Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Carrots, Celery and Parsley

A FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE Millimetres 0 10 20 30

First published June 2015 © Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited.

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National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry 50 60 70 Authors: Jenny Ekman (AHR) and Len Tesoriero (NSW DPI). Title: Pests, diseases and disorders of carrots, celery and parsley : a field identification guide ISBN: 978-0-9925251-4-9 (paperback) Subjects: Umbelliferae--Diseases and pests--Identification. Umbelliferae--Diseases and pests--Australia--Pictorial works. Dewey number: 635 80 90 This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia using the vegetable industry levy and funds from the Australian Government.

Guide produced by Applied Horticultural Research Designed by Noel Wendtman Design 100 Disclaimer Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA Ltd) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in this book. 110 Reliance on any information provided by HIA Ltd is entirely at your own risk. HIA Ltd is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from HIA Ltd or any other person’s 120 negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of information in this book, or from reliance on information contained in the material or that HIA Ltd provides to you by any other means. 130 Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Carrots, Celery and Parsley

A FIELD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

Jenny Ekman and Len Tesoriero Contents Acknowledgements This project was made possible by funding from Horticulture INSECTS Innovation Australia using the national vegetable levy Aphid—carrot willow 2 Looper 14 and matched funds from the Australian Government. Aphid—green peach 3 Lucerne leafroller 15 Production of the guide would not have been possible without Beet armyworm 4 Nematode—root knot 16 the generous assistance of fellow researchers, agronomists, Carrot rust fly 5 Nematode—root lesion 18 extension officers and interested amateur photographers. Carrot weevil 6 Plague soldier beetle 19 Cutworm 7 Redlegged earth mite 20 Special thanks are due to; Earwig—black field, European 8 Rutherglen bug 21 Lindsay DuToit – Washington State University Heliothis/Native budworm 9 Thrips 22 Lowan Turton – NSW DPI Hoverfly 10 Vegetable weevil 23 Hoong Pung - Peracto Ladybird 12 Wireworms—False, true 24 Leafhopper/Jassid 13 Photographs DISEASES Pictures other than those taken by the authors are attributed Alternaria leaf blight 28 Late blight/Septoria spot 42 to the photographer and/or their organisation. Every effort has Bacterial leaf blight 29 Leaf curl/Celery anthracnose 44 been made to contact photographers and obtain their permission Bacterial leaf spot 30 Licorice rot 45 to reproduce material. The publisher apologises for any errors Bacterial soft rot 31 Powdery mildew 46 or omissions in attribution and would be grateful if notified of Black canker 32 Root rot complex 47 corrections that can be incorporated into future editions. Black root rot 33 Septoria leaf spot 48 Carrot black rot 34 Virus—Apium virus Y 49 Abbreviations Cavity spot 35 Virus—Carrot motley Cercospora leaf spot 36 dwarf disease 50 DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food WA Crater rot 37 Virus—Carrot virus Y 51 Ext Extension Crown rot 38 Virus—Mosaic 52 IPM Integrated pest management Damping off 40 Virus—Yellow blotch 53 IPNI International Plant Nutrition Institute Early blight 41 White mould 54 MSU Michigan State University NSW DPI NSW Department of Primary Industries DISORDERS OMAFRA Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Black heart 58 Food and Rural Affairs Bolting 59 PaDIL Pest and Disease Image Library Iron deficiency 60 TAMU Texas A&M University Nitrogen deficiency 61 UC University of California Waterlogging 62 Problem solver 64 WSU Washington State University iv INSECTS

Insects 1 INSECTS 2 INSECTS to other aphid species. aphid to other compared low are rates Y,virus transmission but Carrot for as avector act Can foliage. of distortion and yellowing cause can infestations Heavy wings. clear with grey to black predominantly are adults Winged shape. flattened slightly with long Upto 3 tips. antennae and feet darker with coloured to straw Greenish Adult: to adult. similar green, Nymph: Cavarilla aegopodii Aphid —carrot willow (W Cranshaw Bugwood.org)WSU (W Leaf ofdilldueto curling aphidinfestation andcolony onafennel plant DAMAGE DESCRIPTION Yellowish to mm mm by dry conditions.by dry favoured are and spring, early from crops apiaceous other and onto carrots migrate They trees. willow on reproduce sexually and overwinter aphids These Close-up oftheaphid(A) Jensen Close-up MOST COMMON Myzus persicae Myzus Aphid —green peach and patterned bodies. patterned and eyes red dark with heads have black females winged 2 around and to green yellow pale are Adult: to green. yellowish Nymph: Green peach aphids DESCRIPTION Wingless adults adults Wingless Varies from Varies from mm long; long; mm

wide range of host plants. host of range wide a on months warmer During plants. young kill can infestations Large viruses. many for asavector acts potentially and product contaminates the feeding, through distortion leaf Causes MOST COMMON DAMAGE 3 INSECTS 4 INSECTS flat along the body. the along flat 15 around moth brown Adult: matures. asit stripes white and yellow brown, variable with green darker becoming green, pale caterpillar, initially Hairless Caterpillar: material. cottony white, with leaf underside and covered Egg: Spodoptera exigua Beet /lesser armyworm Bugwood.org) armyworm caterpillar andadultmoth(MShepard Bugwood.org) Young Cranshaw CSU (RSmithAuburn Uni Bugwood.org) andmature (W DESCRIPTION

