1 BULLETIN

CROCODILE LIZARDS

SLOW LORISES USED AS PHOTO PROPS IN THAILAND

PANGOLIN TRADE IN INDIA APRIL 2015 1 27 NO. VOL.

The journal of the TRAFFIC network disseminates information on the trade in wild animal and plant resources

The TRAFFIC Bulletin is a publication of TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, which is the leading non-governmental organization working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. TRAFFIC is a strategic alliance of WWF and IUCN.   The TRAFFIC Bulletin publishes information B U L L E T I N and original papers on the subject of trade in wild animals and plants, and strives to be a source of accurate and objective information. VOL. 27 NO. 1 APRIL 2015

The TRAFFIC Bulletin is available free of charge. Quotation of information appearing in the news CONTENTS sections is welcomed without permission, but citation must be given. Reproduction of all other material appearing in the TRAFFIC Bulletin news editorial ‡ requires written permission from the publisher. Kasane Conference, Botswana ‡ Wildlife hunting in West Papua ‡ MANAGING EDITOR Steven Broad FLEGT Project concludes )LUVW)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWH 1 awarded in India ‡ EDITOR and COMPILER Kim Lochen FairWild Standard ‡ SUBSCRIPTIONS and MAILING CBD CoP12 outcomes ‡ 6XVDQ9LYLDQ (PDLOEXOOHWLQ#WUDI¿FRUJ

The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of TRAFFIC or its supporting organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its features The use of animals as photo props to attract authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its tourists in Thailand: a case study of the frontiers or boundaries. slow loris Nycticebus spp.

Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris Any opinions expressed are those of the writers DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFWWKRVHRI75$)),& 13 Last chance to see? WWF or IUCN. A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard Published by TRAFFIC International, 219a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, Cambs., Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, CB3 0DL, UK. Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler Copyright of material published in the TRAFFIC Bulletin is vested in TRAFFIC International © TRAFFIC International 2015. ISSN 0267-4297. seizures and A selection of UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 prosecutions seizures and prosecutions that have recently Cover photograph: taken place around Javan Slow Loris Nycticebus javanicus the world ‹$QGUHZ:DOPVOH\ Photographs this page, from top: 27 /HJDOO\KDUYHVWHGORJV(FXDGRU ‹72VERUQ  Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus ‹$QQD5DXKDXV  Grey Parrots Psittacus erithacus seized in Hungary ‹6]HJHG=RR+XQJDU\  Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata ‹'XOX%RUDK*UHHQ*XDUG1DWXUH2UJDQL]DWLRQ$VVDP

short A note on the illegal trade and use of communication pangolin body parts in India Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Sudarsan Panda, Manoj V. Nair, Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo and Daniel W.S. Challender Funding for the printing and distribution of this 33 issue of the TRAFFIC Bulletin is generously provided by The Rufford Foundation. Funding to print and distribute future issues is being sought. Please visit https://mydonate.bt.com/charities/ WUDI¿FLQWHUQDWLRQDOLI\RXFDQKHOS

Printed by Portland Print, Kettering, Northants NN16 8UN, UK. Index Vol. 26: i–iv

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n 1976, TRAFFIC was established to monitor trade importing and exporting countries are kept abreast of areas LQÀRUDDQGIDXQDDQGWRPDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU of conservation concern so as to aid source countries in conservation action. This specialist role forms the their efforts to protect their wildlife, regardless of whether QXFOHXVRIRXUZRUN0RQLWRULQJ²RIPDUNHWVERWK the species is listed in CITES. SK\VLFDO DQG RQOLQH²DV ZHOO DV RI WUDGH VWDWLVWLFV Continual monitoring and highlighting of important and Iand seizure data, for example, is essential to identifying emerging issues is paramount not only to identifying and trends at varying levels and emerging issues, and provides prioritizing matters of concern, but also essential to track an early warning function. Monitoring also allows us to and monitor progress, successes and failures. Monitoring measure the impact of our work, as well as that of other the trade in the wildlife market of Mong La, Myanmar, internal or external interventions. As the number of species on the border with China, for example, has yielded threatened by illegal and unsustainable trade grows, this DODUPLQJ ¿QGLQJV²D PDUNHW WKDW RQFH W\SLFDOO\ RQO\ role becomes increasingly essential. Recent examples carried regional species has now become a hub for trade in described here illustrate the importance of monitoring the illicit African wildlife products, such as ivory, rhinoceros global wildlife trade. horn and hippopotamus teeth. Reports by TRAFFIC and RWKHUVRQWKH¿QGLQJVDQGWUHQGVREVHUYHGLQWKLV market over time have been covered extensively in the media, and as a result, Mong La market has E D I T O R I A L become a priority for conservation action. Regular monitoring of “legal” trade and trade records and volumes has led to the detection of As is the case with many other types of crime, illicit one of the most frequent, high-volume and problematic wildlife traders are many steps ahead of those of us IRUPV RI ZLOGOLIH WUDI¿FNLQJ PHWKRGV XVHG²WKH WUDGH monitoring and researching the trade. Populations of in wild-caught species falsely declared as captive- many species of animals have been greatly diminished or bred. Literally millions of animals are currently traded extirpated by trade before conservationists are even aware around the world, declared as captive-bred, with little or of the extent or impact of the overexploitation, or before no requirements to prove these claims. Laundering of steps to provide legal protection or other conservation wild-caught animals in this manner is not only a threat to interventions are made. It is key that negative trends the conservation of a multitude of species, but it is also detected through trade monitoring are made available undermining the efforts and credibility of businesses that to the broader conservation community, enforcement truly are engaged in legal commercial breeding. agencies, decision-makers and the public so that actions A number of case studies highlighting the large-scale can be taken to slow, stop and reverse the trend. laundering of wild-caught animals into the global market Some claim that publishing such information may increase have been published, raising the issue as a major concern, demand for the species in question. This notion is in most cases and priority for action. A report by TRAFFIC arising misguided although there are a few examples where publicity from the monitoring of trade in wildlife declared as of the rarity of a species has actually increased the value and captive-bred focused on the previously unknown Short- demand for it. However, this needs to be balanced with the beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus. This species is EHQH¿WV WR EH JDLQHG IURP GUDZLQJ DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH WKUHDWV GLI¿FXOWWREUHHGLQFDSWLYLW\DQGWKHWUDGHLQVXSSRVHGO\ and conservation needs of a species so that the obstacles to captive-bred individuals sparked concern amongst zoo WDFNOLQJWKHWUDGHFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGDQGVROXWLRQVIRXQG communities around the world, who subsequently began Take the Earless Monitor Lizard Lanthanotus reviewing their policies regarding the acquisition of borneensis, for example, a little-known reptile endemic to specimens declared as captive-bred, taking major steps the island of Borneo. In 2014, through monitoring actions, to eliminate this form of fraud, including through the TRAFFIC became aware of increased demand and development of forensic tools and methodologies. availability of this species in the black market pet trade. It The issue continues to be addressed and championed published a report on this emerging trade, highlighting the by prominent organizations, such as the World Association fact that unscrupulous traders were illegally collecting the RI=RRVDQG$TXDULXPV :$=$ ZKLFKUHFHQWO\UHOHDVHG species and smuggling it to Japan and the EU, and called a statement calling for due diligence among their members for action to be taken. Despite the species being totally globally when obtaining wildlife declared as being captive- protected in all three countries that share the island of bred. Efforts are also under way to add restrictions and %RUQHR %UXQHL,QGRQHVLDDQG0DOD\VLD LWLVQRWOLVWHGLQ policies to regulations that allow for the trade in captive- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered bred wildlife, calling for proof of parentage to be provided 6SHFLHVRI:LOG)DXQDDQG)ORUD DQGLPSRUWLQJFRXQWULHV to the importing countries. are therefore not obliged to take action against the trade. The drive to combat unsustainable and sometimes $VDGLUHFWUHVXOWRIWKHUHSRUW¶V¿QGLQJVVWHSVDUHQRZ illegal wildlife trade is far from complete, and it is essential being taken to list the species in the CITES Appendices WKDW HYLGHQFHEDVHG ¿QGLQJV FRQWLQXH WR EH GLVVHPLQDWHG and it is hoped that effective international co-operation to widely and used as a basis for shaping conservation action. regulate this trade can soon be achieved. Basic monitoring, be it of wildlife markets, online, or of While CITES plays an important role in encouraging trade statistics, is integral to the global effort to ensure that and facilitating co-operation in international efforts to wildlife trade is not a threat to the conservation of nature. regulate illegal wildlife trade, a CITES listing cannot always ensure that trade is sustainable, particularly where Chris R. Shepherd, Regional Director—Southeast Asia, enforcement is lacking. It is therefore vital that both 75$)),&(PDLOFKULVVKHSKHUG#WUDI¿FRUJ

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TRAFFIC would like to extend particular thanks   EXO OHWLQERDUG to Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, USA, for their very generous donation to the TRAFFIC Bulletin. CAROLYN CAUSTON ZDV DSSRLQWHG 75$)),&·V 'HYHORSPHQW 0DQDJHULQ-DQXDU\DQGLVEDVHGLQ&DPEULGJH8. We also wish to thank our partners, WWF and IUCN, and the -80$3,/,&+(1*$3URJUDPPH2IÀFHUDWWKH7DQ]DQLDRIÀFHVLQFH many other individuals, OHIW75$)),&DWWKHHQGRI)HEUXDU\ foundations, government agencies and companies whose support makes TRAFFIC’s work possible.

AMAR NATH CHOUDHARY ZDV DSSRLQWHG 3URJUDPPH 2IÀFHU 'DWD$QDO\VLV DWWKH,QGLDRIÀFHZLWKHIIHFWIURP2FWREHU The 181st CITES Party: the European Union 7KH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ (8  EHFRPHV WKH VW 02+1,6+.$3225 ZDVDSSRLQWHG6HQLRU3URJUDPPH2IÀFHUDWWKH Party to CITES. The EU is a regional economic ,QGLDRIÀFHZLWKHIIHFWIURP2FWREHU LQWHJUDWLRQRUJDQL]DWLRQ 5(,2 ZLWK0HPEHU States, all of which are already a Party to CITES LQ WKHLU RZQ ULJKW  7KH (8 EHFRPHV WKH ¿UVW .$7$/,1.(&6(1$*< KDVEHHQDSSRLQWHG$FWLQJ5HJLRQDO'LUHFWRU REIO to accede to the Convention since the RIWKH(XURSHRIÀFHZLWKHIIHFWIURP$SULOZKLOH STEPHANIE coming into effect of the Gaborone amendment to VON MEIBOM LVRQPDWHUQLW\OHDYH the text of the Convention on 29 November 2013. This amendment permitted REIOs, constituted by sovereign States which have competence in respect JOANNE LOO KDV EHHQ DSSRLQWHG WR WKH UROH RI 6HQLRU 0DQDJHU of the negotiation, conclusion and implementation 2IÀFH$GPLQLVWUDWLRQLQWKH3HWDOLQJ-D\DRIÀFHLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLD of international agreements in matters transferred to them by their Member States and covered by the Convention, to accede (see article on REIOs SIZWILE SIBINDI MRLQV75$)),&·V(DVW6RXWKHUQ$IULFD·VUHJLRQDORIÀFH in the last issue of the TRAFFIC Bulletin    LQ3UHWRULD6RXWK$IULFDDVWKH)LQDQFHDQG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ2IÀFHU The Convention will enter into force for the EU on 8 July 2015. http://cites.org/eng/eu_181st_party PENNY WALLACE KDV EHHQ DSSRLQWHG :LOGOLIH &ULPH ,QLWLDWLYH 6XSSRUW 2IÀFHU ZLWK HIIHFW IURP )HEUXDU\  WR DVVLVW ZLWK FR RUGLQDWLRQ DQG GHOLYHU\ RI75$)),&·VZRUN RQ LOOHJDO ZLOGOLIH WUDGH 3HQQ\LVEDVHGLQ&DPEULGJH8. TRAFFIC IS ON THE MOVE... In late December 2015, TRAFFIC’s KHDGTXDUWHUV RI¿FH ZLOO EH UHORFDWLQJ MADELON WILLEMSEN ZDVDSSRLQWHG+HDGRI75$)),&·V9LHW1DP to refurbished premises, renamed the RIÀFHLQ+DQRLLQ-DQXDU\ David Attenborough Building, in central Cambridge. TRAFFIC is a part of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative XU LING UHWXUQHG WR ZRUN DW75$)),&·V &KLQD RIÀFH DV 6HQLRU &&,  D XQLTXH FROODERUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ 3URJUDPPH2IÀFHUZLWKHIIHFWIURP)HEUXDU\6KHUHVXPHVDQ the University of Cambridge and leading HDUOLHUSHULRGRIHLJKW\HDUVDVSDUWRIWKLVWHDP conservation organizations, including BirdLife International, British Trust traffic websites IRU 2UQLWKRORJ\ %72  )DXQD DQG )ORUD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )),  ,8&1 WKH International Union for Conservation ZZZWUDIÀFRUJ (QJOLVK ZZZWUDIÀFRUJQHZVIUHQFK )UHQFK  of Nature, the Royal Society for the ZZZZZIUXWUDIÀF 5XVVLDQ ZZZWUDIÀFFKLQDRUJ &KLQHVH  ZZZWUDIÀFMRUJ -DSDQHVH 3URWHFWLRQ RI %LUGV 563%  7URSLFDO The TRAFFIC BulletinLVDYDLODEOHRQZZZWUDIÀFRUJ %LRORJ\ $VVRFLDWLRQ 7%$  DQG 81(3 World Conservation Monitoring Centre :&0& WKXVIRUPLQJWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVW hub of conservation organizations. Contact details will be announced in the

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2 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  N E W S

THE KASANE CONFERENCE ON THE ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE: TIME FOR ACTION

HDGVRI6WDWHPLQLVWHUVDQGRI¿FLDOVIURP DQGSODQWV²IURPWRUWRLVHVDQGSDQJROLQVWRDEDORQHDQG 31 governments met in Botswana, on 25 SUHFLRXVZRRGV²LVDOVRVWDJJHULQJZLWKWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQ March 2015 and adopted crucial new losses felt across the globe. measures to help tackle the unprecedented What is clear from research and analysis over recent surge in illegal wildlife trade. The Kasane years is that wildlife crime is getting more organized and HConference on the Illegal Wildlife Trade was hosted by more sophisticated. To keep up with these developments, President Ian Khama of Botswana in the town of Kasane an equally sophisticated approach is needed in response, on the edge of the Chobe National Park, and delegates an approach based on an up-to-date theory of change ended the meeting with agreement on the Kasane JURXQGHG LQ H[SHULHQFH IURP RWKHU ¿HOGV RI FULPH 6WDWHPHQW²DQDPELWLRXVSOHGJHRI¿IWHHQFRPPLWPHQWV ¿JKWLQJ²D KROLVWLF DSSURDFK WR LQFUHDVH WKH HIIRUW to take action on demand reduction, strengthening the criminals have to make to succeed in this business, to legal framework for tackling money laundering linked to increase the indirect risks they face and to reduce the wildlife crime, tougher law enforcement, and engaging rewards they can reap from wildlife crime. communities in protecting their wildlife resources. The Kasane Statement adopted in March hopefully The Conference was a follow-up to an earlier high- will provide the innovative approaches needed. For level conference held in London on 13 February 2014, example, countries agreed to focus on tackling money aimed at injecting a new level of political momentum ODXQGHULQJDQGRWKHU¿QDQFLDODVSHFWVRIZLOGOLIHFULPH into efforts to combat the growing global threat posed This commitment to “follow the money” is a huge, by illegal wildlife trade to species such as elephants, innovative step that provides a mechanism to bring down rhinoceroses and Tigers. That Conference adopted the WKHWUDI¿FNLQJNLQJSLQVE\KLWWLQJWKHPZKHUHLWKXUWV² 25-point London Declaration, with ambitious measures in their pockets. It should also help to stamp out the agreed to eradicate the market for illegal wildlife corruption that so often undermines enforcement actions. SURGXFWVVWUHQJWKHQODZHQIRUFHPHQWHIIRUWVDQGHQVXUH In addition, the Kasane Statement calls for a HIIHFWLYHOHJDOIUDPHZRUNVDQGGHWHUUHQWVDUHLQSODFH strengthened engagement with the relevant local and promote sustainable livelihoods through positive community groups and the appropriate retention engagement with local communities. RI EHQH¿WV IURP ZLOGOLIH UHVRXUFHV E\ ORFDO SHRSOH President Khama said in his welcoming address that Participants also agreed to engage further with the private the Kasane Conference provided countries with another sector, including logistics and transport companies, which opportunity to share experiences in combating wildlife DUH XQLTXHO\ SODFHG WR VWHP WKH ÀRZ RI LOOLFLW ZLOGOLIH crime. “It also presents a chance to re-dedicate ourselves SURGXFWVEXWZKLFKRIWHQ¿QGWKHPVHOYHVDQLQDGYHUWHQW to eradicate the scourge. The time for talking has long YHFWRU IRU ZLOGOLIH WUDI¿FNLQJ  $W WKH FRQVXPHU HQG passed, this is the time for real action,” he stressed. of the trade chain, extra impetus was injected into At Kasane, governments reported on their progress in understanding the motivations and behaviour of users implementing the London Declaration, including increased RILOOHJDOZLOGOLIHSURGXFWV²OHDUQLQJOHVVRQVIURPSDVW levels of law enforcement action, improvements in domestic successes and applying strategic approaches to dissuade wildlife-related legislation and regional co-operation in buyers from participating in the illegal wildlife market. curbing poaching. Most governments appear to have taken A year on from the London Conference, the tide is their commitments last year seriously. Many demonstrated slowly turning against wildlife criminals, with important in Kasane how they are turning the commitments in the battles being won as remedial efforts increase in quality London Declaration into tangible actions on the ground and quantity. However, the picture overall remains deeply and strengthening their resolve to see the job through. worrying. The actions outlined in the Kasane Statement can However, the situation with illegal wildlife trade provide solutions but governments will need to continue remains dire. In a presentation to the Conference, scaling up their efforts and work together to turn these TRAFFIC highlighted our most recent research which actions into concrete results. Further, the impact will not be clearly indicates levels of illegal ivory trade rising sharply VHHQRYHUQLJKW²WKHZDUDJDLQVWLOOHJDOZLOGOLIHWUDGHZLOO over recent years and continuing largely unchecked. More only be won if there is sustained action over a number of worryingly, an increasing number of large-scale ivory ORQJDQGSUREDEO\GLI¿FXOW\HDUV%XWLWFDQEHZRQ seizures point to greater involvement of organized crime. Similarly, the situation for rhinoceroses continues to Sabri Zain, Director of Policy, TRAFFIC deteriorate, last year being the worst on record with around (PDLOVDEUL]DLQ#WUDI¿FRUJ 1300 animals killed continent-wide. The scale of illegal Steven Broad, Executive Director, TRAFFIC (PDLOVWHYHQEURDG#WUDI¿FRUJ ::)&$121*5((15(1$,66$1&( trade in a wide range of less-celebrated species of animals

3KRWRJUDSK3DUNJXDUGQRUWKHUQ&DPHURRQDWWKHVFHQHRIDPDVVNLOOLQJRIHOHSKDQWVGXULQJFURVVERUGHUUDLGVE\KHDYLO\DUPHGSRDFKLQJJDQJV

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ildlife products are valuable commodities, and wild meat is sometimes considered to be of premium value owing to its high value per unit weight compared with RWKHUIRUHVWSURGXFWV :LOOLDPVRQ  WAcross the humid tropics therefore, millions of people rely on wildlife hunting for an alternative source of family revenue %HQQHWW0LOQHU*XOODQGet al.,   There have been few studies on wildlife hunting in West Papua, Indonesia. What has been understood thus far is that indigenous hunting across West Papua has long been practiced for subsistence purposes, with a strong connection to cultural rites and mostly using traditional hunting techniques (Petocz,  3DWWLVHODQQR  3DWWLVHODQQR    +RZHYHU despite the importance of subsistence hunting to local communities, and its impact on the forest biodiversity in New Guinea, there has been limited research into the various reasons behind wild animal exploitation, and its importance in the household economy of the people of this area is poorly documented.

COMMERCIALIZATION OF HUNTING IN THE

Between 2011 and 2012, the authors undertook a study on indigenous hunting along the coast of Bird’s Head Peninsula with the aim of observing its contribution to local livelihoods. With limited access to resources within the marine protected areas, most households in the study sites along the coast are farming families who rely on hunting for both food and sale )5(''<3$77,6(/$112 to support their livelihoods. It was found that there is a strong Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus maculatus, relationship between the purpose of hunting and target species a species native to West Papua and hunted for hunted along the coast. In common with most parts of the local consumption. world where wildlife hunting takes place, hunters in West Papua prefer large-bodied hunting prey. These species are the most important source of income where trade has been Middlemen on motorbikes, transporting GRFXPHQWHG )D DQG %URZQ  5RELQVRQ DQG %HQQHWW a deer that they have purchased from the villages connected by roads along the coast of  DSSDUHQWO\EHFDXVHRIWKHODUJHDPRXQWRIPHDWHDFK Amberbaken District. animal provides. The principal species targeted are deer Cervus timorensis and wild pig Sus barbatus, introduced species which, in most cases, are the predominant animals on sale in the wild meat markets. Hunters interviewed indicated that they hunt to meet the GHPDQGIRUZLOGPHDWLQWKHQHDUHVWWRZQV 3UD¿0DQRNZDUL DQG 6RURQJ   +RZHYHU WKH KDUYHVWHG PHDW PD\ DOVR EH transported beyond West Papua. Wholesalers from other parts of Indonesia such as from Makassar off southern Sulawesi and Buton island of central Sulawesi bought wild meat from West Papua and transported it by boat for sale in Sulawesi. The authors traced the trade across eleven sampled villages. They found that wild meat is sold fresh, though may sometimes be frozen depending on the distance to the market. The price per kilogramme ranged from USD1.5 to USD2.0 for ZLOGSLJDQG86'WR86'IRUGHHUPHDW YHQLVRQ 7KH PRYHPHQWRIPHDWIURPWKHYLOODJHVWR3UD¿RU0DQRNZDUL involved transportation along the coast and resulted in a price per kilogramme of meat purchased from middlemen of USD5/

)5(''<3$77,6(/$112 kg, or twice the price at its source.

