Status of the Umbelliferae ssp. in Russia

Tatiana Khmelinskaya Olga Zvereva Anna Artemyeva The collection status

The formation of Russian Umbelliferae collection had begun in 1923 after N.I.Vavilov visit West-European countries, USA and Canada (1921- 1922), from the seed samples shipped by breeding companies of the United States, United Kingdom, , Germany, Austria. Russian resources were registered in VIR collection through All-Russian agricultural exhibition. The local landraces were collected during collection missions in Afghanistan, Iran, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, etc.

In 1926 VIR scientists started to study the collection.

From 1928 the new expeditions were arranged to Mediterranean countries, Ethiopia, and Western China by Vavilov, to India by Markovich, to Minor Asia of Zhukovskiy, etc. , and also collection had started to grow by exchange of material with different Institutes and companies.

Now VIR Genebank contains genetic resources of different status from more than 90 countries, includes wild species, landraces, old and advanced cultivars, hybrids F1, breeding materials . Umbelliferae collections are divided into two parts: constant (base) catalogue and temporary catalogue. The constant catalogue includes landraces and breeding cultivars with sufficient quantity of seeds in accession. All accessions of constant catalogue are documented for computerized passport data. The temporary catalogue includes the hybrids F1, breeding materials and the samples with insufficient quantity of seeds. These latter cultivars need to be regenerated and then they will be included in constant catalogue. Passport data of these accessions are stored in our documents. Umbelliferae in VIR collection

Daucus carota L., Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Hoffm., Apium graveolens L., Anethum graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., Pastinaca sativa L., Carum carvi L., Carum ajowan Baill., aureum L., L., Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm., Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Ammi majus L., Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam., Ammi sp., Pimpinella anisum L., Pimpinella saxifrage L., Pimpinella sp., Critmum maritimum L., Levisticum officinale W.D.J.Koch, Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop., sisarum L., Sium latifolium L., L., Cuminum cyminum L., athamanticum Jacg., olusatrum L., Arracacia purpusii Bancr., Ferula assa-foetida L., canadensis DC. Status of the collection accessions

Genus Common Cultivars Land- Breeding Wild Total name races lines accessions

Anethum L. 63 748 - - 811 Apium L 418 162 - - 580 Carum L. , 15 185 1 45 246 ajowan Anthriscus Pers. 12 3 - 2 17 Coriandrum L. 21 561 4 - 586 Daucus sp.. Wild species - - - 35 35 Daucus carota L. 2922 84 61 - 3067 Foeniculum Miller 48 182 12 15 257 Pastiniaca L. 90 1 - - 91 Petroselinum 311 114 - - 425 Hoffm. Other Umbelliferae 5 62 1 20 88 crops TOTAL 3905 2102 79 117 6203 Carrot collection represents all known intraspecific diversity of cultivated carrot which according to the classification of Sechkarev (1971) and Sazonova (1990) includes three subspecies, four varietal groups and 11 varieties.

Taxonomic names No. of accessions A. subsp. gingidium (L.) Small 1 B. subsp. carota I. convar. carota 10 II. convar. sativus (Hoffm.) Setch. 1. var. sativus 23

2. var. sulfureus Alef. 22 3. var. atrorubrus Alef. 1 4. var. aurantuus Alef. 865 C. subsp. orientalis (Rubasch.) Setch. III. convar. orientalis 11 IV. convar. afghanicus 5. var. afghanicus 2 6. var. shavrovii Mazk. 25 7. var. setcharevii Sazon. 1 8. var. zhukowskii (Mazk.) Setch. 21 9. var. roseus Mazk. 1 10. var. boissiehi (Schweinf) Mazk. 10 11. var. vavilovii Mazk. 8

Safety duplication and storage

At present, the base collection is preserved for long-term storage at – 100C in the VIR Genebank and duplicated in medium-term storage at +40C in glass jars in the National Seed Storage at the Kuban experiment station (Krasnodar region).

The active working collection is stored at a room temperature in St. Petersburg at the Department of vegetable and cucurbits crops.

Duplicate active collection is placed for short-term storage at +40C in VIR-Centre.

