CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 PHONOLOGICAL DIALECT DIFFERENCES OF KARONESE LANGUAGE IN MEDAN, NORTH SUMATRA Sesilia Br Gurusinga [email protected] Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi Abstract Language is a unique human inheritance that plays the very important role in human’s life, such as in thinking, communicating ideas, and negotiating with others. The study of human language is linguistics. Linguistics is divided into two parts those are micro linguistics and macro linguistics. Micro linguistic are sub discipline linguistics, like; phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicology. While macro linguistic are sub discipline, like; psycholinguistic, anthropology, dialectology and others. In this research, the writer analyzes about phonological dialect differences of Karo language, in which it is studied in dialectology. Dialectology is a study of geographical varieties of language. Whereas, dialect is the language of a group of people living in a particular area. The data that are used are taken from primary and secondary sources. The method of data collections are observation, interview, and introspective method. To analyze the data, the writer uses equalizing and distributional method. The method of data presentation is formal and informal method. In Karonese, there are 6 vowels, 15 consonants, 18 diphthong and 7 triphtongs, with various vowel variations. such as vowel variations to be diphthong variations and diphthong variation to be triphtong variations. Besides, Karonese has vowels that is pronounced but it is not written. The phonological dialect difference occurred in the three districts irregularly. Keywords: Dialectology, dialect, phonological dialect differences 1. Introduction which implies in the group Western Indonesia consists of many Austronesian language and it is used by ethnics, one of them is Batak ethnic. Karonese in general. Karonese language Batak ethnic consists of five subethnics, is also a local dialect that its speakers are those are: Batak Toba, Batak Karo, Batak called Karonese. Karonese majority Pak-pak, Batak Simalungen, and Batak domiciles in the province of North Angkola Mandailing. Every ethnic has a Sumatra. People who are not Karonese language that is different from other assume that Karonese only live in Karo ethnics. Every language has similarities regency but some Karonese live in Deli and differences because all of ethnics Serdang and Langkat. In addition, we can includes a language family in North find Karonese domicile or live in the Sumatra. In this thesis the writer tries to regency of Simalungun, Dairi, North analyze Batak Karo language. Karo Tapanuli, Southeast Aceh, Medan and language is one of the local dialects other places. 263 Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi) As a language spoken from This is a characteristic of differences generation to generation by Karonese, phonological. Other examples can be Karo language has a set of important taken in different phonology in English functions. It identifies and unifies its America. In general, Americans say the speakers. Through the language they coffee in two versions, these are [kɒ:fi] speak, they express their existence and and [kᴐ:fi]. Similarly, in the Karonese it feel that they belong to one ethnic group is also found the word ' Rice 'which is existing among the other ethnic groups in pronounced in three versions, these are Indonesia. Through Karo language they [Pagei], [Pagai], [Pagei]. Based on the also feel that culturally they belong to one background above, the writer really ethnic group. This cannot be separated wants to idenity the phonological dialect from the cultural function which Karo differences of Karo Language in Medan. language has. Its cultural function can be 2. Theoretical Review seen from the fact that it is used as a 2.1 Dialectology means of creating, recording, and Dialectology is a study of expressing their culture from generation geographical varieties of language. to generation. Dialectology wants to study and compare As Regional dialect in the way a the languages that are still allied to look language is likely to provide one of the for its similarities and its differences. easiest ways of observing variety in Dialect has a meaning of language language. As you travel throughout a variation whereas the word logy derived wide geographical area in which a from the Greek logos, that means 'science. language is spoken,and particular if that The combination of these words and its language has been spoken in that area meanings carry an understanding of for many hundreds of years, you are dialectology as a knowledge which studies almost certain to notice the differences a dialect of a language and it can also in pronunciation, in the choices and learn the dialects that exist in a language. forms of words, and syntax (Wardhaugh, Francis in Pateda (1988: 51-52) states that 1992). Dialectology is the study of language There is a tendency that the variation used by a small group of elements of the