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Apiaceae) - Beds, Old Cambs, Hunts, Northants and Peterborough
CHECKLIST OF UMBELLIFERS (APIACEAE) - BEDS, OLD CAMBS, HUNTS, NORTHANTS AND PETERBOROUGH Scientific name Common Name Beds old Cambs Hunts Northants and P'boro Aegopodium podagraria Ground-elder common common common common Aethusa cynapium Fool's Parsley common common common common Ammi majus Bullwort very rare rare very rare very rare Ammi visnaga Toothpick-plant very rare very rare Anethum graveolens Dill very rare rare very rare Angelica archangelica Garden Angelica very rare very rare Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica common frequent frequent common Anthriscus caucalis Bur Chervil occasional frequent occasional occasional Anthriscus cerefolium Garden Chervil extinct extinct extinct very rare Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley common common common common Apium graveolens Wild Celery rare occasional very rare native ssp. Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort very rare or extinct very rare extinct very rare Apium nodiflorum Fool's Water-cress common common common common Astrantia major Astrantia extinct very rare Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip occasional frequent occasional occasional x Beruladium procurrens Fool's Water-cress x Lesser very rare Water-parsnip Bunium bulbocastanum Great Pignut occasional very rare Bupleurum rotundifolium Thorow-wax extinct extinct extinct extinct Bupleurum subovatum False Thorow-wax very rare very rare very rare Bupleurum tenuissimum Slender Hare's-ear very rare extinct very rare or extinct Carum carvi Caraway very rare very rare very rare extinct Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil common common common common Cicuta virosa Cowbane extinct extinct Conium maculatum Hemlock common common common common Conopodium majus Pignut frequent occasional occasional frequent Coriandrum sativum Coriander rare occasional very rare very rare Daucus carota Wild Carrot common common common common Eryngium campestre Field Eryngo very rare, prob. -
Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Hypericum Humifusum L
FARMACIA, 2016, Vol. 64, 5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF HYPERICUM HUMIFUSUM L. (HYPERICACEAE) ANCA TOIU1, LAURIAN VLASE2, CRISTINA MANUELA DRĂGOI3*, DAN VODNAR4, ILIOARA ONIGA1 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, V. Babes Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, V. Babes Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6, Traian Vuia Street, sector 2, Bucharest, Romania 4Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 3-5, Manăştur Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania *corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: January 2016 Abstract The study focused on the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial evaluation of Hypericum humifusum aerial parts. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total hypericins (TH) were determined by spectro- photometric methods, and the identification and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds by LC/UV/MS. Ethanolic extracts were the richest in total phenols (8.85%), flavonoids (4.52%) and total hypericins (0.12%). Gentisic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, quercitrin, and quercetin were identified and quantified by HPLC/UV/MS. The antioxidant potential determined by DPPH assay showed a better antioxidant activity for H. humifusum ethanolic extract and a positive correlation between the antioxidant properties, TPC and TFC. Antimicrobial activity by dilution assays, minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration were assessed. H. humifusum aerial parts represent an important alternative source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials. -
PLANTLIFE.Ps, Page 1-21 @ Normalize
