DOCSLIB.ORG

Ottoman Constructions of the Morea Rebellion, 1770S: a Comprehensive Study of Ottoman Attitudes to the Greek Uprising

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ottoman Constructions of the Morea Rebellion, 1770S: a Comprehensive Study of Ottoman Attitudes to the Greek Uprising Ottoman Constructions of the Morea Rebellion, 1770s: A Comprehensive Study of Ottoman Attitudes to the Greek Uprising by Birol Gundogdu A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto © Birol Gundogdu 2012 Ottoman Constructions of the Morea Rebellion, 1770s: A Comprehensive Study of Ottoman Attitudes to the Greek Uprising Birol Gundogdu Doctor of Philosophy Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The topic of our dissertation concerns the Greek uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, which took place in the context of the Ottoman-Russian struggle of 1768-1774. That is, our research focuses on the Morea Rebellion which is often claimed as not only the first crucial step on the way towards creating an independent Greek state, which came into being in 1829 with the treaty of London, but also occasionally as one of the most significant turning points both for the history of the Ottoman Empire and for the struggle of Greek independence. The meaning of the Morea Rebellion has long been under discussion among Greek historians. While we will deal with Ottoman side of the issue, this study will shed light on matters of Greek historiography which has been generally been created without taking account of the Ottoman side of the story. In the light of Ottoman archival documents as well as writings of earlier, more contemporary sources, we will argue for the complexity and intricacy of the Morea Rebellion, as reflected in the Ottoman documents, many of which have not been used before. We have tested ii the veracity of narratives in contemporary chronicles, many of which have been subsumed into the narratives that are current still, by comparing them in Ottoman archival documents. Accordingly, we have revisited many widely accepted assumptions, such as those describing Ottoman society of the time as being divided into homogenous groups clearly defined religion, nation or other identity. In opposition to the earlier explanations of this uprising, our primary sources lead us to see the Morea Rebellion as predominately an international issue. Our conclusions invalidate the long held assumption that the Ottomans were ignorant of Russian initiatives in the Morea. Last but not least, the Ottoman attitudes towards the rebels as well as Ottoman preoccupation with Russia long after the collapse of the rebellion are considered in greater detail. On balance, we believe that, with the help of a better analysis of the secondary literature and the major new primary sources, we have provided an original and comprehensive story of the Morea Rebellion. iii To Biricik Eşim Birsen Gündoğdu iv Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Virginia H. Aksan for her guidance, encouragements, cogent critiques and suggestions, as well as support on various points throughout the process of the work. She really inspired me with her erudition, vast knowledge in Ottoman history and kind words. Without her guidance and support, this thesis could not be finalized. I am truly blessed to have such a perfect and cheerful supervisor. I am also deeply indebted to Victor Ostapchuk for devoting his very precious time for editing my dissertation and encouraging me to continue my studies in Ottoman history. I also would like to express my gratitude to my professor Ömer Turan at the Middle East Technical University, who has showed the way and who has always supported me during my undergraduate and graduate education, without whose assistance I could not have had a career in history. Not to forget the thanks I owe to my doctoral committee members, Linda Northrup, James Reilly and Robert Zens for their invaluable comments on my thesis draft. Special thanks go to my friends, Murat Yaşar, Sait Ocaklı, Metin Bezikoğlu and Halil Şimşek, without their companionship I could not have put up with the difficulties of life in Canada and without their encouragements the present study could not have been what it is now. I would like to thank Elif Bayraktar, not only for her help to read sources in Greek but also her friendship. A lot much thanks to my graduate administrator, Anna Sousa, for her kindness and consideration, whenever I go to her she always welcomes and supports me. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for the all support and sacrifices. My wife Birsen Gündoğdu deserves special thanks for her unfailing love, support and encouragement throughout our marriage. On the occasions when I felt unable to continue with my studies and felt enormous hardships, she always stood by me and made sure I never gave up. Finally, I would like to express my deep affection for my son Taha Erol and my little daughter Ayten Beyza. Their love provided my inspiration and was always my driving force. I owe all my achievement to them. My deepest gratitude goes to my mother, Zeliha Ayten Gündoğdu, whom I have always longed for since she passed away in 2001 and whom I shall never forget. Anacım seni çok özlüyorum... v Contents Introduction: The Ottoman Presence in the Morea and the Morea Rebellion ................................ 1 The Morea (Mora/Peloponnese) Rebellion in the Ottoman Historiography ............................... 1 The Morea as an Ottoman Province from the Beginning to the Eighteenth Century ................. 