KAERI/RR-1804/97 KR9800549
A Study on the Nuclear Policy
A Study on the Nuclear Technology Policy
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I. Title
A Study on the Nuclear Technology Policy
II. Objectives and Importance of the Project
The world in the 21st century after the end of cold-war era would be expected to show the intensified competition of securing energy resources, strengthening of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and opening pressure of markets of developing countries as well as unlimited technological racing among developed countries having advanced industrial technologies from the point of view of worldwide survival games in the forthcoming century.
The specification of international regulation of emission of greenhouse gases discharged from burning of fossil fuels is also expected to bring the big changes of energy polices of world countries of the parties of Intergovernmental Panel on global Climate Change
The national energy demand will be expected to be increased gradually in the long term. The imports of large amount of energy from abroad causes the structural loss of national foreign currency and resulted in the heavy burden to the national economy and industrial development. Furthermore problems for the stabilized energy supply should be treated as the national security from the point of view that the national energy problems are always exposed entirely to the
vn change of international affairs such as intensified disputes in the Middle East region where large amounts of the national energy has been imported, and territorial disputes in the East China Sea which is the important transport route for the national energy imports. From the this point of view, the securing the technological competition power of nuclear energy which is expected as an alternatives of future competent energy sources, would be one of the national policy objectives in the forthcoming century.
The national nuclear policy has been always affected from the international affairs aforementioned directly or indirectly. It is, therefore, very important for the effective implementation of national nuclear policy to analysis and prepare the actions to be taken or provide the desirable policy directions for the policy issues such as the role and position of nuclear technologies in national policies, the nuclear trends in the national affairs and international affairs in order to secure the national policy consensus for the use and development of nuclear energy,
III. Scope and Contents of the Project
The role and position of nuclear policy linked to other national policy area to use and to regulate nuclear technologies, was analyzed in-depth. The policy directions for the use and development of radiation and radioisotope technologies of which the importance are emphasized recently, were also suggested. In addition, The trends of Japanese nuclear administrative reformation and nuclear policy were
Vlll investigated in-depth as the reference of the new government nuclear policy inaugurating in February 1998.
The trends of nuclear policies of USA, Japan, Russia, European Countries and asian countries were investigated.
Analyses of radioactive waste management policy, MOX fuel utilization and stewardship of weapon grade plutonium were done in line with US DOE policy issues. Structural reformation of electrical industry, competition power of nuclear electricity and trends of nuclear research and development in the USA were also investigated.
The status of nuclear power generation, nuclear industry, and policies and relevant political issues and international cooperation on reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel in the European countries were investigated.
The trends of Russia, China and Asian countries were investigated. Fundamental directions of nuclear cooperation with Asian countries emerging as big nuclear markets in the near future, were also analyzed in-depth
The status of Japanese nuclear power plant and industries, history and major policy issues on the development of fast breeder reactor were investigate. Furthermore recent trends of Japanese nuclear policy and reformation of Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation(PNC) since Monju accident in December 1996 and accident of nuclear facilities of PNC in March 1997, were also analyzed.
IX R&D trends of small- and medium-sized nuclear reactors, and spin-off effects and their effective national system in transferring developed technologies from the national nuclear R&D activities were studied as the nuclear technology policy study. Additionally major issues and directions of national energy policy in the 21st century, international regulation trends and responding measures to be input in the future fuel cycle, environments of national policy implementation, and establishment of nuclear policy direction under declaration of denuclearization in Korea Peninsular were studied jointly with social science research institutes and distinguished experts in order to strengthen the policy research momentum and to create the national consensus for the use and development of nuclear energy.
IV. Result and Recommendations
It is worth while to emphasize strongly to secure the national competition power against advanced nuclear countries in the use and development of nuclear power technologies that the consistent implementation of nuclear policy should be kept as well as well-prepared R&D budget program and integrated support for the successful achievement of goals of national nuclear R&D program.