mm long, wings held held wings long, mm Laid in a mass on the the on amass in Laid Mottled grey and and grey Mottled including celery and parsnip. and celery including hosts of range alarge Attacks areas. southern in summer Warmer particularly months, plant. the centre of the preferring singly, particularly feed larvae Mature leaves. skeletonising groups, in feed often Young caterpillars MOST COMMON DAMAGE Psila rosae Psila fly rust Carrot lay eggs in spring. in lay eggs to emerging as pupae, overwinter flies Adult America. North and Europe of much and Africa South NZ, in present but Not currently in Australia older crops are unsaleable. killed, often are Seedlings infested. be also can taproots Parsley petioles. and crown intoroots, the bore larvae celery, In surface. the under channels brown irregular leaving and tissue plant the into burrowing roots, parsnip and carrot on feed Larvae eyes. brown reddish large and legs and head yellow wings, clear with fly black Adult: 10 to up maggot legless Creamy yellow, Larvae: adult fly(RCollier HRI) Warwick responsible,up ofthelarvae andan , close Carrot rustflydamage(Rasbak) MOST COMMON DAMAGE DESCRIPTION

mm long. long. mm Slender 6

mm long long mm , pest Exotic

✗ 5 INSECTS 6 INSECTS roots are unmarketable. are unmarketable. roots die, and defoliated may be Young tunnels. zigzag plants forming roots, of parts top the and into petioles the burrow larvae foliage, on mainly feed parsley. Adults and parsnips celery, carrots, infest larvae and adults Both with prominent snout. 6 around weevil Adult: reddish brown head. with Creamy grub Larvae: Listronotus oregonensis Listronotus weevil Carrot Carrot weevil (LDPCQuebec) anddamage to roots (TAMU Ext) DAMAGE DESCRIPTION Mottled, dark brown brown dark Mottled, mm long long mm pest in North America. America. North in pest Australia Not currently in MOST COMMON , but a major amajor , but pest Exotic ✗ Agrotis spp. Agrotis Cutworm is a type of cutworm. of is atype moth grey. Bogong The and cream brown, with patterned tent over back, Adult: disturbed. if into aball 50 reach can caterpillars Mature cream markings. and yellow red, with black to grey becoming age, they as darken caterpillars green, Caterpillar: vegetation or moist ground. on mass alarge in laid Usually appearance. slightly ribbed 0.5 Egg: Cutworm attacking young celery plants; Active moth young andBogong Cutworm cutworm celery attacking DESCRIPTION mm long. Tend long. mm to curl mm diameter with a with diameter mm Creamy spheres around around Creamy spheres Wings held in a in held Wings Initially grey- Initially

in damper areas. damper in especially spring, during likely most Damage day. the during on feed dragged underground to may be Plants night. the during usually level, soil at seedlings off cut larvae Older holes. irregular leaving leaves, on feed initially Larvae MOST COMMON DAMAGE 7 INSECTS 8 INSECTS crops such ascelery. such crops in issue contamination a be matter. Can plant decaying on feeds that pest aminor Usually females. in straighter and males in curved body; the of end at the pincers of pair Obvious antennae. 15 to up bodies flattened with slender are Both brown. are reddish earwigs European to black, brown dark are Adult: with less developed pincers. and colour in lighter although Nymph: Nala lividipes, Forficula auricularia Forficula Nala lividipes, European field, black – Earwig Black field and European (Flagstaffotos) earwigs DAMAGE DESCRIPTION

mm long and beaded Black field earwigs earwigs field Black Similar to adult, to adult, Similar 24° (around warm to moderately cool in rapidly most increase Populations spring. during Young nymphs emerge MOST COMMON

C), moist conditions. Helicoverpa armigera, H. punctigera NativeHeliothis / budworm Caterpillar: foliage. on clusters small in or singly laid are Eggs hatching. before 1 Egg: Heliothis caterpillar andadult moth central part of the plant. the of part central prefer leaf undersides or the Warm weather. Larvae issue. acontamination be can to frass leaves, damage Feeding pale brown with dark edges. body,wings hind the across flat to up 25 spanning brownpatterned wings Adult: to up grow 50 Caterpillars reddish. or to greenish brown from their length. Colour varies along stripes distinctive develop and darken they 15 At around heads. dark with brown light long, DESCRIPTION MOST COMMON DAMAGE mm diameter that darken darken that diameter mm whiteRibbed, domes Stout moth with lightly lightly with Stout moth Initially 1.5 Initially mm long. mm mm, held mm long long mm

mm mm 9 INSECTS 10 INSECTS such as aphids and thrips. and asaphids such insects small attack Larvae pollen. and nectar on feeding plants, near hovers Often harmless. actually but abdomen, flattened rather its across bands yellow and black with wasp Adult: to up 10 hooks, mouth dark and surface upper the on astripe with maggot Larvae: Syrphidae spp. Hoverfly Hoverfly larvae andadult photographed mid-air(Flagstaffotos) larvae Hoverfly BENEFIT DESCRIPTION Resembles a small asmall Resembles Cream coloured coloured Cream mm long. especially summer. especially Warm weather, MOST COMMON insect Beneficial ✓ Micromus tasmaniae, Mallada signatus Lacewing upright along the body. the along upright delicately-veined wings held antennae. have Both large, long eyes and red round large to up 15are lacewings Green eyes. green toup 8 Adult: prey. their of remains the camouflage themselveswith 8 to up bodied, thicker are nymphs lacewing Green tail. along jaws and large but head asmallish with to up 10and slender, are brown nymphs Nymph: Brown lacewing DAFWA) nymph aphids (PScanlon attacking ; Adult green lacewing DESCRIPTION mm long and usually usually and long mm Brown lacewings are lacewings Brown mm long with large large with long mm Brown lacewing lacewing Brown mm long with with long mm mm long long mm — brown and green and brown Year round. mites. and thrips caterpillars, small aphids, of predators voracious are nymphs and Adults MOST COMMON BENEFIT insect Beneficial

