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Effects of Sewage Sludge on Solution Chemistry and Plant Uptake of Cu in Sulphide Mine Tailings at Different Weathering Stages

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Effects of Sewage Sludge on Solution Chemistry and Plant Uptake of Cu in Sulphide Mine Tailings at Different Weathering Stages Applied Geochemistry 24 (2009) 475–482 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Applied Geochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apgeochem Effects of sewage sludge on solution chemistry and plant uptake of Cu in sulphide mine tailings at different weathering stages Lovisa Stjernman Forsberg a,*, Dan Berggren Kleja a, Maria Greger b, Stig Ledin a a Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden b Department of Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden article info abstract Article history: This climate chamber experiment examines the effects of sewage sludge (SS) on sulphide mine tailings Received 4 June 2008 from the Aitik Cu mine in northern Sweden. The effects of SS were determined from Cu in solution Accepted 10 December 2008 and Cu uptake and growth of plants on tailings showing 3 different degrees of weathering. Possible rela- Available online 27 December 2008 tionships between Cu content in plants and Cu in solution measured in tailings (total dissolved Cu and free Cu) were also evaluated. Red fescue (Festuca rubra) was grown for 6 weeks in pots of the different Editorial handling by X.D. Li tailings treated with SS or NPK fertiliser. Soil solution was sampled with Rhizon tension lysimeters 2À and analysed for pH, dissolved organic C (DOC), free Cu, total dissolved Cu and SO4 . The effects of SS on Cu in solution and plants depended on the degree of weathering. In tailings with a low degree of sul- phide oxidation, SS application resulted in increased solubility and shoot accumulation of Cu compared with NPK-treated tailings, probably due to DOC forming soluble complexes with Cu. Sewage sludge also seemed to promote translocation of Cu to shoots in those tailings. In highly weathered tailings, lower contents of total dissolved Cu and free Cu in solution and lower Cu levels in shoots were found in SS-trea- ted samples than in NPK-treated. In the moderately weathered tailings, Cu concentrations in solutions were generally similar between treatments, but lower contents of Cu were found in shoots and roots of the fescue grown in the SS-treatment. Irrespective of degree of weathering and treatment, both free Cu and total dissolved Cu concentration in tailings correlated strongly with Cu levels found in fescue shoots. Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction etation on the tailings deposit. Addition of sewage sludge (SS) has been shown to increase the survival and biomass production When metals are extracted from sulphide ores, tailings with of plants due to the contribution of nutrients and organic matter varying contents of sulphides are generated. Weathering sulphide (Pietz et al., 1989; Pichtel et al., 1994; Stoltz and Greger, 2002; tailings have a stronger tendency to leach metals and acid material Forsberg and Ledin, 2006). The original material for SS is the solid than other weathering tailings, as H2SO4 and metal ions are gener- waste that is separated through sedimentation from municipal ated during the oxidation of the metal sulphides (Singer and sewage water and the organic matter content usually ranges from Stumm, 1970; Kleinmann et al., 1981). Pyrite is the dominant me- 50% to 60% (Theodoratos et al., 2000). The interest in using SS on tal sulphide mineral in many sulphide deposits, but the tailings of- mine tailings is increasing worldwide, as sewage sludge consti- ten contain variable amounts of other metal sulphides, e.g. tutes a huge disposal problem, while the area of abandoned mine chalcopyrite, CuFeS2 (Ferguson and Erickson, 1988). tailings deposits is increasing. However, the effects of SS on mobil- Establishment of vegetation on a tailings deposit may decrease ity and plant availability of metals in the tailings are of great envi- water leaching, improve the quality of polluted soil solution, re- ronmental concern. Although solid phase organic matter is known duce wind and water erosion, increase stability of the land surface to immobilise metals (Bahaminyakamwe et al., 2006) several stud- and improve the aesthetic appearance of the mine area (Shetron ies have shown that there is a risk of increased solubility and plant and Duffek, 1970; Bradshaw and Chadwick, 1980; Clemensson-Lin- uptake of metals due to the formation of soluble complexes be- dell et al., 1992). However, mine tailings are sterile in terms of the tween metals and the dissolved organic C (DOC) in the SS (Minnich physical and chemical characteristics necessary for plant growth et al., 1987; McBride, 1989; Ahumada et al., 2001; Parker et al., and these conditions