4 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  N E W S

These observations suggest that wild meat sold in urban Acknowledgements markets is likely to have travelled some distance from its source after being sold to middlemen and therefore has a higher price Funding for this study was kindly provided by Skyrail (Damania et al $OWKRXJKWKHUHLVQRIRUPDOPDUNHW Foundation, Rufford Small Grants and Seed Fund for for wildlife products, a survey by Conservation International 5HVHDUFK 7UDLQLQJ 6)57  3URJUDP RI 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQ Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Indonesia Program indicates that several bird species and Agriculture 6($5&$  ZLOGOLIH SURGXFWV VXFK DV DQWOHU DQG GHHU MHUN\ GULHG PHDW  were traded in traditional markets in Manokwari and Jayapura References (Suryadi et al  From the information obtained from 33 hunters who agreed to record their hunting returns over a period of seven months, $QJJUDHQL ' DQG :DWRSD <   Kajian singkat Konservasi dan Ekonomi (RACE). Suatu usaha some 300 animals were taken from the forests during this untuk memadukan kepentingan konservasi dan SHULRG,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWPRVWRIWKHVHZHUHGHHU  DQG pembangunan ekonomi di Tanah Papua. Indonesia: ZLOGSLJ  ZLWKQDWLYHVSHFLHVPDNLQJXSWKHUHVW7KH Conservation International. authors noted that the native species hunted along the coastal %HQQHWW(/  ,VWKHUHDOLQNEHWZHHQZLOGPHDWDQG sites of West Papua include Dusky Pademelon Thylogale food security? Conservation Biology  ± brunii, Grizzled Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus inustus, Spiny %HQQHWW(/DQG5DR0  :LOGPHDWFRQVXPSWLRQ Bandicoots Echymipera kalubu, Spotted Cuscus Spilocuscus in Asian tropical forest countries: Is this a glimpse of maculatus, Northern Cassowary Casuarius unappendiculatus, the future for Africa? In: Mainka, S.A. and Trivedi, 0 (GV  Links between biodiversity conservation, livelihoods and food security: The sustainable use of wild species for meat. 3S±6ZLW]HUODQGDQG Cambridge, UK: IUCN, Gland. Damania, R., Milner-Gulland, E.J., and Crookes, D.J. E BIRD’S HEAD PENINSULA, WEST PAPUA  $ELRHFRQRPLFDQDO\VLVRIEXVKPHDWKXQWLQJ Proc Biol Sci,± )D -( DQG %URZQ '   ,PSDFWV RI KXQWLQJ RQ mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review Papuan Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus and Pinon Imperial- and synthesis. Mammal Rev.  ± pigeon Ducula pinon. It was apparent that these species are Milner-Gulland, E.J., Bennett, E., Abernethy, K., Bakarr, less frequently killed as they are only consumed by local M., Bodmer, R., Brashares, J., Cowlishaw, G., Elkan, people. It is also important to note that there are religious P., Eves, H., Fa, J., Peres, C., Roberts, C., Robinson, taboos surrounding wild meat consumption, especially among -5RZFOLIIH0DQG:LONLH'  :LOGPHDW the Muslim population. the bigger picture. Trends in Ecology and Evolution  7KH ¿QGLQJV SUHVHQWHG KHUH DQG RWKHU IDFWRUV VXFK DV   ± improved access between villages, increasing population 3DWWLVHODQQR )   7KH ZLOGOLIH KXQWLQJ LQ 3DSXD density and the availability of alternative protein sources, Biota;,  ± 3DWWLVHODQQR )   0DQZLOGOLIH LQWHUDFWLRQ suggest that currently there is a shift from subsistence-based Understanding the concept of conservation ethics in to market-based hunting. If the road development programme Papua. Tigerpaper± currently under way in Papua and West Papua provinces 3HWRF]5*  Mamalia Darat Irian Jaya. Jakarta: WWF UHDFKHVNPDVSURSRVHG $QJJUDHQLDQG:DWRSD  Indonesia Program dan PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. WKHUHZLOOEHWZRSRVVLEOHLPSDFWV¿UVWWKHVSUHDGRIURDGVLQWR 5RELQVRQ-*DQG%HQQHWW(/ (GV   Hunting undisturbed forest, resulting in forest fragmentation and easier for sustainability in Tropical Forests. New York: access for hunters and traders to hunt (Robinson and Bennett, Columbia University Press. 0LOQHU*XOODQGet al.,  DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\WRVHOO 6XU\DGL 6 :LMD\DQWR $ DQG :DK\XGL 0   ZLOGPHDWWKLVLQWXUQZLOOUHVXOWLQDQLQFUHDVHLQKDUYHVW Survey pasar/monitoring perdagangan hidupan liar di Kabupaten Jayapura dan Manokwari. Conservation UDWHVDQGLQFRPHRSSRUWXQLWLHV %HQQHWW0LOQHU*XOODQG International Indonesia dan Seksi Konservasi et al 6HFRQGO\RSHQLQJXSVRPHYLOODJHVDORQJWKH Sumberdaya Alam Wilayah Manokwari, Jakarta. coast with roads will allow greater access to the nearest town :LOOLDPVRQ '   :LOG PHDW IRRG VHFXULW\ DQG to sell agricultural products and to look for alternative sources forest conservation. In: Mainka, S.A. and Trivedi, RIDQLPDOSURWHLQ%HQQHWWDQG5DR  H[SODLQWKDWURDGV 0 (GV  Links between biodiversity conservation, allow people to make a dietary switch from wild to domestic livelihoods and food security: the sustainable use forms of protein. of wild species for meat. 3S±6ZLW]HUODQGDQG It is therefore also important to undertake research into how Cambridge, UK: IUCN, Gland. road access may have an impact on wildlife trade along the coast of Bird’s Head Peninsula, and to determine the impact of Freddy Pattiselanno, Universitas Negeri Papua, such trade on wild populations and whether current levels are Manokwari 98314, West Papua, Indonesia; likely to be unsustainable. School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] Benja V. Mambai, WWF Papua Program E-mail: [email protected]

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   N E W S

The FLEGT Project targeted a wide range of actors, in particular, State actors represented by government departments and agencies in the project countries, EU trade DVVRFLDWLRQV WLPEHU WUDGHUV DQG FRPSHWHQW DXWKRULWLHV and non-State actors including forest dependent peoples’ organizations and civil society organizations concerned with forest governance and trade. In order to achieve these objectives, several key activities were undertaken. Baseline information was collected relating both to the understanding of all project stakeholders of the elements that make up FLEGT, and to the understanding of the current situation in the four South American countries as to the status of trade and management of timber and timber products. This baseline further provided a starting point from which related changes could be measured during the project period and beyond. Baseline information was collected through structured UHVHDUFK²TXHVWLRQQDLUHV DQG LQWHUYLHZV WR DVVHVV knowledge on governance-related issues, as well as GROUNDBREAKING literature and data analysis to review management and TIMBER INITIATIVE trade. Several outputs were produced including “scoping studies” of national management and trade operations, and TAKES ROOT timber product trade from the target countries to the EU. These documents provide a basis for the public sector to - GH¿QHLPSURYHPHQWVWRH[LVWLQJPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPVDQG ',(*20*$5&(6::) SURFHVVHV IRU WKH SULYDWH VHFWRU WR VWUHDPOLQH FRPSDQ\ processes and, in the EU, to have greater clarity on n December 2014, the joint collaboration between processes and trade dynamics that inform “Due Diligence” TRAFFIC, WWF Colombia and IUCN-South UHTXLUHPHQWVDQGIRULQGLJHQRXVJURXSVWRKDYHLPSURYHG America, concluded the three-year project titled understanding of systems that impact forest governance. “Supporting the implementation of the EU Building on this initial information, activities were FLEGT Action Plan1 in South America: Catalysing developed to identify synergies between FLEGT and Iinitiatives to control and verify the origin of timber other forest-related policies being implemented in the in trade and support related improvements in forest IRXU FRXQWULHV  7KH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI FXUUHQW V\QHUJLHV JRYHUQDQFH´ KHUHDIWHUWKH³)/(*73URMHFW´  allow targeted efforts to be made where related policies The FLEGT Project, funded by the European or practices can add value to improve the effectiveness of Commission, aimed to create an enabling environment LQLWLDWLYHVUDWKHUWKDQGXSOLFDWHRUZRUVHFRQÀLFW7KLV and increase capacity in South America for developing process was strengthened through a multi-stakeholder initiatives that reduce illegal logging and bring timber PHHWLQJ RI UHJLRQDO H[SHUWV WKDW LGHQWL¿HG DUHDV RI trade in line with EU FLEGT objectives, with a particular common ground between FLEGT and related initiatives focus on trade to the EU from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador WKDWZRXOGEHQH¿WIURPFORVHUPXWXDOHQJDJHPHQW and Peru (see TRAFFIC Bulletin  $ORQJZLWKWKLV Baseline information was also used to establish a overarching goal, the FLEGT Project had the following suite of indicators that could be used to measure changes VSHFL¿FREMHFWLYHV in forest governance. Also through a multi-stakeholder process, a framework was developed that used existing ‡ WR HQVXUH WKDW NH\ VWDNHKROGHU JURXSV ZLWKLQ IRXU models for assessing changes in forest governance, based selected countries have a clear understanding of the predominantly on the World Bank PROFOR/FAO model, intent and content of the EU-FLEGT Action Plan, adapted to regional conditions. Indicators common to the opportunities it provides, and pathways for its DOOFRXQWULHVDVZHOODVQDWLRQDOVSHFL¿FLQGLFDWRUVZHUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ IXUWKHU LGHQWL¿HG E\ QDWLRQDO DQG UHJLRQDO H[SHUWV DQG ‡ WRIRVWHUDFOHDUXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQNH\(XURSHDQIRUHVW initial measurements taken. The results of the work set stakeholders on the complexity of forest governance the basis for a repeatable methodology for measuring LQ6RXWK$PHULFDDQG changes in forest governance in Brazil, Colombia, ‡ WR HVWDEOLVK D EHQFKPDUN DJDLQVW ZKLFK WR PHDVXUH Ecuador and Peru. Forest experts in these countries changes in forest governance, including levels of expressed interest in furthering the implementation of a illegal logging and trade, catalysed by FLEGT and forest governance methodology, and follow-on work in other initiatives, in the target countries. Peru has already been initiated.

1(8)RUHVW/DZ(QIRUFHPHQW*RYHUQDQFHDQG7UDGH$FWLRQ3ODQ6HHKWWSZZZHXÀHJWH¿LQWÀHJWDFWLRQSODQ2See http://gftn.panda.org/resources/ tools/?202483/Framework-for-Assessing-Legality-of-Forestry-Operations-Timber-Processing-and-Trade

6 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  N E W S

Another particular focus was to work with indigenous “Operators” with tools with which to implement “Due groups to develop an online e-learning course, aimed Diligence” when placing timber from South America, and particularly at indigenous Amazonian representatives. elsewhere, on the EU market. These tools include the use The course emphasizes the potential of FLEGT to of the TRAFFIC/GFTN (WWF Global Forest & Trade reward improvements in forest governance, increase the 1HWZRUN OHJDOLW\IUDPHZRUNVDQGGH¿QLWLRQV2 which are competitiveness of timber coming from areas applying increasingly being used as reference material by both public FLEGT principles, and to support national management and private sector actors for conducting relevant checks on HIIRUWVZKLFKVKRXOGUHVXOWLQEHQH¿WVRIUHGXFHGWUDGH the legal harvesting and trade of timber products. in illegally sourced timber. Representatives were trained A preliminary external evaluation of the project in the use of the course in order to train members of has suggested that the project has met the three stated their own communities about opportunities to improve objectives. These objectives were reached through a forest governance at the local level. The e-learning holistic approach, with activities complementing each tool was showcased at the project-hosted conference RWKHU DQG DGGLQJ YDOXH WR WKH RYHUDOO SURMHFW JRDO²D RQ ³*RYHUQDQFH /HJDOLW\ 9HUL¿FDWLRQ 6\VWHPV DQG good example of the whole project being greater than the Competitiveness in the Latin American Forest Sector” sum of its parts. The key approach for all these activities KHOGLQ4XLWR VHHEHORZ DQGUHFHLYHGDYHU\SRVLWLYH was through effective and inclusive communication. reception, with interest and recommendations from many Where appropriate, multi-stakeholder dialogues were participants to adapt the tool to various forest governance implemented to allow a range of opinions and thoughts scenarios in non-Amazonian areas of Latin America. to be expressed and taken into account, particularly those To complement the supply side of the project, work not commonly heard, such as indigenous groups. was conducted to support the demand side of the FLEGT This was demonstrated most effectively at the Action Plan. This was undertaken in the EU, focusing FRQIHUHQFHRQ³*RYHUQDQFH/HJDOLW\9HUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPV mainly on Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. and Competitiveness in the Latin American Forest Work here focused on providing support to the private and Sector” which engaged 140 regional stakeholders, as well public sectors, particularly to support implementation and as public and private sector representatives from 10 Latin enforcement efforts related to the EU Timber Regulation America countries and from demand side markets such “Due Diligence” requirements, focusing on timber as the EU and the USA. The conference, which aimed trade from South America. This support was provided at an exchange of experiences and lessons learnt, pulled WKURXJKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEULH¿QJGRFXPHQWVEDVHGRQ together the different strands of FLEGT-related activities, the project outputs from South America in combination resulting in a policy brief that intends to form the basis for with workshops aimed at providing the private sector future collaboration and action for eliminating the trade in illegal timber and ensuring the sustainable management of forests and their resources. Such was the success of the conference that calls were made by participants for further conferences to be convened biennially to continue the discussions and dialogue established at the Quito Conference, and push forward with the agenda for improved forest governance in Latin America. TRAFFIC would like to acknowledge the valuable and substantial inputs by implementing partners on the project, WWF Colombia and IUCN-South America. Financial support to the project was provided by the European Commission DG DEVCO, with further support provided by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale 75$)),& Lorena Tapia (left), at the time Minister of Environment for =XVDPPHQDUEHLW  6\QHUJLHV ZRUN  DQG WKH %ULWLVK Ecuador, speaking at the opening of the inaugural forestry forum (PEDVV\ 4XLWR &RQIHUHQFH SURFHHGLQJV  75$)),& ³*RYHUQDQFH/HJDOLW\9HUL¿FDWLRQ6\VWHPVDQG&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV would also like to acknowledge conference implementing in the Latin American Forest Sector”, October 2014. SDUWQHUV IRU WKHLU ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUW )$2 FLEGT Programme, the European Forestry Institute EU FLEGT Facility, IUCN-Central America, World Resources Institute, Ministry of Environment, Ecuador, and the Corporation of Sustainable Forest Management. $QG ¿QDOO\ DFNQRZOHGJHPHQWV DUH GXH WR DOO SXEOLF private, indigenous and other civil society groups and individuals that participated in the project.

Kristina Rodina3URJUDPPH6XSSRUW2I¿FHU75$)),&

726%25175$)),& (PDLONULVWLQDURGLQD#WUDI¿FRUJ Logs waiting to be processed at Botrosa hardwood plywood mill, Thomas Osborn, European Programme Co-ordinator, Ecuador. 75$)),&(PDLOWRPRVERUQ#WUDI¿FRUJ

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   %(1+(52138..$+(5%6

EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES, PROMOTING FAIR TRADE and ENSURING CONSERVATION:

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8 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  N E W S

A report on the progress of FairWild certification at two sites in India which has UHVXOWHGLQWKHÀUVWFRPSDQ\LQWKHFRXQWU\WREHDZDUGHGD)DLU:LOGFHUWLÀFDWH

he operation involved in the collection and processing of the fruit of two species (Terminalia bellirica and T. chebula ZKLFK DUHLQJUHGLHQWVRI7ULSKDOD²RQHRIWKHPRVW LPSRUWDQW $\XUYHGLF SUHSDUDWLRQV²ZDV TUHFHQWO\ DZDUGHG )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ DW WZR VLWHV LQ ,QGLD7KHVWRU\RIWKLV¿UVW)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQVXFFHVV in India provides an example of how such a marketing tool can act as a key facilitating mechanism in a project designed to precipitate positive conservation outcomes through the improvement of livelihoods.  &HUWL¿FDWLRQ KDV SURYHQ WR EH D YDOXDEOH PHDQV RI securing market access and adding value to resources. It also offers potential for encouraging wider community ownership, building capacity, ensuring a more equitable $0,7.27,<$75$)),& GLVWULEXWLRQRIEHQH¿WVDQGSURYLGLQJDQHGXFDWLRQDOWRRO for developing understandings of the nature, value and ŻŸ Collectors of Terminalia chebula (Haritaki) fruits, SURSHUXVHRIWKHVHUHVRXUFHV)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQLV Dhage Wadi village, Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, PRUH ULJRURXV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU FHUWL¿FDWLRQ VFKHPHV North Western Ghats with (above) community members. DV LW SURYLGHV VSHFL¿F JXLGDQFH RQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI ZLOGKDUYHVWLQJDQGWUDGH7KH)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQRI T. bellirica and T. chebula has been achieved through a carefully developed programme of training and supply considerable value to be added to the front end of the chain development as part of a project initiated by an supply chain. However, it was in pursuing FairWild Indian NGO, the Applied Environmental Resource FHUWL¿FDWLRQWKDWWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIWKHSURMHFW )RXQGDWLRQ $(5) ZRUNLQJZLWKUXUDOFRPPXQLWLHVLQ to date have been achieved. Parties engaged in a careful two locations in the Western Ghats, a global biodiversity process of consultation and discussion with collectors and hotspot. It has been designed and implemented in EX\HUVRIWKHSURGXFWVGHVLJQHGORFDODFFHVVDQGEHQH¿W partnership with the Durrell Institute of Conservation sharing agreements and helped set up the organizations and Ecology, in the School of Anthropology and to oversee the implementation of these agreements: e.g. Conservation, at the University of Kent, and Pukka local committees of registered collectors and knowledge Herbs Ltd., UK, through a project supported by the UK’s holders. Partners further formulated and delivered a Darwin Initiative. Additional funding for the project training programme for those engaged in collection and was provided through a joint TRAFFIC-AERF initiative processing. Also, a company, Nature Connect, has been supported by the Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund VHWXSVSHFL¿FDOO\WRFRRUGLQDWHWKHWUDGHDQGEXVLQHVV .1&)  relations, promote the products, and develop the business  $(5)LGHQWL¿HGFDQGLGDWHSURMHFWVLWHVLQDQG plans. The long-term purchase agreement has been established good relationships with key members of secured between Nature Connect and Pukka Herbs Ltd, the local communities, including Mahadev Koli tribal which includes the provision of the guaranteed payment people living in the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary of a premium price. Nature Connect in turn has entered in the North Western Ghats, and, 400 km further south, into a long-term purchase contract with collectors from PDUJLQDO IDUPHUV IDUPHUV FXOWLYDWLQJ²DV RZQHUV both sites and carries out business activities on behalf of WHQDQWV RU VKDUHFURSSHUV²DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG XS WR RQH communities. KHFWDUH LQWKH6DQJDPHVKZDUEORFNRI5DWQDJLUL'LVWULFW  7KHRUJDQLFFHUWL¿FDWLRQIRUTerminalia spp. harvesting Both groups were lacking sustainable harvesting sites was achieved in September 2014, followed by skills and market access, hence limiting their range of )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ LQ )HEUXDU\  DQG WKH ¿UVW economic opportunities. Through the Darwin Initiative FairWild-labelled Triphala products are expected to be and KNCF funding, AERF has since implemented marketed in the UK in 2015. The project in North Western resource assessments of T. bellirica (primarily within Ghats and its links to Pukka Herbs resulted in Pukka VDFUHGJURYHVLQWKHVRXWK DQGRIT. chebula (in large Herbs winning the prestigious 2degrees Sustainability ZLOG JURYHV RI WKLV VSHFLHV LQ WKH QRUWK  SURYLGLQJ D Champions Award in July 2014, allowing the company to sound basis for management of the harvest. Funding communicate more widely the conservation and economic was also used to develop and purchase equipment for impacts of the project and the FairWild Standard. The the drying and processing of fruits, thereby enabling project partners are now further extending the work into

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   N E W S

ŻTerminalia chebula fruits, known as Haritaki, drying in the sun. Dhage Wadi village, Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, North Western Ghats.

7KHRUJDQLFFHUWLÀFDWLRQ IRUKDUYHVWLQJVLWHV of TerminaliaVSSZDV DFKLHYHGLQ6HSWHPEHU IROORZHGE\)DLU:LOG FHUWLÀFDWLRQLQ)HEUXDU\ WKHÀUVW)DLU:LOG ODEHOOHG7ULSKDODSURGXFWV DUHH[SHFWHGWREH PDUNHWHGLQWKH8.