✓ 11 INSECTS 12 INSECTS on their outer wing covers. stripes and spots distinctive 3–5 beetles shaped dome coloured, Adult: up to 6 appearance, ‘crocodile like’ and markings Nymph: Coccinella transversa, variegate Hippodamia Ladybird Nymph andadult ofthewhite collaredNymph ladybird (H.variegate ) DESCRIPTION Most are brightly brightly are Most Black with coloured coloured with Black mm long with with long mm

mm long. Late spring to autumn. spring Late mites. and eggs moth thrips, aphids, of predators active are larvae and adults Both MOST COMMON BENEFIT insect Beneficial ✓ Austroasca viridigrisea Jassid / Leafhopper whitish patches on the leaves. the on patches whitish leaving and vigour reducing sap, plant suck lifestages All disturbed. if away quickly jump leaves of but undersides Tend the on brown. to feed mottled and to green yellowish from colour in ranging shaped, torpedo Adult: sideways when disturbed. moving of Habit wingless. but Nymph: Leafhopper andparsley, damageto celery andadult leafhopper(CSU) DAMAGE DESCRIPTION Look like tiny cicadas; Look Similar to the adult adult to the Similar

occasionally a major pest. amajor occasionally Warmer months, only MOST COMMON 13 INSECTS 14 INSECTS in a tent over its body. atentin over its richly wings patterned held Adult: plants. host of range wide a on openly feed and long 35–40 are larvae Mature have prolegs).they central no (unlike caterpillars, heliothis with distinct looping motion caterpillars slender green dark Caterpillar: Chrysodeixis spp. Looper Looper onparsleyandadult moth(PHampson Bugwood.org) DESCRIPTION Stout moth with with Stout moth Light green to green Light mm mm Summer–autumn. can skeletonised. be in leaves,Holes leaves MOST COMMON DAMAGE Merophyas divulsana Lucerne leafroller up toup 10 (male) moth markings brown with tan or Adult: tunnel. leaf its from ejected if backwards wriggles 12 to up to brown, green Caterpillar: mainly a pest of parsley. of apest mainly late summer–autumn, during common Most inside. from feed then webbing, with up leaves roll Caterpillars Leafroller caterpillar andadult moths(NSWDPI) DESCRIPTION MOST COMMON DAMAGE

mm long. Caterpillar Caterpillar long. mm Light tan (female) tan Light mm long.

Light grey- Light 15 INSECTS 16 INSECTS Meloidogyne spp. Meloidogyne knot root — Nematode (MA nematode damageto Hansen celery knot Root Virg Polytech Bugwood.org) carrots. particularly but crops, to many damage severe cause nematodes knot Root roots. plant parasitise they where soil, the in reproduce eye. They naked to the visible rarely long, <1 organisms wormlike are microscopic, Nematodes DESCRIPTION DAMAGE mm mm or knobby growths attached. attached. growths knobby or roots branch with misshapen, hairy, and be stunted can easily. wilt and yellow Carrots to thrive, fail plants the of parts Upper gall. or a knot forming this site swell, around cells root site. The feeding apermanent up set and roots plant penetrate soil, the in eggs hatch from Juveniles crop (DAFWA) DuToit, nematode damageto carrots knot Root (L andsymptoms ina carrot WSU) Nematodes are spread spread are Nematodes spring. during hatching (over 25° environments warm in Symptoms increased are MOST COMMON C), with major egg egg major C), with

important control methods. control important rotation crop and hygiene farm making seedlings, by infested and machinery water, irrigation in on 17 INSECTS 18 INSECTS causing secondary damage. secondary causing fungi, borne by soil infection of chance the increase roots to the injuries Feeding misshapen. and stunted be can carrots while plant, the of wilting and yellowing are stunting, symptoms ground Above roots. larger on appear lesions die; black roots feeder Small contents. cell the cells digesting and rupturing inside plant roots, the around move nematodes lesion root nematodes, knot Unlike root roots. plant inside or soil the in reproduce can nematodes lesion eye. Root naked to the visible rarely long <1 organisms wormlike are microscopic,Nematodes Pratylenchus lesion root — Nematode Root lesion nematodeRoot DAMAGE DESCRIPTION spp. (Uni of Nebraska-Lincoln); (Uni of Nebraska-Lincoln); mm mm important control methods. control important rotation crop and hygiene farm making seedlings, by infested and machinery on water, irrigation in spread are Nematodes months. over 3–4 athousandfold increasing potentially populations with 23° is around temperature Optimum development MOST COMMON Nematode damageto acarrot crop C, C, Chauliognathus lugubris beetle soldier Plague pollen and nectar. and pollen on mainly Feeds long. Upto 15 covers. wing green olive metallic, and bright orange abdomen Adult: insects. small other and caterpillars small eggs, insect pupae, eats that grub soil-dwelling Larvae: Adult plague soldierbeetle DESCRIPTION Slender with beetle Carnivorous, Carnivorous, mm mm