IMPORTANT ARABLE PLANT AREAS Identifying priority sites for arable plant conservation in the United Kingdom Important Arable Plant Areas BOB GIBBONS/NATURAL IMAGE BOB GIBBONS/NATURAL This fine show of Corn Marigold and Common Poppy in Dorset appeared for just one season, through lack of effective herbicide treatment. Report written by: Andrew Byfield and Phil Wilson Contents This report is a summarised version of a full paper authored by Phil Wilson (Wilson, in prep.). Summary 1 Acknowledgements A large number of people have contributed to this report, in the form of site and survey information, and in 1. Introduction 3 commenting on the Important Arable Plant Areas concept and criteria presented here. In particular we should like to thank Liz McDonnell (English Nature-RDS),Andy Jones (Countryside Council for Wales), 2.The rise and fall of arable plants 4 David Pearman (Botanical Society of the British Isles), Mark Stevenson (Defra), Simon Smart (FWAG Wiltshire), Michael Woodhouse (FWAG), Ron Porley (English Nature), Jill Sutcliffe (English Nature), Chris 3. Conserving arable plants: 8 Sydes (Scottish Natural Heritage) and Kevin Walker (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology); and Joanna Bromley, a way forward Jenny Duckworth, Nicola Hutchinson, Beth Newman, Dominic Price and Joe Sutton in the resources and UK conservation teams at Plantlife International. 4. Criteria for the selection of 10 The BSBI and Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Biological Records Centre is thanked for making available Important Arable Plant Areas the 10-km square coincidence map of rare arable plants reproduced as Map 1. 5. Initial findings 14 This report was commissioned as part of Plantlife International’s species recovery programme Back from the Brink, with generous financial support from English Nature and the Esmée Fairbairn Charitable Foundation. -
A List of Oxfordshire Rare Plants in Alphabetical Order
Oxfordshire Rare Plant Register, all species studied, in alphabetical order, 28 April 2015 National Status Oxfordshire status (not complete) Latin name English name (not vice-county) Least Concern Adiantum capillus-veneris Maidenhair Fern RPR Endangered Adonis annua Pheasant’s-eye RPR Waiting List Aethusa cynapium ssp. agrestis Fool's Parsley Not studied Waiting List Agrostemma githago Corn Cockle Introd since 1992 Least Concern Agrostis canina Velvet Bent RPR Least Concern Agrostis curtisii Bristle Bent RPR Least Concern Agrostis vinealis Brown Bent RPR Least Concern Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass RPR Least Concern Aira praecox Early Hair-grass RPR Least Concern Alchemilla filicaulis Hairy Lady’s-mantle RPR Least Concern Alchemilla xanthochlora Pale Lady's-mantle Last in 1988 Least Concern Alisma lanceolatum Narrow-leaved Water-plantain RPR Least Concern Alopecurus aequalis Orange Foxtail RPR Vulnerable Anacamptis morio Green-winged Orchid RPR Data Deficient Anagallis foemina Blue Pimpernel RPR Least Concern Anagallis tenella Bog Pimpernel RPR Introduced since 1500 Anisantha madritensis Compact Brome Introduced Endangered Anthemis arvensis Corn Chamomile RPR Vulnerable Anthemis cotula Stinking Chamomile Not studied Least Concern Anthriscus caucalis Bur Chervil RPR Introduced since 1500 Apera interrupta Dense Silky-bent RPR Least Concern Apera spica-venti Loose Silky-bent RPR Least Concern Aphanes australis Slender Parsley-piert RPR Least Concern Apium graveolens Wild Celery RPR Vulnerable Apium inundatum Lesser Marshwort RPR Europe Protected Apium repens Creeping Marshwort RPR Least Concern Aquilegia vulgaris Columbine Not Scarce Near Threatened Arabis hirsuta Hairy Rock-cress RPR Introduced since 1500 Aristolochia clematitis Birthwort RPR Iconic Extinct in the Wild Arnoseris minima Lamb's Succory Last in 1971 Least Concern Artemisia absinthium Wormwood RPR Least Concern Arum italicum ssp. -
Identification of White Campion (Silene Latifolia) Guaiacol O-Methyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Veratrole, a Key Volatile for Pollinator Attraction
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Identification of white campion (Silene latifolia) guaiacol O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of veratrole, a key volatile for pollinator attraction Gupta, Alok K ; Akhtar, Tariq A ; Widmer, Alex ; Pichersky, Eran ; Schiestl, Florian P Abstract: BACKGROUND: Silene latifolia and its pollinator, the noctuid moth Hadena bicruris, repre- sent an open nursery pollination system wherein floral volatiles, especially veratrole (1, 2-dimethoxybenzene), lilac aldehydes, and phenylacetaldehyde are of key importance for floral signaling. Despite the important role of floral scent in ensuring reproductive success in S. latifolia, the molecular basis of scent biosyn- thesis in this species has not yet been investigated. RESULTS: We isolated two full-length cDNAs from S. latifolia that show similarity to rose orcinol O-methyltransferase. Biochemical analysis showed that both S. latifolia guaiacol O-methyltransferase1 (SlGOMT1) S. latifolia guaiacol O-methyltransferase2 (SlGOMT2) encode