Seed samples for long-term storage are dried until seed moisture content of 2-6% is reached, and packed in laminated aluminum bags. Storage of roots Regeneration at Majkop station

Isolation cabin at Pushkin station Plots for regeneration at Dagestan station Utilisation of germplasm

Total Common Distributed in Distributed Genus distributed name Russia abroad 2002-2012 Anethum L. Dill 180 125 55 Apium L. Celery 160 130 30

Carum L. Caraway, 51 28 23 ajowan

Anthriscus Pers. Chervil 22 21 1 Coriandrum L. Coriander 341 245 96 Daucus L. Carrot 1563 817 746 Foeniculum Miller Fennel 103 23 80 Pastiniaca L. Parsnip 67 53 14 Petroselinum Hoffm. Parsley 171 136 35

Other Umbelliferae crops 70 65 5 Total 2728 1643 1085 Status of documentation

Genus Common Total Passport Evaluation/ Seed in Regeneration name number of data Characteri long-term 2009-2012 accessions zation storage Apium L. Celery 580 155 211 112 150 Carum L. Caraway 246 48 20 29 47 Anthriscus Pers. Chervil 17 17 5 12 11 Coriandrum L. Coriander 586 339 100 313 458 Daucus L. Carrot 3102 1001 2105 698 952 Foeniculum Miller Fennel 257 126 30 92 153 Pastinaca L. Parsnip 91 38 49 48 76 Petroselinum Parsley 425 66 198 215 130 Hoffm. Other Umbelliferae 88 30 10 10 44 crops Total 5392 1820 2728 1529 2021 Characterization and evaluation

Most accessions of Umbelliferae collections have been characterized and evaluated for 50-54 morphological, biological and agronomic traits at 7 experimental stations in different ecologo-geographical zones of Russia. The accessions have been studied using the same standardized research methods for three years to test adaptive capacity. The part of the accessions had been tested on resistance to diseases and insects and biochemical composition of consumption parts. Evaluation data are stored in summary journals and in separate computerized files. The data have been systematized in Methodic Indications (1976, 1990), evaluation catalogues for breeders.

The Vavilov Institute regularly publishes Delectus seminum where all available accessions for exchange are given. As results of more than 80-years ecologo-geographical characterization and evaluation of carrot collection morpho- physiological differentiation was done and large VIR collection was divided into groups and types. European carotene carrot cultivars has represented by such cultivar types as 'Flakker', 'Chantenay', 'Amsterdam', 'Berlicumer', 'Nantes‘ and 'Karotel‘ . Central Asian yellow, pink and orange carrot forms are characterized by high levels of earliness, drought resistance and cold hardiness. There is a group of high-yielding cultivars for different regions of Russia and the republics of the Community of Independent States (CIS). There are non-boltering varieties adapted to long days. Each of these cultivar types is characterized by a comparatively stable set of morphological traits of and root. Extremely great variability is observed in commercial and biological characters of cultivars, which have been conditioned by different geographic and ecological cultivation environments. In Russia are reported to be afflicted by 26 forms of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases, five species of insects and five species of nematodes. The most harmful carrot diseases are bacteriosis (Erwinia carotovora (Jon.) HolL), storage rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiniorum (Lib.) et By.), black rot { radicinia M.D. et E.), grey rot (Botritis cinerea Pers.) and phomosis (Phoma rostupii Saer). In Northwest Russia carrots are subject to considerable attacks from the carrot leaf hopper (Trioza viridula) and rust- (Psylla rosae F.). Cultivars manifest strong differentiation in their reaction to fungal and bacterial diseases. No carrot forms with high resistance to pests have been identified.

2008 2009 2011 Disease R, % C, % R, % С, % R, % С, % Black rot 47,2±1,6 32,2±1,6 19,9±0,8 17,9±0,3 21,1±0,1 13,6±0,1 Grey rot 9,6±2,3 3,1±1,2 4,9±0,9 4,9±0,9 3,8±0,7 3,9±0,7 Phomosis 8,6±1,0 7,9±1,0 8,5±0,9 7,8±0,9 2,6±0,4 2,4±0,4 Bacteriosis 4,6±1,4 3,8±1,1 17,0±1,9 16,7±1,8 1,9±0,4 1,7±0,4 Storage rot 0,6±0,4 0,4±0,3 0,9±0,6 0,9±0,6 1,0±0,3 0,9±0,3 Fusarium 0,5±0,5 0,5±0,4 1,3±0,4 1,0±0,4 0,9±0,3 0,8±0,3 R – distribution of disease, C – level of development Biochemical analysis

