Index

A close affi liative behaviors , 376–377 A C P . See Private Conservation Area (ACP) HDBs to familiar visitors , 378–379 African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) , non-primate species , 374 21 , 23 study fi ndings , 375 African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) , 188 subjects and methods , 375 Agent Orange , 179 visual behaviors , 377 , 378 Agricultural ‘Pests’ , 138–139 Aportive lemurs (genus Lepilemur ) , 197 Agricultural frontier Arboreal samango monkeys , 303 account expansion , 328 ARCAs . See Ronda Conservation Areas and hunting pressure , 317 (ARCAs) Agricultural landscapes, primate interactions Asociación de Organizaciones del Corredor human-directed aggression , 140–141 Biológico Talamanca Caribe lethal control methods , 139 (ACBTC) , 365 livestock predation , 140 Aye-aye (Daubentonia madegascariensis ) , 111 Agroecosystems , 7 , 137 Agroforestry techniques , 35 Agro-industrial enterprises , 21 B Allen’s swamp monkey (Allenopithecus Baboon attacks , 140 nigroviridis ) , 182 Bakumba community , 183 Alouatta palliata , 353 , 362 , 365 Bears (Ursus arctos ) , 302 Alouatta pigra , 9 1 Behavioral rehabilitation , 235 Amathole Mountains , 305 Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve (BMSR) , 405 Amazonian forest loss in Peru , 316 Bioclimatic zones , 317 Amboseli National Park , 302 Biological Species Concept (BSC) , 199 Animal Concerns Research and Education Black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza ) , Society (ACRES) , 295 302 Animal conservation , 129 , 130 Black-crested mangabeys (Lophocebus Animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) , 352 aterrimus ) , 182 Anthropocene, biodiversity conservation , 64 Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary , 111 Anthropogenic habitats , 148 Bolafa (Gilbertiodendron ) forest , 182 Anthropogenic matrix , 354 Bonobos , 181–187 Anthropological methodology , 217 Brachyteles hypoxanthus , 1 4 Ape–human interactions Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba) , 15 aggression, hiding and distant affi liative Budongo Forest Reserve , 79 HDBs , 378 Bushmeat , 97

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 415 M.T. Waller (ed.), Ethnoprimatology, Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4 416 Index

Bushmeat crisis children’s drawings , 266 APDS , 50 , 58 ecology , 264–265 in Bayanga , 57 education , 265–267 in Congo Basin rely , 47 empowerment , 267–268 consumption of , 48 events , 262 , 263 cooking pot , 56 fi eld site , 262 ethnographic and primatological human-modifi ed landscape , 268 approaches , 58 Javan slow lorises , 260 , 261 ethnoprimatology and multispecies LFP fi eld station, villagers/offi cials , 268–270 ethnography , 49 lorisids , 259 forest , 53–54 project introduction, local people , 262–264 hunter off-take and interview data , 51 slow lorises , 259 large-scale analysis , 48 social media , 268 line transect surveys , 50–51 Community run protected areas market , 54–56 ACP , 219 market data and interview methods , 51–53 ARCAs , 221 monkey, hunting , 56 CC , 219 , 220 nonhuman primate , 49 , 58 grassroots conservation , 221 regional market surveys , 48 , 49 Community-managed forests , 342 regional research , 49 Computer-based modeling , 317 Bushmeat trade , 180 Confi scated orphaned chimpanzee , 65 Business As Usual (BAU) approach , 31 Conservation Concession (CC) , 219 , 220 Conservation medicine approaches , 67 Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009 , 222 C The Coastal Economy , 355 Callicebus oenanthe , 326 , 327 Costa Rican law , 365 Campbell’s monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli Cretaceous marine fossil (Belemnitella lowei ) , 111 americana ) , 400 Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris ) , 99 Crop feeding , 138 , 144 Caretta caretta , 405 Crop raiding , 82 Caribe Sur , 353 Crop-raiding primates , 144 Cebus nigritus , 9 1 Cross-river gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli ) , 110 Central African Republic (CAR) , 49 Crude palm oil , 29 Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus ) , 302 , 305 Culturally sensitive conservation actions , 150 Cheirogaleus medius , 404 Chimpanzees , 15 , 126 , 273–281 adult male chimpanzee , 146 D attacks , 145 , 147 Data analysis , 218 behavioural fl exibility , 149 Data collection and preparation , 322 crop ‘pests’ , 142–144 DeBrazza’s monkey (Cercopithecus effects of deforestation , 273 neglectus ) , 182 livestock predation , 144–145 Decentralization process , 222 ‘pest’ primate , 141–147 Deforestation , 224 property damage , 147 , 148 Dehumanize rehabilitant orangutans , 236 , 240 standing crop nest count (SCNC) census , Demidoff’s dwarf galagos (Galagoides 275 demidovii ) , 182 subadult female chimpanzee , 143 Demilitarized Zone , 179 Climate change Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) , 22 , montane and pre-montane forests , 316 180–182 , 184 , 187 , 188 ramifi cations , 315 Disease risk analysis , 68 , 69 Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu ) , 98 Dzanga Sangha Dense Forest Reserve , 5 Colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis ) , 182 Dzanga-Ndoki Park , 13 Community conservation Dzanga-Sangha Dense Forest Reserve , 13 Index 417

Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas (APDS) intensity, grid cell usage , 85 , 88 cercopithecoid primates , 50 interactions rates , 80 , 81 gun hunters , 58 Lake Nabugabo, Uganda , 79 , 80 human in-migration , 50 Lake Victoria , 79 nonhuman primate species , 53 local community , 91 rainfall , 50 local human community , 89 socio-ecological setting , 49 M group , 79 mean activity budgets , 89 , 90 mechanisms , 89 E non-crop and crop foods , 81–82 Eastern potto (Perodicticus potto ) , 182 political levels , 91 Effects of deforestation and Chimpanzees , 273 population’s ecosystem , 78 Egyptian religious beliefs , 118 primate behavioural ecology , 78 Electrocution , 362 , 363 primatology , 78 Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) , 64 ranging , 82 , 85–87 Environmental legal framework , 222 sentinel behaviour , 91 Erythroxylum coca , 316 tourism , 91 Eschrichtius robustus , 405 vervet monkeys , 79 , 83 , 84 Ethnographic methods , 216 Forest school designs Ethnographic research , 226 age-graded forest schools , 249 Ethnoprimatological research , 5 , 7 , 16 physical support facilities , 250 Ethnoprimatology , 1 , 10 , 11 , 16 , 96 , 175 program/activities , 251 conservation management , 14–16 small groups , 251 , 252 Ethnozoology , 118 staff , 250 , 251 Eubalaena australis , 405 Forest school practices Eyengo community , 183 behavioral rehabilitation , 249 guiding principles , 248–249 staff , 246 F Franzen’s study of hunting , 103 Fluid relationships , 2 Free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) , 29 Fongoli chimpanzees , 161 , 162 Frugivorous prey species , 49 Forest degradation behaviour , 82–83 behavioural observations , 80–81 G conservation approach , 91 Gandoca community , 354 conservation/management plans , 78 Garamba National Park , 180 cropland , 77 Gauge monkey , 305 DBH , 84 , 87 Generalized human–orangutan relationships , diet , 83–85 245 disturbed vs . undisturbed environments , German-controlled Cameroon , 22 89 , 90 Giving-up densities (GUDs) , 304 , 306–308 , environmental education , 91 310 , 311 Eucalyptus plantations , 78 “Global Epicenter of biodiversity” , 217 feeding , 83 , 85 Gorilla gorilla , 407 fi sh stocks , 79 Government, community based primate food species and frequency , 84 , 86–87 conservation fragments and landscapes , 88 data analysis , 218 fragments and limit terrestrial locomotion , data collection methods , 216 , 217 91 Governmental run protected areas , 218–219 generalized digestive system , 89 , 91 Grassroots conservation , 221 howler monkeys , 91 Grauer’s gorillas (Gorilla beringei graueri ) , human interactions , 87–88 181 human populations , 78 The Great African War , 180–181 , 187 418 Index

