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The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia's Colonization Process
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of Namibia’s Colonization Process By: Jonathan Baker Honors Capstone Through Professor Taylor Politics of Sub-Saharan Africa Baker, 2 Table of Contents I. Authors Note II. Introduction III. Pre-Colonization IV. Colonization by Germany V. Colonization by South Africa VI. The Struggle for Independence VII. The Decolonization Process VIII. Political Changes- A Reaction to Colonization IX. Immediate Economic Changes Brought on by Independence X. Long Term Political Effects (of Colonization) XI. Long Term Cultural Effects XII. Long Term Economic Effects XIII. Prospects for the Future XIV. Conclusion XV. Bibliography XVI. Appendices Baker, 3 I. Author’s Note I learned such a great deal from this entire honors capstone project, that all the knowledge I have acquired can hardly be covered by what I wrote in these 50 pages. I learned so much more that I was not able to share both about Namibia and myself. I can now claim that I am knowledgeable about nearly all areas of Namibian history and life. I certainly am no expert, but after all of this research I can certainly consider myself reliable. I have never had such an extensive knowledge before of one academic area as a result of a school project. I also learned a lot about myself through this project. I learned how I can motivate myself to work, and I learned how I perform when I have to organize such a long and complicated paper, just to name a couple of things. The strange inability to be able to include everything I learned from doing this project is the reason for some of the more random appendices at the end, as I have a passion for both numbers and trivia. -
Of the Ati-Apartheid Nlwemt 10 Police Shoot Demonstrators Dead As They Say 'Kissi, Go Home' 1I Ote Dm ,Ve Right) Entrelpages
ANTI-APARTHEID NEW ANTI-APARTHEID NEW TI " newuinpa" of the Ati-Apartheid Nlwemt 10 Police shoot demonstrators dead as they say 'Kissi, Go Home' 1i ote dm ,ve right) entrelpages. Kissinger buys time for whites campa ui moveme . La South wl .s i EC wil 'a nion recognise Transkei AT a meeting in September that what the Foreig Ministers of the carrythe nine EEC countries announced hole labo r that they wbuld not extend rebognition to the Transkei ramm Bantustan when Suth Africa rgrants it "independence on iOctober 26. KADER ASMAL, Vice Chairman of ,tment the Irish Anti-Apartheid has adopted Movement, explains the back0s5is for a ground to the decision, page 8 stment in )support SWAPO rejects SA i move on Namibia 11 1r. ai -iusive nerview witn AA NEWS, PETER KATJAVIViSWAPO' s Western European representative, sets out the liberation movement's case, page 9. Smith dismisses death appeals SO far this year, at least 37 Zimbabweans have had their appeals against death senfenee 2 . ACTION-NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL Britain Haringey HARINGEY Anti-Apartheid Group has held two suCjcessful house meetings and discussion groups on the Soweto crisis and after, and is planning for a major public meeting in October. Solly Smith and Ronnie Kasrils addressed groups in Crouch End andMuswell Hill on the implications of the current wave of strikes and protests in South Africa and the role of the African National Congress. On October 21 the Group is arranging a follow up to the Labour Party Conference in the form of a public meeting at which the main speaker will be Hornsey Labour Party's recently adopted Parliamen tary candidate, Ted Knight SACTU THE trade union and labour movewent must give overwhelming support to the Labour Party NEC call for a freeze on investment, mandatory economic sanctions and the halting of sales of any equipmant which enhances South Africa's military capacity. -
Negotiating Meaning and Change in Space and Material Culture: An
NEGOTIATING MEANING AND CHANGE IN SPACE AND MATERIAL CULTURE An ethno-archaeological study among semi-nomadic Himba and Herera herders in north-western Namibia By Margaret Jacobsohn Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town July 1995 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. Figure 1.1. An increasingly common sight in Opuwo, Kunene region. A well known postcard by Namibian photographer TONY PUPKEWITZ ,--------------------------------------·---·------------~ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ideas in this thesis originated in numerous stimulating discussions in the 1980s with colleagues in and out of my field: In particular, I thank my supervisor, Andrew B. Smith, Martin Hall, John Parkington, Royden Yates, Lita Webley, Yvonne Brink and Megan Biesele. Many people helped me in various ways during my years of being a nomad in Namibia: These include Molly Green of Cape Town, Rod and Val Lichtman and the Le Roux family of Windhoek. Special thanks are due to my two translators, Shorty Kasaona, and the late Kaupiti Tjipomba, and to Garth Owen-Smith, who shared with me the good and the bad, as well as his deep knowledge of Kunene and its people. Without these three Namibians, there would be no thesis. Field assistance was given by Tina Coombes and Denny Smith. -