proteins that catalyze the methylation of guaiacol to form veratrole. A large Km value difference between SlGOMT1 ( 10 M) and SlGOMT2 ( 501 M) resulted that SlGOMT1 is31-fold more catalytically efficient than SlGOMT2. qRT-PCR expression analysis showed that theSlGOMT genes are specifically expressed in flowers and male S. latifolia flowers had 3- to 4-folds higher levelof GOMT gene transcripts than female flower tissues. Two related cDNAs, S. dioica O-methyltransferase1 (SdOMT1) and S. dioica O-methyltransferase2 (SdOMT2), were also obtained from the sister species Silene dioica, but the proteins they encode did not methylate guaiacol, consistent with the lack of ver- atrole emission in the flowers of this species. -
Annex 3: List of "Vegetables" According to Article 1.1 (The English Names Are Decisive)
Annex 3: List of "Vegetables" according to Article 1.1 (The English names are decisive) Family Genus species English name Malvaceae Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev.) Stevels West African okra Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench common okra Lamiaceae Agastache foeniculum anise Alliaceae Allium ampeloprasum L. leek, elephant garlic Alliaceae Allium cepa L. onion, shallot Alliaceae Allium chinense Maxim. rakkyo Alliaceae Allium fistulosum L. scallions, japanese bunching onion Alliaceae Allium sativum L. garlic Alliaceae Allium schoenoprasum L. chives Alliaceae Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng garlic chives Amaranthaceae Amaranthus cruentus L. Amaranth, African spinach, Indian spinach Amaranthaceae Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. Amaranth, pigweed Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. dill Apiaceae Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. chervil Fabaceae Apios americana Moench American ground nut Apiaceae Apium graveolens L. celery, celeriac Fabaceae Arachis hypogea L. peanut Compositae Arctium lappa burdock Brassicaceae Armoracia rusticana G . Gaertn., B. Mey & Scherb. horseradish Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus var. sativa tarragon Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium wormwood Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis L. asparagus Asteraceae Aster tripolium sea lavender Amaranthaceae Atriplex hortenis L. mountain spinach, orache Amaranthaceae Atriplex hortensis orache Brassicaceae Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. winter cress Basellaceae Basella alba L. Malabar spinach Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida Thunb. wax gourd Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris L. chard, vegetable (red) beetroot Boraginaceae Borago officinalis borage, starflower Brassicaceae Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. mustard Brassicaceae Brassica napus var. napobrassica rutabaga Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea L. broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, curly kale, romanesco, savoy cabbage Brassicaceae Brassica rapa L. turnip, Chinese broccoli, Chinese cabbage, pak choi, tatsoi, Kumutsuna, Japanese mustard spinach Brassicaceae Brassica rapa japonica mustard, mitzuna Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. -
Proceedings Of' the Birmingham
Proceedings of' the Birmingham .' Natural, History Society ( . Special Number FLORA OF WARWICKSHIRE' . : . -' QF~ICERSAND . COUNCIL 1965·66 P-r'~sident -Ld: Eva~s. _ -Vice':Preside'nts . Prti J. ,G~;' H~wk,~~; M.A,---sC-.D, 'F.L'.S- 'l~'- ,13ili~n~ -M.SC; F._~:S" F .R.E;S~_ rid~p\fsT:.i3Ioi:. .. W.--SaJmori:; F:R:~;S Trus.tees;, A._,H._,Sayer,'].p Hoil,., Secretary V;:-A. Noble,; F.R-:t.S ',. -Hon. Tre\lsure~, ~:,,: M. -C:.-C1a~k~'_F:r;A-' ~Hoii:.Progr~riline-8eCfeta:_iy' W.:_Peartie"Ch6p,e, M:A Hon."Lihratian- '.-, H.:-i"-E: B~bb Hon.- -As-sistant -Libraiiah-. Co, ' :,i:I~~o~-'9~~t.~r6tA'ppai:aius P... ~ini:t~, '~:s~ -. -Hoh/Editor of Proceedings M.: C'- ,Clatk,- F.I.,\" Wa.~den, of N~_tti:re-R~serv~s '~F.' ~'~'·;N,o~ie;:'F·.l(.E;S' S!lcrl~NA.LOFFI(;EIlS.' ..•...... ; ...... SECTioN p~~~~~{,-,:< '. ~'&1;~rii~~l": '~:-'-.C.> Cl~~k.\;;-liA;." ~~~ril;ldg~ca~i : _' . ~~I} f~EY~~~- de616g~~~i -&J;~Q'giapl}.i~~i~: ~;iI'~::,6~~:~~~p*::1~~bi'Ai:~' .. :A~~~id~i'~,ai -,.-," . ELECTIVE l\1EMBEk~} For -ti;t'ee ,y~d,t~ ·,:j)~.;i,-:~ie~it}: :'Dr';S~--vt, G.~~en~, -Pt6f/F;-'W';'~Shbttori'r-' , . -. For_ tyv-o years.' b~fw.:-Bow'~,t~r~':6 .. -$-, -Ti~h~," '-R;- c':-' ;B,eadett " - :':J~r·,~,~,~~e~;,]t. A~._-,,-B. St~nf~n! ' . -:',:rvrrs Q,,,-w. T~~mpsqri;'.B.s,G -"-f CONTENTS VOI,UME xx No. 4 EDI'fORIAL , 1 CHECK LISTS OF THE VASCULAR PLANTS AND BRYOPHYTES OF WARWICKSHIRE (v.c. -
