DOCSLIB.ORG

The Mechanical Transmission and Some Properties of a Virus Disease of Cow-Parsnip, Heracleum Sphondylium L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Mechanical Transmission and Some Properties of a Virus Disease of Cow-Parsnip, Heracleum Sphondylium L BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM (PRAHA) 8 (1) : 73--79, 1966 The Mechanical Transmission and Some Properties of a Virus Disease of Cow-parsnip, Heracleum sphondylium L. ZDENKO POL/[K Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Praha* Received March 1, 1965 Abstract. The described virus of cow-parsnip, Heracleum 8phondylium L., was found in three ruderal localities of Greater Praha. The symptoms are manifested by dccolorations which consist of bright yellow areas spreading from the centre of the leaf blade along the main veins. These symptoms appear severely in May. Under higher temperatures and in a chronic stage of infec- tion the symptoms are more or less masked. The disease is mechanically transmissible to parsley, coriander, parsnip, dill, sowbane, Chenopodium quinoa and C. giganteum. The author failed to transmit the disease to celery, carrot, caraway and to 27 species of differential host plants, he failed in the transmission of the virus by the dodder, Cuscuta campestri8 Yu~cx., too. Thermal inactivation point of the virus lies between 51 ~ and 55 ~ C. Infectivity of extracted sap was lost after 2 days at room temperature. In 1963, a young plant of Heracleum sphondylium L. found at Praha-Hole- ~ovice showed a type of mosaic disease caused by a virus that preliminarily appeared to differ from the biological point of view from viruses of umbeliferous plants, described in literature. The test showed that this virus is able to infect only a limited number of plant species, including a few umbeliferous crop plants, such as parsley, coriander, parsnip and dill. Principally because of its unusual relationship to obligate differencia! host plants and the limited state of our knowledge concerning European virus diseases of umbeliferous plants, the disease was studied further. The disease is not common and has been found only rarely during routine observations of weed associations at Praha-Dejvice and Praha-Hostiva~ in 1964. Transmission trials gave evidence of identity of causative agents. Results The host range of the virus has not been studied extensively, but most of the species tested proved to be immune from infection. * Address: Na Kar ovce 1, Praha 6. 73 74 z. POL/kK Species of plants found susceptible are as follows: Petroselixu~n hortense HoFr~., parsley; Petroselinura hortense var. crispum (MILL.); Coriandrum sati~uYa L., coriander; Pastinaca sativa L., parsnip; Anethum graveolens L., dill.; Chenopodium quinoa W~LD.; C. giganteum DON., and C. murale L., sowbane. Plants showing no indication of infection are listed below in alphabetical order: Amaranthus caudatus L., lovelies bleeding Apium graveolens L., celery Beta pateUaris Moq. B. vulgaris L., sugar beet Brassica naTus L., rape B. oleracea L., cabbage Capsicum anr, uum L., red pepper Ca~ urn carvi L., caraway Chenopodium polyspern, um L. Cu~urais melo L., musk melon C. sativus L., cucumber Datura innoxia MILL., downy thorn-aple D. stramonium L., jimson-weed Daucus carrota L., carrot Gomphrena globosa L., globe-amaranth Helianthu~ an~uus L., common sunflower I.upinus albus L., white lupine Medicago sativa L., alfalfa Nicandra physaloides (L.) GAERT~., apple-of-Peru Nicotiana glutinosa L. 2V. sylvestris SPEG. et COMES N. tabacum L. var. Samsun, tobacco _IV. taba(ura L. var. Xanthi-nc, tobacco Phaseolus vulgaris L., French bean Physalis floridana RYDB., ground cherry Pi~um sativum L., pea Solanum lycopersicum L., tomato S. luberosum L., potato Tetragonia expansa MURR., ~ew Zealand spinach Zinnia elegans JAcQ., zinnia It seems unlikely that any of the above plants arc symptomless carriers of the virus, as attempts to recover the virus from them have always been unsuccessful. It is necessary to stress the failure to transmit the virus to carrots, caraway and celery. Four varieties of carrots (Amsterodamsks Chantenay, Nantais and Stupicks -- together 150 plants), two of caraway (~esk~ and Moravsk~ -- together 80 plants) and 150 celery plants were tested. Symptoms of the disease in cow-parsnip leaves The first symptoms in nature seem to be a mild chlorosis or flavescence in the terminal leaflets of the first leaf. The leaflets are deformed and often curled downwards. Later decolorations consist of bright yellow areas spread- ing from th3 centre of the leaf blade along the main veins (Fig. 1). The collapse V[P~U.