It is also important to establish the national nuclear policy through the a variety of public discussions and transparent decision mechanism. Furthermore active and continuous efforts to open policy information to related Governmental ministries, research institutes and industries including the public and the achievement of the national consensus for the use of nuclear power and related national safety regime, become important.
National R&D programme should be linked to the long ranged export strategy of nuclear industry. At the same time, it is required to establish the system for the maximization of spin-off effects of technical results from national R&D activities to respond properly to the Governmental industrial policy under new worldwide technological paradigm.
The results of the analyses of major nuclear advanced countries are as follows. US nuclear foreign policy seems to be focusing on the strengthening nuclear nonproliferation regime in the peaceful use of nuclear energy and shows policy actions against international regulation of the emission of greenhouse gases. The establishment of new R&D program to recover the worldwide leadership of nuclear technologies are also raising currently.
Japan is now struggling to re-establish nuclear policy for the development of fast breeder reactor and nuclear fuel cycle technologies as well as reformation of Governmental nuclear administrative system since Monju accident in December 1996 and accident of nuclear facilities of PNC in March 1997 through the expansion of the opening to public and opportunities of public participation in the decision process of national policy. In the mean time, reformation of PNC and establishment of new R&D institute in charge of development of fast breeder reactor and nuclear fuel cycle technology as well as technology development for high level radioactive waste management are in progress currently.
Socialist parties' government were newly inaugurated in the European countries which brought the significant changes of nuclear
XI policy, resulted in the reduction of R&D expenditures in nuclear field. The privatization of the government owned nuclear R&D company were under the progress strongly in line with reformation of national economy structure in order to strengthen the competition power of nuclear industries. The development of fast breeder reactor has been recessing in the European countries resulted from budgetary burden from large scale financial investment, goal achievement of technological feasibility programme but economical uncertainty and arguments about nuclear safety issues. For instance, new french government ruled by Socialist Party and Green Party decided the shutdown the Superphenix, demonstration fast breeder reactor, which will be replaced by experimental fast breeder reactor, Phenix in February 1998.
China has the ambitious program to introduce nuclear power plants up to 40~50 GWe by the year 2020 to curb the political pressure from the international regulation of emission of greenhouse gases and to meet the increasing electricity demand as well as reformation of nuclear industrial system actively. Asian countries such as Vietnam and Indonesia, are planning the nuclear power program in long term base. The critical problems would be financial investment from abroad, for instance, USA, Canada, Japan and Republic of Korea as well as the establishment of infrastructure in the these nations, but plans of these countries are expected to be delayed or reduced due to the foreign current crisis in the region.
The role and position of nuclear energy are expected to be strengthened significantly resulting from foreign current crisis from the point of views of stable energy supply, saving foreign current for energy imports, and the lowest release of greenhouse gases among the
xn energy sources in large scale and technically proven energies. The next ten years are considered as the good chance for Korea to come over the nuclear advanced countries while these countries keep the policy trends reducing or delaying nuclear R&D investments.
Nuclear R&D activities are requested carefully to be toward meeting the futuristic technological demands and fostering nuclear industry as one of the national strategic industries as well as active use of nuclear power under the policy mechanism in the harmonious and balanced plan. The efforts to strengthen the foundation to carry out national policy in effective, efficient and systematical manners, should be needed. From this point of view, expansion of participation of distinguished experts and opinion leaders in the field of social- and international political diplomatic science in national policy decision and collaborated policy research with them will be enlarged. The opening to the public of policy information will be major factors in enhancing the transparency of the implementation and decision of national policy as well as creating the national consensus for the use and development of nuclear energy.