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the sustainable harvesting and trade in other medicinal FHUWL¿FDWLRQSURFHVVVWUHQJWKHQLQJUHVRXUFHPDQDJHPHQW plant species, including Tinospora cordifolia, which is and additional requirements for social and economic used to treat a range of ailments including Type 2 diabetes, sustainability so that the sustainable harvesting business high cholesterol, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, becomes economically viable over the longer term. allergies and peptic ulcers. The process described here for the sustainable use The approach employed on this project, which has used of natural resources may offer a model for others to WKH )DLU:LOG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ SURFHVV WR EXLOG GLDORJXH DQG follow. The FairWild Standard will hopefully enable collaboration between stakeholders to create a complete other species to be brought into value chains in a manner and reasonably robust supply chain, offers considerable that supports peoples who are amongst some of the promise for the conservation of these tree species, their most vulnerable in the modern world and ensures the habitats, and the associated biological diversity. For sustainability of wild-harvesting. However, it should example, of 33 nests of the Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis also be noted that little of what has been achieved to date and Malabar Pied Hornbill Anthracoceros coronatus ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ SRVVLEOH ZLWKRXW VLJQL¿FDQW SURMHFW recorded in one of the project site areas, 23 are located funding from the KNCF and the Darwin Initiative, in T. bellirica hollows. Hornbills are well-known as seed and the commitment and contributions by the project dispersers of rare species such as Antiaris partners and the communities themselves. toxicaria, Strychnos nux-vomica further, because the T. bellirica fruits are gathered using passive netting Ian Bride, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology PHWKRGV WKH OLYHOLKRRG EHQH¿WV (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation (SAC), accruing to the local communities do University of Kent, UK. E-mail: [email protected] QRWFRQÀLFWZLWKWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHVH Jayant Sarnaik, Applied Environmental Research Foundation. birds and also respect the traditional (PDLOMD\DQWVDUQDLN#DHU¿QGLDRUJ conservation practices that are Ben Heron, Pukka Herbs Ltd applied in sacred groves. The E-mail: [email protected] felling of these massive trees to provide structural WLPEHU DQG ¿UHZRRG which has been practised widely in recent times, most certainly does. ŻCollector of fruits of Terminalia bellirica (bibhitaki). Over the coming The astringent fruits of this species and of T. chebula years, the project will (above) are the source of some of Ayurveda’s most valued

%(1+(52138..$+(5%6 continue to support the ingredients in medicines to treat stomach disorders.

10 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  N E W S

Growing the FairWild Standard The new Rules build on experience gained since the VWDUWRIFHUWL¿FDWLRQRSHUDWLRQVLQDQGSURYLGHDVRXQG QZHVKDUHGQHZVIURPWKH)DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQ basis for future expansion of the scheme. To help implement VFKHPH²VWRULHV RI ZLOG SODQW FROOHFWLRQ FRPSDQLHV FairWild on the ground, guidance manuals have also been working hard to put principles of sustainable harvesting, published on Social and Fair Trade aspects, and Species- social responsibility and fair trade into practice. Area Management Planning for Low Risk species. This article shares progress with industry adoption IRI VXVWDLQDEOH VRXUFLQJ SUDFWLFHV GHYHORSPHQWV ZLWK WKH Frameworks and actors for sound resource management FHUWL¿FDWLRQIUDPHZRUNLWVHOIDQGIXUWKHUQHZVRILQLWLDWLYHV supporting implementation of FairWild principles, including  7KH )DLU:LOG 6WDQGDUG DQG FHUWL¿FDWLRQ V\VWHP LV through driving regulatory and policy change. proving a valuable framework by which to verify sustainable production practices undertaken by the private sector on a Sustainable sourcing—industry rising to the challenge voluntary basis. But the responsibilities of the resource users are only one part of the story. For wild harvest to be The number of FairWild products on the market has sustainable and well managed, an overarching framework continued to grow. In 2014, UK manufacturer Pukka Herbs for resource management needs to be in place, with the UROOHG RXW XVH RI FHUWL¿HG LQJUHGLHQWV DFURVV LWV UDQJH RI responsibilities of all parties clearly articulated. herbal teas, and Neal’s Yard Remedies also introduced a new The FairWild principles have proved a source of “Refreshing Tea” with FairWild liquorice. Combined with inspiration in establishing working models at different scales, Traditional Medicinals’ range of medicinal teas, FairWild ranging from local, national to international. In Viet Nam, a ingredients are starting to make quite an impact in this community-based initiative is providing technical support to VHFWRU2WKHUUHFHQWPLOHVWRQHVLQFOXGHWKH¿UVWFHUWL¿FDWLRQ harvesters, fostering links with responsible industry partners in project in South Asia, as reported in this issue (see pages Hanoi and beyond, and examining the applicable policy, legal ± $WWKHWLPHRIJRLQJWRSUHVVRSHUDWLRQVZHUH and regulatory framework together with local government FHUWL¿HGLQFOXGLQJWKHQHZSURGXFHUVLQ,QGLDDQG*HRUJLD agencies. With activities at site level under way since 2011, FairWild principles have been introduced through the project has recently been awarded a further three years of industry meetings in important source and consumption funding through the UK DfID/Defra Darwin Initiative. regions for wild-collected ingredients, including workshops At the industry sector level, a project in China is activating in Japan, China, Germany and the UK. Through events and industry leaders, sector associations and government dialogue, FairWild Foundation and partners aim to bring agencies to improve the sustainability of the traditional trade chain actors together, to share experience and foster &KLQHVHPHGLFLQH 7&0 VHFWRUDVZHOODVHVWDEOLVKLQJVLWH shared commitment to sustainability. level pilots of sustainable harvesting. Sector engagement One such session was held in February 2015 at the BioFach is also planned in India, building on the successful pilot in organic trade fair in Germany. With a focus on “building North Western Ghats. VXVWDLQDEOHVXSSO\´FHUWL¿FDWLRQVFKHPHPHPEHUVVXFKDVWKH At national scale, a UNDP-GEF project introduced 2UJDQLF +HUE 7UDGLQJ &RPSDQ\ 2+7&  VKDUHG FKDOOHQJHV FairWild principles to aid the development of Morocco’s faced in implementation, as well as advice on how to engage national resource management plans for medicinal and suppliers. The event contrasted with that of the previous year, aromatic plants, and provided direct support to the private which explored opportunities to market FairWild and engage sector in sustainable production, value-addition and consumers with stories of sustainable harvesting. access to export markets. In an initiative now under way A number of new tools and platforms are being in Kosovo, GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale developed to support these efforts, such as the Traditional =XVDPPHQDUEHLW  LV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQ WKH and wild toolbox developed as an outcome of TRAFFIC’s development of a national strategy for non-wood forest project in Central Europe. The interactive website continues products. The FairWild Standard is being drawn upon in to attract a lot of visitors. establishing the resource management framework, including As industry awareness builds, the efforts of companies regulations and a permit system for resource use. rising to the challenge are being acknowledged. In July International agreements also provide key mechanisms for 2014, Pukka Herbs won a second 2degrees Sustainability improving the sustainability of trade. Experience in creating Champions award, thanks to their efforts in supply chain the FairWild Standard has also informed development of management. Neal’s Yard Remedies also picked up an award guidance for conducting CITES Non Detriment Finding at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit in Paris, October 2014, procedures for perennial plants. The methodology has now taking second place in the Sustainability Pioneers category been shared through workshops in Mexico and Viet Nam. IRUSURJUHVVLQVXSSO\FKDLQFHUWL¿FDWLRQDVZHOODVFDUERQ Notwithstanding the considerable pressures that wild neutral retailing. plant resources worldwide still face, the initiation of such holistic approaches to improve the sustainability of harvest )DLU:LOGFHUWL¿FDWLRQHYROXWLRQRIWKHIUDPHZRUN DQG WUDGH²LQYROYLQJ JRYHUQPHQWV FLYLO VRFLHW\ LQGXVWU\ DQGFRPPXQLWLHV²ERGHVZHOOIRUWKHSODQWSRSXODWLRQVDQG  7KH FHUWL¿FDWLRQ V\VWHP LWVHOI FRQWLQXHV WR LPSURYH all those that rely on them. In July 2014, FairWild Foundation published new Trading Rules and revised Labelling Rules, covering: ‡ &ODUL¿FDWLRQRIFKDLQRIFXVWRG\UHTXLUHPHQWV ‡ )DLUWUDGLQJREOLJDWLRQVIRU¿UVWEX\HUVRILQJUHGLHQWV Bryony Morgan, 0HGLFLQDO3ODQWV3URJUDPPH2I¿FHU ‡ Introduction of a Trader Registration system 75$)),&DQG)DLU:LOG)RXQGDWLRQ([HFXWLYH2I¿FHU ‡ Revision of labelling rules on use of the FairWild® (PDLOEU\RQ\PRUJDQ#WUDI¿FRUJ mark

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   N E W S

CBD: Updates of relevance to wildlife trade IRUVXEVLVWHQFHWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHFDSDFLW\RILQGLJHQRXVDQG local communities to exercise their rights and responsibilities from CoP12 in Pyeongchang, South Korea LQUHODWLRQWRWKHVXVWDLQDEOHPDQDJHPHQWRIZLOGOLIHDQGWR review, and, as appropriate, reform, incentives that might wo weeks of deliberations by 194 Parties and more encourage unsustainable consumption of bushmeat. To support than 3000 delegates to the 12th meeting of the these essential steps aimed at mitigating the over-exploitation &RQIHUHQFHRIWKH3DUWLHV &R3 WRWKH&RQYHQWLRQ and illegal wildlife trade that strongly undermine efforts to RQ %LRORJLFDO 'LYHUVLW\ &%'  LQ 3\HRQJFKDQJ achieve the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, and to garner further 5HSXEOLF RI .RUHD ± 2FWREHU   OHIW support from key partners, TRAFFIC and Deutsche Gesellschaft Tparticipants with mixed views on the outcomes. While the call for IU ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH =XVDPPHQDUEHLW *,=  FRQYHQHG D VLGH integration of biodiversity into the new sustainable development event with targeted contributions from the governments of JRDOV 6'*V DQGPXOWLSOHWHFKQLFDOGHFLVLRQVWDNHQWRVXSSRUW Viet Nam, Namibia, France and Germany, as well as from the the sustainable use of biodiversity were important advances, CITES Secretariat and the Central African Forest Commission PRUH ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO VXSSRUW LV QHHGHG WR SUHYHQW WKH &20,)$& WRVKRZFDVHWKHQHHGWRVWUHQJWKHQFDSDFLWLHVWR unregulated and unsustainable exploitation of wild fauna and combat poaching and the illegal wildlife trade. ÀRUD7KHIROORZLQJDJHQGDLWHPVUHOHYDQWWRZRUNUHODWLQJWR wildlife trade and sustainable use of biodiversity were discussed. Biodiversity and Health

Sustainable Use and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity The State of Knowledge Review on “Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health”, developed by a wide The Plant Conservation Report 2014 launched at CoP12 range of experts, and carried out as part of the joint collaborative evaluated the progress made by Parties towards achieving the work between the CBD Secretariat and the World Health WDUJHWVRIWKH*OREDO6WUDWHJ\IRU3ODQW&RQVHUYDWLRQ *63&  2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2  ZDV ODXQFKHG GXULQJ WKH &%' &R3 The report assesses the value of wild plants and the available This is an important collaboration in times of increased need LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHLUFRQVHUYDWLRQVWDWXV$VLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURI for attention to zoonotic diseases that are, inter alia, transmitted GSPC targets were found to show slow rates of progress towards by wild meat consumption, and the recognition of dwindling delivery, in particular those related to in situ conservation and medicinal resources from biodiversity and its further development sustainable use. This raised concerns by Parties and conservation was supported by CoP12 Decision XII/21 on Biodiversity and organizations and led to the expression of stronger commitments human health. This collaboration is complemented by the to capacity-building activities on plant conservation, as ongoing update of the WHO/IUCN/WWF/TRAFFIC Guidelines stipulated in CoP12 Decision XII/15. These will, however, need on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants. TRAFFIC has provided to be monitored and resourced to ensure implementation, and technical contributions to the development of the review, on greater and urgent commitment of Parties to GSPC is needed if the importance of ensuring wild plants harvested for health the ambitious 2020 Targets are to be met. TRAFFIC contributes DQGOLYHOLKRRGVDUHPDQDJHGVXVWDLQDEO\DQGDGHTXDWHEHQH¿W to GSPC through supporting the implementation of the FairWild sharing mechanisms are put in place. This work was carried out Standard and the uptake of the Timber Legality Framework. Case in collaboration with the Biodiversity and Community Health studies demonstrating practical implementation of the FairWild ,QLWLDWLYH %D&+  Standard were presented at CoP12 side events, including work with the traditional Chinese medicine industry in China, the Global Biodiversity Outlook Report sustainable value-chain of Ayurveda ingredients in India, and community plant resource management work in Viet Nam. The CBD’s Strategic Plan, which includes 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to be achieved by 2020, was agreed by Sustainable Wildlife Management and Bushmeat CBD CoP10 in Nagoya in 2010. It represents the only global agenda tackling biodiversity loss, including the unsustainable TRAFFIC has provided substantial input to this work and illegal exploitation of wild plants and animals. The fourth stream of the Convention since 2008, including through the HGLWLRQRIWKH*OREDO%LRGLYHUVLW\2XWORRN *%2 UHOHDVHGLQ Collaborative Partnership on Sustainable Wildlife Management Pyeongchang at CoP12, demonstrated that many countries are &3:   7KH &R3 'HFLVLRQ ;,, RQ Sustainable use of IDUIURPIXO¿OOLQJWKHDPELWLRQVRIWKHSODQ&R3XUJHG3DUWLHV biodiversity: bushmeat and sustainable wildlife management to take comprehensive and urgent measures necessary to ensure mandating the CBD Secretariat to work with the CPW to prepare the full implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity technical guidance on the role of sustainable wildlife management ±LQFOXGLQJWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ1DWLRQDO%LRGLYHUVLW\ in developing and implementing integrated sustainable wildlife 6WUDWHJLHVDQG$FWLRQ3ODQV 1%6$3V )XUWKHULVVXHVKLJKRQ management programmes was a positive move. the CoP12 agenda included the coming into force of the Nagoya  7KH 'HFLVLRQ DVNV WR VWUHQJWKHQ ¿QDQFLDO DQG WHFKQLFDO 3URWRFRORQ$FFHVVDQG%HQH¿W6KDULQJDPRQJRWKHUV support to developing countries for the establishment and For more information on TRAFFIC’s work on CBD and implementation of effective traceability, monitoring and control RQ&R3RXWFRPHVVHHZZZWUDI¿FRUJFEGDQGZZZFEGLQW systems for bushmeat at the national and local levels and to decisions/cop/?m=cop-12, respectively. help develop national and local wildlife surveillance systems to strengthen countries’ biosecurity associated with bushmeat TRAFFIC acknowledges WWF Japan, the Polifund measure implemented consumption and trade practices. Furthermore, enhanced co- by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) operation was requested between national focal points of the on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the European Union-China Environmental CBD and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered *RYHUQDQFH3URJUDPPHIRUWKHLUVXSSRUWGLUHFWHGWRZDUGVVSHFL¿FVLGH 6SHFLHV RI :LOG )DXQD DQG )ORUD &,7(6  RQ VXVWDLQDEOH events co-organized by TRAFFIC and/or for their general support for wildlife management, including bushmeat. The Decision TRAFFIC’s expert participation during CBD CoP12. encouraged Parties to develop, revise or update their regulatory systems to differentiate between subsistence uses and illegal hunting, and domestic and international trade of specimens of Roland Melisch, Senior Director—Africa & Europe, TRAFFIC wild species and products, in a mutually supportive manner (PDLOURODQGPHOLVFK#WUDI¿FRUJ with CITES and other international obligations to avoid Anastasiya Timoshyna, Medicinal Plants Programme Leader, penalizing the countries and people using wildlife resources 75$)),&(PDLODQDVWDVL\DWLPRVK\QD#WUDI¿FRUJ

12 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  PETRA OSTERBERG

THE USE OF ANIMALSAS PHOTO PROPS TOATTRACT TOURISTS IN THAILAND: A Case Study of the Slow Loris Nycticebus spp.

Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris

hailand is a popular holiday destination BACKGROUND and Phuket is one of the country’s tourism hot spots. Some tourism businesses on the The modern consumer culture, with its tendency to island have a history of using animals collect souvenir photographs to record memories of as props for tourists to pose with for EULHI DQG RIWHQ VXSHU¿FLDO HQFRXQWHUV ZLWK ZLOGOLIH photographic souvenirs. Animals used %XOEHFN&XUWLQ PD\ZHOOEHDQLPSRUWDQW for such purposes include, in particular, FRQWULEXWLQJIDFWRUWRWKHSUR¿WDEOHWUDGHXVLQJDQLPDOV Tprimates, with an increasing use of slow lorises Nycticebus as photo props. Taking photographs using threatened spp. In order to quantify this trade, which is illegal, the wildlife specimens as a prop is common throughout authors conducted monthly surveys in Patong (the main South-east Asia, China, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Russia, tourist resort in Phuket) between September 2012 and Eastern Europe and the Caribbean Islands, in particular March 2013 and discovered that between four and 12 5LJKW 7RXULVP    7KH HTXDOO\ SRSXODU SXEOLF lorises per survey were being used as photo props. Monthly dissemination of such photographs via social networking tourist reports of wildlife used for tourist entertainment sites may lead to the public perception that such species between 2008 and 2013 (n=1374) further demonstrate that are not threatened (Ross et al., 2011, Schroepfer et al., the trade in lorises is growing, with up to 58% of reports 2011, Nekaris et al., ,QIDFWWKHSKRWRSURSWUDGH comprising loris sightings towards the end of the study is now being recognized as a growing threat for primate period. Three species, including two potential subspecies conservation (Caine et al., $OWKRXJKQXPHURXV DQGRQHVSHFLHVQRQQDWLYHWR7KDLODQGZHUHLGHQWL¿HGLQ cases can be found of the threats of photographing the photo prop trade. From 2012–2013, 67 slow lorises primates, either illegally caught or in their natural were removed from the streets of Phuket (HLWKHUFRQ¿VFDWHG KDELWDWWKURXJKRXWWKHLUUDQJH 0F*UHDO ²which by or surrendered to the authorities, or purchased by can cause stress to the animals²no published studies tourists). Of 10 animals examined during the survey, KDYH TXDQWL¿HG WKLV WKUHDW \HW  ([DPSOHV RI VSHFLHV six had had their teeth clipped to make them less sharp. that should be investigated for the conservation impacts Apart from the potential detrimental impact of such trade from such trade include slow lorises Loris spp. in on slow loris populations in the wild, bringing lorises to India (Kanagavel et al.,   WKH 3KLOLSSLQH 7DUVLHU the island’s tourist areas is potentially contributing to the Carlito syrichta in the Philippines (Yang-Martinez, risks associated with the introduction of invasive species.  %DUEDU\0DFDTXHVMacaca sylvanus in Morocco Penalties for offenders are small and although authorities (Maréchal et al.   DQG :KLWHKDQGHG *LEERQV UHJXODUO\ FRQ¿VFDWH DQLPDOV WKH\ ODFN EDVLF NQRZOHGJH Hylobates lar in Thailand (Osterberg et al*UH\ of loris care, taxonomy and rehabilitation techniques.  ,QGHHG%XFNOH\  VWDWHVWKDWWKHLPSDFWRI Widespread education and public awareness campaigns rare animals used as souvenirs remains one of the least- are urgently needed, as are the establishment of appropriate studied areas of research into sustainable tourism. rehabilitation facilities.