known about this insect. about known is to mate. Little possibly form, can swarms Large Australia. south-eastern in autumn early and Summer celery. and asparsley such problems crops in leafy significant contamination create can beetles adult the beneficial, potentially are larvae Although MOST COMMON DAMAGE 19 INSECTS 20 INSECTS Halodytus destructor Halodytus Redlegged earth mite Redlegged earth mites (CSIRO) earth Redlegged leaves. on patches whitish sap, resulting in large, release leaves to plant Lacerates to up 30. of groups in feeds Generally legs. red bright with body black Adult: matures. asit darkens 0.2 legs, six with Nymph: DESCRIPTION DAMAGE Completely bluish- Reddish pink pink Reddish mm long, long, mm of the time in the soil. the in time the of most Spends Australia. of parts southern in summer to early autumn generally weather, wet Cool, hide. and ground to the drop will mites disturbed, If conditions. overcast in or morning the in feeds Mainly MOST COMMON Rutherglen bug adultandnymph Nysius vinitor bug Rutherglen although it can cause some some cause can it although pest asignificant usually Not eyes. black and wings transparent with long 5 about bugs grey Adult: developing wing buds. with pear-shaped and Nymph: DESCRIPTION DAMAGE Slender, dark Reddish brown brown Reddish mm mm

hosts are unavailable. hosts during summer when other crops moves into vegetable Usually species. weed in spring during Multiplies parsley. or ascelery such crops leafy for issue contamination a be Can leaves. sucking sap through damage feeding MOST COMMON 21 INSECTS 22 INSECTS Thrips tabaci, T. imagines, Frankliniella schultzei, F. occidentalis — Thrips pest in apiaceous crops. apiaceous in pest aminor Generally damage. feeding minor only cause usually and TSWV carry not do insects these but celery, in species found commonly most are the thrips Plague crop. the in (TSWV) Virus Wilt Tomato transmit Spotted can (WFT) Flower Thrips Western tomatoand Onion, backs. their along held wings transparent 1–2 approx bodies thin with Adult: generally <1 wingless, yellowish, Nymph: is required. magnification tiny —significant size their due to is difficult of thrips species different many of the Identification (S Broughton DAFWA) Bugwood.org); Western flower thrips Cranshaw CSU (W Onion thrips DAMAGE DESCRIPTION

mm long. Narrow Narrow long. mm Light to dark brown brown to dark Light Cream to to Cream

mm long. onion, plague, tomato, plague, onion, WFT shoots and the inner petioles. inner the and shoots new the around particularly plant, the centre of the in to hide tend summer. Thrips mid–late in common most tomatothrips and WFT summer, early in common are most thrips Onion MOST COMMON crops. While damage is usually is usually damage While crops. leaves many of the in holes distinctive round chewing make larvae and adults Both parts. upper the in mainly holes small, irregular making roots, carrot on feed They damage. most the cause larvae the Usually nocturnal, snout. aprominent and back its on mark V-shaped 8 about Adult: spring. early in soil the in Pupates head. orange brownish with grub to greenish cream long, Vegetable (A Prather) weevil Hopkins) larvae andadult weevil (JD Listroderes difficilis Vegetable weevil Larvae: DAMAGE DESCRIPTION Mottled brown beetle beetle brown Mottled Upto 12 mm long with pale pale with long mm mm mm

in the soil during summer. during soil the in inactive generally are Adults spring. in asadults emerging winter, autumn and during present mainly are Larvae seedlings. kill can and saleability affects it superficial MOST COMMON 23 INSECTS 24 INSECTS Gonocephalum spp. true false, — Wireworms with a serrated edge. aserrated with forked is usually tail the and wireworms false than bodied softer are They tail. and head adarker, with brown reddish creamy to are light larvae Truemouthparts. wireworm dark and head around with to up 30 and brown to golden smooth, are larvae Larvae: closeup (LDuToit WSU) False with damageto wireworm acarrot root larvae (DYoung andin WSU) DESCRIPTION False wireworm , Family mm long long mm Elateridae if placed upside down. down. upside placed if a‘click’ with themselves right can they because as ‘click beetles’ known are dish). wireworms true Adult (likepie a edges flanged with have athorax beetles oval-shaped dark, These beetles. into ‘darkling’ mature False wireworms Adult: entry points for disease. for points entry providing and cavities forming into roots, carrot tunnel can They roots. plant young on feed they where soil the in live Larvae Click beetle, theadult form ofthetruewireworm DAMAGE

pasture or mulches. or pasture with planted formerly is afield in crop when aproblem to be likely Most MOST COMMON 25 INSECTS 26 DISEASES