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MOX <&s.7\ MOX 71 -80- ]i flM MOX -^ MOX ££.!• ^ MOX (mixed-oxide) MOX (critical accidents)^] ^]^^£ t»|Hl8||6> t%7) nj|$o|tf. cj-n>, MOX 7} -81- plutonium) -$ 1988^ *M 147fls} 41*}3.<*M 4)<&3$12-^ °lt- ^l^llS. 4 Hanford aj^h&ofl, 57fl^ 2ci?l|-i-B]-diq^^ Savannah ^>^f ^^^ ^1 Hanford 7} 87)1 t)-. Hanford^ Purex ^^el^-^^- 1972H! Savannah HanfordS] N Purex ^ -82- 7}%-°] Savannah River 3^ 1985^1 A|~g-s]7l Savannah River^ 'F, 'K'^ 'C -^-H o.^, o]ofl rcj-e)- HanfordSl- Savannah River^) DOE^ 1996^ 2-fi 99.5^.01 2-2) (1996\! 3T s pr T— rr —7 ^flJl^(S) weapon-grade plutonium 85.0 fuel-grade plutonium 13.2 reactor—grade plutonium 1.2 total 99.5 ^flife 87fl£] ^1, # Pantex & DOD, Rocky Flats, Hanford, Argonne National Laboratory-West, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Savannah River, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, if-°fl -83- DOES]- DOD7} o^ 1,300^:, 1999 S|7j|»d£.ofl ^ 700^:^ MOX 1998 1999 . 1999 ^J)d ^(restructuring) 1998»d °1^] ^^al)]j^^ ^^ 61 -84- 1930^ fl-^171 ^(state regulatory agencies)^ 'cost of service/J?-2:7> (unbundling) ® 1978\i : Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act) PURPAfe PURPA : independent power producers) 4) o| 'regulated electric utilities'a^ -85 PURPA7V 7} 7] (D 1992\d Energy Policy Act) PURPAi , EPA7)- 10 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) Si\ order 888 FERC5] order ^-(level playing field) regulated electric utilities?}- (stranded cost)e)-Jl ^^^^Tl nj) ^ 500^ ^-Ei ifl^l 2000^ -86- !-£. PURPA 3-HlAi IPP71- 1980 1970^1 Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978)"°fl ^*1M Alfl-^-^^o)] |oj7}i nfl-f 1/30] o]tf$. regualtory contract^! non-utility "cost of service" 30 - -87- . c] ^ c ^ 37fl ^-(level playing field)^- EPA4 «> ojcf. EPA proceedings)7} ^«li|jl 5tl^-^, f- 37fl ^l^ife oln] e)-. Powerplant ad Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978)«*|) -89- 95 %# o] JJL 7H ^^5] 20%# ^#^}7]1 £)SJ4. ZLS)^ TMI 4 - fl ^}}^4 v ^ NRC 400^ - 450^ g-sH oi Science Applications International Corp.A> 10\! 41%!- t^mk^-v]1^, kWh^ ^S^^^^wl^ 1987V1 -90- (3.01 te)*ll HJsflA^ ufl-f A ^7^1-^Cf. ZL oUffe. ^^o) ^.A)^^7l- 1980V1 «>1^ 90% 1985^ S7l # 2.4^oflAi 1995\1 0.1^)5. ^- AV^o] A^ofl ^h^- INFO(Institute of Nuclear Power Operations) 1996^ M.3L^} $]?