Great Ape Health Monitoring Unit (GAHMU) , generalized relationships , 241 , 245 , 247 68 individualized relationship , 241 , 244 , 247 Grid cell system , 82 rehabilitation/reintroduction , 242 , 243 Guajá cultural practices and monkeys , 2 ‘Human–primate confl ict’ resolution , 150 Guajá gender system , 2 Humans vs. orangutan peers , 244 Guajá kinship system , 2 Hunt bushbabies (Galago senegalensis ) , 161 Guajá people , 2 Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta ) , 302 GUDs . See Giving-up densities (GUDs) Guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio) , 161 Guiyero , 105 I Gymnogyps californianus , 407 Illegal wildlife trade , 267 Impala (Aepyceros melampus ) , 403 In situ–ex situ links , 70 H Individualized orangutan–human relationships , Habitat conversion , 137 241 , 243 , 244 Hanuman the Monkey , 118 Infant–mother attachment relationships , 241 Hardin,Rebecca , 10 , 13 Informal conservation initiatives , 223 , 227 HDBs . See Human–directed behaviors (HDBs) Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Herakles Farms (HF) , 33 Nature (ICCN) , 188 Heterospecifi c alarm signals , 303 Integrated Conservation Medicine Programs , High Conservation Value (HCV) , 31–33 7 1 Hindu-based protection, monkeys , 121 International Animal Rescue , 260 Hogsback , 304–311 International Union for the Conservation of Homo sapiens , 399 Nature (IUCN) , 139 Howler monkey , 2 , 97 , 108 Isthmus of Gibraltar , 8 Human–animal relationships (HARs) IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species , 315 Abyssinian colobus monkeys , 383 Iyema , 187 ape–human interaction studies , 380 behavior patterns , 379 chronic human presence , 372–373 J familiar and unfamiliar visitors , 380 Javan slow loris (N. javanicus ) , 260 farmed animals , 374 food , 381 gorillas’ social interactions , 381 K interpretation , 380 Kinkajou (Potus fl avus ) , 101 pooling human-directed behaviors , 380 Kinship bonds , 2 positive and negative , 374 Kinship relations , 2 promote positive welfare , 382–383 Kipunjis ( Rungwecebus kipunji ) , 201 relationship-based approach , 380 Kit foxes (Vulpes mutica ) , 408 species-specifi c social structure and behavior , 381 visitor effect studies , 373–374 L visitor interactions , 384–385 Ladder bridge , 360 visual behaviors , 379 Lagothrix fl avicauda , 317 zoos , 371–372 Lajuma Research Centre , 305 zoo animals’ attacks on humans , 383 Lake Nabugabo fi shing , 79 zoo-housed great apes’ interactions , 379 Landscape of Fear approach , 303 Human–directed behaviors (HDBs) , 375 Large-scale oil palm developments , 28 Human–driven environmental changes , 137 Latin hypercube sampling , 106 Human–macaque interactions in Japan , 3 Leopards (Panthera pardus ) , 302 Human–macaque interface, 286 Lepilemur leucopus , 404 Human–orangutan relationships Lepilemur rufi caudatus , 404 attachment behaviors , 241 , 243 Lethal control methods , 139 dehumanization , 240 Lindu highlands , 3 Index 419

Linear mixed-effects model , 311 , 312 GIS-based studies , 328 Lomako Forest , 181 , 182 , 186 man-made climate changes , 342 Lomako River , 183 predictions , 328 Lomako, monkey populations , 183 resolution of data layers , 328 Long-tailed macaques socioeconomic instability , 341 humans , 285 Muslim Butonese , 3 Macaca , 283 provisioning , 285 urbanization , 284–285 N Long-Term Field Sites , 4–7 N’deli site (Lomako Forest) , 182 Loxodonta africana , 403 Naïve chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes ) , 302 Natural canopy bridge , 360 Natural canopy bridges , 359–362 M Neoliberal conservation system , 225 Macaca mulatta , 406 Neotropical Primate Conservation (NPC) , 218 Macaque management strategy , 293 “New Eyengo” community (NE) , 184 Macaque security guards , 295 Non-Government Organization (NGO) , 11 Macaques , 9 Non-human primate in Japanese society , 8 in APDS , 53 Marañón-Huallaga landscape , 316 consumption of , 49 Maxent models , 324 hunting of , 49 Maxus Road hunting pressure , 58 in Amazonian Ecuador , 97 maintenance of , 58 evidence for hunting sustainability , Non-human primates (NHP) 107–109 Amazonian cultures , 121 hunting offtakes , 104 anthropogenic matrix , 351 implications for conservation management , anthropozoonoses , 67 109–110 chimpanzees , 126 primates , 101–102 community-based conservation , 351 species observed , 101 conservation challenges , 65–68 sustainability of harvests , 102–103 conservation implications , 129–130 Waorani , 99–101 conservation-minded approach , 64 Medicinal animals . See Primates and folk cultural expressions , 117 medicine disease-related population , 63 Minimum convex polygon (MCP) , 322 and ecotourism guidelines , 70–71 Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) , ethnoprimatological approaches , 352 354 ethnoprimatology , 118 Mona monkeys (Cercopithecus mona ) , 196 Hanuman the Monkey , 118 Mongo ethnic group , 183 human population growth , 63 Monkey bridges Hun Batz, monkey god , 118 AVC , 365 hunting. primates , 66 Caribe Sur , 366 Matsigenka community , 127 Monkeys , 186–187 monkey worship , 120 average group size of four species , 186 mythology , 120 and farmers , 3 peri-urban environments , 351 population density , 186 religious beliefs and practices , 118 Mortality risks , 356–358 terrestrial productivity , 63 Mountain gorilla conservation project , 96 traditional folk medicine , 127 Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei ) , traumatic injuries , 67 95 , 181 Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) , 167–173 Mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni ) , 302 bushmeat trade , 157 Multiple drivers of extinction risk chimpanzees of Fongoli , 161 anthropogenic pressures , 342 collection , 158–160 commission models , 341 conservation strategy , 173–175 420 Index