~ DISEASE IN HERACLEUM SPHONDYLIUM 75 of the veins while growth is still proceeding results in a chzck to their growth, relative to that of the interveinal tissue, so that leaves present a curly or crumpled appearance with sinuate margins. Symptoms described appear severally in May. Under higher temperatures and in later stages of infection the symptoms are partly or completely masked. This phenomenon is probably due to the level of virus concentration in the plants which progressively declines. At the end of June it is impossible to distinguish between the diseased and the healthy individuals because of the loss of symptoms. At this stage the transmissibility of the disease from the source is very difficult, if not altogether impossible. There appears to be a distinct difference in the severity and symp- tom response under different substrate conditions. In humid or nitrous locali- ties there are milder changes of habitus, the disease often develops a faint mottling only in the leaflets. Symptoms in susceptible plants tested Petroselinum hortense HOFFM., parsley: The first symptoms to develop under glasshouse conditions are a clearing of veins and veinlets and blister-like elevations of the youngest leaves (symptoms in small seedlings develop 4 to 5 days after inoculation). As the disease progresses, a conspicuous vein-banding occurs. The yellow bands are at first narrow but gradually become broader and diffuse in outline. The interspaces between the veins turn yellow (Fig. 2). This occurs approximately a fortnight after inoculation. These symptoms are followed by severe deformation, leaflets are often narrow and twisted (Fig. 3). At that time, primary chlorotic lesions appear in inoculated leaves. In later stages infection becomes milder; leaves show deformation and slight decoloration only. Plants which have wintered in a glasshouse are in the following year symptomless and apparently free of virus. (Attempts to transmit the virus from wintered plants failed.) Similar symptoms of a varying degree of severity were demonstrated after the infection of four parsley varieties of Czechoslovak assortment (Dob~enick~, Hans163 KrAtks and OlomouckA E/I). The variety KrAtks losses its symptoms soon after their maximum development. Petroselinum hortense var. crisTum (MILL.): Characteristics of the disease are similar to those mentioned above. Out of 60 inoculated individuals three became infected only. Coriandrum sativum L., coriander: Systemic leaf symptoms which appear after seven days are formed by minute grey spots which coalesce forming enlarged necrotic spots. In an advanced stage of the disease severe top necrosis occurs. Plants which survive grow slowly and are severely stunted. On reaching approximately 10 em they start to flower. Transmissibility of the virus to Coriander is difficult especially to the variety coriander HrubSick~ (3 out of 30 inoculated plants were infected). Pastinaca sativa L., parsnip: Seven to nine days after infection systemic curling and puckering of the youngest leaves followed by the formation of slight diffuse yellowish green areas occur. These symptoms disappear after a fortnight. The virus was transmitted in a very low percentage (5 out of 45 plants were infected). Anethum graveolens L., dill: Systemic transverse yellowish strips in leaves appear 10 days after inoculation. Chenopodium quinoa WILLD. and C. giganteum Do~.: These species develop 76 z. POLAK local lesions on inoculated leaves 7--10 days after inoculation. The lesions appear as minute spots, later showing a light-brown dead centre (Fig. 4 and 5). They enlarge with age, but show no tendency to coalesce. Old lesions are 2--3 mm in diameter. Virus was not recovered from uninoculated leaves. C. ~urale L., sowbane: Sowbane plants form minute, necrotic local lesions. These lesions took longer to form than did the lesions on previous Cheno- Todium species. Systemic symptoms were not noted. Attempts to transmit the virus by the dodder, Cuscuta campestris YU~CXE~ Dodder was established on diseased parsleys and stems of the parasite were trained to healthy parsleys and celeries. Twenty healthy plants of each species were parazitized, but none developed symptoms of the disease. To test the ability of the dodder to acquire virus from infected host plant, juice was extracted from stems growing on an infected and parsley tested on C. quinoa leaves. Results were compared with those obtained with infectious sap from the parsley on which