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GUIDE WALKERS’ CROP CROP WALKERS’ GUIDE horticulture.ahdb.org.uk AHDB Horticulture, Stoneleigh Park, Field Vegetables Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2TL T: 024 7669 2051 E: [email protected] @AHDB_Hort Carrot & Parsnip Carrot Carrot & Parsnip AHDB Horticulture is a division of £50.00 the Agriculture and Horticulture where sold Development Board (AHDB). HT70051115 CROP WALKERS’ GUIDE Introduction Every year a significant proportion of the UK carrot and parsnip crops would be lost to insect pests and diseases if growers didn’t monitor their crops and employ effective crop protection strategies. This Crop Walkers’ Guide is aimed at assisting growers, agronomists and their staff in the vital task of monitoring crops. It is designed for use in the field to help with accurate identification of pests, diseases, nutrient deficiencies and disorders within a crop. Images of key stages in the life cycles of pests and diseases are included along with short easy-to-read comments to help with identification. As it is impossible to show every symptom of every pest or disease, growers are advised to familiarise themselves with a range of symptoms that can be expressed and be aware of new problems that may occasionally arise. This guide does not offer any advice on the measures available for controlling these pests or diseases as both chemical active ingredients and their approvals frequently change. However, having identified a particular pest or disease in their crop, growers can refer to other AHDB Horticulture publications which contain information on various control measures. Dawn Teverson Research and Knowledge Exchange Manager (Field Vegetables) AHDB Horticulture Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Introduction 3 CROP WALKERS’ GUIDE Contents Invertebrate Pests SECTION 1 Carrot fly 1.1 Caterpillars 1.2 Cutworm 1.3 Spider mite 1.4 Nematodes – Free-living 1.5 Tarnished plant bug and capsids 1.6 Willow-carrot aphid 1.7 Diseases on Carrots SECTION 2 B Bacterial diseases Bacterial leaf blight 2.1 Bacterial soft rots 2.2 F Fungal diseases Alternaria leaf blight 2.3 Black mould or black root rot 2.4 Black rot 2.5 Cercospora leaf blight 2.6 Crater rot 2.7 Fusarium rot 2.8 Grey mould storage rot 2.9 Liquorice rot 2.10 Powdery mildew 2.11 Rhizoctonia root rot 2.12 Scab 2.13 Sclerotinia 2.14 Violet root rot 2.16 4 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Contents O Oomycete diseases Cavity spot 2.17 Phytophthora rot 2.18 V Viruses Carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV) 2.19 Internal necrosis 2.20 Carrot motley dwarf (CMD) 2.21 Parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV) 2.22 ME Minor and/or emerging diseases Acrothecium rot 2.23 Aster yellows phytoplasma 2.24 Diseases on Parsnips SECTION 3 F Fungal diseases Black cankers 3.1 Downy mildew 3.2 Orange-brown canker 3.3 Parsnip canker 3.4 Phloeospora leaf spot 3.5 Phoma canker 3.6 Powdery mildew 3.7 Ramularia leaf spot 3.8 Rhizoctonia root rot 3.9 Violet root rot 3.10 O Oomycete diseases Cavity Spot 3.11 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Contents 5 V Viruses Parsnip yellow fleck virus (PYFV) 3.12 Nutrient Deficiencies SECTION 4 Boron (B) 4.1 Calcium (Ca) 4.2 Copper (Cu) 4.3 Iron (Fe) 4.4 Magnesium (Mg) 4.5 Manganese (Mn) 4.6 Nitrogen (N) 4.7 Phosphorus (P) 4.8 Potassium (K) 4.9 Sulphur (S) 4.10 Zinc (Zn) 4.11 Physiological Disorders SECTION 5 Mechanical damage 5.1 Soil compaction 5.2 Waterlogging 5.3 References SECTION 6 Acknowledgements 6.1 Disclaimer and copyright 6.2 Photographic credits 6.3 6 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Contents CROP WALKERS’ GUIDE Carrot & Parsnip SECTION 1 Invertebrate Pests 1 Invertebrate Pests Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests 1.7 Carrot Fly Psila rosae • Adult fly (6–8mm) dark and • 2–3 generations per year. shiny with reddish-brown head, 1st generation flies emerge yellowish legs and iridescent late April–June, 2nd generation wings. July–September, 3rd generation September–November. • Adults monitored using yellow sticky traps and timing of • Seedlings can be stunted or killed generations predicted using a by larvae feeding on the roots. weather-based forecast. Larvae tunnel into larger roots forming mines. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests 1.1 Caterpillars eg Silver Y Moth (Autographa gamma) • Foliage may be damaged by • Frass (droppings) and larvae can feeding caterpillars, from several contaminate fresh produce. species of moth or butterfly – • Pheromone traps are available to typically from May–September. monitor Silver Y Moth, this is a • Caterpillars may be difficult to migrant species that overwinters locate. abroard, arriving in spring. 1.2 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests Cutworm Turnip moth (Agrotis segetum) • Turnip moth adults emerge from • Newly hatched caterpillars feed late April–July and females lay on foliage and then descend to eggs on weeds, crops and debris feed on, or just below, the soil in the soil. surface, damaging carrot roots. Heavy rain/irrigation soon after • Pheromone traps are available to egg hatch kills young caterpillars. monitor numbers of adult male turnip moths. Risk of damage • Overwinter as larvae in the soil by turnip moth can be predicted and form pupae in spring. using a weather-based forecast. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests 1.3 Spider mite Tetranychus urticae • Characteristic bronzing or • Weakened plants lead to reduced reddening of leaves, can also crop yield. cause stippling of leaves. More • Favoured by warm, dry weather. common on parsnip. • Check for fine webbing, primarily on the underside of foliage. 1.4 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests Nematodes – Free-living Various species • Nematodes live in the soil and • Populations are likely to be attack plant roots. highest on light sandy soils. • Most species cannot be seen • Damage may manifest itself as with the naked eye and can plant stunting, premature wilting only be identified by a trained and root fanging. nematologist using a microscope. • Nematodes may also transmit viruses. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests 1.5 Tarnished plant bug and capsids Lygus rugulipennis and Lygocoris pabulinus • Adult tarnished plant bugs (5–6mm) • Common green capsids are brownish-green with dark overwinter as eggs on woody markings. Feeding by both adults host plants, hatch April–May, and nymphs affects plant growth, migrate to herbaceous plants and seriously reducing marketability. develop to adults June–July. 2nd generation August–September. • Tarnished plant bugs overwinter as adults and start feeding • Pheromone traps are available for March–April. Eggs laid in May, monitoring adult tarnished plant adults emerge July. 2nd generation bugs. Blue rather than yellow August–September. Adults are sticky traps should be used for very active and fly when disturbed. monitoring. 1.6 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests Willow-carrot aphid Cavariella aegopodii • Transmits carrot yellow leaf • Information on captures of winged virus (CYLV), parsnip yellow fleck forms in suction traps is available virus (PYFV) and carrot motley from the Rothamsted Insect Survey dwarf (CMD). and the AHDB Horticulture Pest Bulletin. A day-degree forecast to • Winged forms usually migrate predict the start of the migration is to new crops in May–June. The also available. timing of migration depends on weather conditions. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests 1.7 Willow-carrot aphid – continued Cavariella aegopodii • Wingless forms are green or • Direct feeding by the aphid yellowish-green while winged damages carrot and parsnip forms are darker and have black plants. Severe infestations can kill 1.2mm–6mm long patches on seedlings. their back. • The colour and small size of wingless forms make them hard to find on the foliage. 1.8 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Invertebrate Pests CROP WALKERS’ GUIDE Carrot & Parsnip SECTION 2 Diseases on Carrots 2 Diseases on Carrots Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Diseases on Carrots Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Diseases on Carrots B Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae • Initial symptoms are small, yellow, • The disease is transmitted via angular leaf spots. seed then spread via rain splash or irrigation. • These expand under warm wet conditions to form irregular brown, • Optimum temperatures for disease often water-soaked, lesions with development are 25–30oC. a yellow halo, commonly on leaf • The disease may survive over margins or tips. Brown lesions winter on carrot debris. may also extend along petioles. • Avoid confusion with Alternaria or Cercospora leaf spots. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Diseases on Carrots 2.1 Bacterial soft rots B eg Pectobacterium carotovora, Pseudomonas spp. • Wet slimy rots may occur on • Rapid development during developing roots in the field, packing or transport or if stored especially after warm, wet weather. at high ambient temperature. • Foliage often turns yellow and wilts. • Can also occur as secondary rots following diseases such as cavity spot or damage to the carrot. 2.2 Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Diseases on Carrots F Alternaria leaf blight Alternaria dauci • Common in the UK; can be • Severe symptoms resemble seed-borne and may cause natural senescence, with general seedling death. yellowing of foliage then shrivelling and death of leaves, giving a • On older leaves, dark brown ‘blighted’ appearance. angular lesions, sometimes with a yellow halo, affect individual leaflets. • May be confused with Cercospora or bacterial leaf blight. • Development is favoured by above-average rainfall. Carrot & Parsnip Crop Walkers’ Guide – Diseases on Carrots 2.3 Black mould or black root rot F Thielaviopsis basicola, Chalaropsis thielavioides • Light to dark grey fungal growth • Root tissue below remains develops on the surface of the firm unless there is secondary carrot root. colonisation by bacteria. • The fungal growth becomes black • Causes post-harvest problems and irregular in outline.
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