Fig. 1 WRS  Slow lorises from the photo prop trade, Thailand, displaying three morphological differences. Left to right: Nycticebus coucang FRPSOHWHO\GDUNFURZQDQGQHFN ´N. tenasserimensisµ OLJKWIRUNLQJZLWKZKLWHQHFN  and N. bengalensis QRIRUNLQJDQGZKLWHFURZQDQGQHFN 

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris

INTRODUCTION In 2008, the International Primatological Society ,36 LVVXHGDVWDWHPHQWRSSRVLQJWKHXVHRIQRQKXPDQ Thailand is one of Asia’s most popular foreign primates as performers, photo props or actors (Caine et KROLGD\ GHVWLQDWLRQV ZLWK D FRQFXUUHQW ÀRXULVKLQJ al.,   Here, the authors examine the photo prop GRPHVWLFWRXULVPLQGXVWU\ &RKHQ 7KHFRXQWU\ trade in slow lorises Nycticebus spp. and the problems receives more than 10 million international tourists a associated with this trade, presenting a case study from year, of which more than three million travel to Phuket Thailand. They investigate whether the trade increased .RQWRJHRUJRSRXORV  7RXULVP $XWKRULW\ RI EHWZHHQDQGWKHLPSDFWRIFRQ¿VFDWLRQVRQ 7KDLODQG 7KDLODQGLVRIWHQPDUNHWHGLQWRXULVP reducing the numbers of photo prop animals available magazines with glossy pictures of exotic wildlife (Cohen, for tourists, and the taxonomy of the animals in trade. &XUWLQ )RUPDQ\WRXULVWVWUHNNLQJWKURXJK Recommendations for a conservation strategy are dense forests to glimpse wildlife is not an appealing, or proposed. SUDFWLFDO RSWLRQ &RKHQ    ,QVWHDG KXQGUHGV RI FRQWULYHG DUWL¿FLDO VHWWLQJV KDYH EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG ZLWK both domestic and foreign tourists in mind in order to METHODS offer close encounters with Thailand’s exotic wildlife, often using primates as the star attractions (Agoramoorthy The authors focused their study on the island of DQG+VX  Phuket, principally Patong beach and town, known for In line with the thriving tradition of using animals its exotic nightlife. Records of illegally kept wildlife for tourist entertainment across Asia, Thailand has had FRYHULQJ WKH SHULRG ± KHOG E\ WKH Gibbon D ORQJVWDQGLQJ ÀRXULVKLQJ WUDGH LQ ZLOGOLIH XVHG DV 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ 3URMHFW *53  ZHUH DQDO\VHG IRU SKRWR SURSV &RKHQ  0F*UHDO   $QLPDOV the presence of slow loris reports. The GRP runs an used for this purpose to obtain money from tourists may education centre at the Bang Pae entrance to Khao Phra range from those being used by licensed businesses Thaew non-hunting area, the last sizeable protected promoting photo shoots (Tigers Panthera tigris and rainforest area left on Phuket. Visited by holidaymakers Asian Elephants Elephas maximus RURIIHULQJWRXULVWV year-round, the project encourages visitors to the centre WKHRSSRUWXQLW\WR¿OPDVKRUWSHUIRUPDQFH LHPRQNH\ to report any wildlife they have seen being used for VKRZVHOHSKDQWVKRZVVQDNHFKDUPLQJ WRWKHDQLPDOV tourist entertainment. used by the illegal businesses on the streets. The latter Many tourists who do not know what a slow loris is typically use smaller, often baby, animals that tourists use alternative terms to describe them in their reports, may hold and pose with for photographs (birds of prey including: “small, light brown babies”, “lemurs” or e.g. Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus, iguanas Iguana spp., “possums”. Throughout the study period lorises were, gibbons Hylobates spp. and slow lorises Nycticebus VSS  with very few exceptions, only reported from the RUSD\WRIHHG VWUHHWEHJJLQJHOHSKDQWV  5LJKW7RXULVP same bar-lined-street in Patong. The authors could    ,W LV QRW XQFRPPRQ SUDFWLFH IRU WKHVH DQLPDOV therefore use the size and colour of the animals, and to be chained, drugged or mutilated to avoid injuring WKH ORFDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK WKH\ KDG EHHQ VHHQ WR FRQ¿UP FXVWRPHUV 5LJKW7RXULVP 7KHKHDY\ZRUNORDG species identity, whenever the reported animals were of of the animals, combined with a poor diet, exposure to vague description. Whenever more than one animal was FRQWLQXDOÀDVKSKRWRJUDSK\DQGXQQDWXUDOVXUURXQGLQJV FDQOHDGWRVWUHVV FI2UDPV5HKQXVet al.,  reported from the same location in Patong, they were and even death. Parallels occur in the ecotourism industry also recorded as slow lorises, since few other primates where the welfare of wild primates can be compromised are used as photo props on Phuket at this time and those by heavy tourist interactions including photography that may be seen are never used in large numbers. (Maréchal et al.  The authors calculated the total number of lorises Recently, the trend for using small, nocturnal KDQGHG RYHU RU FRQ¿VFDWHG IURP 3DWRQJ GXULQJ WKH slow lorises Nycticebus spp. as photo prop animals in VWXG\SHULRG2I¿FLDOUHSRUWVZHUHUHIHUUHGWRLQRUGHU WR HVWLPDWH WKH QXPEHU RI DQLPDOV FRQ¿VFDWHG E\ Thailand’s popular holiday destinations has emerged. the authorities. Information on lorises that had been Two slow loris species occur in Thailand, the Bengal FRQ¿VFDWHG ZDV HLWKHU FRPPXQLFDWHG GLUHFWO\ WR WKH Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis and the Greater GRP by the Department of National Parks, Wildlife Slow Loris N. coucang 1HNDULV DQG %HDUGHU   DQG3ODQW&RQVHUYDWLRQ '13 RUREWDLQHGIURPORFDO Their distribution in Thailand is little known: there may newspapers. Slow lorises brought in by tourists to the be some overlap between the two species in the south GRP were also included in the total number. of Thailand. It is not known which species occurs on Osterberg conducted surveys of animals used as Phuket (Pliosungnoen et al.,    'HVSLWH WKHLU photo props in Patong from January 2012 to March 2013. transferral from CITES Appendix II to Appendix I in Between September 2012 and March 2013, the surveys 2007, slow lorises remain openly for sale as pets and for were conducted on a once- or twice-monthly basis by use in traditional medicine throughout South-east Asia ZDONLQJ WKH PDLQ WRXULVW VWUHHWV EHWZHHQ WZR DQG ¿YH (Nekaris et al., WKHSKRWRSURSWUDGHUHPDLQVWKH times, from mid- to late-afternoon until after nightfall, OHDVWTXDQWL¿HGRIWKHWKUHDWVWRWKHVHDQLPDOV and recording the number of animals present. Whenever

14 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: a case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp.

possible, photographs were taken. Overall numbers may have been underestimated because the touts recognized WKH¿UVWDXWKRUDQGDYRLGHGVXEVHTXHQWFRQWDFW The taxonomy of lorises was determined from facial markings and colouration, through the examination of SKRWRJUDSKVDQG¿OPFOLSVDQGIURPQHZVSDSHUDUWLFOHV and online videos originating from Phuket. The ages of the slow lorises in Patong were likewise estimated from photographs based on body size and the prevalence of longer white-tipped body hair, typical of infant or MXYHQLOHDQLPDOV :LHQVDQG=LW]PDQQ 

RESULTS

 ([DPLQLQJRYHUDWKRXVDQGWRXULVWUHSRUWV Q   to the GRP of animals being used as photo props, the authors found none describing slow lorises prior to Fig. 2.7KHUHJUHVVLRQOLQHVKRZVWKDWUHSRUWVWRWKH October 2011, narrowing down further investigation to *LEERQ5HKDELOLWDWLRQ3URMHFWRIVORZORULVHVXVHGLQ the 468 reports of wildlife photo props registered between HQWHUWDLQPHQW Q DVDSURSRUWLRQRIDOOLOOHJDO ZLOGOLIHUHSRUWVQ  KDYHVXEVWDQWLDOO\LQFUHDVHG October 2011 and March 2013. Until October 2012 all RYHUWLPH reports of slow lorises were from Patong beach. Between October 2012 and January 2013 occasional reports also came from Kata beach, another tourism hot spot south of 3DWRQJUHSRUWV  FRQFHUQHGVORZORULVHV$IWHU January 2012, the percentage of the monthly reports that concerned slow lorises did not fall below 10%, and in general steadily increased. The highest percentage of VORZORULVUHSRUWV  RFFXUUHGLQ6HSWHPEHUDQG DJDLQLQ0DUFK )LJ  Between July 2012 and October 2013, 59 slow lorises ZHUHFRQ¿VFDWHGE\DXWKRULWLHVDQGHLJKW were surrendered to the GRP, rendering a total of 67 lorises removed from WKHVWUHHWV$XWKRULWLHVVHL]HGWKH¿UVWWKUHHVORZORULVHV in Patong on 10 July 2012, seven between 5 and 17 October 2012, and 10 on 28 March 2013. Between the HQGRI0DUFKDQG$SULO'13DXWKRULWLHVFRQ¿VFDWHG Fig. 3. 6ORZ ORULV PRQWKO\ VXUYH\ UHVXOWV GDUN  34 slow lorises from Bangla Road in Patong. A further IURP3KXNHW·V3DWRQJEHDFKDQGRIÀFLDOFRQÀVFDWLRQ ¿YH FRQ¿VFDWLRQV RFFXUUHG EHWZHHQ 6HSWHPEHU DQG QXPEHUV OLJKW GXULQJWKHVDPHWLPHSHULRG October 2013 after a photo shoot with the singer Rihanna holding a loris from Patong was posted on social media. &RQ¿VFDWHGORULVHVDUHVHQWWR'13ZLOGOLIHVDQFWXDU\LQ Phang Nga Province. Between March and October 2013, eight slow lorises were brought into the GRP by locals and tourists, all of whom claimed that they had rescued the animals in order to save them. Of the ten FRQ¿VFDWHG or surrendered slow lorises that GRP staff were able to examine, six  had had their anterior teeth cut down.  &RQ¿VFDWLRQVKDGQRGLVFHUQLEOHLPSDFWRQWKHQXPEHU of lorises observed during surveys or on loris sightings reported by tourists. Surveys between September 2012 and March 2013 revealed between four and 12 slow ORULVHVZLWKDQDYHUDJHRIQLQHDQLPDOV )LJ ,QGHHG tourists continued to report up to 10 animals towards the HQGRIWKHVWXG\SHULRG )LJ  Fig. 4. (DFKEDUUHSUHVHQWVWKHQXPEHURIUHSRUWV Of 34 images of different loris individuals from SHUPRQWKRIVORZORULVHVXVHGDVSKRWRSURSVZLWK 3DWRQJEHDFK H[DPSOHVLQ)LJ WKHPDMRULW\   DSURSRUWLRQRIUHSRUWVRI²DQLPDOV ZKLWH ² were colour variants of Nycticebus bengalensis. Only DQLPDOV OLJKW JUH\ ² DQLPDOV GDUNJUH\ DQG! two N. coucang specimens were seen. Twenty-one DQLPDOV EODFN  ORULVHV   H[KLELWHG MXYHQLOH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ZLWK D KLJKSUHYDOHQFHRIYHU\\RXQJDQLPDOV VL[PRQWKV 

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   PetraPe Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris

 7KHSKRWRJUDSKHUVXVHLQVWDQWÀDVKFDPHUDVZKLFK produce a paper image that is immediately sold to the tourist. While previously animal handlers would be suspicious of the presence of people using their own FDPHUDV WR ¿OP WKHP WKH SUHYDOHQFH QRZDGD\V RI small cameras and mobile phones with cameras has made it easier to approach the touts without raising any immediate suspicion. Tourists who are clearly interested in the animals may take photographs with their own cameras provided they pay for the tout’s paper image. The price for a photograph with a slow loris ranges IURP7% 7KDL%DKW  *%386' WR7% *%386' 

DISCUSSION

Thailand is recognized as a transit country for illegal trade in various species of endangered wildlife (Nijman DQG 6KHSKHUG  6WLOHV   LQFOXGLQJ ORULVHV DQG their body parts (Nekaris et al., $OWKRXJKVRPHORFDO people on Phuket have traditionally kept other primates as pets, slow lorises have not been in demand in this way owing to a long-held belief that these animals possess evil spirits, or are ghosts (P. Samphanthamit pers. comm. to 32VWHUEHUJ0D\FI1HNDULVet al.,  The authors have shown that a trade in lorises as photo props is now established in Phuket’s tourism areas. This trend may be a result of the increasing rarity of gibbons Fig.Fig. 5. Slow lorises used as pphotohoto ppropsrops in LQWKHZLOG²DSRSXODUDQLPDOLQWKHSKRWRSURSWUDGH² DQG UHVXOWLQJ GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ REWDLQLQJ EDE\ JLEERQV WR Patong, Phuket DERYHDQGEHORZ  supply the markets (Osterberg et al*UH\  DUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHJURZLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDOSRSXODULW\RIWKH slow loris within the wildlife trade (Nekaris et al.,  RUWKHIDFWWKDWSKRWRWRXWVPD\¿QGORULVHVHDVLHUWKDQ 7KHKLJKGHDWKUDWHRIVORZORULVHVZLWKFOLSSHG gibbons to handle and conceal when necessary (Navarro- Montes et al.,  WHHWKVXJJHVWVWKDWPRVWDQLPDOVHQWHULQJ7KDLODQG·V Tighter regulation of the international trade in slow ORULVVSHFLHV 1HNDULVDQG1LMPDQ KDVQRWKDGDQ\ SKRWRSURSWUDGHZLOOOLNHO\GLHDQGFHUWDLQO\FDQQRW QRWDEOHLPSDFWLQUHGXFLQJWKHWUDGH 1LMPDQ ,Q Indonesia, the wildlife traders’ absence of fear of legal

PHOTOGRAPHS: PETRA OSTERBERG PETRA PHOTOGRAPHS: EHUHWXUQHGWRWKHZLOG action suggests adequate law enforcement is lacking 6KHSKHUG DQGLQ7KDLODQGDVLPLODUVLWXDWLRQKDV EHHQQRWHG7KURXJKRXWWKHVWXG\SHULRGFRQ¿VFDWLRQV of lorises used as photo props seemed to have had no noticeable impact on the number of animals used by touts even in the weeks immediately after a raid. This may indicate that the number of lorises kept in reserve by the touts is much higher than the actual number of animals used on a daily basis. The authors are also aware that some foreigners living temporarily, or permanently, on Phuket have been known to buy lorises from touts to keep as pets in their homes, suggesting that the photo prop trade may be part of a larger, emerging, illegal trade LQVORZORULVHV 32VWHUEHUJSHUVREV 2QFHWKHORULV SKRWR SURS WUDGH KDG EHFRPH HVWDEOLVKHG LQ 3DWRQJ² UHSRUWHGO\ GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW KDOI RI ²QR QRWDEOH increase in the number of animals used every day was observed, suggesting that the touts may have been aware of a maximum number of animals that could be used SUR¿WDEO\DWDQ\RQHWLPH

16 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  The use of animals as photo props to attract tourists in Thailand: a case study of the slow loris Nycticebus spp.

Numbers stemming from tourist accounts reported here WKHUHOHDVHRIDOLHQVSHFLHVFDQRQO\EHVSHFXODWLYHDWEHVW are likely to be an underestimate simply because tourists QR WD[RQRPLF VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG WR FRQ¿UP confronted with lorises as photo props are often not sure species and sub-species identity in different parts of the what animal they are looking at. Over time, however, use country, no behavioural studies have been carried out in of the term “loris” in GRP records has increased, perhaps WKHZLOGWRFRQ¿UPGLHWDQGVRFLDOKDELWVDQGQRFRXQWU\ due to project volunteers now being aware of the trade and ZLGH FHQVXV²RU HYHQ SUHVHQFH RU DEVHQFH VWXG\ LQ able to help people identify the animals via photographs, GLIIHUHQWIRUHVWV²KDVEHHQFRQGXFWHGWRGDWH,WKDVEHHQ or related to the increasing notoriety attached to the use recorded, however, that illegal trade in other parts of the of slow lorises as pets in popular culture (Nekaris et al., range of slow lorises (e.g. Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Java,  $VLPLODUODFNRIVSHFLHVDZDUHQHVVZDVUHFRJQL]HG ,QGRQHVLD LVGHFLPDWLQJSRSXODWLRQVDQGWKDWWKHVSHFLHV in Indonesia, where people who bought lorises in markets may already be extinct in some areas (Nekaris and Bearder, described them as cuscus (a common name for Australian  7KHKLJKGHDWKUDWHRI animals with clipped teeth SRVVXPV ³FXVFXVDQJRUD´ DSHWQDPHXVHGIRUSRVVXPV  (Moore et al., VXJJHVWVWKDWPRVWDQLPDOVHQWHULQJ RU SDQGDV

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Petra Osterberg and K.A.I. Nekaris

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Nycticebus LQ6RXWKDQG The authors thank the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, run under the Southeast Asia. American Journal of Primatology± Wild Animal Rescue Foundation of Thailand, for providing access to their 1HNDULV.$,DQG%HDUGHU6.  7KHORULVLIRUPSULPDWHVRI$VLDDQG record of wildlife reports, for supporting this study and for accommodating mainland Africa: diversity shrouded in darkness. In: Campbell, C., Fuentes lorises coming in from the trade. They thank Helen Thompson, Kim $ 0DF.LQQRQ . %HDUGHU 6. DQG 6WXPSI 5 (GV  Primates in Lochen and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the manuscript. The authors are also grateful to the Little Fireface Project, the PerspectiveQG(G2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV2[IRUG3S± ,QWHUQDWLRQDO3ULPDWH3URWHFWLRQ/HDJXH ,33/ DQG4XDQWXP&RQVHUYDWLRQ 1HNDULV.$,&DPSEHOO1&RJJLQV7*5RGH(-DQG1LMPDQ9   Inc. for providing funding for some aspects of this project. Tickled to death: analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened VSHFLHV VORZORULVHV²NycticebusVSS RQWeb 2.0 Sites. PLoS ONE   REFERENCES e69215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069215. Viewed on 7 January 2014. $JRUDPRRUWK\*DQG+VX0-  8VHRIQRQKXPDQSULPDWHVLQ 1LMPDQ9DQG6KHSKHUG&5  7KHUROHRI7KDLODQGLQWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO entertainment in Southeast Asia. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science trade in CITES-listed live reptiles and amphibians. PLoS ONE  H   ± doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017825. Viewed on 5 May 2013. %XFNOH\ 5   6XVWDLQDEOH WRXULVP 5HVHDUFK DQG UHDOLW\ Annals of 1LMPDQ9  $QRYHUYLHZRILQWHUQDWLRQDOZLOGOLIHWUDGHIURP6RXWK(DVW Tourism Research   ± Asia. Biodiversity Conservation± %XOEHFN&  Facing the Wild: Ecotourism, Conservation and 2UDPV0%  )HHGLQJZLOGOLIHDVDWRXULVPDWWUDFWLRQDUHYLHZRILVVXHV Animal Encounters. Earthscan. and impacts. Tourism Management  ± &DLQH 1* 9LVDOEHUJKL ( 6FKDSLUR - DQG /HLJKW\ .$   2VPDQ+LOO:&  3ULPDWHV&RPSDUDWLYHDQDWRP\DQGWD[RQRP\9RO Proceedings of the XXIInd Congress of the International Primatological I. Strepsirhini. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. Society, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, Edinburgh, Scotland, Osterberg, P., Samphanthamit, P., Maprang, O., Punnadee, S., and Brockelman $XJXVW±International Journal of Primatology ± :<  3RSXODWLRQG\QDPLFVRIDUHLQWURGXFHGSRSXODWLRQRIFDSWLYH &RKHQ(  The Wild and the Humanized: Animals in Thai Tourism. Anatolia: raised Gibbons (Hylobates lar RQ3KXNHW7KDLODQGPrimate Conservation An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research  ±  SXEOLVKHGHOHFWURQLFDOO\SULRUWRSULQW  &XUWLQ6  :LOGOLIHWRXULVPWKHLQWDQJLEOHSV\FKRORJLFDOEHQH¿WVRI 3OLRVXQJQRHQ0*DOH*DQG6DYLQL7  'HQVLW\DQGPLFURKDELWDW KXPDQ±ZLOGOLIHHQFRXQWHUVCurrent Issues in Tourism ± ± use of Bengal slow loris in primary forest and non-native plantation forest. *UH\ 6   &RQVHUYDWLRQ GLI¿FXOWLHV IRU Hylobates lar: white-handed American Journal of Primatology± gibbons and Thailand’s illegal pet trade. Consortium: a Journal of Cross- 5HKQXV0:HKUOH0DQG3DOPH5  0RXQWDLQKDUHVLepus timidus disciplinary Inquiry3S± and tourism: stress events and reactions. Journal of Applied Ecology DOI: *URYHV&3  3ULPDWHWD[RQRP\6PLWKVRQLDQ,QVWLWXWLRQ3UHVV:DVKLQJWRQ 10.1111/1365-2664.12174. +DQFH-  5LKDQQDSRVHVZLWKHQGDQJHUHGSULPDWHVWROHQIURPWKHZLOG 5LJKW7RXULVP  3KRWRWDNLQJZLWKDQLPDOVhttp://right-tourism.com/issues/ www.news.mongabay.com/2013/0923-hance-rihanna-loris.html. Viewed animals-attractions/photo-prop-animals/. Viewed on 15 November 2013. on 5 February 2014. 5RVV 65 9UHHPDQ 90 DQG /RQVGRUI (9   6SHFL¿F LPDJH .DQDJDYHO$6LQFODLU&6HNDU5DQG5DJKDYDQ5  0RRODKPLV- FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQÀXHQFHDWWLWXGHVDERXWFKLPSDQ]HHFRQVHUYDWLRQDQGXVHDV fortune or spinsterhood? The plight of slender loris Loris lydekkerianus in pets. PLoS ONE  HGRLMRXUQDOSRQH southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa   ± 6FKURHSIHU..5RVDWL$*&KDUWUDQG7DQG+DUH%  8VHRI³HQWHUWDLQPHQW´ Kenyon, M., Streicher, U., Loung, H., Tran, T., Tran, M., Vo, B. and Cronin, A., chimpanzees in commercials distorts public perception regarding their conservation  6XUYLYDORIUHLQWURGXFHGS\JP\VORZORULVNycticebus pygmaeus in status. PloS One   e26048. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026048. South Vietnam. Endangered Species Research± 6FKXO]H + DQG *URYHV &3   $VLDQ ORULVHV WD[RQRPLF SUREOHPV Kontogeorgopoulos 1   &RQYHQWLRQDO WRXULVP DQG HFRWRXULVP LQ FDXVHGE\LOOHJDOWUDGH,Q1DGOHU76WUHLFKHU8+D7KDQJ/RQJ (GV  3KXNHW7KDLODQGFRQÀLFWLQJSDUDGLJPVRUV\PELRWLFSDUWQHUV"Journal of Conservation of Primates in Vietnam+DNL3XEOLVKLQJ+DQRL3S± Ecotourism 3  ± 6KHSKHUG &   ,OOHJDO SULPDWH WUDGH LQ ,QGRQHVLD H[HPSOL¿HG E\ Maréchal, L., Semple, S., Majolo, B., Qarro, M., Heistermann, M., MacLarnon, surveys carried out over a decade in North Sumatra. Endangered Species $  ,PSDFWVRIWRXULVPRQDQ[LHW\DQGSK\VLRORJLFDOVWUHVVOHYHOVLQ Research± 6WLOHV '  7KH VWDWXV RI WKH LYRU\ WUDGH LQ7KDLODQG DQG9LHW wild male Barbary macaques. Biological Conservation  ± Nam. TRAFFIC Bulletin  ± 0F*UHDO 6   *UHDW WKLQJV LQ VPDOO SDFNDJHV ,33/¶V 6PDOO *UDQWV 6WUHLFKHU 8   $VSHFWV RI WKH HFRORJ\ DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI Program. IPPL News  ± the Pygmy Loris Nycticebus pygmaeus in Vietnam. Inaugural- 0HLMDDUG (   0DPPDOV RI 6RXWKHDVW $VLDQ LVODQGV DQG WKHLU /DWH Dissertation. Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany. Pleistocene environments. Journal of Biogeography  ± 7RXULVP$XWKRULW\ RI7KDLODQG  7RXULVP VWDWLVWLFV www2.tat. or.th/stat/web/static_index.php. Viewed on 12 April 2013. 0RRUH5  (WKLFVHFRORJ\DQGHYROXWLRQRI,QGRQHVLDQVORZORULVHV :LHQV ) DQG =LW]PDQQ $   6RFLDO GHSHQGHQFH RI LQIDQW (Nycticebus spp. UHVFXHGIURPWKHSHWWUDGH3K'WKHVLV2[IRUG%URRNHV slow lorises to learn diet. International Journal of Primatology University, Oxford.   ± 0RRUH 5 :LKHUPDQWR DQG 1HNDULV .$,   &RPSDVVLRQDWH

