Herbs and Spices
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Optimization of Microwave Assisted Process for Extraction of Celery Seed Essential Oil Gopika Talwari1 and B.S
Gopika Talwari and B.S. Ghuman JAE : 51 (2) Journal of Agricultural Engineering Vol. 51 (2): April-June, 2014 Optimization of Microwave Assisted Process for Extraction of Celery Seed Essential Oil Gopika Talwari1 and B.S. Ghuman2 Manuscript received: March, 2013 Revised manuscript accepted: April, 2014 ABSTRACT Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for extraction of essential oil from celery seeds. A domestic microwave oven was modified and Clevenger apparatus attached to it to make it an extraction unit. Effect of various parameters such as soaking time, temperature and power density during MAE was studied. A multivariate study based on a Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the influence of three major variables (soaking time, temperature and power density) affecting the performance of MAE on celery seed. Oil yield, time of extraction and energy consumption (MJ.kg-1 oil) by MAE were determined and compared with those obtained by the traditional hydro-distillation (HD). It was found that microwave assisted process gave approximately same oil yield (1.90%) in less time ( 93.5 min) and with low energy consumption (58191.78 MJ.kg-1 oil). Results revealed that the selected parameters had significant effect on the responses. Key words: Celery seed, essential oil, microwave assisted extraction, hydro distillation Essential oils are the volatile oils distilled from aromatic an average contains 2.5% volatile oil containing 60-70% plant material. Essential oils are contained in the glands, d-limonene and 1-20% beta selinene and 15%–17% fixed sacs and veins concentrated in different parts of the plant. oil. -
Volatiles of Black Pepper Fruits (Piper Nigrum L.)
molecules Article Volatiles of Black Pepper Fruits (Piper nigrum L.) Noura S. Dosoky 1 , Prabodh Satyal 1, Luccas M. Barata 2 , Joyce Kelly R. da Silva 2 and William N. Setzer 1,3,* 1 Aromatic Plant Research Center, Suite 100, Lehi, UT 84043, USA; [email protected] (N.S.D.); [email protected] (P.S.) 2 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; [email protected] (L.M.B.); [email protected] (J.K.R.d.S.) 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 Academic Editor: Francesca Mancianti Received: 4 October 2019; Accepted: 5 November 2019; Published: 21 November 2019 Abstract: Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is historically one of the most important spices and herbal medicines, and is now cultivated in tropical regions worldwide. The essential oil of black pepper fruits has shown a myriad of biological activities and is a commercially important commodity. In this work, five black pepper essential oils from eastern coastal region of Madagascar and six black pepper essential oils from the Amazon region of Brazil were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of the essential oils were α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, δ-3-carene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene. A comparison of the Madagascar and Brazilian essential oils with black pepper essential oils from various geographical regions reported in the literature was carried out. A hierarchical cluster analysis using the data obtained in this study and those reported in the literature revealed four clearly defined clusters based on the relative concentrations of the major components. -
FLORA from FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE of MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2
ISSN: 2601 – 6141, ISSN-L: 2601 – 6141 Acta Biologica Marisiensis 2018, 1(1): 60-70 ORIGINAL PAPER FLORA FROM FĂRĂGĂU AREA (MUREŞ COUNTY) AS POTENTIAL SOURCE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Silvia OROIAN1*, Mihaela SĂMĂRGHIŢAN2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mureş, Romania 2Mureş County Museum, Department of Natural Sciences, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania *Correspondence: Silvia OROIAN [email protected] Received: 2 July 2018; Accepted: 9 July 2018; Published: 15 July 2018 Abstract The aim of this study was to identify a potential source of medicinal plant from Transylvanian Plain. Also, the paper provides information about the hayfields floral richness, a great scientific value for Romania and Europe. The study of the flora was carried out in several stages: 2005-2008, 2013, 2017-2018. In the studied area, 397 taxa were identified, distributed in 82 families with therapeutic potential, represented by 164 medical taxa, 37 of them being in the European Pharmacopoeia 8.5. The study reveals that most plants contain: volatile oils (13.41%), tannins (12.19%), flavonoids (9.75%), mucilages (8.53%) etc. This plants can be used in the treatment of various human disorders: disorders of the digestive system, respiratory system, skin disorders, muscular and skeletal systems, genitourinary system, in gynaecological disorders, cardiovascular, and central nervous sistem disorders. In the study plants protected by law at European and national level were identified: Echium maculatum, Cephalaria radiata, Crambe tataria, Narcissus poeticus ssp. radiiflorus, Salvia nutans, Iris aphylla, Orchis morio, Orchis tridentata, Adonis vernalis, Dictamnus albus, Hammarbya paludosa etc. Keywords: Fărăgău, medicinal plants, human disease, Mureş County 1. -