>}# v}^2\ ^^^^^^ ^l^^AS. ^1 ^ofl^t 2000 1996H1 Climate Action Plan)°fl 4€ (Clean Air Act Amendments) ^, ©1 •7 $50/^-^ Q±J$7} ¥-7}S\o]o\ -91- (5. 2-3) v -S ^r *1 a 1996 2000 -S3 ^3. Unit Capability Factor (%) 82.5 87.0 Unplanned Capability Loss Factor (%) 6.0 3.0 Safety System Performance (%) 94 85 Fuel Reliability (%) 79 85 Unplanned Automatic Scrams (scrams/7000 hr's critical) 0.8 1.0 Thermal Performance (BTU/kWh) 10,179 10,154 Radiation Exposure for PWR's (man-rem per unit) 126 110 Radiation Exposure for BWR's (man-rem per unit) 235 215 Volume of Low-level solid Radwaste for PWR's(m3) 36 35 Volume of Low-level Solid Radwaste for PWR's (ma) 104 125 Industrial Safety Accident Rate (per 200,000 work-hours) 0.46 0.40 o}6\] it 12.5 1.5 ^flE. 1997^ GE7> 7fl^^^l ABWR<>Il cfl^- . GES] ABWR(l,350 MWe)^- ABB-CE^ System 80+(l,350 Mwe, AP-600(600 MWe, PWR) ABB-CE(ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear Systems)^ GE(General Electric Co.)7} ^A^JL Sflfe 1,350 MWe?5] 7fl^^(evolutionary) ^^ SO|B); uj-^^1 *V 7}^!^ 31i^HJ^Aj.o] 600 (passive) -92- 100 70%S. #^^. ABWR ^iA^| 1996\! H t^ 7flAl*V Kashiwazaki-Kariwa ^^7}^}-^ nmtQ- 10^7} ^^^ 52711-ttol^o.^ Kashiwazaki- Kariwa 75.7)^ 1997\! f^ofl ^£3i# 7^^)^ ^^°14- Htb 1996\1 1996) GE^ ABWR 2711- •§-«]!(LungmenH 2004V£4 ABB-CES1 System80+fe 1994. 7-tH GES] ABWR4 AP-600 3.711 -93- (base load) ^-^- -fr*l*H M"^^- 1998 £\ AP - 600*11 2000 . 1998 2005 ^7^71 1999 71 -94- 7} v}^#7)°\ 20%!- $ DOE - ^I^ ^ 7l#o| .s. ^-^siJi 9X4. •$€, 1998 DOE ^l-ofl 1999 3i|7fl<*l;£a11 ^4^l#^^l-€ (National Spallation Neutron Source)^ ^i^^-^r^all- «:S.«1-JL 1998 ^^^S^ £4^^1^^ A^r 7]41 al(National Accelerator Facility)<$^ 37fl ^J^^^ ^i37>^# 7flA] 1999 Sl^l^ti ^ -95- FermilabS] Tevatron 7}^# 7flA|s}.j7. 2000 £ 7]-^7](Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider)<$)x\ . 2000 3)7}]^£ofl Hfji^tfl^- ] (National Spherical Tokamak Experiment) 7}^ ^«11- 3-^3. ^-^14^^^-i: f--er|-^ 2000 S]^«a5.^ S.(International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) ^S.7]#(leading-edge technologies)-!- ^l^^}7l ^-5->^ 1998 1998 2000 S|^1^S.6I| ^^^4i #€711^^- ifl$ Los Alamos Target Irradiation Station^ ^i'i ^ Al-S:^i-i- ^:^.§>al 2000 3} 741 ^£^1 *H|tH 4-^^-8- ^^^ ^-^^31^1 (space-based nuclear treaty monitoring sensors) -96- ^ofl tfl ^- 1997 4000 2-4) cfl^- # 1997^1 -1-^71-S 2-4) 1997* 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 373 442 584 638 695 721 755 42 45 63 80 91 102 102 365 337 360 376 391 384 371 232 219 237 250 262 281 281 270 336 451 541 559 559 559 7^1 1,282 1,379 1,695 1,885 1,998 2,047 2,068 1997H1 -97- 2. 