CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020

PHONOLOGICAL DIALECT DIFFERENCES OF KARONESE LANGUAGE IN MEDAN,

Sesilia Br Gurusinga [email protected] Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi

Abstract

Language is a unique human inheritance that plays the very important role in human’s life, such as in thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with others. The study of human language is linguistics. Linguistics is divided into two parts those are micro linguistics and macro linguistics. Micro linguistic are sub discipline linguistics, like; phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicology. While macro linguistic are sub discipline, like; psycholinguistic, anthropology, dialectology and others. In this research, the writer analyzes about phonological dialect differences of Karo language, in which it is studied in dialectology. Dialectology is a study of geographical varieties of language. Whereas, dialect is the language of a group of people living in a particular area. The data that are used are taken from primary and secondary sources. The method of data collections are observation, interview, and introspective method. To analyze the data, the writer uses equalizing and distributional method. The method of data presentation is formal and informal method. In Karonese, there are 6 vowels, 15 consonants, 18 and 7 triphtongs, with various vowel variations. such as vowel variations to be diphthong variations and diphthong variation to be triphtong variations. Besides, Karonese has vowels that is pronounced but it is not written. The phonological dialect difference occurred in the three districts irregularly.

Keywords: Dialectology, dialect, phonological dialect differences

1. Introduction which implies in the group Western consists of many Austronesian language and it is used by ethnics, one of them is ethnic. Karonese in general. Karonese language Batak ethnic consists of five subethnics, is also a local dialect that its speakers are those are: Batak Toba, Batak Karo, Batak called Karonese. Karonese majority Pak-pak, Batak Simalungen, and Batak domiciles in the province of North Angkola Mandailing. Every ethnic has a Sumatra. People who are not Karonese language that is different from other assume that Karonese only live in Karo ethnics. Every language has similarities regency but some Karonese live in Deli and differences because all of ethnics Serdang and Langkat. In addition, we can includes a in North find Karonese domicile or live in the Sumatra. In this thesis the writer tries to regency of Simalungun, Dairi, North analyze Batak Karo language. Karo Tapanuli, Southeast Aceh, Medan and language is one of the local dialects other places.

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi)

As a language spoken from This is a characteristic of differences generation to generation by Karonese, phonological. Other examples can be Karo language has a set of important taken in different phonology in English functions. It identifies and unifies its America. In general, Americans say the speakers. Through the language they coffee in two versions, these are [kɒ:fi] speak, they express their existence and and [kᴐ:fi]. Similarly, in the Karonese it feel that they belong to one ethnic group is also found the word ' Rice 'which is existing among the other ethnic groups in pronounced in three versions, these are Indonesia. Through Karo language they [Pagei], [Pagai], [Pagei]. Based on the also feel that culturally they belong to one background above, the writer really ethnic group. This cannot be separated wants to idenity the phonological dialect from the cultural function which Karo differences of Karo Language in Medan. language has. Its cultural function can be 2. Theoretical Review seen from the fact that it is used as a 2.1 Dialectology means of creating, recording, and Dialectology