18 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  Last Chance to See? A Review of the Threats to =LHJOHU   ,QLWLDO PRUSKRORJLFDO and molecular comparisons revealed no and Use of the Crocodile Lizard VLJQL¿FDQW WD[RQRPLF VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ the two extant subpopulations (Ziegler Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, et al.    5HFHQW ¿HOG VXUYH\V RQ Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler the population status and ecology of the species in Viet Nam led to the discovery of two further subpopulations in two adjacent he Crocodile Lizard, listed in CITES Appendix II nature reserves, viz. Tay Yen Tu NR and and as Endangered in The IUCN Red List of Dong Son-Ky Thuong NR (van Schingen Threatened Species, is becoming ever more popular et al.D  among hobbyists. Rising international demand for Owing to multiple anthropogenic the species is exceeding available supply of captive- hazards, populations of the Crocodile bred specimens, resulting in an increase in illegally Lizard are now facing extinction in the sourced wild specimens on offer. Wild populations wild (Huang et al.YDQ6FKLQJHQet Tare at the brink of extinction due to habitat destruction and over- al. E   %HVLGHV KDELWDW GHJUDGDWLRQ collection for the trade and for local use. It is estimated that fewer present at almost all known sites (Huang than 1000 individuals are presently distributed in small and isolated et al.  YDQ 6FKLQJHQ et al. E  sites in southern China and northern Viet Nam. In view of the constant over-collection for consumption and the decline of diminished populations, any further trade in wild specimens pet trade has been recorded as a severe is detrimental to the survival of the species. This study addresses threat to the species in China, while the current status of the threats to and the trade in Crocodile Lizards only little comparable information is and highlights the need for immediate measures to protect remaining available for the recently discovered populations from extermination. Vietnamese subpopulations. The declining subpopulations in China were estimated INTRODUCTION at only 950 individuals in 2004 (Huang et al. DVLPLODUVWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQ The Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus is the only living 2013 revealed the presence of fewer than representative of the family Shinisauridae. The species was originally 100 individuals in Viet Nam (van Schingen GHVFULEHG E\ $KO   IURP VRXWKHUQ &KLQD ZKHUH LWV UDQJH LV et al.,E  )LJ ,QUHVSRQVHWRWKH restricted to a few isolated sites due to its high ecological specialization international demand for the species (e.g., (Huang et al. 7KHRXWVWDQGLQJFRORXUSDWWHUQVDQGSULPDHYDO Nguyen et al.&,7(6$QRQ appearance, as well as an interesting semi-aquatic lifestyle, have D  WKLV VWXG\ SURYLGHV DQ DQDO\VLV made the species a desired target for the international pet trade from of the trade in Crocodile Lizards and a the 1980s onwards, with a strong interest from specialized collectors. review and updated evaluation of threats Within two decades, harvesting of the species had caused dramatic as baseline information for improved GHFOLQHV RI ZLOG SRSXODWLRQV LQ &KLQD &,7(6  +XDQJ et al., conservation measures.   EHIRUH WKH ¿UVW 9LHWQDPHVH VXESRSXODWLRQ ZDV GLVFRYHUHG LQ WKH

The Crocodile Lizard inhabits tropical evergreen broadleaf lowland forests in southern China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong 3URYLQFH  DQG QRUWKHUQ 9LHW 1DP %DF *LDQJ 4XDQJ 1LQK SURYLQFHV  +XDQJ et al.,  /H DQG =LHJOHU    ,W LV SDUWLFXODUO\ DGDSWHG WR D VSHFL¿F IRUHVW ecosystem and individuals tend to rest at night on branches above pool sections of densely vegetated rocky streams (M. van 6FKLQJHQ SHUV REV 1LQJ et al.  van Schingen et al. LQ SUHS  ZKHUH

09$16&+,1*(1$1'7=,(*/(5 they can be easily collected by poachers. The species can reach maturity after 13 Fig. 1 Estimated wild population size of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus months in captivity, but under natural crocodilurus in China and Viet Nam. (VWLPDWHVGHULYHGIURP+XDQJet al.  DQG YDQ6FKLQJHQet al. E UHVSHFWLYHO\7KHKDELWDWVRIS. crocodilurusDUHHQWLUHO\VXUURXQGHG conditions needs between two and four E\FXOWLYDWHGDQGDJULFXOWXUDOODQGLQ9LHW1DPORFDOLW\UHFRUGVGHULYHGIURPWKHDXWKRUV·ÀHOG \HDUV

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler

of pregnancy of lecithotrophic viviparous species, such IRFXVHG RQ WKH SXUSRVHV ³SHUVRQDO´ 3  ³FRPPHUFLDO´ as the Crocodile Lizard, is about nine to eleven months, 7  DQG ³]RRV´ =  UHIHUULQJ WR OLYH DQLPDOV VLQFH which is comparatively long for reptiles (Zollweg and in the case of the Crocodile Lizard such trade is the .KQH=:Xin litt.,-XQH /DUJHDUHDV PRVWSUR¿WDEOH,QWHUQHWSODWIRUPVUHSWLOHIRUXPVDQG of habitat have been cleared in the species’s range (Huang Facebook pages were investigated to get an overview of et al., /HDQG=LHJOHU ZKLFKLQ9LHW1DPLQ the availability, demand, prices and evidence of illegal particular, have been entirely surrounded by cultivated trade in this species. Four reptile fairs (three in Germany or agricultural land, which makes evasion of the species DQGRQHLQ6ZHGHQ DQG*HUPDQSHWVKRSVZHUHYLVLWHG to other sites impossible. According to a niche model Oral interviews were conducted with 26 dealers (20 approach by van Schingen et al. D WKHDFWXDODQG from Germany, three from Sweden, two from the Czech SRWHQWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHVSHFLHV²FRQVLGHULQJFOLPDWH 5HSXEOLFDQGRQHIURP6SDLQ RQWKHUHVSHFWLYHUHSWLOH DQGYHJHWDWLRQFRYHU²LVVHYHUHO\IUDJPHQWHG/Let al. markets, 12 employees of pet shops that were visited,  SURMHFWHGWKDWDOORULJLQDOKDELWDWVRIWKH&URFRGLOH WZR]RRNHHSHUV 86$DQG6ZHGHQ ZLWKH[SHULHQFHLQ /L]DUGLQ&KLQDZLOOKDYHYDQLVKHGLQ±DVD keeping Crocodile Lizards and 11 private keepers on their result of climate change. experiences in selling and keeping Crocodile Lizards, as well as to obtain information on origins and prices. A LEGISLATION private keeper and two dealers of Crocodile Lizards in Viet Nam were contacted in writing. Data were collected The species has been listed in Appendix II of the mainly between August and December 2014. Names of Convention on International Trade in Endangered interviewees are kept anonymous here for reasons of 6SHFLHV RI:LOG )DXQD DQG )ORUD &,7(6  VLQFH  data privacy rights and internet links are not disclosed to which includes species not necessarily yet threatened, but prevent misuse. which could become so if trade is not strictly controlled. 5HFHQWO\WKH&URFRGLOH/L]DUGZDVFODVVL¿HGDVJOREDOO\ THREATS TO THE CROCODILE LIZARD AND ITS Endangered in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species USE IN CHINA (Nguyen et al. )XUWKHUPRUHLWLVLQFOXGHGDVD Category I species in the “Wild animal protection law” Literature survey in China (Huang et al. DQGDWWKHHQGRIWKH 0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHDQG5XUDO'HYHORSPHQW 0$5'  According to literature, consumption of Crocodile proposed that the species be listed in the governmental Lizards was traditionally believed to act as a cure for GHFUHHRI9LHW1DP 741JX\HQSHUVFRPP  insomnia due to the long periods the animals spend PRWLRQOHVV WKH\ DUH DOVR H[SORLWHG IRU IRRG +HUSLQ METHODS DQG =RQGHUYDQ  +XDQJ et al.,  1JX\HQ et al.$QRQE /LDQG:DQJ  UHSRUWHG Evaluation of threats to and use of the species the sale of dried individuals in markets in China. While reports on any current use in traditional medicine were not Field surveys were conducted in Viet Nam between found, cases of poaching for the pet trade are still being June and July 2013 and May and July 2014, determining reported (Huang et al., .DGRRULH)DUP %RWDQLF the threats to the Crocodile Lizard by direct observations *DUGHQ=ROOZHJ ,QWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGE\ within the species’s habitat viz. Yen Tu NR and Dong Huang et al.  ZLWKYLOODJHUVOLYLQJDURXQGWKH Son-Ky Thuong NR, Quang Ninh Province and Tay habitats occupied by Crocodile Lizards revealed that the Yen Tu NR, Bac Giang Province. Nearly 80 villagers PDMRULW\   KDG DOUHDG\ KXQWHG WKH OL]DUG EXW RQO\ living in the surroundings of the nature reserves, and 7.5% of those questioned had hunted the species for food authorities of Quang Ninh and Bac Giang provinces, Son or medicine (Huang et al. 7KHPDLQPRWLYDWLRQ Don, Uong Bi and Ky Thuong districts and of the three was to sell specimens to illegal traders for easy money aforementioned nature reserves were questioned in order 50%±a86'±  +XDQJet al.  to determine the general cognizance, perception and 7KHLQFUHDVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQRIHOHFWUR¿VKLQJDQGXVHRI use of the species in Viet Nam. In addition, a literature SRLVRQIRU¿VKLQJDUHDVVXPHGWRHQGDQJHUWKH&URFRGLOH survey was undertaken to evaluate the threats to and use Lizard in its aquatic phase (Huang et al.,  DQGWKH of the species in China. sale of accidentally caught Crocodile Lizards on Chinese PDUNHWV KDV RIWHQ EHHQ UHFRUGHG =ROOZHJ    ,Q Analysis of trade addition, the substitution of broadleaf forest for trees that SURGXFHPRUHSUR¿WDEOHWLPEHUFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHGHFUHDVH Trade data were obtained from the UNEP-WCMC of aquatic habitats, as do logging, water pollution from &,7(6 WUDGH GDWDEDVH 81(3:&0& ±  mining operations, and dam construction, which all which details all records of imports, exports and re- change the natural water regime and degrade the species’s exports of CITES-listed species as reported by Parties. habitats (Huang et al.+XDQJet al.  Data were available from 1990 to 2013. The analysis

20 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard

$DQQXDOYROXPHVRILPSRUWVDQG H[SRUWVRIOLYHVSHFLPHQV %SXUSRVHVRIWUDGHDQGVRXUFHRI DQLPDOV(C=captive bred, F=captive born, W=wild caught, U=unknown, , FRQÀVFDWHGRUVHL]HG O=pre-Convention) &9ROXPHVRILPSRUWVDQGH[SRUWV RIOLYHVSHFLPHQVSHUFRXQWU\ (AT=Austria; CA=Canada; &+ 6ZLW]HUODQG&1 &KLQD DE=Germany; ES=Spain; FR=France; GR=Greece; HK=Hong Kong; JP=Japan; KR=Korea; LB=Lebanon; NL=Netherlands; PL=Poland; RU=Russian Federation; SG=Singapore; TG=Togo; TH=Thailand; TW=Taiwan; UA=Ukraine, US=USA)

Fig. 2. International trade in Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus from 1990–2013. Source: UNEP-WCMC (1990–2013)

THREATS TO THE CROCODILE LIZARD AND ITS Interviews with nearly 80 people in the remote villages USE IN VIET NAM situated within the species’s habitats revealed a general ignorance about Crocodile Lizards and confusion with Literature survey and results of current survey other lizards, as well as a lack of interest in this species. Only one farmer recalled cases of collecting Crocodile Crocodile Lizards soaked in rice wine were observed Lizards from nearby streams. Provincial authorities during the inspection of numerous local shops in Quang recognized the species from pictures, but assumed its Ninh Province, Viet Nam, in 2013 (M. van Schingen, extirpation from former localities. SHUV REV  $ SLFWXUH RI D &URFRGLOH /L]DUG SUHVHUYHG $FFRUGLQJWRUHFHQW¿HOGREVHUYDWLRQVWKHGUDPDWLF in alcohol was observed on the Facebook page of a increase of habitat destruction and alteration as well as Vietnamese pet shop, where the use of the species as a pollution are severe threats to the species in Viet Nam. potency remedy was discussed. Timber logging and slash-and-burn land clearance form Trade in live Crocodile Lizards in Viet Nam was a major threat to the species and coal mining activities recorded in 2002 at a tourist site (Yen Tu Temples, Quang were observed to cause drastic degradation of core 1LQK3URYLQFH E\/HDQG=LHJOHU  $WWKHWLPH habitats of the Crocodile Lizard. In 2014, local villagers some Crocodile Lizards were being offered as “baby ZHUH REVHUYHG HOHFWUR¿VKLQJ LQ VRPH KDELWDW VWUHDPV FURFRGLOHV´WRWRXULVWVIRU86'±HDFK,Q0D\ which had not been the case the year before. At this site T.Q. Nguyen observed three specimens being offered for the rate of encounters with Crocodile Lizards dropped to VDOHIRU86'±DWWKHVDPHVLWH'XULQJUHFHQW¿HOG WKUHH RQHLQGLYLGXDOSHUVWUHDP LQFRPSDUHGWR surveys, the authors discovered that cable cars had been 11 during the same season in 2013. installed to transport tourists to the top of the mountain where one, once remote, habitat of the Crocodile Lizard TRADE is situated. Recently employed forest rangers at this site have never seen a Crocodile Lizard, while some older Literature survey and results of current survey rangers remembered that Crocodile Lizards had been frequently found at this site, as well as in lower regions of %DVHGRQDQLQWHUYLHZZLWKDUHSWLOHGHDOHUWKH¿UVW the mountains. Present surveys within these now easily Crocodile Lizards appeared on the international pet accessible streams at the foot of the mountain revealed market as early as 1982. Since 1985 an alarming rise no presence of Crocodile Lizards. While 10 mature in demand for Crocodile Lizards in the international individuals had been recorded in 2013 in a stream at the SHW WUDGH KDV EHHQ UHFRUGHG VSHFLPHQV DW WKDW WLPH top of the mountain, none could be found there in 2014. IHWFKHGUHODWLYHO\KLJKSULFHV HJ'0a86'

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler

$FDVHRIGH¿QLWHWUDGHZLWKZLOGFDXJKWLQGLYLGXDOV ZDV FRQ¿UPHG E\ D *HUPDQ SHW VKRS RZQHU ZKR received three of reportedly numerous illegally imported specimens from China in 2003 from a dealer who was known for being involved in the fraudulent trade in reptiles. Furthermore, 104 Crocodile Lizards were seized at the border of Japan between 2007 and 2008 (Kanari and $XOL\D DQGLQGLYLGXDOVFROOHFWHGLQ9LHW1DP by a Vietnamese citizen, were smuggled from Cambodia WR7KDLODQGLQ 5RELQGHV%RLV  Currently the trade in Crocodile Lizards has shifted almost entirely to the internet, partly via Facebook, which gives the dealer a reassuring level of security and control over the deal, especially when the legal origin of the specimens is doubtful. During the current research, the ¿UVWLQWHUQHWRIIHU IURPWKH86$ ZDVUHFRUGHGLQ 86' RQDUHSWLOHIRUXP7KHUHKDVVXEVHTXHQWO\EHHQ

FACEBOOK a conspicuous rise in offers and requests for this species, Fig. 3. A distinctive primaeval appearance and striking particularly on online reptile forums and in Facebook colour pattern has resulted in an alarming rise in communities, especially in the USA and Germany. demand for Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus 7KHVH PDLQO\ LQYROYH SULYDWH LQGLYLGXDOV   PRVWO\ by specialist collectors. offering their captive-bred offspring, but also pet shops DQG ZKROHVDOHUV    0RVW RI WKH REVHUYHG HQWULHV Q  ZHUHIURP(XURSH   *HUPDQ\6SDLQ 5%, UK 4%, France 4%, Netherlands 3%, Belgium 2%, LQ *HUPDQ\ &,7(6   DOWKRXJK D SHW VKRS LQ Slovakia 2%, Denmark 1%, Switzerland 1%, Russia 1% the USA was selling specimens for USD25 in 1987 DQG8NUDLQH IROORZHGE\WKH86$  DQG$VLD +RIIPDQQ :KLOHKXQGUHGVRIVSHFLPHQVZHUH 9LHW1DP EXWWKHRULJLQLQVRPHFDVHVZDVXQFOHDU legally imported from Hong Kong to Europe and the Crocodile Lizards are currently on offer for relatively high USA because the species had not been protected in the SULFHV HJ FD 86' SHW VKRS 86$  1RYHPEHU importing countries, the illegal sale of 3300 animals  MXYHQLOHV IRU (85 SHW VKRS *HUPDQ\  from Guangxi Autonomous Region, China, was reported -DQXDU\ RQWKHLQWHUQHWDQGIRUDFRPSDUDEO\ORZ between 1984 and 1986 (&,7(6  . After being SULFH (85±a86'±%I1in litt., see also included in CITES Appendix II in 1990, the international %HWKJH DWWKHUHSWLOHIDLULQ+DPP*HUPDQ\,Q trade in Crocodile Lizards suddenly switched almost December 2014, three Crocodile Lizards of unknown entirely to specimens that were purported to be captive origin were observed by one of the authors at the reptile fair EUHG a81(3:&0& ± )LJ  in Hamm in an unlabelled container, which was quickly )URP±DPHDQRI“OLYLQJLQGLYLGXDOV concealed in a backpack once detected. Furthermore, even ZHUH DQQXDOO\ UHFRUGHG LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH )LJ   Crocodile Lizards reportedly originating from Viet Nam out of 850 animals, 97% were traded for “commercial” were observed at this reptile fair in 2014 being offered purposes and only 2% and 1% for “personal” and “zoo” XQGHUWKHWDEOH 0=ROOZHJSHUVFRPP2FWREHU  SXUSRVHV UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKH PDMRULW\ ZDV LPSRUWHG E\ Only since 2013 have Crocodile Lizards from Viet Nam -DSDQ  DQGWKH86$  IROORZHGE\7KDLODQG been found being offered for sale on at least four different   )LJ 1RH[SRUWVIURPRULPSRUWVWR9LHW1DP Vietnamese Facebook pages in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh KDYHEHHQRI¿FLDOO\UHFRUGHG )LJ $FRQVSLFXRXVO\ &LW\ in 2014, one retailer in the country was offering KLJKQXPEHU  RIDOOHJHGO\FDSWLYHEUHGVSHFLPHQV VSHFLPHQVIRUH[SRUWRQKLV)DFHERRNVLWH )LJ :KLOH was exported from Kazakhstan via Lebanon to Japan videos of several dozen captive adult lizards for sale were and Thailand in 2005, which makes Lebanon the shown on Youtube.com, another dealer stated that he had major importer and re-exporter of Crocodile Lizards almost 100 Crocodile Lizards from north Viet Nam for )LJ .D]DNKVWDQKDVEHHQD3DUW\WR&,7(6VLQFH sale at his “farm”. A hobbyist, keeping three wild-caught 2000, whilst Lebanon acceded the Convention in 2013. Crocodile Lizards from “the mountains of north Viet Kazakhstan, as the country of origin, has not declared Nam”, posted that there are many specimens available any imports or exports of Crocodile Lizards in its annual for sale and that retailers are allegedly highly interested reports. Similar trade patterns involving a Kazakhstan- in trading them on an international scale. Demand by Lebanon connection have been observed in cases of hobbyists for Vietnamese specimens due to their more trade in dendrobatid frogs and several reptile species, colourful appearance and for a supply of “fresh blood” particularly from Madagascar (Nijman and Shepherd, for breeding has been frequently recorded on internet 7RGG  platforms.