doder was growing. Lesions were not produced in the test with extract from the dodder. Check test was positive. Preliminary tests with an aphid vector Green peach aphids, Myzus persicae SULZ., fed on infectious young parsley seedlings did not transmit the virus to healthy parsley and celery plants. Further detailed studies will be carried out on virus-vector interrelations using green peach aphids and some species specific for umbeliferous plants under various lengths of acquisition and test feeding periods. Thermal inactivation point Thermal inactivation point was determined in crude infectious extract from young parsleys. T~o ml of the sap was placed in injection ampullas and subjected to the desired temperature in a water bath for 10 minutes (45 ~ 50 ~ 55 ~ 60 ~ 65 ~ and 70 ~ C). Contents of ampu]las were immediately after cooling tested on sets of 10 leaves of C. quinoa. The test indicated that the thermal inactiva- tion point lay between 51 ~ and 55 ~ C. (The experiment was twice repeated.) Longevity in vitro Longevity in vitro was studied with the same crude extract used for thermal inactivation. Infectious sap was stored in a stoppered 25 ml flask under room temperature. At 24 hours' intervals 2 ml of sap was removed and tested on 10 C.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: the Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus
    Supplementary Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus Kiran R. Gadhave 1,2,*,†, Saurabh Gautam 3,†, David A. Rasmussen 2 and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan 3 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]. † Authors contributed equally. Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: date Abstract: Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid- transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Hammer – Ein Leben Als Kulturpflanzenforscher Festschrift Zur Emeritierung
    Karl Hammer – ein Leben als Kulturpflanzenforscher Festschrift zur Emeritierung Geleitwort des Vereins zur Erhaltung der Nutzpflanzenvielfalt..................................... 3 Dem Kulturpflanzenforscher Prof. Dr. Karl Hammer zur Emeritierung ..................... 5 10 Publikationen aus 4 Jahrzehnten .................................................................................. 9 Über domestizierte Kakteen - 3 (1978) ........................................................................... 10 Das Domestikationssyndrom (1984) ............................................................................... 13 Bedeutung von Kulturpflanze-Unkraut-Komplexen für die Evolution der Kulturpflanzen (1991) .............................................................................. 26 Sammlung pflanzengenetischer Ressourcen im Mittelmeerraum (1993)........................ 30 50 Jahre Genbank Gatersleben (1993)............................................................................. 37 Kulturpflanzenforschung und pflanzengenetische Ressourcen (1996) ........................... 45 Paradigmenwechsel im Bereich der pflanzengenetischen Ressourcen (1999) ................ 73 Cucurbitaceae – vom Nutzen der Vielfalt (2002) ............................................................ 81 Kulturpflanzenevolution und Biodiversität (2003).......................................................... 89 N.I. Vavilov im Iran (2006) ............................................................................................. 98 Zur Person .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Herbs and Spices
    10 Herbs and spices Figures 10.2 to 10.15 Fungal diseases 10.1 Canker of hop 10.2 Downy mildew of hop 10.3 Leaf scorch of parsley 10.4 Leaf spots of parsley Alternaria leaf spot Phoma leaf spot Septoria leaf spot 10.5 Powdery mildew of hop, mint, sage and parsley 10.6 Pythium root rot of parsley 10.7 Rust of mint 10.8 Sooty mold of hop 10.9 Verticillium wilt of mint and hop 10.10 Other fungal diseases of herbs Viral and viral-like diseases 10.11 Aster yellows 10.12 Miscellaneous viral diseases Broad bean wilt Carrot motley dwarf Celery mosaic Cucumber mosaic Hop mosaic 10.12 Miscellaneous viral diseases (cont.) Hop nettle head Tomato spotted wilt Insect pests 10.13 Aphids Carrot-willow aphid Green peach aphid Hop aphid Potato aphid Other aphids 10.14 Flea beetles Hop flea beetle Horseradish flea beetle Other crucifer-feeding flea beetles 10.15 Other insect pests Black swallowtails Carrot rust fly European earwig Other pests 10.16 Mites and slugs Additional references FUNGAL DISEASES 10.1 Canker of hop Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel (teleomorph Gibberella pulicaris (Fr.:Fr.) Sacc.) Infection just above the crown can result in girdling and sudden wilting of hop vines. The presence of an obvious canker and the sudden death of the plant differentiates this disease from verticillium wilt, in which the symptoms appear gradually, starting with the lower leaves. Canker has been a minor problem on commercial hop. Prompt removal of infected vines is reported to reduce Fusarium inoculum and subsequent infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Bistra Dikova, Hristo Lambev CELERY MOSAIC VIRUS ON