is a study of expressing their culture from generation geographical varieties of language. to generation. Dialectology wants to study and compare As Regional dialect in the way a the languages that are still allied to look language is likely to provide one of the for its similarities and its differences. easiest ways of observing variety in Dialect has a meaning of language language. As you travel throughout a variation whereas the word logy derived wide geographical area in which a from the Greek logos, that means 'science. language is spoken,and particular if that The combination of these words and its language has been spoken in that area meanings carry an understanding of for many hundreds of years, you are dialectology as a knowledge which studies almost certain to notice the differences a dialect of a language and it can also in pronunciation, in the choices and learn the dialects that exist in a language. forms of words, and syntax (Wardhaugh, Francis in Pateda (1988: 51-52) states that 1992). Dialectology is the study of language There is a tendency that the variation used by a small group of elements of the different languages may speakers. be caused by geographical factors. How From the definition above to write in one language can be similar dialectology seems to be a part of but the way to speak can be different. sociolinguistics areas. However, there are CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 at least two main differences between the (Guiraud, 1970:16). Semasiologis two. First, dialectology discusses about difference which is the opposite of historical development of language onomasiologis, that is giving the same varieties and it surveys mainly the name for several different concepts comparison between the dialects and the (Guriaud, 1970:17- 18), for example, standart code, wheareas sociolinguistics is the lawes in the Karonesse. Lawes has more focused on synchronic analysis and a meaning someone who past away or it discribes the relation between the someone who has gone to a place or language varieties and the social anywhere. dynamism. Secondly, dialectologists are c) Morphological differences, which is concerned with analyzing various limited by a system of grammar is linguistics forms and the cognates, while concerned the frequency of different sociolinguistist takes the forms as morphemes, by the phonetic form, by important objects of analysis only when the sense and by a number of another the social issues are correlated to them. factors (Guiraud, 1970). For example, After all, both share interest in language at the pelit [pəlit] with perpelit varieties and the significance of them in [pərpəlit], there is the addition affix understanding the notion of a language. [per] on adjective pelit, however, the 2.2 Dialects addition do not change the class. Pelit Guiraud in Ayatrohaedi (1978:3-5), and perpelit have a same meaning that states that there are five kinds of is stingy. characteristics distinguishing the dialects. All of these support the understanding The five differences are described as of an innovation or renewal. Therefore, in follow: the innovation of dialect / language it a) Phonetic differences (Guiraud, 1970: should be divided into two phases, namely 12), polimorfemis (Seguy,1973:6), or the creation of a personal and acceptance allophonic (Dubois, et al., 1973:21). by society that language is a social fact. This difference is generally in the field 2.3. Phonology of phonology and dialect speakers or According to Prokem, et al, phonology language is not aware of these is not the study of telephone etiquette, nor differences. the study of telephones. Phonology is the b) Onomasiologi differences that show study of the sound patterns of human different names based on the concept language, it is also the kind of knowledge given in several different places that speakers have about the sound