Quimiotaxonomia Do Género Hypericum L. Em Portugal Continental
Portugaliae Acta Biol. 19: 21-30. Lisboa, 2000 QUIMIOTAXONOMIA DO GÉNERO HYPERICUM L. EM PORTUGAL CONTINENTAL Teresa Nogueira,1 Fernanda Duarte,1 Regina Tavares,1 M. J. Marcelo Curto,1 Carlo Bicchi,2 Patrizia Rubiolo,2 Jorge Capelo3 & Mário Lousã4 1 Ineti / Dtiq - Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal; 2 Udst / Dstf - Via P. Giuria, 9 - 10125 Torino, Italia; 3 Inia / Efn / Dcrn - Tapada da Ajuda, 1350 Lisboa Codex, Portugal; 4 Isa / Dppf - Tapada da Ajuda, 1399 Lisboa Codex, Portugal Nogueira, T.; Duarte, F.; Tavares, R.; Marcelo Curto, M.J.; Bicchi, C.; Rubiolo, P.; Capelo, J. & Lousã, M. (2000). Quimiotaxonomia do género Hypericum L. em Portugal continental. Portugaliae Acta Biol. 19: 21-30. Tem vindo a aumentar o interesse terapêutico pela utilização de táxones do género Hypericum L. (família Guttiferae). É conhecida a actividade farmacológica destas plantas desde a medicina tradicional aos mais recentes testes antidepressivos, sendo ultimamente o Hypericum perforatum L. designado por "Prozac natural do século XXI". Na sequência de trabalhos que se têm vindo a realizar no género Hypericum L., apresenta-se um estudo quimio- taxonómico comparativo de treze táxones portugueses continentais (populações espontâneas e cultivadas). Este estudo baseou-se em caracteres taxonómicos - morfológicos e de composição química dos óleos essenciais das seguintes espécies: Hypericum androsaemum L. (“hipericão-do- Gerês”), H. pulchrum L., H. montanum L., H. tomentosum L., H. pubescens Boiss., H. elodes L., H. perfoliatum L., H. linarifolium Vahl., H. humifusum L., H. undulatum Schousb. ex. Willd (“hipericão-Kneip”), H. perforatum L. (“milfurada, erva-de-S.João”), H. calycinum L. e H. -
Seedling Establishment, Bud Movement, and Subterranean Diversity of Geophilous Systems in Apiaceae
Flora (2002) 197, 385–393 http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/flora Seedling establishment, bud movement, and subterranean diversity of geophilous systems in Apiaceae Norbert Pütz1* & Ina Sukkau2 1 Institute of Nature Conservation and Environmental Education, University of Vechta, Driverstr. 22, D-49377 Vechta, Germany 2 Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Germany * author for correspondence: e-mail: [email protected] Received: Nov 29, 2001 · Accepted: Jun 10, 2002 Summary Geophilous systems of plants are not only regarded as organs of underground storage. Such systems also undergo a large range of modifications in order to fulfill other ‚cryptical‘ functions, e.g. positioning of innovation buds, vegetative cloning, and vege- tative dispersal. Seedlings should always be the point of departure for any investigation into the structure of geophilous systems. This is because in the ability to survive of geophilous plants it is of primary importance that innovation buds can reach a safe position in the soil by the time the first period hostile to vegetation commences. Our analysis of such systems thus focused on examining the development of 34 species of the Apiaceae, beginning with their germination. Independent of life-form and life-span, all species exhibit noticeable terminal bud movement with the aid of contractile organs. Movement was found to be at least 5 mm, reaching a maximum of 45 mm. All species exhibit a noticeable contraction of the primary root. In most cases the contraction phenomenon also occurs in the hypocotyl, and some species show contraction of their lateral and / or adventitious roots. Analysis of movement shows the functional importance of pulling the inno- vation buds down into the soil. -
Nature Activities
NATURE ACTIVITIES These sheets have been produced by the Bohemia Walled Garden Association from activities done at the garden at events to prompt learning about nature through hands on experiences. There were several Natural History events in 2016 that were funded as part of the Heritage Lottery Fund. The grant has also funded the sheets to enable others to download them to engage other children. Unless stated otherwise the sheets are for children of primary school age. WILD FLOWER MOTH IDENTIFICATION WOODLAND IDENTIFICATION • Art Activity ANIMAL STORY • Art Activity • Templates ‘Badger Says ‘No’ to • Templates Rubbish in the Wood’ Summerfields Wood Trees KEY To St Pauls 1 = English Oak School 2 = Holm Oak Tree Stump 