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) (cont.) plantations in Southeast Asia , 26 habitat , 166–167 production , 21–24 , 34 , 35 interviews , 165 , 169–170 Papaver somniferum , 316 line-transects , 163–165 Papio ursinus , 403 people of Fongoli , 161–162 Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas ) , 161 research objectives , 162 The Peri-Urban Landscape , 354–355 Saba senegalensis , 160 , 165 Peru, primate conservation , 221 , 224 Chimpanzees , 170–172 communal control counts , 167–168 deforestation , 224 extraction , 168 hunting , 224 humans , 172–173 wildlife traffi cking , 224 nest distance , 169 community protected areas (see socioeconomics , 175 Community run protected areas ) study site , 163 deforestation , 216 Nycticebus spp. , 259 ethnographic methods , 226 government initiatives , 216 governmental run protected areas , 218 , 219 O informal conservation initiatives , 223, 224 Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) , 275 local community initiatives , 216 Oil Palm Plantations primates distribution , 215 ecological effects , 28 SERFOR , 222 effects on animal communities , 27 state law enforcement , 221 , 222 forest loss and fragmentation , 24–27 wildlife traffi cking control , 223 imapct on Biodiversity and Human Peru’s cloud forests , 316 Livelihoods , 23–30 Peruvian law , 222 livelihood impacts , 28–30 Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax ) , Olingo ( Bassaricyon alleni ) , 101 326–327 , 341 One Health , 64 Phacochoerus aethiopicus , 405 Orangutan Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC) , 199 behavioral rehabilitation , 235 Postwar Primate Populations , 184 conservation , 234 Preference dehumanize rehabilitant orangutans , 236 , bushmeat , 48 , 58 237 primates , 48 hunting , 233 purchasing red duikers (Cephalophus spp.) , 56 reintroduction , 234 ungulates , 56 social learning , 238 “Prewar” bonobo data , 183 Orangutan rehabilitation , 234 Primate Predator Project , 305 age-related changes, immatures , 239 Primate taxonomy defi nition , 237 African papionins , 204 ecological challenges , 237 Baba Dioum , 193 immatures’ learning challenges , 239 bipedalism , 198 social challenges , 237 Cercopithecidae , 198 social learning , 238 conservation biology , 206 Orphaned monkeys , 2 folk-taxonomies , 195 , 206 Galago and Euoticus , 204 genus level , 204 P gibbon lineages , 205 Paca (Cuniculus paca ) , 101 hierarchical system , 198 Padangtegal temple , 5 , 6 humans , 196 Palm kernel oil , 21 kipunji ( Rungwecebus kipunji) , 203 Palm oil lesula (Cercopithecus lomamiensis) , 203 African tropical forest zones , 35 Linnæus’ time, species , 197 cooking with , 21 molecular analyses , 204 experiments , 23 Myanmar snub-nosed monkey extraction , 21 ( Rhinopithecus strykeri) , 203 Index 421

