DOCSLIB.ORG

Us Involvement in Military Coups D'état

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Us Involvement in Military Coups D'état ÖMER ASLAN ASLAN ÖMER U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN MILITARY COUPS D'ÉTAT IN TURKEY AND PAKISTAN DURING THE COLD WAR: BETWEEN CONSPIRACY AND REALITY IN TURKEY IN TURKEY U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN INVOLVEMENT U.S. A Ph.D. Dissertation BETWEEN BETWEEN AND by PAKISTAN CONSPIRACY MILITARY MILITARY ÖMER ASLAN DURING THE COLD WAR: COLD WAR: THE DURING AND COUPS REALITY D'ÉTAT Bilkent University 2016 University Bilkent Department of Political Science and Public Administration İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University December 2016 To my mother and father, Ayser & Kasap Yusuf (Aslan) U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN MILITARY COUPS D'ÉTAT IN TURKEY AND PAKISTAN DURING THE COLD WAR: BETWEEN CONSPIRACY AND REALITY The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by ÖMER ASLAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA December 2016 ABSTRACT U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN MILITARY COUPS D'ÉTAT IN TURKEY AND PAKISTAN DURING THE COLD WAR: BETWEEN CONSPIRACY AND REALITY Aslan, Ömer Ph. D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ioannis Grigoriadis December 2016 The external dimension of military coups d’état has hitherto remained an understudied subject in civil-military relations. It has either fallen victim to conspiracies or been entirely sidelined as a non-issue. The objective of this research is to conceptualize the ‘role’ played by the United States in four military coups d’état in Turkey and Pakistan. In order to broach a detailed discussion of US role in 1958 and 1977 coups in Pakistan and 1960 and 1980 coups in Turkey, this dissertation brings in military-to-military relations in order to complement civil-military relations. This study also brings into the analysis ‘socialization’ through military training and education programs offered by the United States and international organizations such as NATO, which supposedly function as ‘socializing platforms’ as underexplored subjects in civil-military relations. This study considers ‘signalling’ as an important conceptual tool to understand U.S. reaction, thereby U.S. role in, to military coups d’état. The study finds that while the trigger for coups d’état remained local, the coupists considered it very important to receive U.S. endorsement. It also shows that the US supported all four coups nonetheless, though in different ways. It argues that military training and education programs and NATO membership did not socialize Turkish generals into democratic norms but allowed detailed knowledge of Turkish and Pakistani armed forces and facilitated smoother transition to post-coup period. i Keywords: Coup D’état, Pakistan, Professional Military Education, Socialization, Turkey. ii ÖZET GERÇEKLİK VE KOMPLO ARASINDA: TÜRKİYE VE PAKİSTAN’DA SOĞUK SAVAŞ DÖNEMİNDE MEYDANA GELEN ASKERİ DARBELERDE AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİNİN ROLÜ Aslan, Ömer Dokt ora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Ioannis Grigoriadis Aralık, 2016 Askeri darbelerin dış boyutu sivil-asker ilişkilerinin ihmal edilen konulardan birisi olageldi. Dış aktörlerin rolü ya komplo teorilerine kurban edildi ya da önemsiz bir konuymuş gibi görülerek kenara itildi. Bu bakımdan bu çalışma Soğuk Savaş döneminin en önemli dış aktörlerinden birisi olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Türkiye’de 1960 ve 1980 yıllarında ve Pakistan’da 1958 ve 1977’de meydana gelen dört askeri darbedeki rolünü kavramsallaştırmakta ve tartışmaktadır. Bu çalışma, ilgili literatürde ihmal edilen ‘ordulararası ikili ilişkiler’ hususunu gündeme taşımaktadır. Çalışma, ordulararası ikili ilişkilerin geliştirilmesinde ve yabancı ordu subaylarının sosyalleştirilmelerinde önemli etkileri olan Amerikan askeri eğitim programları ve uluslararası bir örgüt olarak NATO üyeliğinin etkileri üzerinde de durmaktadır. Bahsi geçen dört darbe sürecinde Amerikan rolü üç aşamada ele alınmaktadır: darbe öncesi, darbe esnasında ve darbeden sonra. Darbeden önce ABD’nin farklı şekillerde ve farklı aktörlerce gönderdiği olumlu veya olumsuz ‘sinyallerin’ darbeleri nasıl etkilediği tartışılırken, darbe sonrası askeri, siyasi ve ekonomik yardımlar da incelenmektedir. Çalışma, askeri darbelerin fitilini ülke içi nedenlerin ateşlediğini vurgularken, darbeye kalkışan subayların - üst düzey generaller veya orta kademe subaylar- Amerikan desteğini oldukça önemsediklerini göstermektedir. ABD’nin farklı şekillerde ve derecede de olsa desteklediği dört darbe de göstermektedir ki ABD’nin yabancı subaylara verdiği askeri eğitimler, bu ülkenin yabancı ülke ordularını daha yakından tanımasını iii mümkün kılmakta, beklenmedik darbelerde daha yumuşak geçişlere imkan tanımaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Askeri Darbe, Pakistan, Profesyonel Askeri Eğitimler, Sosyalleşme, Türkiye. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several people and institutions helped me finish this dissertation. The wide access to numerous resources Bilkent University Library has generously provided made this research project feasible in the first place. In reaching my interviewees and getting to know many institutions that gave me critical assistance along the way, Sadık Şanlı and Dr. Mehmet Özkan have been big brothers. Yılmaz Çolak, the President of Turkish National Police Academy, supported my dissertation all along and allowed me to finish my fieldwork in Pakistan even as I informed him at the last minute. I am thankful to all my interviewees in both Pakistan and Turkey, who spared from their time to speak with me on this sensitive subject. I am grateful to Nadeem Khan and Behesti İsmail in Pakistan as well as Younis, Hafeez, Atif, and all other Pakistani brothers there for making me feel home and arranging contacts for my interviews. The head of Quaid-i Azam University Library in Islamabad welcomed me with open heart and gave me privileged access to some resources. I am grateful to İnsan Hak ve Hürriyetleri İnsani Yardım Vakfı (İHH) and Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (YTB) for giving me chance to visit Pakistan twice and conduct my dissertation fieldwork. I am equally grateful to TÜBİTAK, without which National Scholarship Program for Ph.D. students, this life-defining project would have been very difficult, if not entirely impossible. I would also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Ioannis Grigoriadis, my patient and understanding advisor, for agreeing to oversee this research in the first place and helping me bring to its end successfully. I would like to thank all my committee members, past and current, as well as final jury members for their useful feedback, support, and guidance. No words can express my gratitude and love for my elder sister, who, with her family, has always been with me. My nephews, Ömer Akif and Muhammed v Asaf, have provided joy to our lives during times of distress from the moment they joined the family. I cannot thank my wife, Dr. Ayşenur Kılıç Aslan, enough, who, with all the things she has done, words she has uttered, and love she has shown, owns this dissertation as much as I do. She has brought baraqah (bereket) to my life. She taught me that doing some work with your loved one is incomparably more valuable and meaningful than doing a lot of work without. This is no small feat for someone who has a workaholic husband. My mother and father made me who I am. One can only hope that this meticulous research will bring me closer to start showing them my gratitude, love, and indebtedness. All the virtues therein belong to them and any remaining errors are mine. Ve billahi’t-tevfik. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….i ÖZET.................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................v TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………….x LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………...xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1 1.1. The Purpose of the Study ......................................................................... 1 1.2. Bridging the Gap ...................................................................................... 5 1.3. Some Caveats ........................................................................................... 8 1.4. Case Selection and Methodology ............................................................. 9 1.5. Organization of the Study ...................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 2: A SURVEY OF THE CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS FIELD .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.1. Domestic Factors ............................................................................... 14 2.1.1. Military-oriented Explanations ................................................... 14 2.1.2. Weak Civilians and Civilian Regimes ........................................ 18 2.2. External Factors ................................................................................. 21 2.2.1. The Cold War Period ....................................................................... 21 2.2.2. The Post-Cold War Period .............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies
    Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies No: | 20 5 December 20 Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies Year 3, Issue 5 December 2020 e-ISSN: 2667-470X editors Editor in Chief and Owner Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University, Director of Center for Balkan and Black Sea Studies (BALKAR) Special Issue Editors Lyubomir POZHARLIEV, Dr. phil., Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig Florian RIEDLER, Dr. phil., University of Leipzig Stefan ROHDEWALD, Prof. Dr., University of Leipzig Managing/Section Editors Former Yugoslavia: Responsible Director: Hakan DEMİR, PhD., Sakarya University Jahja MUHASILOVIĆ, PhD. International University of Sarajevo Greece, Cyprus: Deniz ERTUĞ, PhD., Istanbul Albania, Kosovo: Fatih Fuat TUNCER, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Caucasus, Russia: Keisuke WAKIZAKA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Istanbul Gelişim University Bulgaria, Romania: Cengiz YOLCU, PhD cand., Istanbul 29 Mayıs University Secretary Ersin YILMAZ, Zeyneb GÖKÇE (YTU BALKAR Assistants) Editorial Board Chair: Mehmet HACISALİHOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Fuat AKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Isa BLUMI, Prof. Dr., American University of Sharjah Cengiz ÇAĞLA, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali ÇAKSU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Bilgin ÇELİK, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dokuz Eylül University Neriman ERSOY-HACISALİHOĞLU, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Ayşe KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., National Defence University Levent KAYAPINAR, Prof. Dr., Ankara University Elçin MACAR, Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Çiğdem NAS, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Yıldız Technical University Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Nurcan ÖZGÜR-BAKLACIOĞLU, Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Esra ÖZSÜER, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Istanbul University Laçin İdil ÖZTIĞ, Assoc. Prof. Yıldız Technical University Milena PETKOVA, Assist. Prof. Dr., Kliment Ohridski University, Sofia Cevdet ŞANLI, Assist.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005 Isa Afacan [email protected]
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-31-2011 Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005 Isa Afacan [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI11041509 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Afacan, Isa, "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005" (2011). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 347. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/347 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA, 1990-2005 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Isa Afacan 2011 To: Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Isa Afacan, and entitled Turkish-American Relations in the post-Cold War Era, 1990-2005, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Thomas Breslin _______________________________________ Aisha Musa _______________________________________ Charles MacDonald _______________________________________ Mohiaddin Mesbahi, Major Professor Date of Defense: March 31, 2011 The dissertation of Isa Afacan is approved. _______________________________________ Dean Kenneth Furton College of Arts and Sciences _______________________________________ Interim Dean Kevin O’Shea University Graduate School Florida International University, 2011 ii © Copyright 2011 by Isa Afacan All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Quincy Wright, a Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, First Published 1942) Pp
    Notes 1 Introduction 1. Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964, first published 1942) pp. 65-7. 2. Raymond Aron, Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966) p. 244. 3. Aron, p. 24. 4. Aron, p. 243. 2 Resources and Strategy to 1914 1. See Martin van Creveld, 'The Origins and Development of Mobiliza­ tion Warfare' in Gordon H. McCormick and Richard E. Bissell (eds) Strategic Dimensions of Economic Behavior (New York: Praeger, 1984) pp. 26-43. 2. Arnold Toynbee, Mankind and Mother Earth (Oxford: Oxford Uni­ versity Press, 1976) p. 88. 3. Geoffrey Kemp and John Maurer, 'The Logistics of Pax Britannica' in Uri Ra'anan et al. (eds) Projection of Power: Perspectives, Perceptions and Problems (Hamden: Archon, 1982) p. 30. 4. See Geoffrey Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567-1659 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972). 5. Raymond Aron, Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966) pp. 244-5. 6. John Evelyn, Navigation and Commerce (1674). Quoted in Aron, p.245. 7. Gordon H. McCormick 'Strategic Considerations in the Development of Economic Thought' in McCormick and Bissell, p. 4. 8. McCormick, p. 5. See Eli F. Heckscher, Mercantilism (London: Allen & Unwin, 1955); 'Revisions in Economic History, V, Mercantilism', The Economic History Review, vol. vii, 1936; and Jacob Viner, 'Policy versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the 17th and 18th Centuries', World Politics, vol. i (1948-49). 9. Heckscher, Mercantilism, vol. ii, p. 43. 10. See John H. Maurer, 'Economics, Strategy and War in Historical Perspective', in McCormick and Bissell, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CYPRUS QUESTION in the MAKING and the ATTITUDE of the SOVIET UNION TOWARDS the CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) a Master's