Physiological Responses of Ocimum Basilicum, Salvia Officinalis, And
plants Article Physiological Responses of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis, and Mentha piperita to Leaf Wounding Konstantinos Vrakas, Efterpi Florou, Athanasios Koulopoulos and George Zervoudakis * Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, Terma Theodoropoulou, 27200 Amaliada, Greece; [email protected] (K.V.); evtefl[email protected] (E.F.); [email protected] (A.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The investigation about the leaf wounding effect on plant physiological procedures and on leaf pigments content will contribute to the understanding of the plants’ responses against this abiotic stress. During the experiment, some physiological parameters such as photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance as well as the chlorophyll and anthocyanin leaf contents of Ocimum basilicum, Salvia officinalis, and Mentha piperita plants were measured for about 20–40 days. All the measurements were conducted on control and wounded plants while in the latter, they were conducted on both wounded and intact leaves. A wide range of responses was observed in the wounded leaves, that is: (a) immediate decrease of the gas exchange parameters and long-term decrease of almost all the measured variables from O. basilicum, (b) immediate but only short-term decrease of the gas exchange parameters and no effect on pigments from M. piperita, and (c) no effect on the gas exchange parameters and decrease of the pigments content from S. officinalis. Regarding the intact leaves, in general, they exhibited a similar profile with the control ones for all plants. These results imply that the plant response to wounding is a complex phenomenon depending on plant species and the severity of the injury. Citation: Vrakas, K.; Florou, E.; Koulopoulos, A.; Zervoudakis, G. -
How Do Mentha Plants Induce Resistance Against Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Organic Farming?
Journal of Plant Protection Research ISSN 1427-4345 ORIGINAL ARTICLE How do mentha plants induce resistance against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in organic farming? Sally Farouk Allam1, Basem Abdel-Nasser Soudy2*, Ahmed Salah Hassan1, Mahmoud Mohamed Ramadan3, Doha Abo Baker4 1 Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 2 Applied Centre of Entomonematodes, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 3 Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt 4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Discovery Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt Vol. 58, No. 3: 265–275, 2018 Abstract DOI: 10.24425/122943 Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) infesting many plants but Mentha viridis L., and Mentha piperita L., were low in number of infestation. Therefore the objective of this study Received: March 13, 2018 was to identify the resistance of M. viridis and M. piperita plants against T. urticae by study- Accepted: July 24, 2018 ing the external shape and internal contents of those plants. For morphological studies, dried leaves were covered with gold utilizing an Edwards Scan coat six sputter-coater. For *Corresponding address: histological studies, arrangements of Soft Tissue technique were used. For phytochemi- [email protected] cal studies, the plants were cut, dried and then high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used. While feeding the mites were collected from the area between oily glands, trichomes and respiratory stomata in both mint species. The most important leaf structures in aromatic plants are the oily glands found on the external part of the leaves (both upper and lower epidermis). -
Powdery Mildew – a New Disease of Carrots
SEPTEMBER 2009 PRIMEFACT 616 SECOND EDITION Powdery mildew – a new disease of carrots Andrew Watson management strategies for carrot powdery mildew”. The project is due to finish in 2011. Plant Pathologist, Plant Health Sciences, Yanco Agricultural Institute The project is based in the three states that have recorded the disease i.e.. New South Wales, Powdery mildew has been found on a carrot crops Tasmania and South Australia. The collaborators in in three states of Australia. The first finding of the Tasmania include Hoong Pung (Peracto Pty Ltd.) disease was in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and in South Australia , Barbara Hall (Sardi). (MIA) of New South Wales in 2007. It has This project is looking at the spread of powdery subsequently been found in Tasmania and South mildew on carrots and best methods of managing Australia in 2008. While the organism causing the the disease using fungicides, varietal resistance disease is commonly found in parsnip crops, (where available) and softer alternatives. powdery mildew has not previously been recorded on carrots in Australia. Fungicide options. Cause Fungicide trials in New South Wales and Tasmania have shown that applications of sulphur The causal agent is Erysiphe heraclei, the same successfully controls the disease as do Amistar and fungus that affects parsnips and other members of Folicur. The latter products have a permit for the Apiaceae family. Preliminary information has powdery mildew control. Sulphur has a general indicated that this form of E. heraclei does not infect vegetable registration. However alternative products parsnip or parsley, indicating that it may be specific need to be investigated as resistance to fungicides to carrots. -