ANGOLA ZAMBIA Ovausciland RHODESIA BOTSWANA SOUTH
4 • • ANGOLA ZAMBIA OvAUSCILAND : AV ANOO RHODESIA BOTSWANA SWAKOPMUND, • WINDHOEK WALVIS BAY LUDERITZ SOUTH AFRICA NAMIBIA IN OUTLINE Formerly known as South West Africa, Namibia was officially renamed in June 1968 by resolution of the United Nations General Assembly. On 27 October 1966, the UN formally assumed direct responsibility amibia for Namibia after unilaterally revoking the Mandate over the territory granted to South Africa by the League of Nations in 1920. However, the UN has so far been unable to translate this formal responsibility into effective control. South Africa refuses to recognize UN authority 1. Introduction in Namibia and continues to administer the country. Amnesty International is particularly concerned about the following issues in A relatively large but sparsely populated country, Namibia has a Namibia: total land area of some 825,000 square kilometers. It is strategically located in the south-western corner of Africa and is bordered on the the widespread use of detention without trial to suppress political west by the Atlantic Ocean. Neighbours to the north are Angola and opposition and intimidate opponents of continued South African rule Zambia, to the east Botswana, and to the south and east South Africa. in Namibia; Walvis Bay, the main port, is a South African enclave. the torture of political detainees; In 1974, Namibia's population was estimated at 852,000. Africans the application to Namibia of various South African security laws such comprised 88%, the whites constituted the remaining 12%. as the Terrorism Act, the Internal Security Act and the "Sabotage Act"; Despite this extreme racial imbalance, 43% of Namibia's land area the imprisonment in South African—rather than in Namibian—prisons is reserved for occupation by the white settler minority under South of Namibians convicted of political offences, and the South African Africa's 1964 Odendaal Commission proposals. -
Land Reform in Namibia: an Analysis of Media Coverage
LAND REFORM IN NAMIBIA: AN ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COVERAGE By Petrus J. Engelbrecht Submitted to the graduate degree program in African and African-American Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Elizabeth MacGonagle ________________________________ Dr. Hannah Britton ________________________________ Dr. Ebenezer Obadare Date Defended: June 25, 2011 The Thesis Committee for Petrus J. Engelbrecht certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: LAND REFORM IN NAMIBIA: AN ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COVERAGE ________________________________ Chairperson Elizabeth MacGonagle Date approved: June 25, 2014 ii ABSTRACT The highly inequitable land ownership that resulted from nearly a century of colonization is an important socio-economic issue that must be overcome in order to ensure Namibia’s long-term stability and success. The media plays an important role in ensuring that land reform is successfully designed and executed. The media informs the public, sets the public and political agenda, holds the government accountable, and serves as a public sphere. This project analyses Namibia’s three primary daily newspapers’ coverage of land reform from 2003 to 2013 utilizing interpretive content analysis to determine how the papers are reporting on land reform and related themes. I then compare their portrayals to see to what they are fulfilling their roles. I find that the papers’ reporting is mostly event-driven and lacks depth and greater context. Furthermore, the papers offer a mostly one-sided view of issues. While the papers regularly reported on land reform, they generally struggle to accomplish the function that the media fulfills in a democracy. -
Soutr#Yafrlca
EPISCOPfnCHU~HMEN SOUTr#YAfRlCA \.4 W.st 11th SftH. • New York, N, y, loon phone, (2t2j 4iNJ066 - FDr A Free SOIItbem AMell- Eastertide 1977 SETTLEMENT IN NAMIBIA? Meetings between representatives of five Western powers and officials of the South African regime have stirred a rash of reports and rumours about a breakthrough in settling the issue of Namibian independence. None of the participants is saying very much, although there has been a flood of leaks, mainly from .sources close to the South African-sponsored Turnhalle conference in the Namibian capital of Windhoek. The burden of stories appearing in the Western press is that South African Prime Minist er' Balthazar Johannes Vorster has yielded to pressure from the five mem~ bers of the United Nations Security Council - the United States, Britain, France, West Germany and Canada - and that a number of concessions have been or ' are close to being made by the regime which illegally occupies the International Territory of Namibia in defiance of the lawful authority,the