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bilkent University Institutional Repository THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) A Master’s Thesis by MUSTAFA ÇAĞATAY ASLAN DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2008 To my grandfathers Osman OYMAK and Mehmet Akif ASLAN, THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by MUSTAFA ÇAĞATAY ASLAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Associate Prof. Hakan Kırımlı Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------- Assistant Prof. Dr. Eugenia Kermeli Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT THE CYPRUS QUESTION IN THE MAKING AND THE ATTITUDE OF THE SOVIET UNION TOWARDS THE CYPRUS QUESTION (1960-1974) Aslan, Mustafa Çağatay M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Associate Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Stephen Philip Cohen the Idea Of
    00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page iii the idea of pakistan stephen philip cohen brookings institution press washington, d.c. 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 one The Idea of Pakistan 15 two The State of Pakistan 39 three The Army’s Pakistan 97 four Political Pakistan 131 five Islamic Pakistan 161 six Regionalism and Separatism 201 seven Demographic, Educational, and Economic Prospects 231 eight Pakistan’s Futures 267 nine American Options 301 Notes 329 Index 369 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page vi vi Contents MAPS Pakistan in 2004 xii The Subcontinent on the Eve of Islam, and Early Arab Inroads, 700–975 14 The Ghurid and Mamluk Dynasties, 1170–1290 and the Delhi Sultanate under the Khaljis and Tughluqs, 1290–1390 17 The Mughal Empire, 1556–1707 19 Choudhary Ramat Ali’s 1940 Plan for Pakistan 27 Pakistan in 1947 40 Pakistan in 1972 76 Languages of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Northwest India 209 Pakistan in Its Larger Regional Setting 300 01 1502-1 intro 8/25/04 3:18 PM Page 1 Introduction In recent years Pakistan has become a strategically impor- tant state, both criticized as a rogue power and praised as being on the front line in the ill-named war on terrorism. The final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States iden- tifies Pakistan, along with Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, as a high- priority state. This is not a new development.
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Kemalism Vs. Neo-Democrats?
    ' TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN 1960-1971: NEO-KEMALISM VS. NEO-DEMOCRATS? Sedat LAÇ 0NER ‘I hope you will understand that your NATO allies have not had a chance to consider whether they have an obligation to protect Turkey against the Soviet Union if Turkey takes a step which results in Soviet intervention without the full consent and understanding of its NATO allies.’ 1 Lyndon B. Johnson, US President, 1964 ‘Atatürk taught us realism and rationalism. He was not an ideologue.’ 2 Süleyman Demirel , Turkish Prime Minister Abstract In the post-coup years two main factors; the détente process, and as a result of the détente significant change in the United States’ policies towards Turkey, started a chain-reaction process in Turkish foreign policy. During the 1960s several factors forced Turkish policy makers towards a new foreign policy. On the one hand, the Western attitude undermined the Kemalist and other Westernist schools and caused an ideological transformation in Turkish foreign policy. On the other hand, the military coup and disintegration process that it triggered also played very important role in the foreign policy transformation process. Indeed, by undermining Westernism in Turkey, the West caused an ideological crisis in Kemalism and other foreign policy schools. The 1960s also witnessed the start of the disintegration process in Turkish politics that provided a suitable environment for the resurgence of the Ottoman schools of thought, such as Islamism and Turkism. 1 The Middle East Journal , Vol. 20, No. 3, Summer 1966, p. 387. 2 0hsan Sabri Ça /layangil, Anılarım, ( My Memoirs ), ( 0stanbul: Güne 2, 1990), p.