    Science & Technologies CELERY MOSAIC VIRUS ON FOENICULUM VULGARE IN BULGARIA Bistra Dikova1 and Hristo Lambev2 1Nikola Poushkarov Institute for Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection 7 Shosse Bankya Str., 1080 Sofia, Bulgaria, E – mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Roses, Essential and Medical Cultures 49 Osvobozhdenie Bld., 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria, E – mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Mill. is important for Bulgaria essential oil-bearing culture, whose essential oil uses in food – processing and pharmaceutical industries and cosmetics. Celery mosaic virus (CeMV), genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae is one of the most wide spread viruses, causing disease on fennel. The researches for the establishment of CeMV are carried out in 2010 and 2014 years by the serological method ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), variant DAS-ELISA in the former Plant Protection Institute in Kostinbrod, and from 2012 year division Plant Protection to the Institute Soil Science, Agrotechnologies and Plant Protection “N. Poushkarov”, Sofia. The most often symptoms of CeMV were yellowing (chloroses) or reddening (anthocyanins painting), as individual sprigs or entire plants from the observed crops of biennial fennel in 2010 and 2014 years were yellow or reddish. The symptoms of viral disease were from yellowing to browning (necroses) with consequence of dying of parts or entire leaf mass – sprigs of individual plants or entire plants. The loss of leaf mass or entire fennel plants decrease the yield of seeds for essential oil production. CeMV is aphid transmissible virus and we established correlation between the increasing populations of aphids and the increased number of fennel plants with symptoms of virus disease in biennial fennel crop in the trial field of the Institute of Rose, Essential and Medical plants in Kazanlak in 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potyviruses of Australia
    Arch Virol DOI 10.1007/s00705-008-0134-6 BRIEF REVIEW The potyviruses of Australia A. J. Gibbs Æ A. M. Mackenzie Æ K.-J. Wei Æ M. J. Gibbs Received: 15 April 2008 / Accepted: 8 May 2008 Ó Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Many potyviruses have been found in Austra- sequences of these potyviruses, which are probably ende- lia. We analyzed a selected region of the coat protein genes mic, are on average five times more variable than those of of 37 of them to determine their relationships, and found the crop potyviruses, but surprisingly, most of the endemic that they fall into two groups. Half were isolated from potyviruses belong to one potyvirus lineage, the bean cultivated plants and crops, and are also found in other common mosaic virus lineage. We conclude that the crop parts of the world. Sequence comparisons show that the potyviruses entered Australia after agriculture was estab- Australian populations of these viruses are closely related lished by European migrants two centuries ago, whereas to, but less variable than, those in other parts of the world, the endemic plant potyviruses probably entered Australia and they represent many different potyvirus lineages. The before the Europeans. Australia, like the U.K., seems other half of the potyviruses have only been found in recently to have had c. one incursion of a significant crop Australia, and most were isolated from native plants. The potyvirus every decade. Our analysis suggests it is likely that potyviruses are transmitted in seed more frequently than experimental evidence indicates, and shows that ‘‘The hypothesis is proposed that all plant viruses in Australia were understanding the sources of emerging pathogens and the introduced since European settlement of the Australia continent frequency with which they ‘emerge’ is essential for proper toward the end of the eighteenth century’’, N.