United Nations. There were two meetings in Cape Town in April, and future five power 'de marches' upon Vorster are forecast. US Vice President Walter Mondale is talking y.1ith the South African chieftain in Vienna on 19 May and US am bassador to the UN Andrew Young visits Johannesburg on 21 May. The UN conference on Zimbabwe and Namibia underway in the Mozambique capital of Maputo 16-21 May will exert an influence on events. London OBSERVER journalist David ~artin writes from Maputo that the 'un derstanding' between the West and Vorster includes: - Pretoria's acceptance of 'an internationally acceptable solution' and the principle of UN involvement in nation-wide elections in Namibia 'held under universal suffrage without literacy qualifications'. -
Customary and Legislative Aspects of Land Registration and Management on Communal Land in Namibia
Communal land in Namibia: a free for all Customary and legislative aspects of land registration and management on communal land in Namibia John Mendelsohn (RAISON – Research & Information Services of Namibia) December 2008 Report prepared for the Ministry of Land & Resettlement and the Rural Poverty Reduction Programme of the European Union Contents Summary_________________________________________________________3 Abbreviations and definitions_________________________________________5 Acknowledgements_________________________________________________5 Introduction_______________________________________________________6 Methods__________________________________________________________7 Functioning and structure of traditional authorities ________________________9 Recommendations___________________________________________14 Customary land registration _________________________________________14 Misunderstandings, confusions and objections_____________________15 Focus on higher levels of traditional authority ____________________17 Other aspects_______________________________________________18 Recommendations___________________________________________19 The management of communal land___________________________________22 Access to land ______________________________________________22 Inheritance_________________________________________________23 Commonages_______________________________________________25 The capture of land values by the elite ___________________________26 Recommendations___________________________________________29 APPENDICES -
13 Understanding Damara / ‡Nūkhoen and ||Ubun Indigeneity
13 • Understanding Damara / ‡Nūkhoen and ||Ubun indigeneity and marginalisation in Namibia Sian Sullivan and Welhemina Suro Ganuses1 • 1 Introduction In historical and ethnographic texts for Namibia, Damara / ‡N khoen peoples are usually understood to be amongst the territory’s “oldest” or “original” inhabitants.2 Similarly, histories written or narrated by Damara / ‡N khoen peoples include their self-identification as original inhabitants of large swathes of Namibia’s 1 Contribution statement: Sian Sullivan has drafted the text of this chapter and carried out the literature review, with all field research and Khoekhoegowab-English translations and interpretations being carried out with Welhemina Suro Ganuses from Sesfontein / !Nani|aus. We have worked together on and off since meeting in 1994. The authors’ stipend for this work is being directed to support the Future Pasts Trust, currently being established with local trustees to support heritage activities in Sesfontein / !Nani|aus and surrounding areas, particularly by the Hoanib Cultural Group (see https://www.futurepasts.net/future-pasts-trust). 2 See, for example, Goldblatt, Isaak, South West Africa From the Beginning of the 19th Century, Juta & Co. Ltd, Cape Town, 1971; Lau, Brigitte, A Critique of the Historical Sources and Historiography Relating to the ‘Damaras’ in Precolonial Namibia, BA History Dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 1979; Fuller, Ben, Institutional Appropriation and Social Change Among Agropastoralists in Central Namibia 1916–1988, PhD Dissertation, -
Advocacy in Action: a Guide to Influencing Decision-Making In
ADVOCACY IN ACTION A guide to influencing decision-making in Namibia Gender Research and Advocacy Project LEGAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE Windhoek 2004 Updated 2007 This publication was developed with assistance and support from the following organisations: National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) through a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Women’s Legal Rights Initiative through a grant from USAID. This publication, was made possible through support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The opinions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS his publication was prepared by the Legal Assistance Centre with support from the Tfollowing organisations: Austrian Development Cooperation, the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) through a grant from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Women’s Legal Rights