equivalent to the level of information we make available to the public.

1.7. Any information product or publication that you make which contains any part of the material, data and/or information we make available to you must contain a statement that the Originator, Original Recorder [where identified], Data provider, and DASSH bear no responsibility for any further analysis or interpretation of that material, data and/or information.

2. Accuracy of Information and Disclaimer.

2.1. We try to ensure that any material, data and/or information we make available to you that has not been supplied by a third party is accurate but we make no representation and give no warranty that any material, data and/or information is accurate, up to date or complete. We accept no liability for any loss or damage caused by inaccurate, out of date or incomplete material, data and/or information.

2.2. Our Data Providers take steps to maximise the quality of the material, data and/or information they supply to us but give no warranty that it is accurate, up to date or complete. Furthermore, Originators, Data Providers and Original Recorders accept no liability for any loss or damage caused by inaccurate, out of date or incomplete material, data and/or information.

2.3. You should independently verify any material, data and/or information we give you before relying upon it. The material, data and/or information we hold are not intended to address any particular requirements; they do not constitute any form of advice or recommendation by DASSH and are not intended to be relied upon when making (or refraining from making) any decision.

2.4. If you find any inaccurate, out of date or incomplete material, data and/or information, or if you suspect that something is an infringement of intellectual property rights, you must let us know immediately by contacting DASSH or the Data Provider of the material, data and/or information to which the issue relates.

2.5. The material, data and/or information we make available to you are not substitutes for the exercise of professional judgement. If you are not qualified or experienced enough to make that judgement, you should take professional advice or contact DASSH for further information and advice.

2.6. You are responsible for ensuring that your computer systems are suitable to access and use the material we hold. We do not warrant that any material available to you will be free from viruses or other code that might be harmful. You are responsible for implementing sufficient anti-virus and other security checks to ensure the accuracy of data input and output.

3. Data Protection and Privacy.

3.1. We want to protect the privacy of our customers. Please read our Privacy Policy; it will help you to understand how we use your personal data. We may change our privacy policy at any time without giving you notice, so please check it each time you visit this Web site.

3.2. Whenever you give us personal data, you are consenting to its collection and use in accordance with our Privacy Policy.

57 4. Third Party Goods and Services.

4.1. Where material, data and/or information we hold have been supplied by a third party; we do not control or endorse them in any way. All material, data and/or information supplied by third parties are made available in good faith but we do not (to the extent allowed by the law) accept responsibility for their accuracy or use.

5. Liability.

5.1. We provide much of the material, data and/or information we hold free of charge. Whether or not we charge for material, data and/or information, they are provided on the basis that DASSH has no liability for that information, data or material.

5.2. We are not responsible for, and will have no liability for, any error or corruption or breach of security resulting from the transmission of any information or material over any telecommunications network.

5.3. We do not exclude or limit our liability for death or personal injury caused by our negligence or for any fraud on our part, or for any liability that cannot be excluded by law.

5.4. Subject to Condition 6.4, we will not be liable for any indirect or consequential loss, or for any loss of business, profit, revenue, goodwill or data, lost or wasted management time or the lost time of other employees arising from your use of any information or material we hold, or your inability to use it [whether that loss is direct or indirect].

5.5. All warranties, representations, terms, conditions and undertakings, whether implied by statute, common law, custom, trade usage, course of dealing or otherwise [including any implied warranty, representation, term, condition or undertaking of satisfactory quality or fitness for a particular purpose] are excluded to the fullest extent allowed by law by DASSH, the Originators, Data Providers and Original Recorders.

5.6. If the use of any information or material we hold is unlawful in any jurisdiction (because of your nationality, residence or for some other reason), that information or material is not offered. If you are outside the United Kingdom you must satisfy yourself that you are lawfully able to use any such information and materials. We accept no liability, to the extent allowed by the law, for any costs, losses or damages resulting from or related to the access or attempted access of any information or materials by anyone outside the UK.

5.7. You will keep us, the Original Recorders, the Originators and the Data Providers fully and effectively indemnified against all actions, claims, proceedings, costs and/or damages together with all legal costs or expenses that we and/or they incur as a result of your use of the material, data and/or information made available to you under these Terms & Conditions.

6. General.

6.1. No delay, neglect or forbearance on the part of DASSH in enforcing any of these Terms & Conditions will be, or be deemed to be, a waiver. Nor will it prejudice any right of DASSH.

6.2. If any of these Terms & Conditions is [for any reason] held to be unenforceable, illegal or in some other way invalid, the unenforceable, illegal or invalid provision will not affect the remainder of these Terms & Conditions; and they will continue in full force and effect.

58 6.3. These Terms & Conditions are governed by English law and you agree to submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of England and Wales. The place of performance will be England.

6.4. No addition to or modification of any provision of these Terms & Conditions will be binding on DASSH unless made in writing and signed by their duly authorised representatives. "Writing" includes by e-mail.

7. Further Information.

7.1. This is the Web site of the Data Archive for Seabed Species and Habitats, part Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, a company registered England, under number 21401 and registered with the Charity Commission under number 226063.

7.2. Our registered office is at: The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB. United Kingdom.

7.3. If you wish to raise any query, please contact [email protected]

59