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi) patterns of their particular language (1988 divided into three, those are; dialect Karo : 64). Phonology is concerned with this Gugung, Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe- kind of linguistic konwledge. Phonetics jahe. Every district has dialect differences provides the means for describing speech from others. In this case, this research sounds. Meanwhile, phonology studies the focuses to discuss about phonological ways in which speech sounds form differences that are not only distinguished systems and patterns in human language. from three districts (Karo Gugung, Karo The phonology of a language is the Gunung and Karo Jahe- jahe) but also with systems and pattern of the speech sounds. Karo Standard. Karo Standard is known as We see that the word phonology is used in Standard of Karonese language or that two ways: as the study of sound patterns language is appropriate with dictionary. in language and as the sound pattern of a The phonological differences are not given language. discussing about which language is right Phonological knowledge permits a and which one is wrong. As the researcher speaker to produce sounds that form experience, sometime Karo Gugung and meaningful utterances, to recognize a Karo Gunung usually questions about the foreign accent, to make up new words, to language. When the writer says ‘bagai’ add the appropriate phonetic segments to [bagai] (like that), someone who comes form plurals and past tenses to produce from Karo Gunung will protest by saying, aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops not ‘bagai’ [bagai] but ‘bage’ [bage]. In in the appropriate context, to recognise opposite, when person is from Karo what is or is nor a sound in the language. Gunung says ‘manuk’ [manᴐk] (chiken), 3. Method someone who comes from Karo Gugung The method for this research are will protest, not ‘manuk’ [manᴐk] but method of data collection, analysis and ‘manuk’ [manʊk]. In this case, the research presentation. The method of data does not discuss about right or wrong of collections are observation, interview, and language but phonological differences. introspective method. To analyze the data, 4.1. Phoneme variations the writer uses equalizing and Phoneme variation is as distinguishing distributional method. The method of data from Karonese (Karo Gugung, Karo presentation is formal and informal Gunung, Karo Jahe-jahe). In Karonese method. language there are some vowel variations 4. Discussion and consonant variations. Vowel variations Dialect of Karonese language is and consonant variations are distinguished CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 by a district. Jahe-jahe is pronounced by the vowel /a/ in 4.1.1.Vowel variations of /i/ and /ɪ/ Karo Standard and Karo Gugung. In this There are some vowel variations case, not all ot the vowels /a/ in Karo between vowel /i/ and /ɪ/. Three districts Gugung will be pronounced by the vowel have differences from one other. Like word /æ/ in Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe. sitik above, Karo Standard, Karo Gugung The vowel /æ/ is usually heard in the ending and Karo Jahe-jahe use vowel /i/, whereas of word. For example; [sisada] is not Karo Gunung uses vowel /ɪ/. In other side, pronounced by [sisædaæ] but [sisadaæ]. to pronounce lit, Karo Standard, Karo Karo Gugung and Karo Standard never use Gugung and Karo Gunung use vowel /i/, the vowel /æ/. whereas Karo Jahe-jahe uses vowel /ɪ/. In 4.1.4. Vowel variations of /ǝ/ and /ʊ/ this case vowel /i/ and /ɪ/ may appear There some variations of the vowel irregularly in three districts. In addition, the /ǝ/ and /ʊ/, like; word ‘rèh’ in Karo differences among those vowels are seldom Standard, Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe- jahe found in the three districts. is pronounced by ‘rèh’ but in Karo Gunung 4.1.2. Vowel variations of /ʊ/ and /ᴐ/ it is pronounced by ‘ruh’. Another example There are some vowel differences is ‘pèt [pǝt]’ is pronounced by ‘put [pʊt]’ in from three districts. Those vowels are; particular by Karo Gunung. In this case, not /ʊ/ and /ᴐ/. The table above can explain to all of the vowels /ǝ / change to be /ʊ/ in Karo us that Karo Standard, Karo Gugung and Gunung, like; dèlèng [dǝlǝŋ] (mount), it Karo Jahe-jahe use the vowel /ʊ/ to does not change to be ‘dulung’ [dʊlʊŋ]. pronounce those words (gadung, galuh, 4.1.5. Vowel variations of /ǝ:/ and /i:/ igung, indung and teruh), whereas Karo There are vowel variations between Gunung uses the vowel /ᴐ/. Most of the vowel /ǝ:/ and vowel /i:/. For example; to vowels /ʊ/ in Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe- pronounce ‘meser’ [mǝsǝ:r], Karo jahe will be the vowel /ᴐ/ in Karo Gunung. Standard, Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe-jahe 4.1.3. Vowel variations of /a/ and /æ/ say ‘meser’ [mǝsǝ:r] but Karo Gunung says Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe ‘misir’ [misi:r]. Based on what is described use the vowel /æ / to pronounce those words above, the writer states that Karo Standard, ‘pia’ [pia], ‘lasuna’ [lasuna], ‘lacina’ Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe-jahe are the [lacina], ‘mama’ [mama], ‘bèngkila’ same to pronounce those words ( [mèsèr, [bǝŋkila]), whereas Karo Standard and mètèr, nèn ), meanwhile Karo Gunung is Karo Gugung use the vowel /a/. Most of different from them. the vowels /æ/ in Karo Gunung and Karo 4.1.6. Vowel variations of /ǝ/ and /i/