Diseases 27 DISEASES 28 DISEASES breakage during harvest. during breakage and leaf the of death in develop on petioles, resulting also Lesions collapsing. and yellowing leaf whole the in resulting combine, and grow spots the develops disease the As halos. yellow distinct have and shaped irregularly are These leaves. older the on develop initially spots to grey black dark Small, Carrots Alternaria spp. Alternaria blight leaf Alternaria Effects of Alternaria leaf blightEffects of Alternaria onacarrot crop (RMDavis UC IPM) leaf blightAlternaria oncarrot leaves (DBLangston UniGeorgia Bugwood.org); SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS dies once this decomposes. this decomposes. once dies it soil, the in debris carrot on survive can fungus the water. in spread Although and seed-borne is usually (approx 13–35° range temperature wide over a occur can infection 28° is around development for temperature optimum winter. the and Although autumn during especially or overhead irrigation and/ Rainy weather FAVOURED BY FAVOURED C). The disease disease C). The C, C, Bacterial leafblight symptoms (LDuToitBacterial WSU) Xanthomonas pv. hortorum blight leaf Bacterial irrigation is used extensively. extensively. is used irrigation overhead if especially Warm (25–30° brown. and shrivelled become which into petioles, the spread can Disease distorted. and twisted chlorotic, leaves become spread, they As leaflets. individual of lobes the of junctions at the particularly margins, leaf the at initially are Spots brown. turn and enlarge that rapidly yellow,Small, spots angular Carrots CROPS AFFECTED CROPS FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS C), wet weather,C), wet carotae

an important control strategy. an important is rotation crop so range host alimited has but residues, crop on soil the in survive can bacterium The insects. by and machinery on carried as as well runoff and water irrigation through spreads but borne, is seed bacterium The 29 DISEASES 30 DISEASES saleability is reduced. saleability Leaves halo. and may die by ayellow surrounded circular, roughly usually are Spots progresses. disease centre as the the in brown turn which spots, yellow asbright appears Initially parsley Celery, Moderate andsevere leafspot(L symptoms ofbacterial Tesoriero NSW DPI) Pseudomonas syringae pv spot leaf Bacterial SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS . apii irrigation water and runoff. and water irrigation through spreads but borne, is seed bacterium The infection. increase days will over several 7hours least at for wet Leaves remaining canopy. crop adense as in such conditions, Damp, humid FAVOURED BY FAVOURED affecting carrots and and celery. carrots affecting especially postharvest, important also are rots soft Bacterial leaves. of bleaching white distinct and collapse complete suffer can plants Parsley roots. or crown the of to rotting due collapse plant cause can harvest Pre- smell. unpleasant an with often a slimy mess, into collapse tissues the enlarge these As roots. or leaves stems, on appear can Water-soaked lesions All ; Symptoms of bacterial soft rot on celery in the field rot; Symptoms oncelery soft University) ofbacterial rot Symptoms oncarrots soft inthefield(B-Ming ofbacterial Wu Oregon State spp Erwinia rot soft Bacterial SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS . , Pectobacterium spp.

damage or injury. or damage physical following infection A common secondary nitrogen. of levels high with combined if particularly conditions, Warm, wet FAVOURED BY FAVOURED 31 DISEASES 32 DISEASES turn brown as they age. asthey brown turn and spread These leaves. on appear spots yellow (1–2Small progresses. disease as the tissues into inner the extend but superficial initially are These crown. the around particularly roots, parsnip the on develop cankers to black brown reddish Dark Parsnips Mycocentrospora acerina Itersonilia Cylindrocarpon perplexans, Mycocentrospora spp., canker Itersonilia / canker Black (M Kepler APS) (M Kepler anywhere onroots (L Tesoriero infection onparsnipleaves NSWDPI);Itersonilia Symptoms ofblack cankeronparsnips, here shown onthecrown butcanoccur SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS mm diameter) diameter) mm temperatures around 20°C. 20°C. around temperatures by is favoured fungus Itersonilia The crown. the into washed spores borne by air infection of result the or borne seed be also Can residues. crop on and soil the in survive can many which of pathogens, fungal of complex by a infection of result the Symptomsoften are disease. to this parsnips predispose asPythium— such fungi rot by root damage particularly damage— root Superficial FAVOURED BY FAVOURED

packing processes. packing and by harvest produced injuries the in rapidly grow can and soil the in present often are Spores 5° below properly dried and cooled not are carrots washed when occurs that problem a postharvest Predominantly develop on roots. margins diffuse with areas Blackened bases. leaf remnant around particularly crown, carrot the of surface the on develops growth fungal to grey black Dark parsley and Carrots and close-up ofsymptoms (DAFWA)and close-up DuToitBlack root rot oncarrots (L WSU) Thielaviopsis basicola, Chalaropsis thielavioides rot root Black FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS

C before packing. packing. C before 33 DISEASES 34 DISEASES margin, unlikemargin, rot. root black adistinct has area This root. leaves of and junction the at ring decayed a black, in resulting leaves, older the through occurs often infection off.plants mature In similar to damping seedlings, of death or establishment poor in result can rot Black blight. leaf to Alternaria similar leaves, on occur lesions shaped irregularly to black, brown Dark Carrots Alternaria radicina rotCarrot black Coles PaDIL) andsymptoms onthe roots (L Tesoriero NSW DPI) The blackened area of leaves at thejunction androot ofcarrot black rot typical (R SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS the soil for several seasons. several for soil the in residues crop in survive can and borne is seed disease weather. Warm, humid The FAVOURED BY FAVOURED with other crops and/or crops other with rotated are rarely carrots where particularly areas, A common problem in many unmarketable. makes carrots infection Even moderate infected early in development. is taproot the centre of the if branch or to fork likely are underlying tissue. Carrots the in cavity a sunken revealing disintegrate, may skin carrot The roots. of surface the on develop spots sunken oval, Small, parsnips Carrots, (L DuToitCavity spotlesions (L WSU) sulcatum, P.Pythium violae spot Cavity FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS

fastest on overmature roots. roots. overmature on fastest increase and harvest, of month one within are carrots when appear usually spots Sunken drainage. poor and soils acid with associated Also to autumn. summer late during develop crops 35 DISEASES 36 DISEASES as Alternaria leaf blights. leaf as Alternaria asdamaging not usually similar, superficially Although debris. plant in survive but seeds on carried mainly 28° around at fastest development Warm conditions, with brown. dark turn petioles Infected curl. leaflets and yellowed become spots the Areas margins. around brown dark and centres pale with develop spots round Small, leaves.margins of younger at the first occurs Usually Carrots Cercospora carotae Cercospora spot leaf Cercospora FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS C. Spores are are Spores C. (L DuToit (L WSU) petioles carrot on Minnesota) Uni (M Grabowski foliage carrot on symptoms spot leaf Cercospora and in close-up DuToit(L close-up in and WSU) ; Symptoms

combined with high humidity. high with combined 23°C) than (less weather Cool humidity. high under observed may be growth fungal White craters. brown into enlarging sunken,lesions, the under develop then Pits parts. upper and crown the on mainly roots, the on appear canker-like lesions brown dark of bands Horizontal Carrots Crater rot oncarrots (L Tesoriero Kemal) UniMustafa NSW DPI,SKurt carotae Rhizoctonia rot Crater FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS 37 DISEASES 38 DISEASES Fusarium spp. Rhizoctonia spp., rot Crown (H Pung Peracto) carrots Crown rot due to spp. Rhizoctonia in young (L Tesoriero NSW DPI)andmature at the develops rot brown soft, celery, and parsley In harvest. and lifting during off leaves breaking the in results This root. the of part top the encircling spread, can These leaves. the and root the between junction at the develop initially lesions blackened carrots, In stunted. and wilted yellowed, become plants ground, Above All CROPS AFFECTED CROPS SYMPTOMS mass is severely reduced. reduced. is severely mass root the and discoloured and brown become roots surface, soil the with junction Crown rot ofcarrots due to Fusarium (HPung Peracto) organic high and imbalances nutritional pH, soil low with associated have been Symptoms soils. wet and (over conditions 18°Mild in parsley (L Tesoriero NSWDPI) andinternal symptomsExternal ofcrown rot caused by Fusarium spp. infection FAVOURED BY FAVOURED C) C)

northern production areas. production northern more in winter during and Tasmania, in is common rot Crown soil. in matter 39 DISEASES 40 DISEASES spp. spp. Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia off Damping Damping off ofcarrots (BConde NT DPIF)andparsley (L Tesoriero NSWDPI); becomes waterlogged. Fungal soil if especially conditions, wet and weather Mild die. and collapse Seedlings junction. soil the near develop reddish brown lesions Post-emergence, are stunted. plants and is poor emergence Seedling coat. seed the within rot to seeds cause can off dampingPre-emergence, All CROPS AFFECTED CROPS FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS ’collar rot’ ( ’collar rot’ as such plants, mature in symptoms cause also can and soils, in present are species R. solani R. ) in parsley.) in in the centres of the spots. the of centres the in visible may become mould grey fuzzy stages, later the In also develop on the petioles. may Lesions papery. and dry become that lesions brown orange- shaped, irregularly into develop These leaves. outer the on spots yellow assmall appears Initially Celery, celeriac andadvanced (RSNelson)symptoms blight ofearly oncelery Sae-Uang) (W Early apii Cercospora blight Early SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS wind or in irrigation water. irrigation in or wind on carried be may also but borne is seed fungus The prolonged dews. heavy with or weather showery asduring such conditions, Warm (15–30° (L Tesoriero NSWDPI) blight ofearly infectionofcelery Detail FAVOURED BY FAVOURED

C) and wet wet and C) 41 DISEASES 42 DISEASES Septoria apicola Late blight /Septoria spot Septoria spots on celery leaves spotson celery Septoria also develop on the petioles. may lesions and spots Greyish die. and wither discoloured, Leaves become bodies. fruiting black small with speckled become and brown, turn enlarge, leaves. These lower and older on the first appear spots yellowish Small Celery, celeriac CROPS AFFECTED CROPS SYMPTOMS

the soil on crop residues. residues. crop on soil the in water, survive can and irrigation in and seeds on rainy weather. spread Spores to cool, due periods extended for wet Leaves remaining The effects ofsevere petiolesand crop late blightgrowth infection on celery NSW DPI) Closeup ofthespores (Len Tesoriero FAVOURED BY FAVOURED 43 DISEASES 44 DISEASES a striped appearance. a striped producing system, vascular the through spread and brown turn petioles the on Spots brittle. becoming off, Leaves brown twisted. and curled distorted, become petioles and leaves develops, disease the As petioles. on lesions translucent and cupping leaf include symptoms Early Celery Leaf effects onpetioles (L curl Tesoriero NSW DPI);Leaf symptoms curl inthefield Colletotrichum acutatum, C. orbiculare acutatum,Colletotrichum C. anthracnose Celery / curl Leaf SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS irrigation water. in spreads Disease Warm, moist conditions. FAVOURED BY FAVOURED Licorice rot onstored carrots acerina Mycocentrospora Licorice rot water soaked lesions develop Large, storage. postharvest during develop mainly any symptoms occur time, can infection Although celery, parsnips Carrots, CROPS AFFECTED CROPS SYMPTOMS

