Karl Hammer – Ein Leben Als Kulturpflanzenforscher Festschrift Zur Emeritierung

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Karl Hammer – Ein Leben Als Kulturpflanzenforscher Festschrift Zur Emeritierung Karl Hammer – ein Leben als Kulturpflanzenforscher Festschrift zur Emeritierung Geleitwort des Vereins zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt..................................... 3 Dem Kulturpflanzenforscher Prof. Dr. Karl Hammer zur Emeritierung ..................... 5 10 Publikationen aus 4 Jahrzehnten .................................................................................. 9 Über domestizierte Kakteen - 3 (1978) ........................................................................... 10 Das Domestikationssyndrom (1984) ............................................................................... 13 Bedeutung von Kulturpflanze-Unkraut-Komplexen für die Evolution der Kulturpflanzen (1991) .............................................................................. 26 Sammlung pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen im Mittelmeerraum (1993)........................ 30 50 Jahre Genbank Gatersleben (1993)............................................................................. 37 Kulturpflanzenforschung und pflanzengenetische Ressourcen (1996) ........................... 45 Paradigmenwechsel im Bereich der pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen (1999) ................ 73 Cucurbitaceae – vom Nutzen der Vielfalt (2002) ............................................................ 81 Kulturpflanzenevolution und Biodiversität (2003).......................................................... 89 N.I. Vavilov im Iran (2006) ............................................................................................. 98 Zur Person ........................................................................................................................ 109 Der Wissenschaftler ....................................................................................................... 111 Tabellarischer Lebenslauf.............................................................................................. 112 Publikationsliste 2008 - 1974 ........................................................................................ 114 Bilder aus dem Berufsleben ........................................................................................... 130 2 Geleitwort des Vereins zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt Wer sich dem Erhalt landwirtschaftlicher und gärtnerischer Kulturpflanzen widmet, trifft eher früher als später auf Karl Hammer. Der Wissenschaftler Karl Hammer scheute sich niemals vor einer fachlichen Zusammenarbeit mit Nichtregierungskonstrukten wie Vereinen, deshalb unterstützt er auch den Verein zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt bei der Erhaltungsarbeit und ist unsere wichtigste Schnittstelle zur Wissenschaft! Schon vor der „Wende“ hatte der VEN auf der Suche nach alten Sorten und vergessenen Arten erste Kontakte zu ihm. Diese setzten sich nach dem politischen Umbruch und seinem Wechsel an die Universität Kassel in mannigfaltiger Weise fort: Bereits 1999 ließ Karl Hammer unser „Gemüse des Jahres“, damals die Puffbohne, zur Saatgutvermehrung und Demonstration auch im Garten des Tropengewächshauses kultivieren. Drei Jahre später lobten wir auf Initiative seines Fachgebietes die Kalebasse zum Gemüse des Jahres aus. Der 5. Tag der Kulturpflanze in Witzenhausen stand unter dem Motto: „Kürbis, Kiwano & Co. – vom Nutzen der Vielfalt“. Dieses Thema lockte fast 10.000 Gäste nach Witzenhausen. Gemeinsam konnten wir die Botschaft von der Notwendigkeit zur Erhaltung der Biodiversität publikumswirksam in einer Wanderausstellung über die Kürbisgewächse mit den drei zugehörigen Katalogen kommunizieren. Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit fanden – und finden – mit Karl Hammer in Witzenhausen wunderbare Synergien. Seitdem hat es auf seinen Vorschlag alljährlich eine Veranstaltung zum Gemüse des Jahres in Witzenhausen gegeben. Dazu entstanden kleinere Posterserien zu den Jahresgemüsen Bohnen, Zichorien und Kopfkohl, die sowohl in Witzenhausen als auch für den Verein zur Verfügung stehen. In seiner Schriftenreihe hat der VEN bislang vier Bände in Kooperation mit dem Fachgebiet Agrarbiodiversität der Universität Kassel in Witzenhausen herausgegeben: Bd. 1/2003: Thomas Gladis & Karl Hammer: Die Brassica oleracea-Gruppe. Bd. 4/2005: Lorenz Jäger: Die kultivierten Nutzpflanzen der Äcker und Gärten deutscher Museen. Bd. 6/2007: Sabine Landsrath & Karl Hammer: Pflanzliche Agrarbiodiversität – eine essayistische Überarbeitung Friedrich Alefelds “Landwirthschaftlicher Flora” von 1866. Bd. 7/2008: Kristian Krell & Karl Hammer: 500 Jahre Gartenbohne (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Europa. Botanik, Einführungsgeschichte und genetische Ressourcen. Dass der vorliegende Band 8 dieser Reihe das Werk Karl Hammers zum Ausscheiden aus