    [Show full text]
  • Crop Profile for Celery in Florida
    Crop Profile for Celery in Florida Prepared: October 15,1999 Revised: June 29, 2007 Production Facts Celery production in Florida has consistently been the second highest, after California, even accounting for recent reductions in Florida acreage. From 2004 to 2007, Florida celery acreage was approximately three thousand acres (1). In 1992, the last year for which data were collected on celery production in Florida, 8,000 acres were planted and 7,600 acres were harvested, with total production of 315.4 million pounds. Average yield for Florida celery in that year was 41,500 pounds per acre, and the crop had a total value of $39.1 million (2). Nearly the entire Florida crop of celery is produced for the fresh market, as full stalks or celery hearts. Several hundred acres are produced for canned celery, as well as prepared as fresh celery sticks and fresh diced and crescent celery (1). Production Regions Presently, the only celery-producing region in Florida is the Everglades region (around the southern tip of Lake Okeechobee in Palm Beach County) (1). Production Practices Celery is a biennial plant, which produces vegetative growth (the edible stalks, or petioles) during the first year and seed stalks during the second year. It is harvested about 90 days after transplanting, but if the plant were left to grow for the second year and were exposed to low temperatures, it would produce a longer stem and a seed head (3). Celery in Florida is grown on organic, muck soils. Soil preparation is more important in celery than in most other crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Celery Mosaic Virus (DPI Vic)
    October, 2000 Celery mosaic virus AG0939 Violeta Traicevski, Knoxfield ISSN 1329-8062 Celery mosaic virus (CeMV) is a virus disease of celery. exaggerated rosette growth habit with varying degrees of CeMV was first identified in South Australia in the leaf distortion. Symptoms can be confused with similar 1980's but has now spread throughout all Australian symptoms caused by Cucumber mosaic virus. celery growing districts. Suspect samples should be submitted to an accredited diagnostic laboratory for an accurate diagnosis. Symptoms Infected plants have a mosaic pattern on the leaves (Figures 1, 2 & 3) and are stunted. Infected plants show an Figure 1. CeMV in celery Figure 2. CeMV in parsley Figure 3. CeMV in coriander Spread and source of infection Environmental conditions The virus is transmitted from plant to plant by aphids. The The disease is usually most serious during late autumn and most likely vectors are usually the winged form which spring, following flushes of winged aphid activity. migrates into the crop from surrounding crops and local vegetation. The virus is spread to healthy plants when an Control aphid probes on an infected plant, ingests a small amount Virus diseases cannot be cured. An integrated program to of cell sap, and then probes on a healthy plant while the manage the virus is the best approach: virus is on its mouthparts. Virus retention is usually low, • due to the inactivation of the virus by the aphid's saliva. make sure seedlings planted in the field show no symptoms of virus infection However, the aphid needs only to probe for a few seconds • to acquire and pass on the virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Celery Mosaic Virus Occurring in Poland
    Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland CELERY MOSAIC VIRUS OCCURRING IN POLAND E. Paduch-Cichal and K. Sala-Rejczak Key words: celery cultivars, CeMV, ELISA Observation of 28 Polish celery cultivars was conducted in September 2008. Sixteen celery cultivars: ‘Albin’, ‘Brilant’, ‘Denar’, ‘Diamant’, ‘Feniks’, ‘Ilona’, ‘Luna’, ‘Makar’, ‘Mentor’, ‘Monarch’, ‘Neon’, ‘President’, ‘Prinz Rex’, ‘Talar’, ‘Tango’ and ‘Zagłoba’ did not show any symptoms. Leaf chlorosis was observed of celery cultivars ‘Dukat’, ‘Eden’, ‘Maxim’, ‘Snow White’, ‘Helios’ and ‘Zefir’. Severe leaf deformation and leaf chlorosis were noted on leaves of cultivar ‘Cisko’. Celery cultivars ‘Gol’ and ‘Jabłkowy’ developed leaf deformation, chlorosis, chlorotic spots and rings, necrosis and amarantic leaf sides (Phot. 1). Severe leaf chlorosis, yellow areas along and between the veins of young and mature leaves, leaf up-curl- ing and necrosis were apparent in CeMV infected cv. ‘Edward’ and ‘Verden Pascal’ (Phot. 2). No traces of pathogenic bacteria or fungi were found on symptomatic plants. The symptoms could not be attributed to phytoplasma infection. On the other hand, they resembled some of the symptoms of the disease caused by Celery mosaic virus (Shepard and Grogan 1971, Pemberton and Frost 1974, Walkey and Ward 1984, Bos et al. 1989). Celery mosaic virus (CeMV)is a member of the family Potyviridae, the genus Potyvirus (Family Potyviridae 2005). This virus is restricted in host range to the Apiaceae. It causes a serious disease of celery (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum)worldwide. CeMV is transmitted by aphids in a non- persistent manner. Disease symptoms include formation of mosaic patterns on leaves, vein clearing, mottling brown spotting, leaflet twisting or cupping, and stunting.
    [Show full text]
  • Extension of an Integrated Management Strategy for Celery Mosaic Virus in Celery Crops in Western Australia
    Extension of an integrated management strategy for celery mosaic virus in celery crops in Western Australia Lindrea Latham et al Agriculture Western Australia Project Number: VG01017 VG01017 This report is published by Horticulture Australia Ltd to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry. The research contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia Ltd with the financial support of the vegetable industry. All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of Horticulture Australia Ltd or any authority of the Australian Government. The Company and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests. ISBN 0 7341 0596 7 Published and distributed by: Horticultural Australia Ltd Level 1 50 Carrington Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 E-Mail: [email protected] © Copyright 2003 Horticulture Australia Project: VG01017 Completed: 30th November 2002 Extension of an integrated management strategy for celery mosaic virus in celery crops in Western Australia Lindrea Latham et al. Department of Agriculture Western Australia Locked Bag No4 Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley 6983 Western Australia HAL Project VG01017 - Extension of an integrated management strategy for celery mosaic virus in celery crops in Western Australia Project Leader: Lindrea Latham Authors: Lindrea Latham and Roger Jones Department of Agriculture Western Australia Locked Bag No4 Bentley Delivery Centre Bentley 6983 Western Australia Phone (08) 9368 3333 Fax: (08) 9474 2840 The information contained in this report was funded by Horticulture Australia and the Department of Agriculture WA.