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi)

There are variations of /ǝ/ and /i/. In diphthong /au/. For example: kerbo in Karo Karo Standard, Karo Gugung and Karo Standard and Karo Gunung use the vowel Jahe-jahe use the vowel /ǝ/ for (mèsèr /o/, whereas in Karo Gugung and Karo [mǝsǝ:r], mètèr [mǝtǝ:r], ndèhèr [ndǝhǝr]), Jahe-jahe word kerbo will change to be whereas Karo Gunung use the vowel /i/ for kerbau. Most of the vowel /o/ in Karo (misir [misi:r], mètèr [miti:r], ndihir Standard and Karo Gugung will be [ndihir]) pronounced by diphthong /au/ in Karo 4.1.7. Vowel /e/ becomes /ai and /ei/ Gugung and Karo Jahe-jahe. In this case, There are some vowel variations Karo Standard and Karo Gugung are which change to be diphthong variations, almost the same, both of languages use the like; the vowel /e/ becomes diphthong /ai/ vowel /o/ and Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe- and /ei/. For example: ‘sange’ [saŋe], Karo jahe use diphthong /au/, but it does not Standard and Karo Gunung use the vowel mean all of the vowels /o/ in Karo Standard /e/, whereas in Karo Gugung word ‘sange’ and Karo Gunung is always pronounced to will change to be ‘sangai’ [saŋai] and in be /au/ in Karo Gugung and in Karo Jahe- Karo Jahe-jahe sange becomes ‘sangei’ jahe. On the other hand, the diphthong /au/ [sangei]. Most of the vowels /e/ in Karo in Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe-jahe are not Standard and Karo Gugung will change to always pronounced to be the vowel /o/ in be the diphthong /ai/ in Karo Gugung and Karo Gunung. become the diphthong /ei/ in Karo Jahe- 4.2. Diphthong variations jahe. In this case, Karo Standard and Karo In Karonese language, there are Gunung are almost the same, in that, both some which change to be of languages use vowel /e/. But It does not triphthong. Those triphthongs are; /aui/, mean all of vowel /e/ in Karo Standard and /iau/, /iai/, /iei/, /uai/, uei/. All of dipthtong Karo Gunung is always changed to be variations which change to be triphtong diphthong /ai/ in Karo Gugung and variations are described in the table below: diphthong /ei/ in Karo Jahe-jahe. On the 4.2.1. Diphthong /oi/ becomes triphthong contrary, the diphthong /ai/ in Karo /aui/ Gugung is not always changed to be the Based on the reseracher’s analysis diphthong /ei/ in Karo Gunung. there is a diphthong /oi/ which change to be 4.1.8. Vowel /o/ becomes diphthong /au/. triphtong /aui/. Example: ‘aloi’ in Karo There are some vowel variations Standard and Karo Gunung will be read by which are pronounced to be diphthong ‘alaui’;. Based on example above, Karo variations, like; the vowel /o/ becomes a Standard and Karo Gunung use the CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 diphthong /oi/, meanwhile Karo Gugung Jahe-jahe). In the table below, there is a and Karo Jahe-jahe use triphtong /aui/ description about consonant variations in 4.2.2. Diphthong /io/ becomes triphthong Karonese language. /iau/ 4.3.1. Consonant variations of /g/ /ʤ/ and There is a diphthong which changes /k/ to be triphthong. For instance: Word [cio] There are three consonant variations in Karo Standard and Gunung changes to be among three districts. To pronounce [ciau] in Karo Gugung and Karo Jahe- jahe. [galiman], Karo Gugung pronounces 4.2.3. Diphthong /ie/ becomes triphthong [galiman], Karo Gunung [ʤaliman] and /iai/ and /iei/ Karo Jahe-jahe [kadiman]. There are It can be concluded that there is a consonant variations /g/ /ʤ/ and /k/. diphthong /ie/ which changes to be 4.3.2. Consonant variations of /mb/ dan /p/ triphtong /iai/ and /iei/. Example; in Karo The consonant variations are Standard and Karo Gunung is ‘sie’, formed by one syllable and two syllables. meanwhile in Karo Gugung is pronounced Although they are different, it does not by [siai] and in Karo Jahe-jahe is change a meaning. For exaample : pronounced by [siei]. ‘mbèrtik’ [mbǝrtik] and ‘pertik’ [pǝrtik]. 4.2.4. Diphthong /ue/ becomes triphthong 4.3.3. Loss of sound /kǝ/ /uai/ and /uei/ There is consonant variation There is a diphthong /ʊe/ which between /ke/ and /m/. Example: ‘kembiri’, changed to be triphthong /ʊai/ and /ʊei/. Karo Standard and Karo Gunung For instance: [ʊe] in Karo Standard and pronounce ‘kembiri’ [kǝmbiri], meanwhile Gunung it is changed to be [ʊai] in Karo Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe Gugung and [ʊei] Karo Jahe-jahe. pronounce its word become ‘mbiri’ [mbiri]. 4.3. Consonant In Karonese language there are 15 4.3.4. Additional of sound /se/ consonants, in which some of the There are differences of consonants. consonants are different from English In Karonese language, consonant variations consonants. Meanwhile, some of are sometimes formed by more than one consonants in English are never found in syllable, for example; ‘selembut’ Karonese language, those are: f, v, x, and z. [selembʊt] and ‘lembut’ [lembʊt]. In Karonese language there are some [selembʊt] is pronounced by Karo Gunung consonant variations found in three districts , whereas [lembʊt] is pronounced by Karo (Karo Gugung, Karo Gunung and Karo Standard, Karo Gugung and kao Jahe-jahe.