Initiative through a grant from USAID. This manual was written by Dianne Hubbard and Delia Ramsbotham of the Legal Assistance Centre, and illustrated by Nicky Marais. The following persons provided research for the manual: Dianne Hubbard, Legal Assistance Centre Delia Ramsbotham, Legal Assistance Centre, intern through the Young Professionals International Internship Program of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada, coordinated through the Canadian Bar Association Maria-Laure Knapp, Legal Assistance Centre, intern in a program of Youth International Internship Programme (YIIP) of the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) of Canada, coordinated through Acadia University in Canada Evelyn Zimba, Legal Assistance Centre Anne Rimmer, a Development Worker funded by International Cooperation for Development (ICD) through the Catholic Institute for International Relations (CIIR). -
Constitutional Democracy in Namibia
Constitutional democracy in Namibia A critical analysis after two decades Edited by Anton Bösl, Nico Horn & André du Pisani A This publication would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation. Please note that the views expressed herein are not necessarily those of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and of the editors. Konrad Adenauer Foundation P.O. Box 1145 Windhoek [email protected] www.kas.de/namibia © Konrad-Adenauer Stiftung and the Authors 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Cover design: Red Sky and Anton Bösl Content editors: Anton Bösl, Nico Horn & André du Pisani Language editor: Sandie Fitchat Printing: John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd Publisher Macmillan Education Namibia PO Box 22830 Windhoek Namibia Tel. (+264 61) 225568 ISBN 978-99916-2-439-6 B Table of contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................iii Peter H Katjavivi Introduction .................................................................................................................... v Anton Bösl, Nico Horn and André du Pisani List of contributors ......................................................................................................xiii -
OCTOBER ·27Th
OPERAXIQNNAMJ:BXA. (21S} 724-1858 4811 Springfield P~ve. 1 Phila., PA 19143 BULLETIN #6, October, 1976 • OCTOBER ·27 th IS thti tenth anniversary of the day the United Nations revoked South Africa's mandate entitling it to govern Namibia. the date set for the launching of The "Golden Harvest" Operation Namibia's "BOOKS FOR A FREE NAMIBIA" project . •.. See OTHER SIDE for update of the situation in Namibia and South Africa "GOLDEN H2\RVEST U AND EIGHT MEMBER INTERNATIONALC:REW TO SET SAIL FROM PORTSMOUTH, .. ENGLAND, OCTOBER 27th. Bi~,N~IED BOOkeS CARGO TO .ARRIVE IN NAMIBIA IN EARLY vJINTER *** THE BOAT: Operation Namibia finally has a boat capable of making the voyage to Namibia without difficulty. The 69 foot GOLDEN HARVEST, a motorized fishing vessel with sails, was purchased this month for ~lO 1 000. Wh·ile this is more than we originally expected to spend, the quality and size of this boat are well worth the price...which is downfrom~18/000becauseone of the previous owners forfeited his share of the sale to support the Books Project. The crew itself has raised E4,OOOin personal loans, and money is still desperately needed, BUT 'fHE BOAT WILL SAIL! !.! Our first boat, the Namib t may bring as much as ~7,5~O back to the project when it is sold (we bought it this summer for %:.3,500), due to the excellent work. the crew has put in to it during the past few months. *** THE CRE"V'l is in great spirits. After working together on the Namib and experiencing nonviolent action training in August, the crew is a strong, close-working community of dedicated activists who are ready to£acethe high seas and challenge South African authority in Namibia. -
A Reader in Namibian Politics
State, Society and Democracy A Reader in Namibian Politics Edited by Christiaan Keulder Macmillan Education Namibia Publication of this book was made possible by the generous support of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. The views expressed by the authors are not necessarily the views of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung P.O.Box 1145, Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 225568 Fax: +264 61 225678 www.kas.de/namibia © Konrad Adenauer Stiftung & individual authors, 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Language editing by Sandie Fitchat Cover image by Melody Futter First published 2000 Reprinted 2010 Macmillan Education Namibia (Pty) Ltd P O Box 22830 Windhoek Namibia ISBN 978 99916 0265 3 Printed by John Meinert Printing, Windhoek, Namibia State, Society and Democracy Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ...................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................ix Introduction Christiaan Keulder ..............................................................................................1