Humid or moist conditions. tissue. water-soaked of a margin retain but develop, asthey black turn these brown, Initially roots. the on FAVOURED BY FAVOURED 45 DISEASES 46 DISEASES easily spread by wind. are Spores temperatures. moderate and humidity High harvesting. mechanical affects breakage petiole and reduced is Yield die. and brown turn petioles the and distorted and brittle becomes foliage Infected surfaces. leaf all to cover spreads leaves but oldest the on appears initially growth fungal white Powdery affected. weakly be can parsley Parsnips and Carrots. TAEX Weslaco) DuToitPowdery mildewsymptoms on carrot (L WSU) Erysiphe heracleiErysiphe mildew Powdery FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS (T Isakeit Isakeit and at top, parsnip (T NSW DPI) root systems ofahealthy spp. plant (L)andoneinfected withPythium (LTesoriero rotRoot complex symptoms inparsley(L Tesoriero NSWDPI);Comparison ofthe brown. but intact system leave root the infections Phytophthorawhile roots, lateral the destroys Pythium rot. spongy abrown, develop roots the ground, Below death. and collapse plant wilting, progressing rapidly ground— Above All spp. Phytophthora Pythium spp., complex rot Root SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS particularly particularly

for extended periods. extended for soil the in may survive and runoff or water irrigation in carried are Spores affected. be can any of age Plants 10° below if especially waterlogged and cool, or wet are which Soils FAVOURED BY FAVOURED

C. C. 47 DISEASES 48 DISEASES lesions, which enlarge and and enlarge which lesions, the inside develop spores Black margin. red-brown dark apronounced with develop spots leaf tan Small, Parsley Septoria petroselini Septoria spot leaf Septoria CROPS AFFECTED CROPS SYMPTOMS (OMAFRA) andsevere (R,B Watt Bugwood.org) UniMaine septoria leafspot parsley (OMAFRA); leafspot oncurly Septoria Flat leafparsleywithslight wet for several hours. several for wet remaining foliage and humidity high with combined (20–25° temperatures Mild die. can and yellows Foliage papery. become FAVOURED BY FAVOURED C) C)

(ST Koike UC Ext) anddill(L UCExt) petioles(STKoike SymptomsTesoriero oncelery NSW DPI) cultivars. between greatly varies Susceptibility aphids. by is transmitted and species weed in persists Virus Plants stunted. may appear petioles. the on lesions cultivars develop long, brown celery Some leaves. younger the on is fainter mottling or Mosaic leaflets. distorted and lesions brown veins, the around yellowing with Older leaves become mottled parsley Celery, Virus —Apium virus Y FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS 49 DISEASES 50 DISEASES and Carrot mottle virus. mottle Carrot and virus redleaf Carrot viruses: two of effects combined the by Symptoms caused are lifespan. its for plants infect to able remains which aphid, willow carrot the by mainly is transmitted Virus harvest. after remain plants carrot volunteer if continuously, especially cropped are carrots when likely most are Outbreaks losses. commercial causes rarely now past, the in disease tone. Although a serious apink develop can which leaves outer the especially also becomes chlorotic; Parsley browning. internal to have likely more are roots Mature rots. to developing prone are roots seedling and are stunted, plants reddened, leaves become Carrot All Virus — FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS Carrot motley dwarf disease (redCarrot motley dwarf leaf) dwarf disease(UniWarwick) dwarf foliageRed of carrot motley typical severe infection ofcarrot roots (BCoutts, DAFWA) Symptoms ofvirusinfection onleaves, showing mottlingand chlorosis, and yield. reduce significantly still later, occurs can but infection if severe Symptoms less are unmarketable. them making andknobbly malformed, short, to be tend roots mature the growth, of weeks six first the within occurs infection If appearance. afeathery with stunted mildly may be Plants margins. leaf the of browning with patches mottled yellow Leaves develop dill parsnips, Carrots, CarVY Y virus Carrot — Virus SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS

on a non-host plant. anon-host on feeds aphid the once is lost Infectivity aphid. peach green particularly by aphids, spread is virus The harvest. after remain plants volunteer carrot if continuously, especially cropped are carrots when likely most are Outbreaks FAVOURED BY FAVOURED 51 DISEASES 52 DISEASES Mosaic virus symptoms on celery and inthefield(L virussymptomsMosaic oncelery Tesoriero NSW DPI) through and by aphids clover.and is transmitted It assowthistle such species weed in persists Virus effect. acrinkled produce can tissue interveinal the of Thickening leaves. the on pattern mosaic yellow bright a of development and system vascular the of discolouration stunting, distortion, leaf include but Symptoms vary All Celery mosaic, alfalfa mosaic alfalfa mosaic, Celery Virus —Mosaic CROPS AFFECTED CROPS FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS pastures of lucerne or clover. or lucerne of pastures to next grown are plants or continuously is cropped celery where likely most are Outbreaks seeds. infected