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi)

4.3.5. Consonant variation of /t/ and /k/ before /n/ will be pronounced by /a:/, for There are consonant variations example; ‘tan’ [tan] (hand), ‘man’ [man] between /t/ and /k/. Word ‘perjat’ [pǝrjat] is (eat) and so on. pronounced by Karo Standard, Karo 4.4.3. Vowel /a/ is pronounced /æ/ Gugung and Karo Jhe-jahe, meanwhile The other vowel found is the vowel Karo Gunung uses ‘perjak’ [pǝrjak]. /æ/, this vowel is usually heard in the 4.3.6. Consonant variations of /c/ and /p/ ending of word. Karonese assume that There are consonant variations in vowel /æ/ is pronounced either /a/ or /e/. Karonese language. There are differences If Karonese who talk and pronounce that between consonant /c/ and /p/. For the vowel, the other Karonese will know example; in Karo Standard and Karo directly their districts. Those districts are Gugung, they use ‘terciluk’ ,whereas, Karo Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe. The Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe use ‘terpiluk. writer states that the vowel /æ/ in Karonese 4.4. The Differences of Orthographic can identify their districts. Writing and Speech Sound 4.4.4. Vowel /e/ is pronounced /e:/ 4.4.1. Vowel Variations in Karonese As previous vowels, this vowel is There are some vowels which are found in pronouncing in Karonese not studied in Karonese. Up to now, language. The problem is, Karonese do not Karonese has known 6 vowels, those are: a, study it and do not know it. Vowel /e:/ is e, è, i, o, u. In this case, the vowel /è/ in almost the same as vowel /a:/. Vowel /e:/ is Karonese language is pronounced by /ǝ/ in usually found before consonant /n/ and /m/. English. Actually, in Karonese language 4.4.5. Vowel /ǝ/ is pronounced /ǝ:/ there are some vowels that are not written The vowel /ǝ:/ is not known by in orthographic writing but pronounced in Karonese, but in daily activity the vowel speech sound, those are: /ǝ:/ is usually pronounced by them. Vowel 4.4.2. Vowel /a/ is pronounced /a:/ /ǝ:/ can be found of any kind of consonants. There is a vowel which is unknown Easily, it can be seen based on the table in Karonese language, that is the vowel /a:/. above. Vowel /ǝ:/ is found before consonant Actually, Karonese pronounce those words, /h/, /r/, ŋ/ and so on. but phonologically Karonese do not know 4.4.6. Vowel /i/ is pronounced /i:/ them. According to writer’s analyisis, there This vowel is also found in is found the vowel /a:/ in Karonese Karonese language. This vowel is almost language. Most of the vowel /a:/ is followed the same as vowel /a:/ which is usually by consonant /n/. But not all the vowels /a/ found before consonant /n/. May be, other CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 people who not Karonese do not know how 4.4.10. Vowel / o / is pronounced /ᴐ:/ to pronounce some of those examples, like: In Karonese there is vowel /o:/ that ‘pudin’ [pudi:n] may be other people say is often found before the consonants /l/ and ‘pudin’, actually, to pronounce that word is /ŋ/. In addition, the vowel /o:/ is often [pudi:n]. In this case, the vowel /i:/ is not pronounced in short words. In other side, found in orthographic writing but it is found not all of vowels /o/ which has the ending in speech sound. /ŋ/ will be pronounced by /o:/, like; 4.4.7. Vowel /i/ is pronounced /ɪ/ ‘sorong’ [soroŋ], ‘corong’ [coroŋ], This vowel is seldom found in ‘lorong’ [loroŋ] and other examples. Karonese language. The reason is Karonese 4.4.11. Vowel /o/ is pronounced /ᴐ/ always talk with distinct word. The vowel This vowel is pronounced /ɪ/ is affectively pronounced to be /i/ and infrequently by Karonese. In this analysis, /e/. In this analyisis, the writer found two the writer fonud two words using the vowel words which use those vowels, those are /ᴐ/, they are: Keong [keᴐŋ] and Doah ‘sitik’ [sitɪk] and ‘lit’ [lɪt]. [dᴐah]. This vowel is often written by /o/, 4.4.8. Vowel /ʊ/ is pronounced /u:/ because there is no the vowel /ᴐ/ in The vowel /u:/ is also found in Karonese language. Karonese language. In this analysis, the 4.5. Diphthong variations in Karonese writer states that Karonese usually do stress In Karonese, there are not only some in some syllable. For instance, word vowels but also some diphthongs which are ‘sumbu’ in Indonesia is pronounced by different from English diphthong. In [sʊmbu], but in Karonese language ‘sumbu’ English there are 9 vowels, those are: /aɪ/, is pronounced by [sʊ:mbu]. Indonesian in /eɪ/, /ᴐɪ/, /ɪǝ/, /ɛa/, /ʊǝ/, /aʊ/, /oʊ/, /ɛɪ/. In particular, it is seldom found vowel /u:/, in Karonese language, there are some the opposite in Karonese language the long diphthongs which are different from vowel is often found in words. English diphthongs, here they are: 4.4.9. Vowel /ʊ/ is pronounced /ᴐ/ 4.5.1. Diphthong /ai/ Some words like; manʊk, durʊh, This diphthong is usually ikʊr, igʊŋ, gadʊŋ is pronounced by pronounced by Karonese, in particular are [manᴐk] [durᴐh], [ikᴐr], [igᴐŋ], [igᴐŋ]. The Karo Gugung. Almost in every sentence vowel /ᴐ/ is affectively pronounced and this diphthong will be heard. This heard by vowel /u/ and /o/. This vowel is diphthong is usually found in the ending of usually pronounced by Karonese who lives a word but not all, example; ‘daiba’ [daiba] in Karo Gunung district. (more, else), ‘caida’ [caida] (broken).