    [Show full text]
  • Element Stewardship Abstract for Conium Maculatum
    ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Conium maculatum Poison Hemlock To the User: Element Stewardship Abstracts (ESAs) are prepared to provide The Nature Conservancy's Stewardship staff and other land managers with current management-related information on those species and communities that are most important to protect, or most important to control. The abstracts organize and summarize data from numerous sources including literature and researchers and managers actively working with the species or community. We hope, by providing this abstract free of charge, to encourage users to contribute their information to the abstract. This sharing of information will benefit all land managers by ensuring the availability of an abstract that contains up-to-date information on management techniques and knowledgeable contacts. Contributors of information will be acknowledged within the abstract and receive updated editions. To contribute information, contact the editor whose address is listed at the end of the document. For ease of update and retrievability, the abstracts are stored on computer at the national office of The Nature Conservancy. This abstract is a compilation of available information and is not an endorsement of particular practices or products. Please do not remove this cover statement from the attached abstract. Authors of this Abstract: Don Pitcher © THE NATURE CONSERVANCY 1815 North Lynn Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 (703) 841 5300 The Nature Conservancy Element Stewardship Abstract For Conium maculatum I. IDENTIFIERS Common Name: POISON-HEMLOCK Global Rank: G5 General Description: Tall biennial (sometimes perennial in favorable locations) that reproduces from seeds. II. STEWARDSHIP SUMMARY Conium maculatum is a highly toxic weed found in waste places throughout much of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Common Diseases and Disorders of Parsley
    Guide to Common Diseases and Disorders of Parsley Elizabeth Minchinton Desmond Auer Heidi Martin Len Tesoriero National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication Data Minchinton, E. et.al.(2006) Guide to Common Diseases and Disorders of Parsley ISBN 1 74146 784 5 Front cover: Parsley field in Victoria Back cover: Scientist inspecting diseased parsley field Hydroponic parsley production in Queensland Design: Denise Wite, DPI, Victoria Disclaimer: © State of Victoria, Department of Primary Industries, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ! "#$ % ! $ !S '() ) * + * + ' , * , - , - ' ' ! CONTENTS 3 Acknowledgements 5 Introduction 7 Alternaria Leaf Blight/ Scorch 9 Bacterial Leaf Spot 11 Bacterial Shoot Blight 13 Bacterial Soft Rot / Leaf Drop 15 Botrytis Blight / Grey Mould 17 Downy Mildew 19 Powdery Mildew 21 Fusarium Root Rot 23 Rhizoctonia Crown and Collar Rot 25 Root Rot 29 Sclerotinia Rot / Basal Stem Rot 31 Septoria Leaf Spot 33 Root-Knot Nematodes 35 Viral diseases 37 Apium Virus Y 39 Carrot Red leaf Virus 41 Abiotic Disorders 44 Management Strategy Tips 45 Appendix 46 References INTRODUCTION Crop failures of up to 100% have been recorded for parsley in both Queensland and Victoria. Diseases causing major commercial losses in Australia are root rots, which occur in Queensland during warm, wet weather and in Victoria during cool, wet weather. Leaf spot, caused by Septoria petroselini,is the predominant foliage disease of parsley. Leaf blight caused by Alternaria petroselini and root-knot nematode damage caused by Meloidogyne sp. have caused major economic losses on individual farms. Viral diseases appear to be more of a curiosity, than the cause of crop losses in Australia. There is little information on parsley diseases, especially in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of Southern Celery Mosaic in Florida by Removing Weeds That Serve As Sources of Mosaic Infection '
    Technical Bulletin No. 548 February 1937 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTROL OF SOUTHERN CELERY MOSAIC IN FLORIDA BY REMOVING WEEDS THAT SERVE AS SOURCES OF MOSAIC INFECTION ' By F. L. WELLMAN, associate pathologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry CONTENTS Page Page History and importanœ of the disease 1 Distanceand methods of weed removal 10 Description of the disease 1 Frequency of removal of weeds..- 1^ Sources of virus infection in the field 4 Spraying with aphicides to control spread. _, 12 Means of transmission of the virus 4 Resistance of celery varieties to mosaic 14 Control by removing susceptible weeds 5 Summary and recommendations H Distance of natural spread in the field 8 Literature cited 16 HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF THE DISEASE During the early development of winter celery growing in Florida, little trouble seems to have been encountered with many of the diseases that have since become very destructive. With the concen- tration of the industry and intensification of cultural methods, diseases have become more and more important, and in the three winters of 1927-28, 1928-29, and 1929-30, the celery mosaic disease was especially severe. Mosaic diseases of celery have been reported from several portions of the United States (5),^ Cuba (11), Hawaii (3), and Europe (1).^ The celery mosaic herein discussed was first described in Florida in 1924 (6), though it was known to occur before this date. Experimental work in Florida was inaugurated in the winter of 1929-30 to study the control of this disease (9).
    [Show full text]