Poison-Hemlock (Conium Maculatum L.)1
Weed Technology. 1998. Volume 12:194-197 Intriguing World of Weeds iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iii Poison-Hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) 1 LARRY W. MIT1CH2 "He that bites on every weed must needs light on poison." Comp/eat Collection of English Proverbs. John Ray, 1742 INTRODUCTION AND ETYMOLOGY has been used to designate this plant since the Anglo Saxon period (Le Strange 1977). The genus Conium is comprised of two or three tem The Old English hymlice was a medicinal plant, prob perate species of biennial herbs with highly divided ably Conium, but in Modern English the plant is chiefly leaves and compound umbels of small white flowers. All referred to as a weed. The definite reference to it as parts of C. maculatum have long been recognized as poisonous appears to begin with the 16th century herb being highly poisonous; it was the alists. The term hemlock for Conium maculatum first plant used to kill Socrates in BC appeared in about AD 700 as hymblicae. Through the 399 (Gledhill 1985; Holm et al. centuries, spelling and pronunciation took on many 1997; Hyam and Pankhurst 1995). forms, ranging from hymlice to hymlic, hemeluc, hem Conium is a member of the Um lake, hemlocke, hemloc, and finally hemlock. William belliferae or Apiaceae, the carrot Shakespeare, in Life of Henry the Fifth, first used the family, which accommodates 300 modern spelling. Wrote the bard, "Her fallow Leas, The genera and between 2,500 and Darnell, Hemlock, and ranke Femetary, Doth root upon" 3,000 species. Umbelliferae is one (Simpson and Weiner 1989). of the best known families of flowering plants because Poison-hemlock is native to Europe, northern Africa, of its characteristic inflorescences and fruits and the dis and western Asia and was often introduced to new areas tinctive chemistry reflected in the odor, flavors, and even as an ornamental garden plant (Holm et al. -
Poison Hemlock a 60 Year Old Female Ate “Wild Carrots” Pulled from the Ground Behind Her Home
August 2016 Poison Center Hotline: 1-800-222-1222 The Maryland Poison Center’s Monthly Update: News, Advances, Information Poison Hemlock A 60 year old female ate “wild carrots” pulled from the ground behind her home. One hour later, she began vomiting. She called 911 and the poison cen- ter complaining also of lightheadedness, dizziness and shortness of breath. EMS transported her and a sample of the plant to the emergency department (ED). In the ED, she was awake and alert, HR 120, BP 176/110, RR 22, O2 satu- Conium maculatum ration 98% on room air. All symptoms resolved within 24 hours of the inges- tion and she was discharged on day 2. The ED staff identified the plant as “poison hemlock” by means of an internet search. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) is an invasive herb in the carrot (Apiaceae) family. It can be found along roads, ditches, fences, streams, or anywhere with adequate moisture, throughout the U.S. Other common names for the plant are deadly hemlock, poison parsley, and winter fern. The poison hemlock plant grows to 4-10 feet tall and has a smooth, non-hairy, hollow stem with red-purple streaks. These blotches are called the “blood of Socrates” as poison hemlock was reportedly used to kill Socrates. The small white flowers grow in -4 6 inch wide “umbels” or clusters that resemble um- brellas. The leaves have a lacy, fern-like appearance. The roots are creamy- Did you know? white and look like carrots or parsnips. When crushed, poison hemlock has an Water hemlock is also known as unpleasant, musty odor. -
Culturing and Direct DNA Extraction Find Different Fungi From
Research CulturingBlackwell Publishing Ltd. and direct DNA extraction find different fungi from the same ericoid mycorrhizal roots Tamara R. Allen1, Tony Millar1, Shannon M. Berch2 and Mary L. Berbee1 1Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; 2Ministry of Forestry, Research Branch Laboratory, 4300 North Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 5J3, Canada Summary Author for correspondence: • This study compares DNA and culture-based detection of fungi from 15 ericoid Mary L. Berbee mycorrhizal roots of salal (Gaultheria shallon), from Vancouver Island, BC Canada. Tel: (604) 822 2019 •From the 15 roots, we PCR amplified fungal DNAs and analyzed 156 clones that Fax: (604) 822 6809 Email: [email protected] included the internal transcribed spacer two (ITS2). From 150 different subsections of the same roots, we cultured fungi and analyzed their ITS2 DNAs by RFLP patterns Received: 28 March 2003 or sequencing. We mapped the original position of each root section and recorded Accepted: 3 June 2003 fungi detected in each. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00885.x • Phylogenetically, most cloned DNAs clustered among Sebacina spp. (Sebaci- naceae, Basidiomycota). Capronia sp. and Hymenoscyphus erica (Ascomycota) pre- dominated among the cultured fungi and formed intracellular hyphal coils in resynthesis experiments with salal. •We illustrate patterns of fungal diversity at the scale of individual roots and com- pare cloned and cultured fungi from each root. Indicating a systematic culturing detection bias, Sebacina DNAs predominated in 10 of the 15 roots yet Sebacina spp. never grew from cultures from the same roots or from among the > 200 ericoid mycorrhizal fungi previously cultured from different roots from the same site. -
Poison Hemlock (Conium Maculatum)
KING COUNTY NOXIOUS WEED ALERT Class B Noxious Weed: Poison Hemlock Control Required on Conium maculatum Parsley Family Public Lands and Roads Identification Tips • Tall biennial, reaching 8 to 10 feet the second year • Bright green, fernlike leaves with strong musty smell • First year plants form low clumps of lacy leaves with reddish spots on stems • Second year stems are stout, hollow, hairless, ribbed, with reddish or purple spotting/streaking • Flowering plants covered with numerous small, umbrella-shaped clusters of tiny white flowers that have five petals • Seeds form in green, ridged capsules that eventually turn brown Poison-hemlock has bright green, fern- like leaves with a musty smell. Biology Reproduces by seed. First year grows into a rosette; second year, develops tall stems and flowers. Rapid growth from March to May, flowers in late spring. Up to 40,000 seeds per plant are produced. Seeds fall near the plant and are moved by erosion, animals, rain and human activity. Seeds viable up to 6 years and germinate throughout the growing season; do not require a dormant period. Impacts Acutely toxic to people, livestock, wildlife; causes death by Thick, hairless stems have reddish- respiratory paralysis after ingestion. Aggressive growth crowds out purple spots or streaks. desirable vegetation. Early spring growth makes it more likely to be eaten by animals when there is limited forage available. Can be mistaken for a carrot when small. Distribution Eurasian species, widely found in North America. Widespread in King County; found along roadsides, riparian areas, ravines, fields, ditches and un-managed yards and vacant lots. -
Herbs, Spices and Essential Oils
Printed in Austria V.05-91153—March 2006—300 Herbs, spices and essential oils Post-harvest operations in developing countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (+43-1) 26026-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26926-69 UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.unido.org INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION OF THE ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS © UNIDO and FAO 2005 — First published 2005 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: - the Director, Agro-Industries and Sectoral Support Branch, UNIDO, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 300, 1400 Vienna, Austria or by e-mail to [email protected] - the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization or of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Conium Maculatum L
A WEED REPORT from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States This WEED REPORT does not constitute a formal recommendation. When using herbicides always read the label, and when in doubt consult your farm advisor or county agent. This WEED REPORT is an excerpt from the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States and is available wholesale through the UC Weed Research & Information Center (wric.ucdavis.edu) or retail through the Western Society of Weed Science (wsweedscience.org) or the California Invasive Species Council (cal-ipc.org). Conium maculatum L. Poison-hemlock Family: Apiaceae Range: Throughout the contiguous U.S., including every western state. Habitat: Moist soil along hedgerows, along the banks of streams and rivers, roadsides and wastelands, woodlands, meadows, and pastures. Origin: Native to Europe. Impact: Produces piperidine alkaloids which are highly toxic to humans and animals. Domestic animals such as swine, cattle, goats, horses, and sheep can be poisoned by the toxin coniine after ingesting any portion of the plant. Poison-hemlock is the most toxic to cattle. Symptoms can include vomiting, nausea, trembling, rapid respiration, joint and movement problems, slow, weak and rapid pulse, increased salivation and urination, convulsions, paralysis, coma, and death from respiratory paralysis. Ingestion during fetal development can result in severe birth defects. States listed as Noxious Weed: Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) Inventory: Moderate Invasiveness Poison-hemlock is a tall branching biennial to 4 to 6 ft tall. The stem is erect, hollow, smooth, bright green with a distinctive mottled appearance and irregular purple splotches.