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi)

4.5.2. Diphthong /au/ 4.5.7. Diphthong /ia/ This diphthong is almost the same There is a diphthong /ia/ which is as diphthong /ai/. This diphthong is usually pronounced by Karonese. For example, pronounced by Karonese living in Karo like: ‘kiam’ [kiam] (run), ‘tiang’ [tiaŋ] Gugung and Karo Jahe-jahe. Diphthong (twin) and so on. This diphthong is often /au/ is possible to appear in a word, like; found in the middle of words. Sometimes ‘èrtautau’ [ǝrtautau] (pray), ‘laulau’ the diphthong is found the ending of word, [laulau] (unifinished). like: ‘sia’ [sia] (meaningless), ‘pia’ [pia] 4.5.3. Diphthong /ao/ (onion), ‘gia’ [gia] (although). Diphthong /ao/ is seldom 4.5.8. Diphthong /ie/ pronounced by Karonesse, here the writer Diphthong /ie/ is often pronounced found one of them, it is ‘saoh’ [saoh] by Karonese. Many of the diphthongs /ie/ (sapodilla). occurs because there is combination 4.5.4. Diphthong /ea/ between two words. For example: ‘siena’, This diphthong is almost the same ‘ena’ means ‘that’, whereas ‘si’ means as diphthong /ao/. Diphthong /ea/ is seldom (who, that, which), so that ‘siena’ means pronounced by Karonese. In this analyisis, that is. Combination words are often the writer found one word which use pronounced by a word, so that a diphthong diphthong /ea/, that is ‘eah’ [eah] . Eah may be occurred. means a word to call someone. This word is 4.5.9. Diphthong /iǝ/ usually used by Karo Gunung. Diphthong /iǝ/ is often pronounced by Karonese. Many of diphthongs /iǝ/ 4.5.5. Diphthong /ei/ occurs because there is combination This diphthong is usually between two words. For example: pronounced by Karonese, in particular are ‘siernalèm’ [siernalem], ‘ernalem’ means Karo Jahe-jahe. Karo Gugung and Karo surrender whereas ‘si’ means (who, that, Gunung never pronounce this word, e.g: which), so that ‘siernalem’ means someone ‘mei’ [mei] (may). Actually this word is who surrenders to God. adopted from Indonesian. 4.5.10. Diphthong /iᴐ/ 4.5.6. Diphthong /eᴐ/ Diphthong /iᴐ/ in ‘cio’’ is seldom There are two words which has used by Karonese. This word is familiar in diphthong /eᴐ/, that is ‘keong’ [keᴐng] rainy season. This diphthong is affectively (snail) and ‘leong’ [leoŋ] (fly). pronounced by /io/. This diphthong is used by Karo Gunung and Karo Standard. CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020