22 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard

DISCUSSION consequence of locality data being misused by poachers. Experience in Viet Nam and China has demonstrated that Considering the alarming status of the wild Crocodile only the more extensively monitored subpopulations are Lizard population (Huang et al.,YDQ6FKLQJHQet considered to be relatively secure and stable, indicating al.DYDQ6FKLQJHQet al.E DQ\FROOHFWLRQ a positive effect of monitoring and research activities on of wild individuals is detrimental to the species’s wild populations. survival. This study shows that the trade in live animals has a highly detrimental impact on the species. Lack CONSERVATION MEASURES of comprehensive information on collection and use for traditional medicine in range countries means that it is For effective local conservation activities in Viet not possible to assess with any certainty whether this is 1DP WKH DXWKRUV¶ UHVHDUFK WHDP &RORJQH =RR ,(%5  an additional threat, although the authors believe it is initiated a comprehensive public awareness campaign. OHVVVLJQL¿FDQWWKDQWKHOLYHDQLPDOWUDGH3ULFHVRXWVLGH A brochure emphasizing the uniqueness of the last the range States remain lucrative (e.g. USD1100, pet remaining lowland broadleaf forest ecosystem was VKRS 86$    OHDGLQJ WR D JURZWK RI LQWHUHVW LQ created in order to support the conservation management, selling to the international market. Specimens from Viet and to educate and raise awareness at the local authority 1DP KDYH EHHQ RQ RIIHU IRU H[SRUW IRU 86'± OHYHO )RUHVW3URWHFWLRQ'HSDUWPHQW )3' RI%DF*LDQJ )DFHERRN ZKLOHSULFHVDFKLHYHGLQWKHQDWLRQDO 3URYLQFH $SRVWHU )LJ ZDVUHFHQWO\SURGXFHG PDUNHWVHHPWREHUDWKHUORZ 86'±  at the request of the FPD, highlighting the threats to this The shift in reported trade from wild-caught species within its remaining habitats and pointing out specimens to almost exclusively captive-bred specimens LPSURYHGFRQVHUYDWLRQPHDVXUHVVRPHFRSLHVKDYH ! DIWHUWKHVSHFLHV¶VOLVWLQJLQ&,7(6$SSHQGL[,,LQ 1990 is rather suspicious, since a very high mortality rate LQFDSWLYLW\ZDVUHSRUWHGDWWKDWWLPH &,7(6 DQG dealers of the species still state that the loss of a whole litter is commonplace due to the animal’s sensitivity to stress, infection and inadequate water quality. Furthermore, GHDOHUVKDYHFRQ¿UPHGWKDWWKH\VWLOOUHFHLYHZLOGFDXJKW specimens from China, mislabelled as “captive bred”. Regarding the 400 allegedly captive-bred Crocodile Lizards exported from Kazakhstan to Lebanon in 2005, it is not far-fetched to conclude that such a trade pattern is a fraud to obtain “legal” CITES import permits for the laundering of smuggled animals into the trade. Besides the lack of established breeding facilities for such high quantities of an ecologically specialized species, it is further implausible that the alleged captive breeding group produced 400 hatchlings in 2005 and then suddenly stopped producing any offspring. Likewise, in Viet Nam, the large number of adult animals and the evident lack RISURSHUHQFORVXUHV²DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQDYDLODEOHSLFWXUHV DQG YLGHRV²LQGLFDWH WKDW PRVW VSHFLPHQV ZHUH ZLOG FDXJKW D IDFW FRQ¿UPHG LQ ZULWLQJ E\ D 9LHWQDPHVH hobbyist. There is recent evidence for the covert sale of Crocodile Lizards from Viet Nam at the reptile fair in Hamm, Germany, even though reports on legal exports are lacking (M. Zollweg, pers. comm., 1RYHPEHU  The present research shows that demand for the species exceeds supply, even though a few hobbyists successfully breed the species from time to time. The high interest of new bloodlines and morphs is currently increasing the pressure on wild populations, especially from Viet Nam. The remarkable increase in appearance of the species Fig.Fi 44. PPoster ddeveloped l d ffor the h awareness programme, on relevant websites might also have triggered the available in Vietnamese, German and English. increasing trade in Crocodile Lizards in Viet Nam. The aforementioned drop in encounters with adult individuals Reproduced with kind permission of at some of the published habitat sites might be the Zoologischer Garten Köln.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler

been distributed among the respective nature reserves, discovered and much smaller subpopulations in Viet Nam and FPD’s of Bac Giang and Quang Ninh provinces, (Huang et al., 2008, Le and Ziegler, 2003, Nguyen et al., KLJK VFKRROV XQLYHUVLWLHV UDQJHU VWDWLRQV RI¿FHV RI    :KLOH ZLOG SRSXODWLRQV RI &URFRGLOH /L]DUGV communes, villages surrounding the nature reserves are decreasing, international demand for the species is and the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity (see Ziegler, increasing and habitat destruction and degradation are LQSUHVV $IROORZXSSHWLWLRQOHWWHUZDVVHQWWRVHYHUDO expanding. Suitable habitats, especially in Viet Nam, are agencies recommending, for example, the improvement now restricted to a small area around Yen Tu Mountain and of forest ranger work, the upgrade of the protection the number of wild Crocodile Lizards there is now very status of the species’s habitat in Yen Tu Mountain area, low. Due to its sedentary behaviour and specialization, the control of coal mining activities in the core zones of the species’s extirpation in the wild is predictable if forest the nature reserves and the development of sustainable protection is not drastically improved at these sites and ecological and religious tourism in the region. In illegal poaching curtailed. Since the trade in this species addition, the authors participated in local conferences, for hobbyist collection has only recently started in Viet and held symposia and workshops in Hanoi and Ho Chi Nam, immediate measures are required to prevent further Minh City. collection of wild specimens. In China, agreements with local farmers have already helped to maintain at least core zones for Crocodile RECOMMENDATIONS Lizards within the Daguishan NR and also a breeding facility for release programmes has been successfully Based on the evident harmful illegal trade in wild- HVWDEOLVKHG =ROOZHJ 6XFKDEUHHGLQJSURJUDPPH FDXJKWVSHFLPHQVDQGWRHQDEOHDPRUHHI¿FLHQWFRQWURO was recently also initiated in Viet Nam at the Me Linh and prevention of poaching, a transfer of the species from Station for Biodiversity, with promising preliminary CITES Appendix II to I is strongly recommended. Such UHVXOWV )LJ=LHJOHU $IWHUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI DQXSJUDGH²ZKLFKZRXOGEHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKH(8E\ a stable captive population and based on comprehensive OLVWLQJWKHVSHFLHVLQ$QQH[$RIWKH5HJ(&² knowledge on the ecology and natural history of wild would in particular enable the CITES Management populations (e.g. van Schingen et al.LQSUHS DUHOHDVH Authorities in the European Union, one of the major and monitoring programme is planned to restock wild markets in the reptile and amphibian trade, to control and populations in Viet Nam, in accordance with criteria monitor the domestic EU trade. According to European stipulated by the International Union for Conservation of law the commercial use of specimens of Appendix I 1DWXUH ,8&1  $QQH[$RI5HJ(& VSHFLHVLVLQJHQHUDOVWULFWO\ prohibited. In most EU member States, such specimens CONCLUSIONS must be registered with the relevant authorities and are VXEMHFW WR VWULFW PHDVXUHV RI FHUWL¿FDWLRQ DQG PDUNLQJ The poaching of Crocodile Lizards in detrimental 7KLV DOVR DSSOLHV WR FDSWLYHEUHG VSHFLPHQV WKHLU quantities has long been reported from China and over the FRPPHUFLDOXVHUHTXLUHVDQRI¿FLDOH[HPSWLRQFHUWL¿HG last few years has also been recorded from the recently by the respective Management Authority (European ANNA RAUHAUS ANNA Fig. 5. Juvenile Crocodile Lizards Shinisaurus crocodilurus bred at the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity in northern Viet Nam for a restocking programme in the species’s original habitats in Viet Nam.

24 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  Last chance to see? A review of the threats to and use of the Crocodile Lizard

Commission, 2015). The CITES Standing Committee as REFERENCES well as all Parties to CITES should be urged to look very closely into the fraudulent claims of captive breeding $KO (   %HLWUlJH ]XU /XUFK XQG .ULHFKWLHUIDXQD /\RQVDQG1DWXVFK DQGHQIRUFHPHQWHIIRUWVKDYH Kwangsi’s. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft to be increased, particularly into the apparent increase naturforschender Freunde vom 1. April 1930 (privately in online trade, which is partly taking place in closed SXEOLVKHG %HUOLQ± systems provided by social media such as Facebook. $QRQ D  KWWSwww.terraristik.com. Viewed on 29 December 2014. %DVHG RQ WKH ¿QGLQJV ZLWKLQ WKH UHPDLQLQJ QDWXUDO $QRQ E  http://www.torontozoo.com/exploretheZoo/ habitats in Viet Nam, an upgrade of the existing reserves, AnimalDetails.asp?pg=575. Viewed on 12 October 2014. the extension of the protected area network and improved %HWKJH 3   5HLEDFK IU ³NUXII NUXII´ Der Spiegel ranger work at the sites where the species occurs is   ± strongly recommended (van Schingen et al. E  &,7(6   6HYHQWK PHHWLQJ RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH Furthermore, in order to identify yet unknown sub- 3DUWLHV /DXVDQQH 6ZLW]HUODQG  ± 2FWREHU  SRSXODWLRQV ¿HOG VXUYH\V VKRXOG EH FRQGXFWHG ZLWKLQ Proposal 41. KWWSFLWHVRUJVLWHVGHIDXOW¿OHVHQJFRS suitable habitats based on the niche model approach prop/E07-Prop-41_Shinisaurus.PDF (van Schingen et al. D  HJ LQ WKH ERUGHU UHJLRQ (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ   &RPPLVVLRQ 5HJXODWLRQ (&  of China and Viet Nam, although publishing exact 1R  DQG &RXQFLO 5HJXODWLRQ (&  1R  locality data should be avoided to prevent the misuse of http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/legislation_en.htm. Viewed on 20 February 2015. such information. Due to minor differences in ecology )RUHVW3URWHFWLRQ'HSDUWPHQWRI%DF*LDQJ3URYLQFH   between Crocodile Lizards in China and Viet Nam (van Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve: biodiversity conservation Schingen et al.LQSUHS DPRUHFRPSUHKHQVLYHJHQHWLF value and development potential. Hanoi: Publishing House comparison would clarify the conservation status and for Science and Technology. Available at http://www.eaza. importance of single and extant subpopulations (van net/campaigns/Documents/Brochure%20Tay%20Yen%20 Schingen et al., E  ZKLFK LV DOVR LPSRUWDQW IRU Tu%20Nature%20Reserve%202010.pdf potential future hybridization in captivity. In order to +HUSLQ ' DQG =RQGHUYDQ ,   'H Shinisaurus een evaluate the impact of the awareness-raising campaign, geheimzinnige oosterling. Stichting Sauria, Den Haag the recently established monitoring systems should be Publicious. continued in the long term. +RIIPDQQ(*  7KH&KLQHVH&URFRGLOH/L]DUGhttp:// www.reptilechannel.com/media/lizards/lizard-species/ complete-chinese-crocodile-lizard.aspx.pdf ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Huang, C.M., Yu, H. Wu, Z., Li, Y.B., Wei, F.W. and Gong, 0+   3RSXODWLRQ DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV IRU For their support of Crocodile Lizard research the Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus LQ and conservation in Viet Nam, the authors are grateful China. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation± WR 7KHR 3DJHO &RORJQH =RR  0LFKDHO %RQNRZVNL +XDQJ+:DQJ+/LQPLDR/:X=DQG&KHQ-   8QLYHUVLW\ RI &RORJQH  DV ZHOO DV &DQK ;XDQ /H Genetic diversity and population demography of the Chinese DQG 7KDL +X\ 7UDQ ,(%5 +DQRL   7KH\ WKDQN WKH crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus LQ&KLQDPLoS One  HGRLMRXUQDOSRQH GLUHFWRUDWHVRIWKH7D\

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   Mona van Schingen, Ulrich Schepp, Cuong The Pham, Truong Quang Nguyen and Thomas Ziegler

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26 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

THE TRAFFIC BULLETIN SEIZURES AND PROSECUTIONS SECTION ,66321625('%<7+()25(675< CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) %85($8&281&,/2) establishes international controls over trade in wild plants and animals, or related products, of $*5,&8/785(7$,:$1 species that have been, or may be, threatened due to excessive commercial exploitation. Parties COMMITTED TO SUPPORTING have their own legislative instrument by which to meet their obligations under CITES. The species &,7(6(1)25&(0(17 covered by CITES are listed in three Appendices, according to the degree of protection they need: 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ IHDWXUHV D VHOHFWLRQ APPENDIX I includes species threatened with extinction which are or may be threatened by trade. RI VHL]XUHV DQG SURVHFXWLRQV UHSRUWHG VLQFH Trade in specimens of these species is permitted only in exceptional circumstances. An export 2FWREHUWRGDWH6RXUFHVDUHFLWHGDWWKH SHUPLWIURPWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ RUDUHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHIURPRWKHUH[SRUWLQJFRXQWULHV DQGDQ HQGRIHDFKFRXQWU\VHFWLRQ Readers are referred import permit from the country of importation are required. WR WKH75$)),& ZHEVLWH ZZZWUDIÀFRUJPHGLD UHSRUWV  IRU UHJXODU XSGDWHV RQ FDVHV UHSRUWHG APPENDIX II includes species not necessarily yet threatened, but which could become so if trade IURPDURXQGWKHZRUOG LVQRWVWULFWO\FRQWUROOHG6SHFLHVDUHDOVRLQFOXGHGLQ$SSHQGL[,,LIWKH\DUHGLI¿FXOWWRGLVWLQJXLVK IURPRWKHUVSHFLHVLQ$SSHQGL[,,LQRUGHUWRPDNHLWPRUHGLI¿FXOWIRULOOHJDOWUDGHWRWDNHSODFH WKURXJKPLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRUPLVODEHOOLQJ$QH[SRUWSHUPLWIURPWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ RUD UHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHIURPRWKHUH[SRUWLQJFRXQWULHV LVUHTXLUHGEXWQRWDQLPSRUWSHUPLW B I R D S APPENDIX IIILQFOXGHVVSHFLHVWKDWDQ\3DUW\LGHQWL¿HVDVEHLQJVXEMHFWWRUHJXODWLRQZLWKLQLWV jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation and as needing the co-operation BULGARIA: 2Q  2FWREHU  DW D RIRWKHU3DUWLHVLQWKHFRQWURORIWUDGH,PSRUWVUHTXLUHDFHUWL¿FDWHRIRULJLQDQGLIWKHLPSRUWDWLRQ FRXUW LQ %XUJDV HJJ FROOHFWRU -DQ )UHGHULFN is from the State that has included the species in Appendix III, an export permit is required. 5RVV IRUPHUO\ RI 0DQFKHVWHU 8. UHFHLYHG D VXVSHQGHG VL[PRQWK JDRO VHQWHQFH DQG D ÀQH All imports into the European Union of CITES Appendix II-listed species require both an export RI (85 86'  IROORZLQJ D OHQJWK\ SHUPLWUHH[SRUWFHUWL¿FDWHDQGDQLPSRUWSHUPLW LQYHVWLJDWLRQE\SROLFHDVVLVWHGE\WKH%XOJDULDQ 6RFLHW\IRU%LUG3URWHFWLRQDQGWKH563%5RVV SOHDGHGJXLOW\WRWKHLOOHJDOSRVVHVVLRQRIELUGV· HJJVLQFOXGLQJWKHHJJRID*ULIIRQ9XOWXUHGyps fulvus &,7(6,, DUDUHEUHHGLQJELUGLQ%XOJDULD  2Q1RYHPEHUVRPH+RXEDUD $JHQWVDOVRXVHG'1$SURÀOLQJWRSURYHWKDW  SDLUV DQG WKUHH WD[LGHUP\ VSHFLPHQV+H Bustards Chlamydotis undulata &,7(6, DQG WKH IDOFRQV ZHUH QRW UHODWHG WR WKHLU DOOHJHG KDGDOUHDG\EHHQVHQWHQFHGWKUHHWLPHVLQWKH IDOFRQV)DOFRQLGDHVSS &,7(6,,, OHDYLQJ,UDQ SDUHQWV$JHQWV VHL]HG  3HUHJULQH )DOFRQV 8.IRUHJJFROOHFWLQJIROORZLQJUHSRUWVWKDWKH IRU6DXGL$UDELDZHUHVHL]HGE\PDULWLPHSROLFH ZKLFKZHUHEHLQJKHOGLOOHJDOO\DQGDUHZRUNLQJ ZDV FRQWLQXLQJ KLV LOOHJDO FROOHFWLQJ LQ %XOJDULD IURPDGKRZLQWKH6HDRI2PDQ7KH,UDQLDQ WRUHKRPHWKHIDOFRQV D VHDUFK RI KLV ÁDW UHYHDOHG SKRWRJUDSKV DQG FDSWDLQ RI WKH GKRZ DQG D 3DNLVWDQL QDWLRQDO GLDULHV KLGGHQ EHKLQG DUWZRUN ZKLFK SRLQWHG KDYHEHHQJDROHG0DQ\RIWKHELUGVZKLFKKDG UK National Wildlife Crime Unit: WR WKH SRWHQWLDOO\ LOOHJDO FROOHFWLRQ RI RYHU D EHHQFDXJKWLQ3DNLVWDQKDGSHULVKHGDQGWKH http://bit.ly/1EMEqTr, 23 March 2015 WKRXVDQGELUGV·HJJVLQFOXGLQJDQXPEHURIUDUH VXUYLYLQJVSHFLPHQVZHUHUHOHDVHGLQWKHZLOG EUHHGLQJ ELUGV VXFK DV D FOXWFK RI HJJV IURP WKH (J\SWLDQ 9XOWXUH Neophron percnopterus Robin des Bois, On the Trail No. 7: C A T S &,7(6,,   SDLUV LQ %XOJDULD  1R FKDUJHV http://bit.ly/19CJGi0 FRXOGEHEURXJKWDJDLQVW5RVVIRUWKHWDNLQJRI WKHVHHJJVDQGWKHLUORFDWLRQUHPDLQVXQNQRZQ SPAIN: 2Q  0DUFK  LW ZDV UHSRUWHG CHINA: 2Q  2FWREHU  DW -LQDQ WKDW WZR 6SDQLVK QDWLRQDOV KDG EHHQ ÀQHG ,QWHUPHGLDWH3HRSOH·V&RXUW6KDQGRQJSURYLQFH RSPB: http://bit.ly/1CPss7L, 22 October 2014 (85  DQG (85 UHVSHFWLYHO\ DPDQLGHQWLÀHGDV=KDQJZDVJDROHGIRUVL[\HDUV IRUVPXJJOLQJ7LJHUPanthera tigris &,7(6, ERQHV CAMEROON: 2Q  -DQXDU\  PRUH 86'   IRU WKH LOOHJDO WUDGH LQ DQG SOXVLYRU\DQGRWKHUZLOGOLIHSURGXFWV +HZDV WKDQ  *UH\ 3DUURWV Psittacus erithacus SRVVHVVLRQRI3HUHJULQH)DOFRQVFalco peregrinus DOVR ÀQHG   \XDQ 86'   &XVWRPV &,7(6,, ZHUHVHL]HGIURPDSULYDWHKRPHLQ &,7(6, 7KHSHQDOWLHVZHUHLPSRVHGIROORZLQJ RIÀFHUVDW-LQDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$LUSRUWGLVFRYHUHG

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28 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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Allafrica.com: http://bit.ly/1tPiumZ, The Star online (Malaysia): bit.ly/1GuT29U, 4 November 2014 25 November 2014; New Sabah Times: http://bit.ly/1anrPLt, 27 March 2015 2Q  1RYHPEHU  LQ &DSH7RZQ D WLS RIIOHGWRRQHRIWKHELJJHVWDEDORQHEXVWVRI ,Q 'HFHPEHU  LQ WKH 6WDWH RI 6DUDZDN &867206)5$1&( WKH \HDU ZKHQ RIÀFLDOV IURP WKH$JULFXOWXUH NJRIVFDOHVDQGRWKHUSDQJROLQManis parts In December 2014, 170 Radiated Tortoises )RUHVWU\ DQG )LVKHULHV GHSDUWPHQW MRLQHG IRXQGLQSDUFHOVERXQGIRU&KLQDZHUHVHL]HG (inset) from Madagascar were seized at Roissy SROLFHWRUDLGDQLOOHJDOSURFHVVLQJSODQW7ZR E\ORFDO&XVWRPVRIÀFLDOV$FRXUWRUGHUHGWKH Charles-de-Gaulle Airport, France, from a &KLQHVHQDWLRQDOVDQGD&RQJROHVHPDQZHUH GHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHERG\SDUWV shipment of sea cucumbers bound for Lao PDR. DUUHVWHG$WRWDORIGULHGDEDORQHVDQG ZHWDEDORQHVZDVVHL]HG Robin des Bois, On the Trail No. 7: http://bit.ly/19CJGi0 IOL news (South Africa): http://bit.ly/1FFtM2k, 8 November 2014 UGANDA: 2Q  -DQXDU\  LW ZDV  'XULQJ D VHSDUDWH LQFLGHQW LQ )HEUXDU\  UHSRUWHG WKDW ZLOGOLIH RIÀFHUV DW (QWHEEH UHSWLOHV LQFOXGLQJ VSHFLDOO\ SURWHFWHG VSHFLHV 2Q  )HEUXDU\  SROLFH DFWLQJ RQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $LUSRUW KDG VHL]HG D VKLSPHQW ZHUHVHL]HGIURPSRVWRIÀFHVLQ%URRPH'HUE\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DUUHVWHG D PDQ IURP *RUGRQ·V %D\ FRQWDLQLQJRYHUWZRWRQQHVRISDQJROLQManis DQG 16: DQG IURP D YHKLFOH LQWHUFHSWHG LQ WUDYHOOLQJLQKLVFDULQ6RPHUVHW:HVWERXQGIRU &,7(6 ,,  VNLQV DQG  NJ RI LYRU\  WKDW %URRPHE\:$3ROLFH7KUHHDUUHVWV0RUHWKDQ &DSH7RZQZLWKEDJVFRQWDLQLQJVKXFNHG KDGEHHQGXHWREHH[SRUWHGWR$PVWHUGDP RIWKHUHSWLOHVZHUHGHDGRUKDYHVLQFHGLHG DEDORQHV 7KH PDQ ZDV GHWDLQHG DW 6RPHUVHW 1HWKHUODQGV VHHDOVRXQGHU(OHSKDQWV  :HVWSROLFHVWDWLRQ Australian Customs and Border Protection Service: The Rakyat Post (Malaysia): bit.ly/1BCrAT4, 16 February 2015 IOL news (South Africa): bit.ly/1Lxrd7n, http://bit.ly/1Gy2yZP, 26 January 2015; 17 February 2015 BANGLADESH: 2Q  1RYHPEHU  VIET NAM: 2Q  'HFHPEHU   SROLFH LQ 0DJXUD 'LVWULFW .KXOQD 'LYLVLRQ SDQJROLQV Manis ZHUH VHL]HG IURP D YHKLFOH VHDUFKLQJ D EXV WUDYHOOLQJ IURP -HVVRUH WR LQ 0RQJ &DL4XDQJ 1LQK SURYLQFHWUDYHOOLQJ 'KDNDVHL]HG%ODFN3RQG7XUWOHVGeoclemys P A N G O L I N S IURPWKHVRXWKRI+D/RQJ%D\KHDGLQJIRUWKH hamiltonii &,7(6, 2QHDUUHVW ERUGHUZLWK&KLQD  ,Q)HEUXDU\SROLFHLQQRUWKHUQ%DF1LQK Robin des Bois, On the Trail No. 7: All pangolin species are listed in SURYLQFH VHL]HG  OLYH 6XQGD 3DQJROLQV Manis http://bit.ly/19CJGi0 CITES Appendix II javanica IURP SRDFKHUV³ZKR UHFHLYHG ÀQHV RI FRANCE: 2Q'HFHPEHU&XVWRPV CHINA: 2Q1RYHPEHUDIDWKHUDQG XQGLVFORVHGDPRXQWV³DQGGHOLYHUHGWKHDQLPDOV WR IRUHVW UDQJHUV IRU VDIHNHHSLQJ WKH UDQJHUV RIÀFHUV DW 5RLVV\ &KDUOHVGH*DXOOH $LUSRUW VRQUHFHLYHGJDROVHQWHQFHVIRUVPXJJOLQJ 3DULV GLVFRYHUHG  5DGLDWHG 7RUWRLVHV SDQJROLQVManis³WKHIDWKHUWRWKUHH\HDUVDQG WKHQVROGWKHDQLPDOVWRORFDOUHVWDXUDQWV  8QWLO UHFHQWO\ LW ZDV OHJDO IRU UHJLVWHUHG Astrochelys radiata &,7(6 ,  FRQFHDOHG LQ KLVVRQWRWZR\HDUVDQGVL[PRQWKVDQGÀQHG WKH IDOVH ERWWRP RI VL[ FRQWDLQHUV RI VHD WUDGHUVRUJRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHVWRDXFWLRQ 