dem Universitätsdienst und zum 65. Geburtstag würdigt, ist dem VEN Anliegen und Selbstverpflichtung zugleich. Die vorliegende Festschrift gliedert sich in drei Teile: Zwei seiner Doktoranden widmen ihre Laudatio „dem Kulturpflanzenforscher Karl Hammer“. Axel Diederichsen leitet seit 2000 als Kurator die Genbank in Kanada, Thomas Gladis etabliert seit 2007 eine regionale Kulturpflanzensammlung am Kaiserstuhl. Beide Wissenschaftler haben viele Jahre mit Karl Hammer gearbeitet, ihn auf Sammelreisen begleitet und gemeinsam mit ihm publiziert. Beide sind inhaltlich der ganzheitlichen Kulturpflanzenforschung treu geblieben, so wie Karl Hammer sie versteht. Sie haben sich auf unseren Wunsch zusammengetan, um ihrem Lehrer in diesem Sonderband diese Würdigung zu schreiben. Für den Hauptteil des Bandes haben wir aus dem Werk Karl Hammers 10 Publikationen ausgewählt, die beispielhaft für die Schaffensperioden aus 40 Jahren Forscherleben stehen, die sein wissenschaftliches Interessensspektrum repräsentieren, die in dieser Zeit gar teilweise an Aktualität gewonnen haben und die gerade deshalb auch für die Mitglieder des Vereins zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt von bleibendem Wert sind: Über domestizierte Kakteen - Nutzungsrichtungen domestizierter Kakteen (1978). Das Domestikationssyndrom (1984). Bedeutung von Kulturpflanze-Unkraut-Komplexen für die Evolution der Kulturpflanzen (1991). Sammlung pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen im Mittelmeerraum (1993). 50 Jahre Genbank Gatersleben in Zusammenarbeit mit H. Gäde (1993). Kulturpflanzenforschung und pflanzengenetische Ressourcen (1996). Paradigmenwechsel im Bereich der pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen (1999). Cucurbitaceae - vom Nutzen der Vielfalt (2002). Kulturpflanzenevolution und Biodiversität (2003). N.I. Vavilov im Iran (2006). 3 Die Artikel wurden neu gesetzt. Sie entsprechen in der Schreibweise den Originalvorlagen, nicht aber in der Formatierung. Aus Platzgründen musste auf einige Abbildungen verzichtet werden. Wir danken an dieser Stelle allen Herausgebern sehr herzlich für ihr Einverständnis zur Veröffentlichung und Frau Marina Hethke für die redaktionelle Arbeit. Im dritten Teil der Schrift stellen wir den Werdegang der „Person Karl Hammer“ vor. Hier finden sich ein tabellarischer Lebenslauf und seine mehr als 500 Werke umfassende Publikationsliste, die jetzt erstmalig im Ganzen zugänglich gemacht wird, aber keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhebt. Ein Bildteil komplettiert dieses Kapitel. Diese Festschrift ist der Dank an einen Wissenschaftler, der – wie der VEN – den Erhalt der Biodiversität mit all ihren sozialen und kulturellen Facetten betreibt. Wir wünschen ihm und uns noch viele produktive Schaffensjahre. Ursula Reinhard, Schandelah, 2009 Geschäftstelle Verein zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt 4 Dem Kulturpflanzenforscher Prof. Dr. Karl Hammer zur Emeritierung Man erkundige sich ums Phänomen, nehme es so genau damit als möglich und sehe wie weit man in der Einsicht und in praktischer Anwendung damit kommen kann und lasse das Problem ruhig liegen. Umgekehrt handeln die Physiker, sie gehen gerade aufs Problem los und verwickeln sich unterwegs in soviel Schwierigkeiten, daß ihnen zuletzt jede Aussicht verschwindet. Goethe, Maximen und Reflexionen, Nr. 1211. Die Leidenschaft des Sammelns wohnt dem Menschen inne und ist bei einigen mehr, bei anderen weniger stark ausgeprägt. Wenn sich die Neigung zum Sammeln mit der Fähigkeit und der Möglichkeit paart, das Gebiet der Sammelobjekte auch geistig zu durchdringen, dann entsteht etwas Wertvolles. Karl Hammer hatte die Gabe und das Glück des Tüchtigen, diese Paarung in seinem beruflichen Leben zustande zu bringen. Die Nähe zum Objekt Pflanze, besonders zur Kulturpflanze, die er am liebsten in ihrem natürlichen Kulturzusammenhang aufsucht, und eine sorgfältige Beachtung ihrer Erscheinung, wie sie sich den Sinnen darbietet, des Phänotyps also, zeichnen das Vorgehen Karl Hammers aus. Getreu Goethes Maxime vertraut er auf die genaue, unvoreingenommene Beobachtung, woraus sich dann Einsichten und praktische Anwendung ergeben. Reichliche Frucht ist auf diese Weise entstanden. Die äußerst umfangreiche Publikationsliste von Karl Hammer lässt Epochen des beruflichen Lebens erkennen. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zur Bestäubungsbiologie der Gerste stehen am Anfang. Diese Veröffentlichungen sind heute wieder von größter Aktualität, weil die unbeabsichtigte Verbreitung genetischer Konstrukte besser verstanden werden muss. Als Wissenschaftler und späterer Leiter der Genbank am Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR hat Karl Hammer dann grundlegende Arbeiten zur Diversität in wichtigen Gruppen wie den Ziegenweizen (Aegilops-Arten, die Vorfahren des Weizens) und Roggen angefertigt, die Fragen der Diversität und Taxonomie betreffen. Die wilden Verwandten der Kulturpflanzen,
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