2 The Eastern Question and Russian Policy of Southern Advancement ........................................ 8 Friends and Foes in the International Community and the Eastern Question ........................... 12 The Russian Navy Arrives in the Eastern Mediterranean ......................................................... 17 The Morea Rebellion and the Ottoman Response ..................................................................... 20 Analysis of the Morea Rebellion through Ottoman Eyes ......................................................... 22 Filling the Gaps ......................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 1: Ottoman Transition of Power from 1683 until the 1750s: From a Single Sovereignty to Multiple Sovereignties .............................................................................................................. 30 A New Beginning in a Traditional Empire (1683-1699) .......................................................... 31 The Malikane System and Economic Transformation of the Ottoman Empire After 1683 ..... 37 Longing for Past Glories of the Empire and Sultanic Authority in Vain (1699-1730) ............. 49 The Phanariotes and the Emergence of Non-Muslim Elites in the Ottoman Empire ............... 51 New Ottoman Self-confidence and Attempts to Strengthen Sultanic Authority ...................... 57 Ottoman Westernization and New Attempts to Regain Ottoman Prestige in the East ............. 67 Changing of Allegiance: The Sultan, Muslim and Non-Muslim Elites (1730-1750s) .............. 73 International Influence upon the Emergence of non-Muslim Elites ......................................... 79 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 87 Chapter 2: New Ottoman Elites and Possible Causes of an Uprising in the Ottoman Empire, 1750s-1770s .................................................................................................................................. 90 Defining the Borders of Our Study ........................................................................................... 90 General Policies in the Reign of Sultan Mustafa III (1757-1774) ............................................ 92 vi Political and Social Approaches of Mustafa III toward His Subjects in General ..................... 95 Ottoman Economy in the Reign of Mustafa III ....................................................................... 108 The Greeks under Mustafa III ................................................................................................. 115 The Question of Philhellenism ................................................................................................ 120 Cyprus as a Rehearsal for the Morea Rebellion? .................................................................... 123 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 128 Chapter 3: History of Rebellion from Early Historians’ Point of View: A Hybrid of Myths and Facts ............................................................................................................................................ 132 Ottoman Rebellions and Banditry in General from 1500 to 1800 .......................................... 132 The Morea Rebellion According to Early Ottoman Historians ............................................... 149 The Morea Rebellion Through Early European Historians .................................................... 169 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 4: Pre-Rebellion Conditions in the Morea and Awareness of the Upcoming Rebellion: A Critique of the Early Sources in Light of Ottoman Documents Written Before the Uprising .... 189 The Conditions in the Morea Before the Rebellion ................................................................ 189 The Morea
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Perceptionsjournal of International Affairs
    PERCEPTIONSJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS PERCEPTIONS Summer-Autumn 2015 Volume XX Number 2-3 XX Number 2015 Volume Summer-Autumn PERCEPTIONS The Great War and the Ottoman Empire: Origins Ayşegül SEVER and Nuray BOZBORA Redefining the First World War within the Context of Clausewitz’s “Absolute War” Dystopia Burak GÜLBOY Unionist Failure to Stay out of the War in October-November 1914 Feroz AHMAD Austro-Ottoman Relations and the Origins of World War One, 1912-14: A Reinterpretation Gül TOKAY Ottoman Military Reforms on the eve of World War I Odile MOREAU The First World War in Contemporary Russian Histography - New Areas of Research Iskander GILYAZOV Summer-Autumn 2015 Volume XX - Number 2-3 ISSN 1300-8641 PERCEPTIONS Editor in Chief Ali Resul Usul Deputy Editor Birgül Demirtaş Managing Editor Engin Karaca Book Review Editor İbrahim Kaya English Language and Copy Editor Julie Ann Matthews Aydınlı International Advisory Board Bülent Aras Mustafa Kibaroğlu Gülnur Aybet Talha Köse Ersel Aydınlı Mesut Özcan Florian Bieber Thomas Risse Pınar Bilgin Lee Hee Soo David Chandler Oktay Tanrısever Burhanettin Duran Jang Ji Hyang Maria Todorova Ahmet İçduygu Ole Wæver Ekrem Karakoç Jaap de Wilde Şaban Kardaş Richard Whitman Fuat Keyman Nuri Yurdusev Homepage: http://www.sam.gov.tr The Center for Strategic Research (Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi- SAM) conducts research on Turkish foreign policy, regional studies and international relations, and makes scholarly and scientific assessments of relevant issues. It is a consultative body of the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs providing strategic insights, independent data and analysis to decision makers in government. As a nonprofit organization, SAM is chartered by law and has been active since May 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • The Romanization of Romania: a Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage Colleen Ann Lovely Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage Colleen Ann Lovely Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, European History Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Lovely, Colleen Ann, "The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage" (2016). Honors Theses. 178. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/178 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage By Colleen Ann Lovely ********* Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Departments of Classics and Anthropology UNION COLLEGE March 2016 Abstract LOVELY, COLLEEN ANN The Romanization of Romania: A Look at the Influence of the Roman Military on Romanian History and Heritage. Departments of Classics and Anthropology, March 2016. ADVISORS: Professor Stacie Raucci, Professor Robert Samet This thesis looks at the Roman military and how it was the driving force which spread Roman culture. The Roman military stabilized regions, providing protection and security for regions to develop culturally and economically. Roman soldiers brought with them their native cultures, languages, and religions, which spread through their interactions and connections with local peoples and the communities in which they were stationed.
    [Show full text]
  • ALBANIAN SOLDIERS in the OTTOMAN ARMY DURING the GREEK REVOLT at 1821 Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Epoka University IBAC 2012 vol.2 ALBANIAN SOLDIERS IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY DURING THE GREEK REVOLT AT 1821 ∗∗ Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ Introduction Ottoman Army organization had started to deteriorate from the mid-17th century. Military failures made the social and economic problems worse. In this situation, alternative potentials in the empire appeared because of the increasing military needs of the central government and the provincial governors. By the way, general employment of the Albanian warriors who were famous with their courage and strength became possible.1 There were a lot of reasons for employing Albanian warriors with salary while there was Ottoman regular army corps, including janissaries and soldiers from the states. Governing problems, had existed in the states and land system after the defeat in Vienne at 1683, was one of these reasons. Also after the end of the conquering era, the castles and fortresses at the borderlines were built for defense and there were not a necessary number of soldiers in these buildings. This problem was tried to by employing the warriors with long- matchlock-guns from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Albania.2 During the time, the necessity of mercenary increased too much as seen in the example of the Ottoman army which established for pressing the Greek Revolt in 1821, was almost composed of the Albanian soldiers.3 There were historical reasons for choosing Albanian soldiers in the Balkans. A strong feudal-system had existed in the Albanian lands before the Ottoman rule. This social structure, which consisted of the local connections and obedience around the lords, continued by integrating, first, timar (fief) system after the Ottoman conquest in 1385 and then, devshirme system.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek Enlightenment and the Changing Cultural Status of Women
    SOPHIA DENISSI The Greek Enlightenment and the Changing Cultural Status of Women In 1856 Andreas Laskaratos, one of the most liberal authors of his time, writes: There is no doubt that we took a giant step in allowing our women learning. This step reveals that a revolution took place in the spirit; a revolution which has taken our minds away from the road of backwardness and has led them to the road of progress. Though this transmission has not received any attention yet, it constitutes one of these events that will leave its trace in the history of the human spirit.1 Laskaratos is quite correct in talking about a revolution since the decision to accept women's education at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries was indeed a revolutionary act if we consider the state of Greek women who had been living in absolute ignorance and seclusion that prevailed throughout the years of the Ottoman occupation. What caused this revolution? What made Greek men, or rather a progressive minority at first, still subjects of the Ottoman Empire concede the right to education and even to a public voice for women? The answer will be revealed to us by taking a close look at the first educated Greek women who managed to break the traditional silence imposed upon their sex by patriarchal culture and make their presence felt in the male world. We can distinguish two main groups among the first educated Greek women; those coming from the aristocratic circle of the Phanariots and those coming from the circle of progressive men of letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Bosphorus: the Holy Land in English Reformation Literature, 1516-1596