7\. CANDU 217}°] ^T^t^^ 1971 71, Ji^iA €4^^:^^ 371 3. 7>^ ^^Al^lJL, «.^-i ^ H ^V^^^ ) B 4714 g.^ A ^^ 371 (AECB) 7flAj -98- 1,100*3 el AECBfe 1996\1 12^^ s^ig ^^ofl cflsfl^nK ^ ol-S-S #3] 8W ^^^7fl- 67fl 1997^ 6-fi AECBt ^# A ^ B ^^ii tfl^fl (IIPA, Independent Integrated Performance Assessment)<>1$4- °1 4^^°] ^-^^ UPA -99- B, 5*3, WL^-i ^^<^1 8^, iq?^ ^^^ 9^ ^o] 44 1971 fi] olS^ A]] ^E6J 1271 A 47]5f ^^^ ^^ A 471^ Jg.^ ^ ^^-^ ^^V^^l^ ^7l7s>^ PWU^S] . 127H -100- 40} lHJiLAl~I- 37fl ^fAS ^f^ 3]S)1 ^-^i^Hil- Ontario Electric PowerA>S, ^^^^lBf >|H]i^- Ontario Electric ServiceAj-^. Independent Market Operator(IMO)^ 6-fi |l> 199O\1 soil 30% 300^ 50-80^ -101- 2000^1 30% lHS. S^.^ 2,3^ gj-o] 7fl -102- -103- II. ^ 1. S^i 7] 577]7> 7f^£]jl SIO.^, 3717]- ^r 62,928 MWeo]^, 31 *M9##€}#£• 378.20 TWhS^ 77.36 %• •I.£-r ^^3-ofl ^^id-Ti ?)ori IQQAI^ o] ^is^^^afc^. 6^000 ] 1,450 MWefl-JS-S] N4 AleJ^fe 1996^ lf| Chooz Chooz B2 S? 1993^^ 2010^7^ S^-^^ ^^^l^i^-^^r 65,815 2) -104- COGEMAfe <*!# 1,600-1,800 ^ fl-JE.^ A>-g-^^ <&$-$ La Hague 7fl*l e)X|^of|Ai ^fl^e)^>ji jat)-. 1979^ -i^ ANDRA(Agence Nation- ale pour la gestion des Dechets RAdioactifs) TT © £.€• 71 #5] ^1711-51 90% Champagne^ 3) 7» H^-^ CEA(Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique), EDF 5? ^^ FRAMATOMEA}^ 1992\1 1^ CEA7> ^^Kr ^"71^^ ^ S^-^^^i ^r^i^'y FWR4 FNR FRAMATOME°1 CEA4 EDF, CEA51- FRAMATOME -105- H#^ 1991 id 14. 1) r EDF7f 0 71-^-^^5.(900 MW^) : 3471 0 7\°^ ^5.(1,300 MW^) : 207] o J1^^^5.5) : 27] 2) ^^-^5] 2JJL •?1^(mtenninisterial Committee)°}t\. o\ ^^ ^^1 ^rtt ?1 • «]7]- &.?§o\} cfltl ^3:^^-(Ministry of Industry)^ ^7J^-(Ministry of the Environment)^^5] 5]^-!: «>o} f] 5) Marcoule°| PHENIXfe CEA7^ 80%, EDF7h 20%°| ^a fi^Sfl 21 o^, Creys Malville ±*H SUPERPHENIX^ -^g°| §#7|£foS EdF7f x|g°| 51 %« ^JZ c(j 5^ Sife NERSA0|| °|§H a^- -106- DSIN(Direction de la Surete des Installations Nucleaires, directorate for the safety of nuclear installations, ^U^'M'i'&^RO^: ^^ W^* £<>> 91 • SW^f- ^«4. DSIN^ 71 #3 4HL r CEAS] SpM^AS.^ 1976^ IPSN(Institut de Protection et de Surete Nucleaire, the institution for nuclear protection and safety, CEA^ ^wo>3:^^-^)^ x]Q-i; *±JL <& v\. 6] ty ^v\] DSIN£: ^eHJ-Ai-g^ wj-Jil- ^1^ ^-^-^.