Food nutrition is becoming one of the most important factors in the choice of products in modern conditions. Umbelliferae vegetables are characterized by high water content, low caloric value, contain high quality protein, carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins, minerals. Carrot cultivars show high differentiation in the content of chemical components: dry matter, 10-13%; total sugars, 5-6.5%; ascorbic acid, 1-11 mg/100 g; carotene, from 0 to 20-25 mg/100g. Biochemical compounds in carrot roots of different cultivar types depending on time of storage

14 13 17 12 16 11 Амагер

15 10 Амстердамская Амагер 9 Берликумер 14 Амстердамская Берликумер 8 Нантская 13 Нантская Шантенэ каротин, мг/100г каротин, 7 Шантенэ

сухое вещество, % сухоевещество, 6 12 5 11 4

10 1 2 3 1 2 3 сроки сроки

Dry matter content Carotene content Carrot cultivars with high content of carotene sugars and resistance to carrot leaf hopper rust-fly

Выделенные сорта моркови с высоким Выделенные сорта моркови с высоким содержанием каротина содержанием сахаров

30 15 20 10 10

0 5

… …

0

…

…

Amro

Rona

Courte Courte

Местная

Местная

Chanta

7901

1095 1095 F1

21279

НИИОХ336

Flakkese

1001

Бобруйская

-

Karotka

-

-

Nantesi

-

Campestra

E

Asmer Early Early Asmer

Amsterdam

DC

Ленинаканская

Berlicumer

Местнаяжелтая

Hybrid Hybrid AV CarrotNVH

Поврежденность листоблошкой (балл) в фазе уборки

Каротин, мг/100г Поврежденность мухой, балл Сумма сахаров, % From

To Carrot cultivars of VIR breeding

Princessa, Feya, Delikatessnaya

Early maturity (period of vegetation 95-110 days), high yield, with high level of carotene (20-21 mg/100g), for fresh market and storage. Recommend for diet and children. Created on the base of old French and Dutch cultivars. Dill Anethum graveolens L.

Peacock Bush type, high yield, late maturity. High lenel of anthocian.

Anna

High yield, aromatic, long period of vegetation (50-55 days). For greens. Ostrich Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.

Coriander - one of the oldest cultivated , used the first Neolithic farmers. Its birthplace is the Eastern Mediterranean. This plant is widely distributed for food, technology and medicine. All plant parts is used in foods, and in any period of vegetation - , young stems, roots, immature seeds are mature ones. Most accessions are landraces and coriander shows large diversity of all traits: ripening, resistant to bolting, rosette shape, size, leaf dissection, stem and color, size and shape of seeds. All varieties can be divided into three groups: essential oil (for industrial purposes, with a high seed yield and high content of oil), vegetable (for greens) and spicy (for seeds that are used as a spice). Fennel Foeniculum vulgare L.

VIR collection includes 190 samples of fennel. Homeland fennel, apparently, are Mediterranean countries, from where it spreaded to other places. Thanks to a pleasant smell and taste of fennel used as a spice since ancient times. This is a known medicinal plant and the technical crop. All parts of the plants: leaves, buds, roots are used. The experts are divided varieties of fennel into two groups - the common fennel and vegetable or Italian. Technical cultivars are created for high content of essential oil. For vegetable purposes task is another, a delicate scent.

Corvette Caraway Carum carvi L.

The collection includes 130 samples of caraway, both cultivated and wild. It is traditional for the Russian culture. Seeds are mainly used. The main application of the caraway is bread baking and as a medicinal plant. In the food is also used leaves and roots, but very rarely.

Anise Pimpinella anisum L.

Anise varieties are classified according to yield, stalk height, but mainly on precocity. In the south, in mild winters, can meet winter forms. There are varieties of vegetables, suitable for greens and aromatic varieties. Anise can be grown on the greens and the Nord-West of Russia, and the seeds it planted in the southern regions.

Lovage (long celery) Levisticum officinale Koch. This perennial herb is popular in Russia, but there are not the distinctive varieties. Thank you for your kind attention! Wish you a fruitful work!