    BEYOND THE BOSPHORUS: THE HOLY LAND IN ENGLISH REFORMATION LITERATURE, 1516-1596 Jerrod Nathan Rosenbaum A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English and Comparative Literature. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Jessica Wolfe Patrick O’Neill Mary Floyd-Wilson Reid Barbour Megan Matchinske ©2019 Jerrod Nathan Rosenbaum ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Jerrod Rosenbaum: Beyond the Bosphorus: The Holy Land in English Reformation Literature, 1516-1596 (Under the direction of Jessica Wolfe) This dissertation examines the concept of the Holy Land, for purposes of Reformation polemics and apologetics, in sixteenth-century English Literature. The dissertation focuses on two central texts that are indicative of two distinct historical moments of the Protestant Reformation in England. Thomas More's Utopia was first published in Latin at Louvain in 1516, roughly one year before the publication of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses signaled the commencement of the Reformation on the Continent and roughly a decade before the Henrician Reformation in England. As a humanist text, Utopia contains themes pertinent to internal Church reform, while simultaneously warning polemicists and ecclesiastics to leave off their paltry squabbles over non-essential religious matters, lest the unity of the Church catholic be imperiled. More's engagement with the Holy Land is influenced by contemporary researches into the languages of that region, most notably the search for the original and perfect language spoken before the episode at Babel. As the confusion of tongues at Babel functions etiologically to account for the origin of all ideological conflict, it was thought that the rediscovery of the prima lingua might resolve all conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Anuarul Institutului De Cercetări Socio-Umane „C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor” “C.S
    ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ ANUARUL INSTITUTULUI DE CERCETĂRI SOCIO-UMANE „C.S. NICOLĂESCU-PLOPŞOR” “C.S. NICOLĂESCU-PLOPŞOR” INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STUDIES AND HUMANITIES YEARBOOK XVIII/2017 FOUNDING EDITOR: EDITORIAL BOARD: Vladimir OSIAC (University of Craiova, Acad. Dan BERINDEI (Romanian Academy, Romania) Romania); Acad. Dinu C. GIURESCU (Romanian Academy, EDITOR IN CHIEF: Romania); Cezar Gabriel AVRAM (C.S. Nicolăescu- Acad. Victor SPINEI (Romanian Academy, Plopşor Institute for Research in Social Studies Romania); and Humanities, Craiova, Romania) Nicolae PANEA (University of Craiova, DEPUTY EDITOR IN CHIEF: Romania); Mihaela BĂRBIERU (C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor Lucian DINDIRICĂ (The Alexandru and Aristia Institute for Research in Social Studies and Aman County Library, Romania); Humanities, Craiova, Romania) Simona LAZĂR (C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor Institute for Research in Social Studies and INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD: Humanities, Craiova, Romania); Patrick CHARLOT (University of Bourgogne, Nicolae MIHAI (C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor France); Institute for Research in Social Studies and Shpakovskaya Marina ANATOLIEVNA Humanities, Craiova, Romania); (People’s Friendship University of Russia); Ion MILITARU (C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor Karina Paulina MARCZUK (University of Institute for Research in Social Studies and Warsaw, Poland); Humanities, Craiova, Romania); Teodora KALEYNSKA (Sf. Cyril and Sf. Şerban PĂTRAŞCU (C.S. Nicolăescu-Plopşor Methodius University of VelikoTurnovo, Institute for Research in Social Studies and Bulgaria); Humanities, Craiova, Romania); Anatol PETRENCU (Moldova State University, Roxana RADU (University of Craiova, Romania) Chişinău, Moldova); Virgiliu BÎRLĂDEANU (Institute of Social ROMANIAN ACADEMY PUBLISHING History, Chişinău, Moldova) HOUSE EDITORS: Mihaela IAMANDEI Monica STANCIU ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ ANUARUL INSTITUTULUI DE CERCETĂRI SOCIO-UMANE „C. S. NICOLĂESCU-PLOPŞOR” “C.S. NICOLĂESCU-PLOPŞOR” INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STUDIES AND HUMANITIES YEARBOOK XVIII/2017 EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE Bucharest, 2017 Editura Academiei Române, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd 15.04.27 Versie 3
    Promotor Prof. dr. Jan Dumolyn Vakgroep Geschiedenis Decaan Prof. dr. Marc Boone Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe Nederlandse vertaling: Een Spiegel voor de Sultan. Staatsideologie in de Vroeg Osmaanse Kronieken, 1300-1453 Kaftinformatie: Miniature of Sultan Orhan Gazi in conversation with the scholar Molla Alâeddin. In: the Şakayıku’n-Nu’mâniyye, by Taşköprülüzâde. Source: Topkapı Palace Museum, H1263, folio 12b. Faculteit Letteren & Wijsbegeerte Hilmi Kaçar A Mirror for the Sultan State Ideology in the Early Ottoman Chronicles, 1300- 1453 Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Geschiedenis 2015 Acknowledgements This PhD thesis is a dream come true for me. Ottoman history is not only the field of my research. It became a passion. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Jan Dumolyn, my supervisor, who has given me the opportunity to take on this extremely interesting journey. And not only that. He has also given me moral support and methodological guidance throughout the whole process. The frequent meetings to discuss the thesis were at times somewhat like a wrestling match, but they have always been inspiring and stimulating. I also want to thank Prof. Dr. Suraiya Faroqhi and Prof. Dr. Jo Vansteenbergen, for their expert suggestions. My colleagues of the History Department have also been supportive by letting me share my ideas in development during research meetings at the department, lunches and visits to the pub. I would also like to sincerely thank the scholars who shared their ideas and expertise with me: Dimitris Kastritsis, Feridun Emecen, David Wrisley, Güneş Işıksel, Deborah Boucayannis, Kadir Dede, Kristof d’Hulster, Xavier Baecke and many others.