    [Show full text]
  • Group Identity and Civil-Military Relations in India and Pakistan By
    Group identity and civil-military relations in India and Pakistan by Brent Scott Williams B.S., United States Military Academy, 2003 M.A., Kansas State University, 2010 M.M.A., Command and General Staff College, 2015 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Security Studies College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2019 Abstract This dissertation asks why a military gives up power or never takes power when conditions favor a coup d’état in the cases of Pakistan and India. In most cases, civil-military relations literature focuses on civilian control in a democracy or the breakdown of that control. The focus of this research is the opposite: either the returning of civilian control or maintaining civilian control. Moreover, the approach taken in this dissertation is different because it assumes group identity, and the military’s inherent connection to society, determines the civil-military relationship. This dissertation provides a qualitative examination of two states, Pakistan and India, which have significant similarities, and attempts to discern if a group theory of civil-military relations helps to explain the actions of the militaries in both states. Both Pakistan and India inherited their military from the former British Raj. The British divided the British-Indian military into two militaries when Pakistan and India gained Independence. These events provide a solid foundation for a comparative study because both Pakistan’s and India’s militaries came from the same source. Second, the domestic events faced by both states are similar and range from famines to significant defeats in wars, ongoing insurgencies, and various other events.
    [Show full text]
  • TNSR Journal Vol 2 Issue 4 Book Final.Pdf (12.61Mb)
    Texas National Security Review Texas T E R R A I TERRA INCOGNITA N C O G N I T A Volume 2 Issue 4 Volume Print: ISSN 2576-1021 Online: ISSN 2576-1153 MASTHEAD TABLE OF CONTENTS Staff: The Foundation Publisher: Executive Editor: Associate Editors: 04 Wars with Words? Ryan Evans Doyle Hodges, PhD Galen Jackson, PhD Francis J. Gavin Van Jackson, PhD Editor-in-Chief: Managing Editor: Stephen Tankel, PhD William Inboden, PhD Megan G. Oprea, PhD The Scholar Editorial Board: 10 More Significance than Value: Explaining Developments in the Sino-Japanese Contest Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Chair, Editorial Board: Editor-in-Chief: Todd Hall Francis J. Gavin, PhD William Inboden, PhD 38 The Collapse Narrative: The United States, Mohammed Mossadegh, and the Coup Decision of 1953 Gregory Brew Robert J. Art, PhD Kelly M. Greenhill, PhD John Owen, PhD Richard Betts, PhD Beatrice Heuser, PhD Patrick Porter, PhD 60 The City Is Neutral: On Urban Warfare in the 21st Century John Bew, PhD Michael C. Horowitz, PhD Thomas Rid, PhD David Betz and Hugo Stanford-Tuck Nigel Biggar, PhD Richard H. Immerman, PhD Joshua Rovner, PhD Philip Bobbitt, JD, PhD Robert Jervis, PhD Brent E. Sasley, PhD Hal Brands, PhD Colin Kahl, PhD Elizabeth N. Saunders, PhD Joshua W. Busby, PhD Jonathan Kirshner, PhD Kori Schake, PhD The Strategist Robert Chesney, JD James Kraska, SJD Michael N. Schmitt, DLitt Eliot Cohen, PhD Stephen D. Krasner, PhD Jacob N. Shapiro, PhD 90 Thinking in Space: The Role of Geography in National Security Decision-Making Audrey Kurth Cronin, PhD Sarah Kreps, PhD Sandesh Sivakumaran, PhD Andrew Rhodes Theo Farrell, PhD Melvyn P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Author(S): Ümit Cizre Sakallioğlu Source: Comparative Politics, Vol
    The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Author(s): Ümit Cizre Sakallioğlu Source: Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Jan., 1997), pp. 151-166 Published by: Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/422077 Accessed: 31-01-2019 14:30 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: https://www.jstor.org/stable/422077?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Comparative Politics, Ph.D. Programs in Political Science, City University of New York is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Politics This content downloaded from 139.179.72.51 on Thu, 31 Jan 2019 14:30:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy Umit Cizre Sakallioglu The most profound contradiction marking Turkish democracy in the 1990s is the demonstrated inability of civilian politicians to control the military. The Turkish military enjoys a strong degree of military autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • 0714685003.Pdf