4.5.11. Diphthong /iu/ 4.5.17. Diphthong /oa/ Diphthong /iu/ like: in words In Karonese language there is ‘kuing’ [kiuŋ] and ‘piu’ [piu] are soldem diphthong /oa/, like: ‘loak’ [loak] and pronounced by Karonese. ‘soal’[soal]. Actually those words were 4.5.12. Diphthong /ua/ adopted from Indonesian. There are some words which has 4.5.18. Diphthong /oe/ diphthong /ua/. Those words, like: ‘nuan’ This diphthong is seldom found in [nʊan], ‘tualah’ [tʊalah], ‘mèkuah, Karonese language. According to the [mǝkʊah], ‘suah’ [suah], ‘muak’ [muak]. writer’s analyisis the diphthong /oe/ just Based on the writer’s analyisis, special pronounce by Karo Gunung. diphthong /au/ in word ‘tualah’ is used by 4.5.19. Diphthong /oi/ Karo Gugung and Karo Standard. Based on the writer’s analyisis, 4.5.13. Diphthong /ue/ diphthong /oi/ in word hoi is pronounced by All of examples above, like: ‘ue’, all of Karonese, whereas diphthong /oi/ in ‘sue’ and ‘mbue’ is only pronounced by aloi and kiloi are pronounced by Karo Karo Gunung and Karo Standard. Gunung in particular. Meanwhile, ‘kue’ is used by all Karonesse. 4.6. Triphthong Variation in Karonese 4.5.14. Diphthong /ue:/ In Karonese language, there some Diphthong /ue:/ is seldom found in triphthongs that are often used in Karonese language. Based on the writer’s conversations. Those triphthongs are; /uai/, analyisis word ‘buen’ is used by all /iai/, /uei/, /iei/, /iau/, and /uai/. Karonese. In orthographic writing, it is 4.6.1. Triphthong /aui/ written by [buen] but in speech sound, it is Based on the writer’s analyisis there pronounced by [bue:n] is a triphtong /aui/ that used in ‘alaui’ 4.5.15. Diphthong /ui/ [alaui] (answer). This triphtong is usually This diphthong is used by all of used by Karo Gugung and Karo jahe. Karonese. Sometime diphthong /ui/ is 4.6.2. Triphthong /iau/ heard with addition consonant w between u There is a triphtong /iau/ that used and i, like : ‘uis’ become ‘uwis’, ‘kuit’ in ‘ciau’ [ciau] (answer). This triphtong is became ‘kuwit’. In fact, it should be ‘uis’ usually used by Karo Gugung and Karo and ‘kuit’. jahe. 4.5.16. Diphthong /ᴐa/ 4.6.3. Triphthong /iai/ Diphthong /ᴐa/ is seldom used by In this analyisis there is a triphthong Karonese. /iai/, like; ‘siai’ [siai]. This triphtong is