    [Show full text]
  • 200Th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021
    Special Edition: 200th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021 A publication of the Dean C. and Zoë S. Pappas Interdisciplinary March 2021 VOLUME 1 ISSUE NO. 3 Center for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies From the Director Dear Friends, On March 25, 1821, in the city of Kalamata in the southern Peloponnesos, the chieftains from the region of Mani convened the Messinian Senate of Kalamata to issue a revolutionary proclamation for “Liberty.” The commander Petrobey Mavromichalis then wrote the following appeal to the Americans: “Citizens of the United States of America!…Having formed the resolution to live or die for freedom, we are drawn toward you by a just sympathy; since it is in your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, and by you that she is prized as by our fathers.” He added, “It is for you, citizens of America, to crown this glory, in aiding us to purge Greece from the barbarians, who for four hundred years have polluted the soil.” The Greek revolutionaries understood themselves as part of a universal struggle for freedom. It is this universal struggle for freedom that the Pappas Center for Hellenic Studies and Stockton University raises up and celebrates on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the Greek Revolution in 1821. The Pappas Center IN THIS ISSUE for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies have prepared this Special Edition of the Hellenic Voice for you to enjoy. In this Special Edition, we feature the Pappas Center exhibition, The Greek Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction This book seeks to narrate one part of one of the longest wars in European his- tory. Armed conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary and the nascent Otto- man Empire started in the late fourteenth century and only ended in the early eighteenth, or, in a sense, even later. By then, Hungary had been territorially dismembered for 150 years, with one part of the medieval kingdom integrated into the Habsburg Empire, another under direct Ottoman rule, and the third forming a semi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty. It is the second half of this long period (1526–1686) that is traditionally examined under the rubric of “Hungary in the Ottoman era.” Yet the period explored in this study, ending with the battle of Mohács on 29 August 1526, deserves the adjective “Ottoman” no less, even if at that time it was a still independent and undivided Kingdom of Hungary that opposed an ever mightier Ottoman Empire. From the very first appearance of Turkish raiders on Hungarian soil, the menace rep- resented by the new conquerors loomed so large over Hungary as to gradually subsume all other aspects of foreign and domestic politics. Fighting against the Ottomans became the single most important aim of successive kings and gov- ernments, even if the ways and means they chose to do so varied constantly. Alongside narrating events, this book also seeks to explain their course and changing features in terms of the specific social and military structures of the rival powers. Warfare between the Ottomans and the Hungarians had nothing of the chivalric gallantry that saved the lives of kings John of France at Poitiers in 1356 and Francis i of France at Pavia in 1525.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pitfalls of External Dependence: Greece, 1829-2015
    BPEA Conference Draft, September 10-11, 2015 The pitfalls of external dependence: Greece, 1829-2015 Carmen M. Reinhart, Harvard University and NBER Christoph Trebesch, University of Munich and CESifo DO NOT DISTRIBUTE – EMBARGOED UNTIL 1:00 PM EST ON 9/10/2015 This draft: September 5, 2015 The Pitfalls of External Dependence: Greece, 1829-2015 Carmen M. Reinhart (Harvard University and NBER) Christoph Trebesch (University of Munich and CESifo) Abstract Two centuries of Greek debt crises highlight the pitfalls of relying on external financing. Since its independence in 1829, the Greek government has defaulted four times on its external creditors, and it was bailed out in each crisis. We show that cycles of external crises and dependence are a perennial theme of Greek modern history – with repeating patterns: prior to the default, there is a period of heavy borrowing from foreign private creditors. As repayment difficulties arise, foreign governments step in, help to repay the private creditors, and demand budget cuts and adjustment programs as a condition for the official bailout loans. Political interference from abroad mounts and a prolonged episode of debt overhang and financial autarky follows. At present, there is considerable evidence to suggest that a substantial haircut on external debt is needed to restore the economic viability of the country. Even with that, a policy priority for Greece is to reorient, to the extent possible, towards domestic sources of funding. *We wish to thank the Josefin Meyer, Michael Papaioannou, Vincent Reinhart, David Romer, and Julian Schumacher for helpful comments and Jochen Andritzky and Stellios Makrydakis for sharing the data from their studies, which we cite here.