3 = Turkey Oak 4 = Beech 5 = Yew Houses 6 = Holly 7 = Sycamore 8 = Silver Birch Houses Law Courts BEWARE OF THE DROP! ! P O R D Prospect E H T Mound F Bohemia Walled Garden O E R A W E B To the Leisure Centre MAKE A GARDEN FOR SOIL pH & WORMS TREES BEES & BUTTERFLIES • Make a wormery • Tree Trail • Art Activity • Bug Hunt • Quiz: Clues & Answers • Templates • Measure Your Tree Design by Super8Design.com, Kristina Alexander • Content by Mary Dawson and Daniela Othieno bohemiawga.org.uk [email protected] ©Bohemia Walled Garden 2018 • Registered Charity 1167167 Nature Activities WILD FLOWER IDENTIFICATION Identify 3 flowers by making a picture from cut out shapes (templates given) • Dandelion • Red Campion • Creeping Buttercup Simple identification by shape of petals and leaves/number of petals/ root type Next stage example -
Synopsis of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil
Phytotaxa 181 (4): 193–215 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.181.4.1 Synopsis of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil OTÁVIO LUIS MARQUES DA SILVA1,3, INÊS CORDEIRO1 & MARIA BEATRIZ ROSSI CARUZO2 ¹Instituto de Botânica, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Cx. Postal 3005, 01061-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil ²Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil 3Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected] Abstract Euphorbia is the largest genus of Euphorbiaceae and is among the giant genera of Angiosperms. In the state of São Paulo, the genus is represented by 23 species occurring in savannas, high altitude fields, and anthropic areas. This work includes an identification key, photographs, and comments on morphology, habitat, and geographical distribution. We reestablish Euphorbia chrysophylla and recognize Leptopus brasiliensis as a synonym of Euphorbia sciadophila. Six new records for the state of São Paulo are presented: Euphorbia adenoptera, E. bahiensis, E. chrysophylla, E. cordeiroae, E. foliolosa and E. ophthalmica. Eight lectotypes are designated. Key words: Neotropical flora, nomenclatural notes, taxonomy Resumo Euphorbia é o maior gênero de Euphorbiaceae e está entre os maiores de Angiospermas. No Estado de São Paulo, está rep- resentado por 23 espécies ocorrendo no cerrado, campos de altitude e áreas antrópicas. Este trabalho inclui uma chave de identificação, comentários sobre morfologia, habitat e distribuição geográfica. Reestabelecemos Euphorbia chrysophylla e reconhecemos Leptopus brasiliensis como sinônimo de Euphorbia sciadophila. Seis novas ocorrências para o Estado de São Paulo são apresentadas: Euphorbia adenoptera, E. -
Use of Sea Fennel As a Natural Ingredient of Edible Films for Extending the Shelf Life of Fresh Fish Burgers
molecules Article Use of Sea Fennel as a Natural Ingredient of Edible Films for Extending the Shelf Life of Fresh Fish Burgers Daniel Rico 1,* , Irene Albertos 2, Oscar Martinez-Alvarez 3 , M. Elvira Lopez-Caballero 3 and Ana Belen Martin-Diana 1 1 Subdirection of Research and Technology, Agro-Technological Institute of Castilla y León, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Finca de Zamadueñas, Ctra. Burgos km. 119, 47171 Valladolid, Spain; [email protected] 2 Santa Teresa de Jesús Catholic University of Ávila (UCAV), Calle Canteros s/n, 05005 Ávila, Spain; [email protected] 3 Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN, CSIC), 10, Jose Antonio Novais, St., 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (O.M.-A.); [email protected] (M.E.L.-C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-983-415307 Academic Editor: Graham T. Eyres Received: 21 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: The growing interest from consumers toward healthy and nutritious products and their benefits for health has increased the consumption of whole and processed fish. One of the main problems of fish is the short shelf life, especially when it is processed as in the case of burgers. The use of edible coating is an interesting strategy to extend the quality and safety of the product, reducing the need for artificial preservatives. This study evaluated the use of chitosan-based edible film formulated with sea fennel plant and sea fennel extracts. The analyses showed than the use of edible film extended the shelf life of fish burgers regardless of the incorporation of sea fennel mainly associated to the gas barrier properties and selective permeability of the film applied to the fish surface.