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For Carrot Rust Fly in Association to Irrigation to 120 Mm/Month In-Lieu of Rainfall to 120Mm for Australian Locations A national industry Pest Specific Incursion Management Plan (PSIMP) for Carrot rust fly (Psila rosae) Marc Poole Department of Agriculture & Food Western Australia Project Number: VG06114 VG06114 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the vegetable industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 2013 3 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Australia Ltd Level 7 179 Elizabeth Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2009 Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Rust Fly (Psila rosae Fabricius, 1794) Marc Poole et al. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Project Number: VG06114 Diagnostic Protocol for Carrot Rust Fly (Psila rosae Fabricius, 1794) Prepared for: Horticulture Australia Limited VG06114 Marc Poole and Ruben Flores Vargas Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia. Horticulture Australia limited (HAL) Project Number: VG06114 Authors: Marc Poole, Research Officer and Ruben Flores Vargas, Research Officer Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia. 3 Baron-Hay Court South Perth, Western Australia 6151 Telephone (08) 9368 3224 Facsimile (08) 9368 2958 Email [email protected] Website www.agric.wa.gov.au Project description: Carrot rust fly has been identified by Plant Health Australia as one of the top threats to the Australian carrot industry. In 2007 Horticulture Australia Ltd (HAL) commissioned the Department of Agriculture and Food Government of Western Australia to develop a Pest Specific Incursion Management Plan, a Pest Risk Assessment and a Diagnostic Protocol for carrot rust fly. It is recommended that these documents to be considered a permanent draft documents to be updated regularly as new information becomes available. HAL disclaimer: Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current Horticulture Australia Ltd (HAL) policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication. The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts were made to obtain and published information. Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Rust Fly Page 6 of 34 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................. 8 Recorded host plants ................................................................................... 8 World distribution ....................................................................................... 8 Taxonomic information ............................................................................. 11 Synonyms or changes in combination or taxonomy .................................. 11 Common names ......................................................................................... 11 Morphological identification .................................................................... 11 Identification of the family Psilidae .......................................................... 12 Adult .................................................................................................... 13 Male .............................................................................................. 13 Female ........................................................................................... 14 Immature stages ........................................................................................ 16 Egg ................................................................................................ 16 Larvae ........................................................................................... 17 First instar .................................................................................... 17 Second instar ................................................................................. 18 Third instar ................................................................................... 19 Puparium ....................................................................................... 19 Detection ................................................................................................... 22 Sampling (Monitoring) .............................................................................. 23 Records ..................................................................................................... 24 Appendix 1: List of family Apiaceae (host to carrot rust fly) ................... 25 References ................................................................................................. 32 Figures Figure 1. World map showing carrot production countries ● and carrot rust fly ● (source: http://www.cabicompendium.org). ............... 10 Figure 2. Carrot rust fly anatomy key. ...................................................... 12 Figure 3. Adult carrot rust fly .................................................................... 14 Figure 4. Characteristic head shape for three species of the Psilidae family .......................................................................................... 14 Figure 5. Characteristic wing shape for three species of the Psilidae family .......................................................................................... 15 Figure 6. Male terminalia for three species of the Psilidae family. .......... 15 Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Rust Fly Page 7 of 34 Figure 7. Female ovipositors of two species of the Psilidae family .......... 16 Figure 8. Egg of carrot rust fly .................................................................. 16 Figure 9. Micropyle of carrot rust fly egg . ............................................... 17 Figure 10. Cephalopharyngeal skeletons of fly larvae .............................. 17 Figure 11. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton of carrot rust fly larvae . ........... 18 Figure 12. Posterior spiracular plates of carrot rust fly larvae: .............. 18 Figure 13. Anterior spiracle of the larvae of three species of the Psilidae family. ......................................................................................... 19 Figure 14. 3rd instar larvae of three species of the Psilidae family ......... 19 Figure 15. Carrot rust fly pupae ................................................................ 20 Figure 16. Similarity and differences between three species of the family Psilidae. ...................................................................................... 21 Figure 17. Life cycle of carrot rust fly. ...................................................... 22 Diagnostic Protocol Carrot Rust Fly Page 8 of 34 Introduction The Carrot rust fly, (Psila rosae Fabricius, 1794, [Diptera: Psilidae]) is one of the more serious pests of carrots (Daucus carota L.) and related crops in temperate regions of the world (Berry et al. 1995). Carrot rust fly is well known for the characteristic rust coloration caused by the larval mines on the tap root (Bernie 1971). The larvae hatch from eggs laid at the base of the host plant. The newly hatched larvae burrow into the soil and feed on the side roots of the host plant during the first two instars. The last instar larvae feed on the taproot. Brown scars appear where tunnels near the surface have collapsed. Larval feeding and burrowing can cause young plants to wilt and die. Damaged plants may also become stunted and with roots becoming bulbous and forked. In addition, fungi and bacteria may invade the damaged tissue and cause severe rot (Petherbridge et al. 1942). Carrot rust fly attack to the carrot is cosmetically unacceptable, rendering carrots unmarketable Recorded host plants While the host range of the carrot rust fly seems to be restricted to the Apiaceae family (Appendix 1), the majority of species within this plant family may be considered potential host plants (Degen et al. 1999; Villeneuve et al. 2007). Ellis et al. (1992) recorded 121 species of Apiaceae hosts. Plant species such as cabbage (Brassicaceae, beet (Beta spp.), endive (Cichorium endivia), chicory (Cichorium intybus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) may be used by the larva if an Apiaceous host has been removed and there is nothing else for the larvae to feed upon, but in the field the female fly will only lay eggs on plants of the Apiaceae family. In the United Kingdom hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) is an important wild host (Capinera 2001). World distribution Taken from CABI Crop Protection Compendium 2007. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom. Asia: Georgia, Japan (Hokkaido), Mongolia, Turkey. North America: Canada Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick,
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