^-^-(Ministry of Public Health) ±^-^\ OPRI(Office de Protection contre les Rayonnements lonisants, the agency fir the protection against ionizing radiation)^ DRIRE(Directions Regionales de l'Industrie, la Recherche et l'Environment) <&• -M^] . OPRI5L 3) PWR-§- ^71^:^8 7] FRAMATOME^r NSSS FBFC7]- ^<^ x|^-i- 7]-^l FRAGEMA > -107- 1992*d PechineyS-^-E^ CEA7} Pierrelatte-f *HH ^^^- Pierrelatte^ 10,800,000 SWU^fl SGN/Reseau Eurisys ^ NOVATOME<^1 ^|s|| ^^^ Marcoule^ -^ 1995^-^-^ -g-^-i- ^1^-^71 A}^§].^cf. o] ^^-^ MOX La Hagueol] Slfe- COGEMA ^^-^ 1995V4 f^M 7,900 ^^-^^ IAEA, OECD/NEA -108- —601 — teteH* ' RiZ66t UP brio V3N/aD3O ktb =*i7l- SPX 1996V! 6] 2-5)4 2-5) 14 35 46 60 #^:^^(TWh) 21.0 28.0 36 53 70 90 7l^ ^r 1) WVh1^ 0.25 2) NERSA^l 5H-g-°J!(1994'd ^^--^ 3) 4) *!)*))«]-§- -no- 199713 ofl La Hague ttfe|-Ai -Ill- 2. 7\. - 7]^^S. 35717} Sizewell B# Sft}^ 12,868 85.90 TWhS o]fe. #^-^^=^ 26.04 %# 9,513 MWeS ^-4^€ ^-^-5 ^ ^-(Deptartment of Commerce, Industry and the Environment)£] 2) f. 1982^ Nuclear Electric, Scottish Nuclear, BNFL, UKAEA ^ ^f-^^V^ ^(Department of Commerce and Industry)^ &%• #^>«r<^ UK Nirext- -112- Cumbria^ Caithness^ $X^ Dounreay-^ ^r Sellafield UK Nirex AEA Technology7> 3) 1996^ 9-S AEA Technology 1995V1 11-S "1995M 1996\d AEA Technology Nuclear ElectricA>£| -^^i 2i-B-^3g- : Bradwell, Dungenness A, -113- Hunkley Point A, Sizewell A, Olburry, Wylfa^l A 27} ^ Magnox^ nejJL Dungenness B, Hunkley Point B, Hartlepool Heyshami z}- 27)*} 57j) Sizewell B o Scottish Nuclear*}3! M^-fr^^g- : HunterstonS)- Torness 4 271^2] BNFL : Calder Hall ^ Chapelcrossofi 87l^] Magnox^ UKAEA : 1994^ 4^^H Dounreay^ 2) 1965V1 : Health and Safety Executive)7]- HSE ^5] NII(Nuclear Installation SI4- NIR 71 # o.s ? ^.^A><^ «- ^-^(Secretary of State for Commerce and Industry)-^ °J #^HS}- $||«J2>IM ^^>^^ ^^^l ^t> HSC(Health and Safety Commission, V4 (Secretary of State for Scotland)^] - wo>#^- «g#^s.^- 4H^2:^|^fe- HMIP(Her -114- Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution, 4M2-£-tl^l^)^ MAFF(Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ^^A}jg.j=L)ofl $]j% ^-A] £|aL, £.3. 