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Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi) usually used by Karo Gugung. 4.6.4. Triphthong /iei/ Table 2: Vowel becomes diphthong Based on the example above, is a variations triphthong in Karonese language that is Vowel Example Diphthong Variation Example triphtong /iai/, like; ‘siai’ [siai]. This E [bage] ai [bagai] triphtong is usually used by Karo Jahe-jahe. E [saŋe] ei [saŋei] 4.6.5. Triphthong /uai/ O [kerbo] au [kerbaʊ] In this analyisis there is a triphthong /uai/, like; ‘uai’ [uai] and ‘mbuai’ [mbuai]. Table 3: Diphthong becomes triphthong This triphtong is usually used by Karo variations Gugung. Diphthong Example Triphthong Example 4.6.6. Triphthong /uei/ Variation The example of triphtong /uei/ is Oi [aloi] aui [alaʊi] ‘uei’ [ʊei] and ‘mbuei’[mbʊei]. This Io [cio] iau [ciaʊ] triphtong is usually used by Karo Jahe- Ie [sie] iai [siai] jahe. Ie [sie] iei [siei] Ue [ʊe] uai [ʊai] Based on what is described above, Ue [mbʊe] uei [ʊei] the reseracher states that, there are so many differences from Karo Gugung, Karo Guung and Karo Jahe-jahe. There are some 5. Conclusions vowel variations, diphthong variations and Based on what is described above, in triphthong variations. To know it easily, it Karonese, there are the phonological is described at the table below: dialect differences from some districts. In Table 1: Vowel Variations this case, the writer analyzed three Vowel Example Vowel Variations Example districts, those are called as, Karo Gugung, A [sisada] æ [sisadaæ] Karo Gunung, and Karo Jahe-jahe. I [sitik] ɪ [sitɪk] Several conclusions could be drawn as ʊ [gadʊŋ] ᴐ [gadᴐŋ] follows. Phonologically, it could be Ǝ [rǝh] ʊ [rʊh] concluded that Karo language has six ǝ: [mǝsǝ:r] i: [misi:r] segments of vowels such as /a, i, u, e, è, o, /. In Karo language also has 15 consonants, those are ; /b, c, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w]. Not only vowel and consonant, but Karo language also has 17 CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 diphthong and 6 triphtong. The 6. References diphthongs are ; /ai, au, ao, ea, ei, eᴐ, ia, Alwasih, Cheadar. 1983. Lingustik Suatu Penghantar. Bandung: Negla Angkasa,. ie, iǝ, iᴐ, iu, ua, ue, ue: ᴐa, oe, oi/ and Chear, Abdul. 2006. Bahasa Praktis triphthong are ; /aui, iau, iai, iei, uai, uei/. Bahasa. Jakarta: Rhineka cipta. ------2007. Linguistik In this analysis, it is stated that in Umum. Jakarta: Rhineka Cipta. Karo language, there are so many Emory. William. I980. Business variations of vowel, diphthong and Research Method. St Louis tripthong. Vowel variations like ; /a/ and USA:Washington University

/æ/, /i/ and /ɪ/, /ʊ/ and /ᴐ/, /ǝ/ and /ʊ/, /ǝ:/ Fromkin, et al. 1990. An and /i:/. Vowel variation is found in three introduction Language. Australia: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. districts, those are ; Karo Gugung, Karo

Gunung and Karo Jahe-jahe. Beside it, in Hornby. AS. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Oxford University Karo language there are some vowel Press. Jendara. Made Iwan Indrawan. variations change to be diphthong 2010. Sociolinguistic: The Study of Societies’Language. Yogyakarta: Graha variation such as, /e/ to be /ai/ and ,ei/, /o/ Ilmu. to be /au/. In Karo language also has Kuncoro, Mudrajat. 2003. Metode Riset diphthong variations to be triphthong Untuk Bisnis & Ekonomi. Jakarta: variations, like: /oi/ to be /aui/, /io/ to be Erlangga Marzuki. 1977. Metodologi Riset. Yogyakarta: BPFE. /iau/, /ie/ to /iai/ and /iei/, /ue/ to be /uai/ and /uei/. Nazir. 1988. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta:Ghalia Indonesia. Based on what is described above, in

Karo language, there are 10 vowels that is Siahaan, Sanggam. 2008. Issues in linguistics. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu pronounced but it is not written. Some Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan aneka vowel like; [a:, æ, e:, ǝ, ǝ:, i:, ɪ, u:, ᴐ, ᴐ:]. teknik analisa bahasa. Yogyakarta: Duta wacana university press. From discussing above, the writer conclude that in Karo language, there are Suhardi. 2013. Penghantar Linguistik Umum. Yogyakarta: Arruzz Media. phonological dialect differences, which its Sumarsono. 2008. Sosiolinguistik. dialect is influenced by a district. Although, Yogyakarta: Sabda there is the phonological difference Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1992. An between three districts, it does not change Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Blackwell the meaning. Zuleha, Ida. 2005. Dialektologi: Dialek Geografi dan Dialek Sosial. Semarang: Rumah Indonesia.

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