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Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture: Good Practice Examples SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors SAFE USE OF WASTEWATER IN AGRICULTURE: GOOD PRACTICE EXAMPLES Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian, Editors PREFACE Population growth, rapid urbanisation, more water intense consumption patterns and climate change are intensifying the pressure on freshwater resources. The increasing scarcity of water, combined with other factors such as energy and fertilizers, is driving millions of farmers and other entrepreneurs to make use of wastewater. Wastewater reuse is an excellent example that naturally explains the importance of integrated management of water, soil and waste, which we define as the Nexus While the information in this book are generally believed to be true and accurate at the approach. The process begins in the waste sector, but the selection of date of publication, the editors and the publisher cannot accept any legal responsibility for the correct management model can make it relevant and important to any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, expressed or the water and soil as well. Over 20 million hectares of land are currently implied, with respect to the material contained herein. known to be irrigated with wastewater. This is interesting, but the The opinions expressed in this book are those of the Case Authors. Their inclusion in this alarming fact is that a greater percentage of this practice is not based book does not imply endorsement by the United Nations University. on any scientific criterion that ensures the “safe use” of wastewater. In order to address the technical, institutional, and policy challenges of safe water reuse, developing countries and countries in transition need clear institutional arrangements and more skilled human resources, United Nations University Institute for Integrated with a sound understanding of the opportunities and potential risks of Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources wastewater use. (UNU-FLORES) In 2011 seven UN-Water members, partners and programmes led by the UN-Water Decade Programme on Capacity Development (UNW- Ammonstrasse 74, 01067 Dresden, Germany DPC) joined efforts to address the capacity needs of countries with Tel.: + 49-351 8921 9370 regards to the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture (SUWA). The Food Fax: + 49-351 8921 9389 and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World e-mail: [email protected] Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment © 2016 UNU-FLORES and Health (UNU-INWEH), the International Water Management Institute Design and Layout: diamonds network GbR (IWMI), and the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage Editing: Serena Caucci, Arjun Avasthy, Rachel Shindelar, Atiqah Fairuz Salleh, (ICID) were the other six partners. Between 2011 and 2013, these Prime Productions capacity development activities brought together 160 representatives Translation: Prime Productions, Serena Caucci from 73 UN member states from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Further Printer: Reprogress GmbH support in these fields and the continuation of the SUWA initiative were Photo credits: UNU-FLORES unless otherwise specified strongly requested by the participants during these activities. With the formal cessation of UNW-DPC in 2015, the coordination of the SUWA ISBN 978-3-944863-30-6 (Web) initiative was transferred to the United Nations University. Currently ISBN 978-3-944863-31-3 (Print) the United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNU-FLORES) and UNU-INWEH are responsible for coordinating SUWA activities together with other partners. The current phase of SUWA aims to support UN member states in developing their national capacities in focus areas identified and prioritised during 2011–2015, promoting the safer and more productive use of wastewater. Developing countries and countries in transition remain to be the focus. Sharing information between countries/regions on “good practice examples of safe water reuse in agriculture” is one of the important objectives identified during the early phase of the SUWA initiative. In support of accomplishing this objective, UNU- FLORES identified several interesting case studies from around the world in 2015. Many of them were also orally presented and discussed at the workshop organised by UNU-FLORES in Lima, Peru, in February 2016. This book includes 17 such case studies selected from Latin America, Asia, and Africa. For ease of navigation through the content, the material is presented in three sections; Section I: Technological Advances; Section II: Health & Environmental Aspects; and Section III: Policy & Implementation Issues. We sincerely hope the content of this book will enhance knowledge sharing between the regions and also help us learn from each other. We wish to thank the authors of the case studies for their hard work in sharing their knowledge as well as for the roles they played as peer reviewers. Special thanks also go to our own colleagues at UNU- FLORES, including Mr. Arjun Avasthy and Ms. Serena Caucci for their tireless contribution. Last but not least, we would like to offer our sincere gratitude to the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) for the generous financial support we received to make this project a reality. Hiroshan Hettiarachchi Reza Ardakanian CONTENT SECTION I: TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES CASE 1 ........................................................................................................... 3 Managed Aquifer Recharge Systems for Natural and Sustainable Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Technology: Health Concerns Associated with Human Viruses (USA) Walter Q. Betancourt, Ian L. Pepper, and Charles P. Gerba CASE 2 ......................................................................................................... 21 Water Sensitive Urban Design for Metropolitan Lima, Peru – “Wastewater Treatment Park: The Children’s Park” – Application of Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands in Public Open Space for Reuse of Treated Wastewater (Peru) Rosa Miglio, Alexandra Garcia, Eva Nemcova, and Rossana Poblet CASE 3 ......................................................................................................... 43 Wastewater Challenges and the Successful Implementation of Constructed Wetlands in Egypt (Egypt) T. T. El-Gamal and M. H. Housian CASE 4 ......................................................................................................... 59 Use of Reservoirs to Improve Irrigation Water Quality in Lima, Peru (Peru) Julio Moscoso Cavallini CASE 5 ......................................................................................................... 79 Water Reuse for Landscape Irrigation and Toilet Flushing in Brasilia, Brazil (Brazil) M. R. Felizatto, F.C. Nery, A. S. Rodrigues, and C.M. Silva SECTION II: HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS SECTION III: POLICY & IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES CASE 6 ...................................................................................................... 101 CASE 11 ................................................................................................... 197 Good Irrigation Practices in the Wastewater Irrigated Area of Government Supported Farmers Utilising Wastewater in Irrigation: The Ouardanine, Tunisia (Tunisia) Case of the South African Government in Lebowakgomo in the Limpopo Olfa Mahjoub, Mohamed Mekada, and Najet Gharbi Province Supporting Farmers Producing Vegetables (South Africa) T. Gomo CASE 7 ...................................................................................................... 121 CASE 12 ................................................................................................... 209 Effects of More Than 100 Years of Irrigation with Mexico City’s Wastewater in the Mezquital Valley (Mexico) Challenges in Implementing Standards for Reuse of Treated Christina Siebe, María Chapela-Lara, Mario Cayetano-Salazar, Wastewater in Irrigation: The Case of Bolivia (Bolivia) Blanca Prado, and Jan Siemens Juan Carlos Rocha Cuadros CASE 8 ...................................................................................................... 139 CASE 13 ................................................................................................... 223 Eco-Friendly Wastewater Treatment for Reuse in Agriculture (India) Community-Based Wastewater Management System in Peri-Urban Ravinder Kaur Areas of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal (Nepal) Uttam Raj Timilsina CASE 9 ...................................................................................................... 157 CASE 14 ................................................................................................... 251 Productivity of Sugarcane Irrigated with Effluent from the Cañaveralejo Wastewater Treatment Plant in Cali, Colombia (Colombia) Wastewater Reuse in Mendoza Province, Argentina (Argentina) C. A Madera-Parra, A. Echeverri, and N. Urrutia Carlos Horacio Foresi CASE 10 ................................................................................................... 171 CASE 15 ................................................................................................... 267 Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Cereal and Legume Crops through Varamin Project: A Wastewater Reuse Success Story from Iran (Iran) Sewage Water Irrigation and Phosphate Fertilisers (Pakistan) Mohammad Javad Monem
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