must be overcome in order to establish veg- 2001; Inaba and Takenaka, 2005; Schwab et al., 2006; Ashworth and Alloway, 2007). * Corresponding author. Tel.: +46 18 671264; fax: +46 18 672795. The affinity for metals of both the solid and soluble phase of SS E-mail address: [email protected] (L.S. Forsberg). is known to depend on pH and the presence of other ions, which 0883-2927/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2008.12.030 476 L.S. Forsberg et al. / Applied Geochemistry 24 (2009) 475–482 may change the competition for reactive sites on the organic mol- posit, about one year after being pumped out onto the tailings ecules and/or adjust their effective charge (Temminghoff et al., deposit. Type A and Type B (later divided into B1 and B2) were 1994; Jordan et al., 1997; Impelliterri et al., 2002; Ashworth and homogenised separately and analysed with respect to total con- Alloway, 2007). This is of particular importance when using sew- tents of Cu, Fe and S to determine any differences in contents of age sludge on deposits with sulphide mine tailings, as great differ- metal sulphides between those two types. The analyses showed ences in pH and sulphide oxidation exist between different sites on that the A-tailings contained lower levels of those elements, which the same deposit due to variations in O2 and water conditions and suggested lower total sulphide content (Table 1). in sulphide content of the tailings (Peterson and Nielson, 1978; The SS used was collected at the Henriksdal treatment plant in Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 1998). However, there Stockholm, where it had been treated with FeSO4 (to precipitate P), is a lack of information concerning the influence of such variations dewatered to a water content of around 70% and digested at a tem- on the effects of SS on metals in plants and tailings. perature of 33–37 °C (Stockholm Vatten, 2002). The sludge con- The present paper deals with the effects of SS on Cu in tailings tained about 25% C, 4% P and 4% N and the content of metals did with different degrees of sulphide weathering. The tailings derived not exceed the permissible limits on total metal content in SS for from the Aitik Cu mine in the north of Sweden. Establishment of use on agricultural land (Swedish Environmental Protection vegetation on the Aitik mine tailings deposit is planned at closure Agency, 1996; Stockholm Vatten, 2002) (data not shown). The total of the mine, using sewage sludge as fertiliser. Red fescue (Festuca levels of Cu and S in the SS were similar to those found in the B- rubra) has been shown to adapt well to the cold climate in the area tailings, but Fe levels were higher in the SS than in both types of and is planned to be used in the reclamation of the tailings. Copper tailings, probably due to the FeSO4 used in the treatment process occurs in high amounts in both Cu mine tailings and sewage (Table 1). The SS was stored at 2 °C for 4 months before use. sludge, is easily released when the sulphides oxidise and is consid- ered toxic to plants and animals at high concentrations (Bowen, 2.2. Preparation and properties of A, B1 and B2 tailings 1979; Sohlenius and Öborn, 2004; Forsberg and Ledin, 2006). Many studies emphasise the importance of analysing the soil solution for For 3 months before the climate chamber experiment, the A- evaluation of plant uptake of metals from contaminated soils (Min- tailings and part of the B-tailings (B1) were kept frozen (À18 °C) nich et al., 1987; Sauvé et al., 1996; Göttlein et al., 1996; Datta and to avoid further oxidation. However, the remaining part of the B- Young, 2005). Rhizon lysimeters have been shown to be effective in tailings (B2) was kept unfrozen. One half of B2 was then mixed sampling soil pore solution for metal speciation and dissolved or- with SS (20% SS by volume) while the other half remained un- ganic C analysis, due to their simplicity and in situ extraction with treated. Both untreated and SS-treated B2-tailings were put into minimal disturbance (Datta and Young, 2005; Rais et al., 2006). pots (1 kg of substrate/pot, four replicates) and exposed to 12 Accordingly, the specific objectives of the present study were for- leaching and drying cycles in a greenhouse (25 °C) for 3 months mulated as follows: (1) determine the effects of SS on DOC, free to promote sulphide oxidation in the tailings. The leaching was Cu and total dissolved Cu in tailings solutions sampled by Rhizon performed by adding 0.25 L deionized water to each pot every lysimeters; (2) determine the effects of SS on growth and Cu con- week. Drainage water (about 0.05 L per pot) was not recycled back tent of roots and shoots of red fescue; and (3) explore possible rela- into the pots. tionships between Cu concentrations in soil solutions and plant In June 2006, A- and B1-tailings were thawed and moistened to uptake of Cu.
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