different languages may speakers. be caused by geographical factors. How From the definition above to write in one language can be similar dialectology seems to be a part of but the way to speak can be different. sociolinguistics areas. However, there are CULTURE Vol 7 No.2 November 2020 at least two main differences between the (Guiraud, 1970:16). Semasiologis two. First, dialectology discusses about difference which is the opposite of historical development of language onomasiologis, that is giving the same varieties and it surveys mainly the name for several different concepts comparison between the dialects and the (Guriaud, 1970:17- 18), for example, standart code, wheareas sociolinguistics is the lawes in the Karonesse. Lawes has more focused on synchronic analysis and a meaning someone who past away or it discribes the relation between the someone who has gone to a place or language varieties and the social anywhere. dynamism. Secondly, dialectologists are c) Morphological differences, which is concerned with analyzing various limited by a system of grammar is linguistics forms and the cognates, while concerned the frequency of different sociolinguistist takes the forms as morphemes, by the phonetic form, by important objects of analysis only when the sense and by a number of another the social issues are correlated to them. factors (Guiraud, 1970). For example, After all, both share interest in language at the pelit [pəlit] with perpelit varieties and the significance of them in [pərpəlit], there is the addition affix understanding the notion of a language. [per] on adjective pelit, however, the 2.2 Dialects addition do not change the class. Pelit Guiraud in Ayatrohaedi (1978:3-5), and perpelit have a same meaning that states that there are five kinds of is stingy. characteristics distinguishing the dialects. All of these support the understanding The five differences are described as of an innovation or renewal. Therefore, in follow: the innovation of dialect / language it a) Phonetic differences (Guiraud, 1970: should be divided into two phases, namely 12), polimorfemis (Seguy,1973:6), or the creation of a personal and acceptance allophonic (Dubois, et al., 1973:21). by society that language is a social fact. This difference is generally in the field 2.3. Phonology of phonology and dialect speakers or According to Prokem, et al, phonology language is not aware of these is not the study of telephone etiquette, nor differences. the study of telephones. Phonology is the b) Onomasiologi differences that show study of the sound patterns of human different names based on the concept language, it is also the kind of knowledge given in several different places that speakers have about the sound 265 Phonological Dialect Differences of Karonese Language in Medan, North Sumatra. Sesilia Br Gurusinga (Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, Universitas Quality Berastagi) patterns of their particular language (1988 divided into three, those are; dialect Karo : 64). Phonology is concerned with this Gugung, Karo Gunung and Karo Jahe- kind of linguistic konwledge. Phonetics jahe. Every district has dialect differences provides the means for describing speech from others. In this case, this research sounds. Meanwhile, phonology studies the focuses to discuss about phonological ways in which speech sounds form differences that are not only distinguished systems and patterns in human language. from three districts (Karo Gugung, Karo The phonology of a language is the Gunung and Karo Jahe- jahe) but also with systems and pattern of the speech sounds. Karo Standard. Karo Standard is known as We see that the word phonology is used in Standard of Karonese language or that two ways: as the study of sound patterns language is appropriate with dictionary. in language and as the sound pattern of a The phonological differences are not given language. discussing about which language is right Phonological knowledge permits a and which one is wrong. As the researcher speaker to produce sounds that form experience, sometime Karo Gugung and meaningful utterances, to recognize a Karo Gunung usually questions about the foreign accent, to make up new words, to language. When the writer says ‘bagai’ add the appropriate phonetic segments to [bagai] (like that), someone who comes form plurals and past tenses to produce from Karo Gunung will protest by saying, aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops not ‘bagai’ [bagai] but ‘bage’ [bage]. In in the appropriate context, to recognise opposite, when person is from Karo what is or is nor a sound in the language. Gunung says ‘manuk’ [manᴐk] (chiken), 3. Method someone who comes from Karo Gugung The method for this research are will protest, not ‘manuk’ [manᴐk] but method of data collection, analysis and ‘manuk’ [manʊk]. In this case, the research presentation. The method of data does not discuss about right or wrong of collections are observation, interview, and language but phonological differences. introspective method. To analyze the data, 4.1.