Nilgiri langur (T. johnii ) , 205 Egyptian religious beliefs , 118 nonhuman , 196 Hun Batz, monkey god , 118 Papio hamadryas (hamadryas baboon) , 193 non-human primates , 118 ranking , 202 primate sculptures , 119 scientifi c taxonomy , 196 primates , 121–125 species and biodiversity crisis , 194–195 traditional folk medicine , 127 species classifi cation , 199 Remis, Melissa , 5 , 10 , 13 species delimitation , 200–201 Representative concentration pathways (RCP) , sportive lemurs (genus Lepilemur ) , 197 322 taxon “species” , 193 Repsol run checkpoint , 110 Primate-kin , 2 Reserve de Faune de Lomako-Yokokala Primates (RFLY) , 188 agricultural ‘pests’ , 138–139 Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta ) , 302 attacks , 140 , 141 Road surveys , 356 livestock predation , 140 Ronda Conservation Areas (ARCAs) , 221 property damage , 141 Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) , Primates and folk medicine 31–34 primate parts, clinical remedies , 128 rhesus monkey meat , 128 treating rheumatism and asthma , 129 S zootherapeutical remedies , 127 Saba senegalensis Primatologists , 15 and chimpanzees , 170–172 Private Conservation Area (ACP) , 219 counts , 167–168 Projek Muka Geni or Little Fireface Project , 261 extraction , 168 Propithecus verreauxi , 404 fruit , 160 Proyecto Primate plot, 102 importance , 172–173 Pseudospondias microcarpa , 8 9 nest distance , 165 , 169 Saki monkeys (Pithecia aequatorialis ) , 101 Samango monkeys (C. albogularis schwarzi ) , R 303–305 , 309 , 310 Recognition Species Concept (RSC) , 199 Saru-mawashi monkey performances , 3 Red brocket deer (Mazama americana ) , 98 , 104 Sierra Leone , 274 , 276 , 277 Red colobus ( Procolobus badius ) , 302 Silvery gibbons ( Hylobates moloch ) , 6 Red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius ) , Simian Foamy Virus , 6 182 Singapore Refugio de Gandoca-Manzanillo, Jairo Mora activity budgets , 289 , 290 Sandoval (REGAMA) , 352 anthropogenic areas , 292 location and study period , 352–353 categorisation , 287 Rehabilitation , 234 confl ict hotspots , 295 defi nition , 234 culling , 293–294 orangutan (see Orangutan rehabilitation ) educational programs , 295–296 Rehabilitation and tourism feeding ban , 294 ape–human interactions , 391–393 food access , 292–293 great ape tourism , 389 group size , 288–289 HAIs/HARs , 388 human distance , 289 human orientation , 389 human–macaque interface , 286 human–ape interactions and relationships , humans and human food , 292 390–391 macaque security guards , 295 natural habitats , 389 spatial analysis , 288 physical or medical problems , 389 spatial distribution , 290–291 zoo apes’ interactions and relationships, 390 statistical analyses , 288 zoo environment , 390 substrate usage , 289–291 Religious beliefs and practices track points , 287 Amazonian cultures , 121 urban macaques management , 293 422 Index

Sitatungas (Tragelaphus spekii ) , 405 V Site-group-location (“SGL”) factor , 306 Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops ) , Slow lorises , 259 161 , 302 Southeast Asia , 286 Vietnam , 179 Soutpansberg Mountains , 305 Virunga National Park , 181 Spectacle concept , 225 Spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth ) , 98 , 105 Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciuereus ) , 97 W Stable isotope analysis Wamba Forest, 181 applications , 402 Waorani on Maxus Road , 99–102 biogeochemical cycles , 400 Waorani communities , 100 carbon , 400–401 Waorani Ethnic Reserve , 99 carbon and nitrogen , 400 Waorani hunting along the Maxus Road , 97 diet and habitat utilization , 403–404 Waorani Hunting Sustainability , 104–106 differential isotope behavior , 400 sensitivity analyses , 106–107 environmental change , 406–407 Waorani in Amazonian Ecuador, Hunting humans and nonhuman primates , 399 Sustainability , 97–98 migration and dispersal , 405–406 Warfare , 179 niche and community ecology , 404–405 War-zone refuge , 179 nitrogen , 401–402 White colobus (Colobus vellerosus ) , 111 nonhuman primate conservation , 407–409 White-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari ) , 99 physical and chemical processes , 400 White-thighed colobus (Colobus vellerosus ) , primate wide trends , 399 196 Standing crop nest count (SCNC) census of Wild orangutan biology and behavior , 236 chimpanzees , 275 Wildlife traffi cking , 221 , 223 , 224 Sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) , Wildmeat , 97 66 Wolf’s mona monkey (Cercopithecus wolfi i ) , Sulawesi , 3 182 Surveillance , 68 Woolly monkey ( Lagothrix lagotricha ) , 101 Sustainability, human extraction , 174 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) , 31 Sustainability and Industrially Produced Palm Oil , 30–34 Y Yambrasbamba community , 224 T Yasuní National Park , 99 , 101 Tamarind Tamarindus indica , 408 Yellowstone National Park , 302 Tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ) , 99 Timber production , 25 Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana ) , 3 Z Tonkolili Chimpanzee project , 276 , 277 , 279 Zoonotic pathogen transmission , 6 background , 275–276 Zoos location , 274–275 ape–human relationships , 386 site , 274 benefi ts , 387 towards sustainable anthropogenic experimental researchers , 386 landscape , 279–281 familiar researchers , 387 Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot , 215 , human interactions and relationships , 385 217 , 226 human–animal interactions , 385 laboratory-housed great apes’ behavior , 386 potential research confounds , 387–388 U welfare-related research , 385 Ungurahua (Oenocarpus bataua ) , 110 Zootherapeutic products , 128