30 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S E I Z U R E S A N D P R O S E C U T I O N S

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32 TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R  S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

A note on the illegal trade and use of pangolin body parts in India

Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Sudarsan Panda, Manoj V. Nair, Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo and Daniel W.S. Challender

INTRODUCTION

f the eight extant species of pangolin 3KROLGRWD 0DQLGDH  the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata and Chinese Pangolin M. pentadactyla

RFFXU LQ ,QGLD )LJV   DQG   5$-(6+.02+$3$75$ OThe Indian Pangolin is widely distributed across Fig. 1. Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata. the country, occurring in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The species also rapidly declining populations (Challender et al. D occurs in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and &KDOOHQGHU%DLOOLHet al. +XQWLQJSRDFKLQJDQG 6UL /DQND 6ULQLYDVXOX DQG 6ULQLYDVXOX  associated trade takes place despite both species being listed Baillie et al.    7KH &KLQHVH 3DQJROLQ LV on Schedule I of India’s Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which native only to the north and north-eastern States strictly prohibits these activities. Moreover, since 1975 both the of India, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chinese and Indian pangolins have been included in Appendix II Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim, and also of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered occurs in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, to which an annotation was China, Lao PDR, Taiwan, Thailand and Viet Nam added at the 11th meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 6ULQLYDVXOXDQG6ULQLYDVXOX&KDOOHQGHUet 2000. This annotation established zero export quotas for wild- al.D $OWKRXJKWKHWZRVSHFLHVDUHVLPLODU caught Asian pangolins traded for commercial purposes and morphologically, the scales of the Indian Pangolin ZKLFKSURKLELWVWUDGHRIWKLVQDWXUH &,7(6D 'HVSLWH are relatively larger than those of the Chinese these measures, pangolins in India continue to be exploited for Pangolin and have ± URZV RI VFDOHV DFURVV local consumptive uses and are frequently found in illegal trade, WKHEDFNFRPSDUHGWR±URZVLQWKH&KLQHVH both domestically and internationally (e.g. Baillie et al.,   Pangolin. A terminal scale is also present on the but information on the extent of trade is limited and inconsistent. ventral side of the tail of the Indian Pangolin, but This is partly because these species are widely distributed DEVHQW LQ WKH &KLQHVH 3DQJROLQ 3RFRFN  geographically, PDNLQJ LW GLI¿FXOW WR TXDQWLI\ KXQWLQJ DQG +HDWK3UDWHU  Major threats to pangolins in India include hunting and poaching for local consumptive use (e.g. as a protein source and an ingredient in WUDGLWLRQDO PHGLFLQH  DQG IRU LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUDGH (Challender et al.D&KDOOHQGHU%DLOOLH et al. +XQWLQJRISDQJROLQVKDVUHFHQWO\ been recorded in Arunachal Pradesh, Pariyar Tiger 5HVHUYH .HUDOD WKH:HVWHUQ*KDWVDQGHDVWHUQ 6WDWHV RI ,QGLD LQFOXGLQJ 2GLVKD 0LWUD  Mishra et al.0RKDQW\0LVKUDet al., *XEELDQG/LQNLH 

PROTECTION STATUS

The Chinese Pangolin is listed as Critically Endangered, and the Indian Pangolin as Endangered, on The IUCN Red List of Threatened

Species. These listings are based on evident (Wu '8/8%25$+*5((1*8$5'1$785(25*$1,=$7,21$66$0,1',$ et al.,  :X DQG 0D   DQG VXVSHFWHG Fig. 2. Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

poaching activities, localities and associated trends, and because illegal trade in pangolins is characteristically FODQGHVWLQH 1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJ WKHVH GLI¿FXOWLHV WKH DLP of this article is to review available information on recent illegal trade involving pangolins and their derivatives and use of their body parts by traditional medicine practitioners in India.

METHODS

Information for this article was acquired from various sources. It included a review of available literature on the consumption and use of pangolins in India sourced using ³*RRJOHVFKRODU´DQGWKHFROODWLRQRIGDWDRQFRQ¿VFDWLRQV involving pangolins and their derivatives in India, which were sourced from national and regional newspapers and online news articles reporting on the trade in pangolins and their derivatives between 2009 and 2014. Although it should be noted that media-reported science data can be erroneous and inaccurate, there is little alternative when Fig. 3. Map showing locations (Ÿ) in India of seizures of pangolin body parts between 2009 and 2014. seeking to compile data on trades which are clandestine. In addition to Google searches, news articles were also found by means of a Google alert, which regularly searches the internet for designated keywords and sends an email to a designated email address. Although most news accounts They comprised more than 5913 kg of scales and two reported some information on trade (e.g. the number or whole pangolins. Seizures took place in 10 States, with ZHLJKWRISDQJROLQVFDOHVFRQ¿VFDWHG WKH\IDLOHGWRUHSRUW WKHPDMRULW\WDNLQJSODFHLQ0DQLSXU  IROORZHGE\ the species involved, but, as explained below, trade likely $VVDP   0L]RUDP   :HVW %HQJDO   .DUQDWDND involved both the Indian and Chinese species.  7DPLO1DGX  8WWDUDNKDQG  8WWDU3UDGHVK   To estimate the number of pangolins the reported &KKDWWLVJDUK  DQG2GLVKD   )LJ  WUDGH UHSUHVHQWV 7DEOH   ¿YH DGXOW ,QGLDQ 3DQJROLQV While pangolin meat is typically consumed or sold which died in captivity at Nandankanan Zoological in local markets, scales are delivered to middlemen from 3DUN 2GLVKD ,QGLD 1.=3  EHWZHHQ  DQG  Kolkata, Chennai and from border towns such as Siliguri and three formalin-preserved Indian Pangolin young in west Bengal, Moreh in Chandel district, Manipur, were physically examined to collect information on the Shillong in Meghalaya and Aizwal in Mizoram (Sharma, number of scales present on this species. These were SUHVHQWVWXG\ DQGIURPZKHUHWKH\DUHW\SLFDOO\ IRXQGWRUDQJHIURP± “Q  LQURZV destined for China via Myanmar and Nepal. Myanmar across the back of each specimen. In November 2014, and Nepalese nationals apprehended with pangolin an Indian Pangolin which died in captivity at NKZP was scales and Indian nationals apprehended with Myanmar weighed before disposal, which presented an opportunity currency and pangolin scales supports the evidence of to acquire data on the proportion of the animal’s this trade link. As confessed by apprehended smugglers body weight comprising scales. The skin with scales during interrogation in some of the reported seizures, ZHLJKHG  NJ RI WKH DQLPDO¶V WRWDO ZHLJKW  NJ  WKH FRQ¿VFDWHG ERG\ SDUWV DSSHDU WR KDYH RULJLQDWHG or 34% of its total body weight. The authors used these from Haryana, Odisha, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Madhya parameters to estimate the number of pangolins in trade. Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and south Indian States including It is understood that the skin and scales of the Chinese Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. At times, pangolin scales 3DQJROLQPDNHXSOHVV DERXW RIWKHDQLPDO¶VWRWDO were also seized with Tiger Panthera tigris bone, ERG\ZHLJKW +HDWKDOVRVHH=KRXet al.,   deer antlers, the drug pseudoephedrine, and arms and ammunition, indicating that trade in pangolins has strong ILLEGAL TRADE IN PANGOLINS IN INDIA links with trade in other wildlife and drugs and arms. Those apprehended included both men and women, and The protected status of Asian pangolins in most of the number of suspects arrested in each case varied from their range States, including India, indicates that current one to 11 or more, which suggests an organized criminal trade violates both national regulations, e.g., the Wildlife aspect to this trade. (Protection) Act, 1972, and contravenes CITES where Although it is unknown which species of pangolin were trade is international in nature. Reported seizures LQWUDGHGXULQJWKHSHULRGFRYHUHGE\WKLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQ² involving pangolins occurred in multiple States in India HVSHFLDOO\ ZKHUH VFDOHV RQO\ ZHUH FRQ¿VFDWHG²RQ WKH GXULQJ WKH VL[\HDU SHULRG ± VHH 7DEOH   basis that scales from an adult Indian Pangolin weigh

34 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

about 3.5 kg, it can be estimated that a minimum of 1690 had been greatly reduced by hunting. Given that it is animals were involved. Although this estimate is based GLI¿FXOW WR PDLQWDLQ DQG EUHHG SDQJROLQV LQ FDSWLYLW\ on a very small sample size, studies have shown that (Yang et al.0RKDSDWUDDQG3DQGD+HDWK scales from other Asian pangolin species typically weigh DQG 9DQGHUOLS   DQG WKDW WKH WUDGH DSSHDUV WR EH less (Zhou et al. DQGLWLVNQRZQWKDWVFDOHVLQWKH FRPPHUFLDO LQ QDWXUH VHH 7DEOH   LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW Indian species are larger and therefore likely weigh more the current trade must involve wild-caught animals only. 3RFRFN+HDWK SURYLGLQJVRPHVXSSRUWIRU The magnitude of this trade in a relatively short time these estimates. SHULRG VL[ \HDUV  VXJJHVWV LW FRXOG DOVR potentially be Local trade in the scales and meat of the Indian XQVXVWDLQDEOH )LJ HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQEHDULQJLQPLQG Pangolin has also been reported from Andhra Pradesh, WKHVHGDWDOLNHO\UHÀHFWRQO\DVPDOOSURSRUWLRQRIDFWXDO Kerala, Odisha, Manipur, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu, Tripura trade levels. Although the authors have not accounted for DQG :HVW %HQJDO 0LWUD  &,7(6 E 0LVUD all the biases in seizure data, which would require larger  ZKLOHFROOHFWLRQ of the Chinese Pangolin for meat data sets and advanced modelling (e.g., Underwood et al. and scales, and seizures of such items, have been reported  WUDGHLVQHYHUWKHOHVVSHUVLVWHQW )LJ $JDLQQRW in various parts of Manipur, Nagaland and Assam (CITES, accounting for biases, it could be that decreasing volumes E  Finger rings made of pangolin scales have also RISDQJROLQVFDOHVVHL]HG VHH)LJ DUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK been found for sale at Alashuni fair in Odisha (Mohanty, declining wild populations.   VHH)LJ  There have also been reports of the involvement of Pangolins are caught when sighted or are dug out of tribal communities such as Padhis, Saperas, Bawarias their burrows using different techniques including smoking and MongiasLQWKHFDSWXUHRISDQJROLQV 6KDUPD  WKHDQLPDOVRXWDQGÀXVKLQJWKHPRXWZLWKZDWHUSLWIDOO Pangolin scales were reported to be sold for Rs1000/kg traps and hunting with dogs are also reported to be used to LQ0L]RUDPLQDQGLQFUHDVHGWR5V±NJ KXQWDQGWUDSSDQJROLQV .XPDUD0RKDQW\ in different parts of Mizoram in 2013 (Chinlampianga et *XEELDQG/LQNLH 7KHDQLPDOVDUHWKHQNLOOHGE\ al. 'HVSLWHWKHDSSDUHQWGHFOLQHLQWKHYROXPHRI being placed in boiling water or with the use of a club to scales seized, trade is nevertheless persistent and can be UHQGHUWKHPXQFRQVFLRXV 0RKDQW\ 7KHVFDOHVDUH attributed to high demand from China primarily, where then typically removed by skinning the dead animal or scales are used in traditional medicines, and to increasing peeling off the scales 0LVUD  prices, which are driving the illegal trade in pangolins Despite scant data on the population status of from South Asia, as well as from Africa and South- SDQJROLQV LQ ,QGLD 7LNDGHU   UHSRUWHG WKDW HDVW $VLD 3DQWHO DQG &KLQ  &KDOOHQGHU  populations of both the Indian and Chinese pangolins &KDOOHQGHUDQG+\ZRRG 

Fig. 4. Reported amount of pangolin scales seized per year (solid line) and the number of seizures per year (dashed line) between 2009 and 2014.$QDVWHULVNGHQRWHV\HDUVZKHUHVHL]XUHVKDYHLQYROYHGVFDOHVEXW GDWDRQZHLJKWLQVRPHFRQÀVFDWLRQVZHUHQRWDYDLODEOHRUWKHVHL]XUHLQYROYHGDOLYHSDQJROLQ

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   36 Date of seizure Weight (kg) Location of seizure (mode of transport) Notes Data source(s) S HOR T COMUNI A T ION TRAFFIC Bulletin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eized with Tiger bones 17 June 2010 164 Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi airport, Guwahati, Procured from Dimapur, bound for Myanmar   $VVDP DQG&KLQDYLD,PSKDO6HL]HGDORQJZLWK7LJHUERQHV 7KH$VVDP7ULEXQH   -XQH  5DLOZD\PDLOVHUYLFHVWDWLRQ*XZDKDWL$VVDP  72,  -XO\  .DPDODSXUYLOODJH%HOODU\.DUQDWDND 3URFXUHGORFDOO\SHRSOHDUUHVWHG 'HFFDQ&KURQLFOH        7KH+LQGX   6HSWHPEHU  3DOOHO7KRXEDO0DQLSXU 'HVWLQHGIRU0RUHK ZZZHSDRQHW   19 November 2010 138.6 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport,   .RONDWD:HVW%HQJDO SHUVRQDUUHVWHG '5,  26 November 2010 511.65 Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, Procured from Chennai, Tamil Nadu,   .RONDWD:HVW%HQJDO GHVWLQHGIRU0\DQPDUYLD,PSKDO '5,   -XQH  .KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO,PSKDO0DQLSXU  ZZZHSDRQHW   -XQH  .KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO,PSKDO0DQLSXU LQMHHS  ZRPHQDUUHVWHG ZZZHSDRQHW   -XQH  .KXGHQJWKDEL&KDQGHO0DQLSXU ZRPHQDUUHVWHG ZZZHSDRQHW   -XQH VFDOHV 6LWDWUDFNMXQFWLRQ&KDQGHO0DQLSXU SHUVRQDUUHVWHG ZZZHSDRQHW   $XJXVW  .KXGHQJWKDEL0RUHK,PSKDO0DQLSXU LQEXV  ORFDOWULEDO\RXWKVDUUHVWHG 72,   2FWREHU  6RQDEDULJKDW6LOFKDU$VVDP LQEXV  3URFXUHGIURP6RXWK,QGLDQ6WDWHV destined for China via Myanmar    SHRSOHDUUHVWHGZLWK0\DQPDUHVHFXUUHQF\ 72,   2 November 2011 14 Khudengthabi, Chandel, Manipur Procured from south Indian States,    GHVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU ZZZHSDRQHW   -DQXDU\  9DLUHQJWH&KHFNJDWH0L]RUDP LQWUXFN  SHRSOHDUUHVWHG3URFXUHGIURPVRXWK,QGLDQ6WDWH    DQGGHVWLQHGIRU&KLQD 7KH7HOHJUDSK  ? May 2012 12 Chandel district, Imphal, Manipur Destined for border town of Moreh.    6HL]HGZLWKSVHXGRHSKHGULQHGUXJ 72,   -XO\  &HQWUDO)RUHVW'LYLVLRQ6HNPDL0DQLSXU LQMHHS  SHRSOHDUUHVWHGWUDQVSRUWLQJIURP'LPDSXUWR,PSKDO ZZZHSDRQHW   -XO\ SDQJROLQ *XUJXULDUDQJH6LPLOLSDO%LRVSKHUH5HVHUYH2GLVKD  $QRQ  $XJXVW  7KDPQDSRNSL7KRXEDO0DQLSXU  ZZZNDQJODRQOLQHFRP  

Table 1. Reported seizures of pangolin body parts in India (2009–2014). " GDWHQRWVSHFL¿HG ZHLJKWQRWVSHFL¿HG 'DLO\1HZVSDSHU 2QOLQHQHZVUHSRUW 3UHVVQRWH72, 7LPHVRI,QGLD'5, 'LUHFWRUDWHRI5HYHQXH,QWHOOLJHQFH:HVW%HQJDO,QGLD Date of seizure Weight (kg) Location of seizure (mode of transport) Notes Data source(s)

6HSWHPEHU  %DZJNDZQ$L]DZO0L]RUDP 6HL]HGIURPKRXVHDUUHVW'HVWLQHGIRU0\DQPDU 7KH7HOHJUDSK  6HSWHPEHU  7XLULDODLU¿HOGYLOODJH0L]RUDP  7KH$UXQDFKDO7LPHV   ")HEUXDU\  .DQVUDRIRUHVW5DMDML1DWLRQDO3DUN8WWDUDNKDQG SHRSOHDUUHVWHG 7KH+LQGX   20 April 2013 11 Anwarganj railway station, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Procured from Itrsa, Baital and Hashangabad area,    0DGK\D3UDGHVKGHVWLQHGIRUQRUWKHDVW,QGLD 72,   -XO\  %HOWRODDUHD*XZDKDWL$VVDP SHUVRQDUUHVWHGZLWKSVHXGRHSKHGULQHWDEOHWV %XVLQHVV6WDQGDUG       'HVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU 1LWKDUW 

-XO\  'HELGDQJD-DOSDLJXUL6LOLJXUL:HVW%HQJDO 3URFXUHGIURP.DOND+DU\DQDDQGGHVWLQHGIRU1HSDO 7KH+LQGX     LQWUDLQ  ,QGLDQ1HSDOHVHQDWLRQDOVDUUHVWHGQDWLYHVRI Chennai, Nagaland, Manipur, Siliguri and Nepal -XO\  7KRXEDO,PSKDO0DQLSXU :RPDQDQGVRQDSSUHKHQGHG 1LWKDUW  $XJXVW  'DYDQJHUH.DUQDWDND &ROOHFWHGORFDOO\GHVWLQHGIRU&KLQDYLD0\DQPDU ZZZQHZVFKHQQDLRQOLQHFRP       6KDUPD  "$XJXVW  $L]DZO0L]RUDP  72,   28 August 2013 148 Vairengte, Kolasib district, Mizoram Procured from Shillong, destined for Myanmar    SHRSOHDUUHVWHGLQFOXGLQJ0\DQPDUQDWLRQDOV 6KDUPD   "6HSWHPEHU  9HQJDOYLOODJH7KLUXYDOORUHGLVWULFW7DPLO1DGX SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG 6KDUPD  S HOR T COMUNI A T ION 6HSWHPEHU  .KXGHQJWKDEL0DQLSXU  1LWKDUW  'HFHPEHU SDQJROLQ *RULD6XJJXMDGLVWULFW&KKDWWLVJDUK SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG &HQWUDO&KURQLFOH   -DQXDU\  'DQGHOL$QDVKL7LJHU5HVHUYHDUHD.DUQDWDND SHUVRQDSSUHKHQGHG ZZZVDKLORQOLQHRUJ   11 March 2014 Pangolin skin# Tengnoupal along Imphal-Moreh road, Imphal,  ZLWKVFDOHV 0DQLSXU LQYDQ  SHRSOHDSSUHKHQGHG ZZZHSDRQHW   0DUFK  ,PSKDO0DQLSXU  ZZZHSDRQHW   -XO\  6HURX7KRXEDOGLVWULFW0DQLSXU LQYDQ  ZRPHQDQGPDQDSSUHKHQGHG TRAFFIC Bulletin    SURFXUHGIURP,PSKDOERXQGIRU0RUHK ZZZHSDRQHW   2FWREHU  .KXGHQJWKDELFKHFNSRVW,PSKDO0DQLSXU ZRPDQDSSUHKHQGHG 7KH$VVDP7ULEXQH   22 September 2014 43 Nawapur in Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh 1 person arrested    3URFXUHGIURP3DFKPDUKL0DG\D3UDGHVK 72,   "1RYHPEHU  *RSLFKHWWLSDO\DPYLOODJH7DPLO1DGX SHRSOHDUUHVWHG 'HFFDQ&KURQLFOH   9RO1R   1RYHPEHU  6DSHUDEDVWL'RLZDODDUHD'HKUDGXQ8WWDUDNKDQG SHUVRQDUUHVWHG 7KH3LRQHHU  1RYHPEHU  0RUHK0DQLSXU SHUVRQVHQWHQFHGWRPRQWKV¶JDRO ZZZHSDRQHW  6DQJKDL([SUHVV  

Table 1 (ctd). Reported seizures of pangolin body parts in India (2009–2014). " GDWHQRWVSHFL¿HG ZHLJKWQRWVSHFL¿HG 'DLO\1HZVSDSHU 2QOLQHQHZVUHSRUW 3UHVVQRWH72, 7LPHVRI,QGLD'5, 'LUHFWRUDWHRI5HYHQXH,QWHOOLJHQFH:HVW%HQJDO,QGLD S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

USE OF PANGOLIN BODY PARTS IN INDIA appear, at least based on this evidence, that if offtake for traditional medicinal applications occurs in parallel Despite regulations, pangolin body parts continue to with exploitation for national and/or international trade, be used in traditional medicines throughout India (Mitra, it could well be unsustainable. Further research into  )RULQVWDQFH0DKDZDUDQG-DUROL  UHSRUWHG pangolin use, exploitation and trade in India, and in 109 animal species with 270 uses in traditional medicine South Asia more broadly, is therefore required urgently in different parts of India, including pangolins. The to obtain a better understanding of the pervasive threat meat, bile, scales and claws of pangolins are reportedly of exploitation and trade in the region (e.g. Challender et used by tribal communities including the Paudi Bhuyan al.,E0DKPRRGet al.,   tribe of Odisha, Biate tribe of Assam, Katkaris folk of To draw attention to the illegal pangolin trade in India, Maharashtra, Gond tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Mizo in January 2014 the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau, ethnic group of Mizoram, and the Nyishi and Galo New Delhi, issued an alert to police, forest, Customs and WULEHV RI $UXQDFKDO 3UDGHVK 7DEOH    $OWKRXJK WKH postal authorities throughout the country to highlight the use of pangolin body parts in these applications is H[WHQWRIWKLVWUDGH 6KDUPD 2Q1RYHPEHU steeped in tradition, exploitation of pangolins for these 2014, one person apprehended with 10.7 kg of pangolin purposes is illegal. Unfortunately, as little is known scales on 13 November 2014 at Moreh, Manipur, was about the population status of pangolins in India, it is sentenced to two months’ imprisonment, suggesting that not possible to determine whether offtake of pangolins this alert may have started to translate into enforcement for these purposes is sustainable. However, it does action and subsequent prosecutions.