(L Tesoriero NSW DPI) Symptoms ofyellow blotch onaparsleyleaf andoncoriander inthefield Unknown mildly and deformed stunted. may be Foliage leaves. the on margins appear diffuse with blotches yellow and yellowed Veins become Celery Virus —Yellow blotch FAVOURED BY FAVOURED SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS 53 DISEASES 54 DISEASES mould infection ; Diebackof acarrot crop UCExt) dueto white (STKoike White mouldoncelery rolfsii minor, S. S. sclerotiorum, Sclerotinia White mould form within the decayed decayed the within form (sclerotia) bodies resting black hard stages later the In growth. fungal cottony white with covered are areas affected The progresses. disease asthe parts upper into spreading but junction soil at the initially stems, develop on lower leaves and rots water-soaked Soft, All SYMPTOMS AFFECTED CROPS rots. Sclerotia can survive survive can Sclerotia rots. postharvest increases wet conditions. Storing products by warmer is favoured rolfsii S. by caused rot Sclerotium of overhead irrigation. use or fog rain, with occur asmay such conditions, (15–21°Cool storage. postharvest during develop also can Rots shaped. 10 to up be can tissue. These white mouldonstored carrots (HPung Peracto) White mouldor ‘sclerotium rot’ (S.rolfsii) inthefield (L Tesoriero NSWDPI)and FAVOURED BY FAVOURED

mm across and irregularly mm across irregularly and C), moist C), moist

re-infecting other crops. other re-infecting many years, for soil the in 55 DISEASES DISORDERS DISORDERS

Disorders

56 57 Black heart Bolting DISORDERS CROPS AFFECTED CAUSED BY CROPS AFFECTED Celery Similar to tip burn in lettuces All and other leafy vegetables, SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS blackheart is caused by Light to dark brown and rapid growth under humid Flowering stems start to DISORDERS black lesions appear on the conditions. This results in form. This draws energy developing leaf tips inside calcium deficiency at the reserves away from the rest the celery heart. Leaf tips may growing tips. Associated with of the plant. Carrots will continue to die back as the warm conditions, uneven shrink and toughen, parsley plant grows and can develop irrigation and high rates loses flavour and celery secondary fungal infections. of fertiliser application. becomes pithy and soft. CAUSED BY Cold conditions (4–13°C for more than ten days), especially if followed by warmer conditions, can cause premature bolting of plants still at seedling stage. Bolting parsley

Black heart of celery (ST Koike UC Ext) Bolted carrot (C Allender Uni Warwick); 58 59 Iron deficiency Nitrogen deficiency DISORDERS CROPS AFFECTED CAUSED BY CROPS AFFECTED All Can be caused by high soil pH All as gas, while incorporation (above 6.5), waterlogging or of woody crop residues can SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS heavy fertilisation with other temporarily lock up nitrogen Young leaves are pale or micronutrients which can tie Older leaves and petioles in the soil. Most likely late DISORDERS yellowed with green veins. up available iron in the soil. become yellow and die in the cropping cycle. off prematurely. Plant may be generally pale with stunted growth. CAUSED BY Insufficient fertiliser or loss from the soil. Heavy rain and irrigation leach nitrogen from the soil, especially if organic matter is low. Waterlogging can result in nitrogen loss

Iron deficiency in celery (R Lucas IPNI) Nitrogen deficient parsley (L Tesoriero NSW DPI) and celery 60 61 Waterlogging Carrots, celery and parsley problem solver carrot celery parsley parsnip DISORDERS CROPS AFFECTED Page All Leaf tips die • Black heart 58 SYMPTOMS Leaves chewed • • • • Beet armyworm 4 Plants grow poorly, • • • • Cutworm 7

DISORDERS develop root diseases • • • • Heliothis 9 and eventually die. • • • Looper 14 CAUSED BY Leaves discoloured/ • • Apium virus Y 49 mottled Excess water in the root zone. • • • • Carrot motley dwarf disease 50 • • Carrot virus Y 51 • • • • Mosaic virus 52 • Yellow blotch 53 • • • • Nutrient deficiency 60–61 Leaves distorted • • • • Aphids 2–3 • Leaf curl 44 Leaves pale speckles • • • • Leafhopper 13 • • • • Redlegged earth mite 20 • • • • Rutherglen bug 21 • • • • Thrips 22 Leaves spotted • Alternaria leaf blight 28 • Bacterial leaf blight 29 • • Bacterial leaf spot 30 • Carrot black rot 34 • Cercospora leaf spot 36 • Early / Late blight 41–43 • Septoria leaf spot 48 Leaves webbed • Lucerne leafroller 15 Leaves white • • • Powdery mildew 46 Waterlogged parsley and resulting development of root rots (L Tesoriero NSW DPI) (Continued over) 62 63 Carrots, celery and parsley problem solver (cont.) carrot celery parsley parsnip

Page Petioles diseased • • • • Bacterial soft rot 31 • • • • White mould 54–55 Roots chewed • • • • Earwigs 8 • • • • Vegetable weevil 23 • • Wireworms 24–25 Roots deformed • • • • Nematodes 16–18 • • Carrot virus Y 51 Roots diseased • • • • Bacterial soft rot 31 • Black canker 32 • • Black root rot 33 • Carrot black rot 34 • • • • Crown rot 38–39 • • • Licorice rot 45 • • • • Root rot complex 47 • • • • Waterlogging 62 • • • • White mould 54–55 Roots with • • Cavity spot 35 sunken holes • Crater rot 37 Seedlings die • • • • Cutworm 7 • • • • Damping off 40 Stunted growth • • • • Nematodes 16–18 • • • • Waterlogging 62

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