    CONTENTS Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xviii Introduction 1 1 A terrorist attack in Italy 3 2 A scandal shocks Western Europe 15 3 The silence of NATO, CIA and MI6 25 4 The secret war in Great Britain 38 5 The secret war in the United States 51 6 The secret war in Italy 63 7 The secret war in France 84 8 The secret war in Spain 103 9 The secret war in Portugal 114 10 The secret war in Belgium 125 11 The secret war in the Netherlands 148 12 The secret war in Luxemburg 165 ix 13 The secret war in Denmark 168 14 The secret war in Norway 176 15 The secret war in Germany 189 16 The secret war in Greece 212 17 The secret war in Turkey 224 Conclusion 245 Chronology 250 Notes 259 Select bibliography 301 Index 303 x FOREWORD At the height of the Cold War there was effectively a front line in Europe. Winston Churchill once called it the Iron Curtain and said it ran from Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea. Both sides deployed military power along this line in the expectation of a major combat. The Western European powers created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) precisely to fight that expected war but the strength they could marshal remained limited. The Soviet Union, and after the mid-1950s the Soviet Bloc, consistently had greater numbers of troops, tanks, planes, guns, and other equipment. This is not the place to pull apart analyses of the military balance, to dissect issues of quantitative versus qualitative, or rigid versus flexible tactics.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey's Islamists: from Power-Sharing to Political
    TURKEY’S ISLAMISTS: FROM POWER-SHARING TO POLITICAL INCUMBENCY The complex relationship between political Islam and the Turkish state – from political exclusion in the early Republican era, to power-sharing in the post-World War II multi-party era, to political incumbency in the 2000s – was crowned by AKP’s landslide electoral victory in 2002. The author debunks two myths regarding this relationship: first, that Kemalism enjoyed a monopoly of political power for decades and second, that Islamists achieved victory in 2002 after being the regime’s sole opposition. According to the author, Turkey’s failed Middle East policy can be attributed to AKP’s misconception that its Islamic counterparts would achieve power after the Arab uprisings just as they had done in Turkey in 2002. Behlül Özkan* Spring 2015 * Dr. Behlül Özkan is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Marmara University, Istanbul. 71 VOLUME 14 NUMBER 1 BEHLÜL ÖZKAN he 1995 elections in Turkey, in which the Islamist Welfare Party (Refah Partisi) won the most votes, garnered much attention both in Turkey and abroad. Welfare Party leader Necmettin Erbakan took office as T prime minister the following year, the first time in the country’s histo- ry that an Islamist had occupied an executive position. Erbakan was subsequently forced out of office in the “post-modern coup” of 28 February 1997, widely inter- preted as a sign that achieving power by democratic means was still impossible for Islamists. Prominent Islamists such as current President and former Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have often declared themselves to be the victims of the February 28 coup, which they cite as an instance of the perpetual repression faced by Islamists and their political constituencies since the founding of the Republic.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation, Coordination and Execution: an Analysis of Military Coup Agency at Instances of Successful Coup D’État
    School of Humanities and Social Sciences Department of Political Science Master’s Thesis Evaluation, Coordination and Execution: An Analysis of Military Coup Agency at Instances of Successful Coup D’état A Master’s Thesis Submitted to The Department of Political Science In Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Karim Ezzat El-Baz Under the supervision of Professor Dr. Holger Albrecht Associate Professor Political Science Department ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor Dr. Holger Albrecht for the useful comments, remarks and engagement through the learning process of this master thesis. Furthermore I would like to thank him for introducing me to the topic as well for the support on the way. Also, I would like to thank my readers Professor Dr. Oliver Schlumberger & Professor Dr. Marie Duboc at Tübingen University and Professor Dr. Marco Pinfari at The American University in Cairo for their outstanding help and engagement. Finally, I would like to thank my loved ones, who have supported me throughout entire process, both by keeping me harmonious and helping me putting pieces together. I will be grateful forever for your love. ! I! For Mom, Dad, Wessam & C.M.E.P.S! ! II! TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………………….I Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………....II CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction……………………………………………………………….....................2 CHAPTER 2 – Theory…………………………………………………………………………………10 CHAPTER 3 – Military Coup Agency Dataset………………………………………………………...24 CHAPTER 4 – Instances of Mixed Military Coups D’état: Thailand 1991 and Turkey 1980………...46 Chapter 5 – Instances of Infantry Military Coups D’état: Haiti 1991 and Niger 2010………………...59 CHAPTER 6 – Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation……………………………………………..72 Codebook……………………………………………………………………………………………….78 Dataset………………………………………………………………………………………………….79 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………82! “A military with no political training is a potential criminal.” Cpt.
    [Show full text]