PANGOLINS ARE KILLED BY BEING PLACED IN BOILING WATER OR WITH THE USE OF A CLUB TO RENDER THEM UNCONSCIOUS. THE SCALES ARE TYPICALLY REMOVED BY SKINNING THE DEAD ANIMAL OR PEELING OFF THE SCALES.

Species Body part Uses Practitioner Source

Indian Pangolin 6FDOHV LQDQDTXHRXVSDVWH  WRUHGXFHVZHOOLQJ WUDGLWLRQDONQRZOHGJH 'L[LWet al., 2010 Manis crassicaudata  DQGLQÀDPPDWLRQ KROGHUVRIVRXWK,QGLD

Bile to treat splenomegaly traditional knowledge Chinlampianga et al., 2013   HQODUJHPHQWRIWKHVSOHHQ  KROGHUVRI0L]RUDP    DQG$UXQDFKDO3UDGHVK $3 

Meat to relieve muscle stiffness ditto ditto

 6FDOHV PDGHLQWRDULQJ  WRFXUHSLOHV Paudi Bhuyan tribe of Mohapatra et al., Odisha, tribes of Similipal Mishra et al Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, Chinlampianga et al., 2013 and traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and AP

Scales (dried and crushed to get rid of hook worm Biate tribe of Assam Betlu, 2013 to a powder and taken  ZLWKZDWHU

Scales (made into a paste to get rid of armpit boils Katkaris folk of Maharashtra Kulkarni and Deshpande, 2011  DQGDSSOLHGWRWKHDUPSLW

Scales tied across the to get rid of back pain Gond tribe, Madhya Pradesh Bagde and Jain, 2013 lumber region

Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla Skin/scales worn around neck to prevent pneumonia Mizo ethnic group of Mizoram Lalmuanpuii et al., 2013

Meat consumed as a delicacy Nyishi tribe of AP Solanki et al., 2005

Scales to heal wounds ditto ditto

Skin for cultural purposes ditto ditto

Nails for piercing boils   DVVXPHGDQWLVHSWLFSURSHUW\  Nyishi and Galo tribes of AP Chakravorty et al., 2011

Table 2. Use of pangolin body parts for traditional medicinal applications in India.

38 TRAFFIC Bulletin 9RO1R  S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

urgently needed research on pangolin populations in India, Fig. 5. on current offtake levels both for consumptive use locally as well as for trade, local and national level demand for 7KHVFDOHV pangolin derivatives, and research into the means through of the Indian which local and tribal communities can become partners 3DQJROLQDUH and stewards in pangolin conservation in India (for used as rings H[DPSOHWKURXJKWKHXVHRILQFHQWLYHVRUEHQH¿WV $WWKH E\VRPH same time, initiatives are needed to reduce international ORFDOSHRSOH demand for pangolin derivatives, which is currently being LQ.KRUGKD met in part by pangolin body parts from India, and on which 'LVWULFWRI conservation action has started (for example, WildAid, 2GLVKD  +RZHYHULWLVRQO\WKURXJKDPXOWLIDFHWHGDSSURDFK which encompasses all these elements that the exploitative threat to pangolins in India can be reduced, and their long- term conservation secured.

REFERENCES

5$-(6+.02+$3$75$ $QRQ  $QQXDOUHSRUWRI6LPLOLSDO7LJHU5HVHUYH -XO\ WR-XQH 6LPLOLSDO7LJHU5HVHUYH2GLVKD,QGLD 3S± DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Baillie, J., Challender, D., Kaspal, P., Khatiwada, A., 0RKDSDWUD5DQG1DVK+  Manis crassicaudata. Despite legislative protection, illegal exploitation and The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. trade in pangolin body parts continues to occur in India, www.iucnredlist.org. Viewed on 7 October 2014. which is having a seemingly deleterious effect on pangolin %DJGH1DQG-DLQ6  $QHWKQR]RRORJLFDOVWXGLHV>sic] populations there (Baillie et al.    ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR and medicinal values of vertebrate origin in the adjoining existing regulatory measures therefore, the authors propose areas of Pench National Park of Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int. J. of Life Sciences  ±283. that a series of additional measures are needed in order %HWOX 6   ,QGLJHQRXV NQRZOHGJH RI ]RRWKHUDSHXWLF to relieve exploitative pressure on pangolins in India and use among the Biate tribe of Dima Hasao District, Assam, to ensure the conservation of the species. These include North-eastern India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethno- continuing to raise awareness of the extent of the trade medicine    and the conservation predicament of pangolins with &KDNUDYRUW\ - 0H\HU5RFKRZ 9%DQG *KRVK 6   HQIRUFHPHQW DJHQFLHV²LQFOXGLQJ WKH ,QGLDQ :LOGOLIH Vertebrates used for medicinal purposes by members of 'HSDUWPHQW²DQG RWKHU VWDNHKROGHUV VXFK DV WUDGLWLRQDO the Nyishi and Galo tribes in Arunachal Pradesh (North- medicinal users and practitioners, tribal communities and (DVW ,QGLD  Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine members of the public, in order to generate support for and   ± catalyse conservation action. However, they also include Challender, D., Baillie, J., Ades, G., Kaspal, P., Chan, B., Khatiwada, A., Xu, L., Chin, S., KC, R., Nash, H. and Hsieh, H. (2014a Manis pentadactyla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. www.iucnredlist. org.Viewed on 7 October 2014. &KDOOHQGHU':6:DWHUPDQ&DQG%DLOOLH-(0 E  Scaling up pangolin conservation. IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group Conservation Action Plan. Zoological Society of London, London, UK. &KDOOHQGHU ':6   $VLDQ 3DQJROLQV LQFUHDVLQJ DIÀXHQFH GULYLQJ KXQWLQJ SUHVVXUH TRAFFIC Bulletin   ± &KDOOHQGHU':6DQG+\ZRRG/  $IULFDQSDQJROLQV under increased pressure from poaching and international trade. TRAFFIC Bulletin  ± &KLQODPSLDQJD 0 6LQJK 5. DQG 6XNOD $&   Ethnozoological diversity of Northeast India: Empirical learning with traditional knowledge holders of Mizoram and Arunachal pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge  ± 5$-(6+.02+$3$75$ &,7(6 D $PHQGPHQWV WR$SSHQGLFHV , DQG ,, RI WKH Fig. 6. ,QGLDQ3DQJROLQManis crassicaudata, Convention adopted by the Conference of the Parties at its 1DQGDQNDQDQ:LOGOLIH6DQFWXDU\2GLVKD WK PHHWLQJ *LJLUL .HQ\D  ±$SULO  &,7(6 HDVWHUQ,QGLD Geneva, Switzerland.

TRAFFIC Bulletin9RO1R   S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

&,7(6 E  3URS  3URSRVDOV IRU $PHQGPHQWV RI 3DQWHO 6 DQG &KLQ 6< (GV    Proceedings of the Appendices I and II. Eleventh meeting of the Conference Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins RI WKH 3DUWLHV *LJLUL .HQ\D  ± $SULO  http:// Native to South and Southeast Asia -XQH±-XO\ www.cites.org/eng/cop/11/prop/index.shtml. Viewed on 14 Singapore Zoo, Singapore, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, October 2013. Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Dixit, A.K., Kadavul, K., Rajalakshmi, S. and Shekhawat, M.S. 3RFRFN 5,   7KH H[WHUQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH    (WKQR PHGLFRELRORJLFDO VWXGLHV RI VRXWK ,QGLD SDQJROLQV 0DQLGDH  Proceedings of Zoological Society Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge  ± of London.3S± *XEEL 6 DQG /LQNLH 0   :LOGOLIH KXQWLQJ SDWWHUQV 3UDWHU 6+   7KH %RRN RI ,QGLDQ $QLPDOV 2[IRUG WHFKQLTXHV DQG SUR¿OH RI KXQWHUV LQ DQG DURXQG 3HUL\DU University Press, New Delhi. tiger reserve. Journal of the Bombay Natural History 6KDUPD %.   3DQJROLQV LQ WURXEOH Sanctuary Asia. Society  ±172. ;;;,9  ± +HDWK0(  Manis pentadactyala. Mammalian Species 6RODQNL*6&KXWLD3DQG6LQJK23  (WKQR]RRORJ\ ±$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI0DPPRORJ\ of the Nyishi tribe and its impact on biodiversity in +HDWK 0( DQG 9DQGHUOLS 6/   %LRORJ\ KXVEDQGU\ Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rajib Gandhi University and veterinary care of captive Chinese pangolins (Manis Research Journal   ± pentadactyla . Zoo Biology± 6ULQLYDVXOX & DQG 6ULQLYDVXOX %   &KHFNOLVW RI +HDWK0(  Manis crassicaudata. Mammalian species Scandents and Pholidots (Mammalia: Scandentia and ± 3KROLGRWD RI6RXWK$VLDZoo’s Print Journal  ± .XONDUQL &* DQG 'HVKSDQGH $   )RON WKHUDSLHV RI 1374. Katkaris from Maharashtra. Indian Journal of Traditional 7LNDGHU%.  Threatened Animals of India. Zoological Knowledge  ± Survey of India, Calcutta. .XPDUD+1  $UHSRUWRQLPSDFWRIORFDOKXQWLQJRQ 8QGHUZRRG)0%XUQ5DQG0LOOLNHQ7  'LVVHFWLQJ abundance of large mammals in three protected areas of the the illegal ivory trade: an analysis of ivory seizures data. Western Ghats, Karnataka. Submitted to Rufford Maurice PLos One  H /DLQJ)RXQGDWLRQ8.3S± :LOG$LG   3DQJROLQV 7KH ZRUOG¶V PRVW WUDI¿FNHG /DOPXDQSXLL-5RVDQJNLPD*DQG/DPLQ+  (WKQR mammal. http://www.wildaid.org/program/pangolins. medicinal practices among the Mizo ethnic group in Lunglei Viewed on 3 April 2015. district, Mizoram. Science Vision   ± :X6%/XL1=KDQJ<DQG0D*  $VVHVVPHQW 75$)),&  6HL]XUHVDQGSURVHFXWLRQVTRAFFIC Bulletin of threatened status of Chinese pangolin (Manis   ±140. pentadactyla Chinese Journal of Applied Environmental Mahmood, T., Hussain, R., Irshad, N., Akrim, F. and Sajid, Biology  ± 0  ,OOHJDOPDVVNLOOLQJRI,QGLDQSDQJROLQ Manis :X 6% DQG 0D *  7KH VWDWXV DQG FRQVHUYDWLRQ RI crassicaudata  LQ 3RWRKDU 5HJLRQ 3DNLVWDQ Pakistan J. pangolins in China. TRAFFIC East Asia Newsletter  ± Zool  ±1461. Yang, C.W., Chen, S., Chang, C.Y., Lin, M.F., Block, E., 0DKDZDU 00 DQG -DUROL '3   7UDGLWLRQDO /RUHQWVHQ 5 &KLQ -6& DQG 'LHUHQIHOG (6   zootherapeutic studies in India: a review. Journal of History and dietary husbandry of pangolins in captivity. Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine   ± Zoo Biology± 0LVKUD&'DWWD$DQG0DGKXVXGDQ0'  The high Zhou, Z.M., Hong, Z., Zhang, Z.X., Wang, Z.H. and Wang, altitude wildlife of Western Arunachal Pradesh: a survey ++   $OORPHWU\ RI VFDOHV LQ &KLQHVH SDQJROLQV report. CERC Technical Report No. 8. Nature Conservation (Manis pentadactyla  DQG 0DOD\DQ SDQJROLQ Manis Foundation, International Snow Leopard Trust, and Wildlife javanica DQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIMXGLFLDOH[SHUWLVHZoological &RQVHUYDWLRQ6RFLHW\ ,QGLD3URJUDP 0\VRUH,QGLD Research   ± 0LVKUD15RXW6'DQG3DQGD7  (WKQR]RRORJLFDO studies and medicinal values of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa. India. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology   ± 0LVUD0  3DQJROLQGLVWULEXWLRQDQGWUDGHLQ(DVWDQG Rajesh Kumar Mohapatra, Biologist, Nandankanan Northeast India. TRAFFIC Dispatches± Zoological Park, Odisha, India; PhD candidate, 0LWUD 6   2Q WKH VFDOHV RI VFDO\ DQWHDWHU Manis Utkal University, Odisha, India; Member, IUCN SSC Pangolin crassicaudata. J. Bombay Nat. His. Soc.   ± Specialist Group. Email: [email protected] 0RKDQW\ %   :LOGOLIH SRDFKLQJ LQ 2ULVVD 3K' /LIH Sudarsan Panda, Director, Nandankanan Zoological Park, 6FLHQFH  WKHVLV VXEPLWWHG WR 1RUWK 2ULVVD 8QLYHUVLW\ Odisha, India. Email: [email protected] %DULSDGD2GLVKD3S± Manoj V. Nair, Scientist-E, Wildlife Institute of India, Mohapatra, P.P., Dash, P.K., Palei, H.S., Behera, S.K. and Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. $FKDU\D6  'RFXPHQWDWLRQRILQGLJHQRXVWUDGLWLRQDO Email: [email protected] knowledge of Paudi Bhuyan in Odisha. (Technical Lakshmi Narayan Acharjyo, Retired zoo veterinarian of 5HSRUW  &HQWUH IRU %LRGLYHUVLW\ &RQVHUYDWLRQ Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha, India. %KXEDQHVZDU2GLVKD3S± Email: [email protected] 0RKDSDWUD5.DQG3DQGD6  +XVEDQGU\EHKDYLRXU Daniel W.S. Challender, 3URJUDPPH2I¿FHU and conservation breeding of Indian pangolin. Folia Sustainable Use and Trade, IUCN Global Species Zoologica  ± Programme, Cambridge, UK; Co-Chair, IUCN SSC Pangolin 1LWKDUW& (G   On the Trail. Robin Des Bois. Paris, Specialist Group. Email: [email protected]; )UDQFH± [email protected]

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apers on the subject of wildlife trade are invited for Discussion and Conclusions. These sections, which may be combined, consideration by TRAFFIC, the publisher of the TRAFFIC should constitute an analysis of what the results actually show, what Bulletin, provided the material is unpublished and not under may be inferred from them (if relevant), and what may be concluded consideration for publication elsewhere. Contributions on the subject in question, including any limitations. No new results can take the form of feature articles (which should not should be introduced in these sections. Pusually exceed 7000 words, excluding tables and references), Short Communications (up to 3000 words), and news items (up to 2000 Recommendations. These should be linked to the discussion/ words). conclusions in the report. Try to make these as specific as possible, Referees and the Editor judge each submitted manuscript on data stating who should take action, where possible. originality, accuracy and clarity. A minimum of two reviewers are selected by TRAFFIC for feature articles and Short Communications, Acknowledgements. These should include acknowledgement of with suggestions from the author welcome. The author will be notified funders of research and production, as well as of reviewers and of acceptance, rejection or the need for revision of the paper following contributors. the review process, which takes up to eight weeks. If accepted, the author will be responsible for incorporating the reviewers’ comments, References. See also below. as appropriate. The paper will then be edited and returned to the author for comment/further amendment if necessary, and the author’s ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐ^ƚLJůĞZĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ: approval. The author should correct the proofs and return them to the Editor within an agreed period (usually 10 days). Acceptance of a paper Species names: Common or vernacular names of species should at first for publication in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will normally be confirmed mention be accompanied by their full scientific name. If referring to a when any outstanding points have been clarified with the Editor. distinct species, use initial capital letters, for example, African Elephant Copyright of material published in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will be vested Loxodonta africana. If discussing more than one species under a in TRAFFIC. generic name, no capital letter is used, for example, rhinoceroses (as opposed to Black Rhinoceros). The common name only is used in Editing at TRAFFIC: The editing process will include reading the report, subsequent references to the species name, except in cases where there checking for sense and style and making adjustments accordingly, as may be several common names in use or when there is no common necessary; standardizing spelling, punctuation, checking for provision name; in such cases the scientific name only will be referred to. of sources; communicating with the author over any substantive changes; preparing layout; scanning and placing illustrations, etc. References in text: Reference all material that is not based on the The editing period at TRAFFIC usually takes a minimum of two observation of the author(s). Published literature is cited in the text weeks, depending on the length of the article and the extent of editing by author, and year of publication (Mabberley, 1997); three or more required. After this period, correspondence between the Editor and the authors are represented by the first author’s surname (Chen et al., 1996). author will aim to see the text finalized to the mutual satisfaction of both Personal communications should be cited in the text as: initial, surname parties and to allow for any outstanding errors to be eliminated before and month/year (J. Smith pers. comm. to M. Brown, January 1999); the report is finalized. correspondence cited as: initial, surname, in litt., month/year (T. Holt, in litt. to M. Kray, May 1998). GUIDE TO AUTHORS: Manuscripts should be written in the English language and submitted to the Editor via e-mail (in Word, Rich Text Numbers: Numbers from one to nine, and all numbers at the beginning format). Submissions in other languages may be considered for of a sentence should be spelled out in full; numbers of 10 and more translation but an English summary must be prepared. All submissions should be written as figures. must provide an approximate word count and the spelling should be thoroughly checked, using a computerized spell-checker if possible. Units of measure/currency: All measurements should be in metric units. Currencies should at first mention have a US dollar exchange A feature article in the TRAFFIC Bulletin will normally comprise the rate, though original currencies should be quoted rather than converted following structure, where possible: values.

Abstract. 200 words, or fewer, in italics. This should express briefly the Tables/figures: Submit only essential tables and figures; these should purpose, results and implications of the study. Note that an Abstract is not exceed 10 in number and preferably should be no more than five, or not necessary for Short Communications. fewer. They must be referred to (in Arabic numerals) and interpreted in the text. Do not present the same data in a table and a figure. The Introduction. This section should help familiarize the reader with caption should appear beneath the table/figure, and should indicate the subject and explain the rationale for the study and the reasons for when the data were collected and the source. All tables should be choosing any aspects highlighted in the report. tabulated (do not use space bar), with no cells/boxes or horizontal/ vertical rules. Rules will be incorporated at the desktop publishing Background. This may be included, particularly on a subject with stage. Where appropriate, both common and scientific names should which readers may not be familiar, and will briefly cover geography and be included in the table. social environment of the area covered. llustrations: High quality colour images should be submitted by e-mail Methods. The means by which data for the study were gathered, for selection by the Editor, in consultation with the author. Captions number of researchers, the duration of research, and study areas, must and credits should be indicated. Maps should be of a quality for direct be clearly stated. reproduction and to proportions appropriate for reproduction to a width of one column (80 mm) or one page (170 mm), and a maximum Distribution and Status. Information relating to a description of the height of 130 mm. It is the author’s responsibility to obtain copyright species under discussion. clearance for reproduction of illustrative material supplied and to ensure adequate acknowledgement. Legislation. A concise account of legislation/trade controls which may affect trade involving the subject under discussion should be included. Reprints: Following publication of the article, up to five reprints are provided free of charge. Additional copies can be obtained, stocks Results. The results can consist of further sections of text which should allowing, but postage costs will be charged for. be broken up, with subheadings, as appropriate. If research has been weak and flawed, point this out, rather than try to hide the fact. By flagging the main points emerging from the research throughout the article, it will be much easier to draw together a discussion and conclusions section. Please direct any queries to: [email protected] T R A F F I C M A I L I N G D A T A B A S E F O R M

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is a strategic alliance of