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The English School Theory and Turco-German Relations

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The English School Theory and Turco-German Relations THE ENGLISH SCHOOL THEORY AND TURCO-GERMAN RELATIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MURAT DEMİREL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS APRIL 2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Murat Demirel Signature : iii ABSTRACT THE ENGLISH SCHOOL THEORY AND TURCO-GERMAN RELATIONS Demirel, Murat Ph.D., Department of International Relations Supervisor : Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev April 2017, 336 pages The conception of the English School Theory of International Relations (E.S.) – international society is so far prevalently applied to the totality of a group of states and their interactions, and recently for regional interactions. However, E.S. notes less on the interactions among states. The ultimate goal of this dissertation is to fill this gap and bridge the conception of international society and its institutions with bilateral state relations, through a case study of Turco-German relations. To this end, the dissertation utilizes five systemic institutions defined by Hedley Bull: Balance of power, diplomacy, international law, war, and great power management. This effort aims to contribute to the existing literature by shifting the focus of the E.S. towards state-level analysis, and by providing a novel template for the analysis of bilateral state relations. The study asks how Germany and Turkey take international society’s five systemic institutions into consideration while conducting their bilateral relations, and examines the Turco-German relations from 1701 to 1945, in three distinct periods. The main argument is as follows: Despite the fact that bilateral state relations in general, and Turco-German relations in particular are constrained and contoured by the institutions of international society; when individual and/or collective state interests come into conflict with these institutions, states tend to resist and transcend this institutional structure by producing alternative policies. However, these alternatives are not able to escape iv from the boundaries of international society’s institutional framework, and emerge as policy substitutions within the same institution or policy-shifts towards other institutions. Keywords: English School, International Society, Institutions, Turco-German, Bilateral Relations v ÖZ İNGİLİZ OKULU KURAMI VE TÜRK-ALMAN İLİŞKİLERİ Demirel, Murat Doktora, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. A. Nuri Yurdusev Nisan 2017, 336 sayfa Uluslararası İlişkilerde İngiliz Okulu Kuramının “uluslararası toplum” kavramsallaştırması, devletler topluluğunun bütününe ve toplum bazındaki etkileşimlere odaklanmıştır. Son yıllardaki çalışmalar, ilgili varsayımları bölgesel etkileşimler üzerine geliştirilmiştir. Yine de mevcut İngiliz Okulu literatürü, devletler arasındaki etkileşimlere yeterince değinmemektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, bu açığın kapatılmasına katkı sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, Türk- Alman ilişkileri örnek olay olarak incelenerek uluslararası toplum ve bu topluma ait kurumlar ile ikili devlet ilişkileri arasında bir bağ kurulmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada Hedley Bull’un tanımlamış olduğu sistem düzeyinde etkin beş kurumdan faydalanılmıştır: kuvvetler dengesi, diplomasi, uluslararası hukuk, savaş ve büyük güçler yönetimi. Bu tez, mevcut literatüre hem İngiliz Okulu’ndaki analiz düzeyini devletler seviyesine indirgeyerek hem de ikili devlet ilişkilerinin incelemek için yeni bir şablon ortaya koyarak katkı sunmaya çalışmıştır. Çalışma, “Türkiye ve Almanya, ikili devlet ilişkilerini yönetirken Bull’un sistem düzeyinde işlediğini öne sürdüğü uluslararası toplumun kurumlarını ne şekilde hesaba katmışlardır?” sorusunu yöneltmiştir. Bu soruya, Türk-Alman ilişkilerini, 1701- 1945 dönem aralığından seçtiği üç farklı dönemde inceleyerek cevaplamaya çalışmıştır. Çalışmanın temel argümanı şu şekildedir: Genel olarak ikili devlet vi ilişkileri, özelde de Türk-Alman ilişkileri uluslararası toplumun sistem bazında işleyen kurumları tarafından biçimlendirilmiş ve sınırlandırılmış olsa da, devletlerin müşterek ya da münferit çıkarları bu kurumlar ile çeliştiğinde, devletler alternatif politikalar üreterek kurumların belirlediği bu yapıya direnmek ya da bu yapıyı aşmak için eğilim gösterirler. Bu alternatifler, kurumların çizdiği sınırları aşamayıp ya aynı kurum dahilinde ikame politikaları olarak ya da diğer kurumların içerisinde telafi politikaları olarak şekillenme eğilimindedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İngiliz Okulu, Uluslararası Toplum, Kurumlar, Türk-Alman, İkili İlişkiler vii To my Elif, viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the essential and gracious support of many individuals. First and foremost, I owe the deepest debt to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ahmet Nuri Yurdusev for his continuous academic support, and his encouragement for freethinking during this process. His invaluable advises have not only enlightened the path of this dissertation, but also become precious guidelines for the whole of my academic life. I am heartily thankful and owe my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı for his constant assistance and encouragement not only for finishing this dissertation but also for the every single step of my academic and social life. I am totally indebted to him, from whom I learned a lot during my Ph.D. years. I would like to express my special thanks to Associate Professor Mustafa Serdar Palabıyık for his patient and unfailing academic guidance particularly in the final phase of the process. His immense expertise, and boundless understanding added considerably to my thesis. Also, I would like to thank the other distinguished members of my thesis committee, Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever and Prof. Dr. Ersel Aydınlı for their academic contributions and sincere support. I am also grateful to my best friends and colleagues, Hakan Karaaslan and İlhan Sağsen for their warm friendship, sincere helps and continuous motivation. I would also like to thank to my cousin - Selen Öztürk, who helped me editing the chapters for months, and to Ayten Bağcı who guided me to improve the quality of the text. I am indebted to my dear friend Ali Onur Tepeciklioğlu for his great solidarity, especially for his helps when I got lost at the corridors of the literature of the English School. I would like to thank to Pınar Sinkaya Arıkan as well, for her friendship during the process and her inspiring comments on the draft versions of the work. I’am also grateful to the distinguished staff of the libraries of the Bilkent University ix and the Middle East Technical University, with whom I shared long hours in a friendly atmosphere. I am deeply indebted to my parents, Halil Demirel and Gülruh Demirel for their endless trust and support, and also for their academic contributions to the bibliography. I’am thankful to Nuri Hazer and Şefika Hazer, my parents-in-law, for supporting my family life throughout this long process. Lastly, I would like to express my deepest thanks to my wife - Atiye, and my daughter Elif, with all my heart. Their love and motivation enabled me to complete this process with success. Without them, not a single word of this work would have a meaning. x TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ………………………………………………………………………....…….vi DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………..viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………1 2. ENGLISH SCHOOL AND THE CONCEPTION OF INTERNATIONAL SOCEITY ………………………...……………………………………………...14 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 14 2.2. Brief Introduction to English School Theory of International Relations 15 2.3. Conception of ‘International Society’ and Hedley Bull ......................... 26 2.4. Institutions of the International Society ................................................. 32 2.4.1. Balance of Power ................................................................................. 46 2.4.2. International Law ................................................................................. 54 2.4.3 Diplomacy ............................................................................................. 62 2.4.4. War....................................................................................................... 68 2.4.5. Great Power Management ................................................................... 75 2.5. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 83 3. INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND THE TURCO-GERMAN RELATIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY…………………………………………….86 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 86 3.2. International Society and the Institutions: .............................................. 87 3.3. Turco-German Relations: ......................................................................
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