    [Show full text]
  • Molvania Free
    FREE MOLVANIA PDF Santo Cilauro,Tom Gleisner,Rob Sitch | 176 pages | 01 Oct 2004 | Overlook Press | 9781585676194 | English | United States Molvanîa - Wikipedia The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern Molvania belongs to the Republic of Moldovaand the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine. The original Molvania short-lived reference to the region was Bogdaniaafter Bogdan Ithe founding figure of the principality. The names Molvania and Moldova are derived from the name of the Moldova River ; however, the etymology is not known and there are several variants: Molvania [8]. In several early references, [11] "Moldavia" is rendered under the composite form Moldo-Wallachia in the same way Wallachia may appear as Hungro-Wallachia. See also names Molvania other languages. The inhabitants of Moldavia were Christians. The place of worship, and the tombs had Molvania characteristics. The Molvania of worship had a rectangular form with sides of eight Molvania seven meters. The Bolohoveniis mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the 13th century. The chronicle shows that this [ which? Archaeological research also Molvania the Molvania of 13th- century fortified settlements in this region. Molvania ethnic identity is uncertain; although Romanian scholars, basing on their ethnonym identify them as Romanians who were called Vlachs in the Middle Agesarcheological evidence and the Hypatian Chronicle which is the only primary source that Molvania their history suggest Molvania they were a Slavic people. In the early 13th century, the Brodniksa possible Slavic — Vlach vassal state of Halychwere present, alongside the Vlachs, in Molvania of the region's Molvania towardsthe Brodniks are mentioned as in service of Suzdal.
    [Show full text]
  • By Aijaz Ahmed
    THESIS ISLAM IN MODERN TURKEY (1938-82) flBSTRflCT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MLOSOPHY IN ISLAMIC STUDIES BY AIJAZ AHMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. SAYYIDAHSAN READER DEPARTMiNT OF ISLAMIC STTUDISS ALI6ARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 20Di STff^o % ABSTRACT In tenth century, the Turks of central Asia had converted to Islam and by the eleventh century they began to push their way into South-Eastern Russia and Persia. The Ottoman State emerged consequent to an Islamic movement under Ghazi Osman (1299-1326), founder of the dynasty, at Eskisehir, in North- Eastern Anatolia. Sufis, Ulema and Ghazis of Anatolia played an important role in this movement. For six centuries the Ottomans were almost constantly at war with Christian Europe and had succeeded in imposing the Islamic rule over a large part of Europe. The later Sultans could not maintain it strictly. With the expansion of the Ottoman dominions the rulers became more autocratic with the sole aim of conquering alien land. To achieve this the rulers granted freedom and cultural autonomy to his non-Muslim subjects and allowed the major religious groups to establish self governing communities under the leadership of their own religious chiefs. The recent work is spread over two parts containing eight chapters with a brief introduction and my own conclusions. Each part has four chapters. Part I, chapters I to IV, deals with the political mobilization of the Turkish peasants from the beginning of the modernization period and to the war of Independence as well as the initial stages of the transition to comparative politics.
    [Show full text]