1 Her Majesty's Industrial Pollution Inspectorate^ MAFF°fl 3) €^#"3 1994V! 3$[ BNFL^r AGR^f PWR fi# 7fl#-8-^-Jl ^^-^71 ^*V THORP*]-£•§- BNFL^- ^A] ^s. THORPE]A^ ^^^ 1-^-S^-i- °l-8-«M SMP(Sellafield MOX Plant)* 4. Magnox, AGR, OECD/NEA, IAEA, H^3. Euratom ^^«>]] ty^r EU^ ^ -115 ^x]}°} UKAEA -f# 1995^ 11-g, ^-f7> UKAEA2} AEA Technologyl- ^ 7>^l-7fl Sffe- ^o>?l 1995"21 Hl^-i- a>A^ ^-Sisj^cf. $)s]d\}*\ o) ^fe ZL#^ ^17} AEA Technology «> 514- AEA Technology^ n UKAEAO]] 2-3) ^^- UKAEA2] UKAEA2] ^^g^^l ^l^S^t 1996\^ 9^ AEA Technology*}-^ ^t^sl^cf. 1,900^:^011 o ^^ 2^ 2,400^£1- 7) AEA Technology -116- 71 #-8-3 £-a)ol^, o]d\] , BNFL 1996V1 7^ Nuclear ElectricA> (NE)iJ- Scotish NuclearA>(SN)31 S.i|A>o] British EnergyA>(BE)5l ^^# o]6\) tcj.^. ^^f-El^-1- tfsjSl-SlJL, n 14 2000^4^1 f-^1 6,260 6) S a^FSJlcK o|oi| 1994LH 6^ 20^ §^Oj| XilefJjJl SNAfe 0| t © BNFLO| x«gs, © BNFLo| -117- NE5f SN^ 3)^ 23%% Southern Electric^ 15^1 <»]s. 3. 7}-. _°S 20717> 21,058 MWe, ^^^^ ^^€ ^i^^^r 152.80 30.29 %# MWe5. 2) 7) 0|g BWRS 67|, 8) (CDU/csu)2f ^l yqs^ gj§0|^. o|Bi& ^%^|A-1 ^flg 1996^ -118- ^ N fl ^ H Bundesamt fiir Strahlenschutz(BfS)9)i ^^H &cf. 95% o]AoVol ^^^woU Morsleben Salzgitter Gorleben 3) 7)) , l7fl 7)&-£: 9) o| Morsleben ^x|# b|^s|) 7j|*jgoj Gorleben Konrad TT*|S 4r-S-SHi -119- : Bundesministerium fur u > z Forschung und Technologie) ^ o J }-*l"7l#^-(Federal Ministry of Research and Technology)^] ^Sfl Karlsruhe research center : FZK) nuclear research establishment at Jtilich) 71 iSi FRAMATOME4 ^-^S] SIEMENS7]- ^-^^.S. #4^- NPI (Nuclear Power Internationall)^}-!- f-sfl o] -f-oi^ai 1) -120- PreussenElektra, - Badenwerk, - IAW, RWE, - EVS, - LM, Bayernwerk, - KVO, - GKW, HEW, - GKN, - EM. VEW, 2) Lander^ BMU(Bundesministerium fur Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit^l RSK(Reaktorsicherheitkommission) ] SSK(Strahlenschutzkommission) Technishe Uberwachungsvereine(TUV) % Gesellshaft fur Anlage und Reaktorsicherheit mbH (GRS) -121- ^^r IAEA ]Q\ ^ M^W #3^1 EU ^ OECD/NEAS] 4 4. «.i=. Leningrad ^ Bilibino -^-^1# <3 ^ ti^>^# €^1 ^^1^11 471-71 Rosenergoatom-i: ^i^-7l^:A5. ^SM €^i - Minatom ^\^\ Technabsexport 9J 2971 (97fl Jf*], 19,843 -122- M 1996 21.4GW?] €^^^^-§-^# 27 - 29GWS ^^^^ 7)1 ^o]^, -ft ^1 WER ^ RBMK ^>^ 11,000 - 12, WER^sf WER-210/365^, r RBMK-1000/1500^0] RBMK-1000^ ^^1) ^A)O].O]1 Ignalinsk ^ofl 27J7]- Yaslovsk Boguntskyofl ?i^^ «]- VVER-IOOO^I- WER-4401- 7]&3. ^^^^71^0] 50 10 l) 12-i^: elAloffe. 297]^ ^x}S# 97fl ^ ^ -123- Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Kalinin, Kola, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh 2-6 %3i). 13717]- WER$°H, 15711 Channel-type 47}$] EGP1M &£.*{, ^ 297l(97fl 13%-t €4^<>] ^"^F^ $ 30 - ^4. ne^uf- Bilibinno 471^ Jf-^-^^^1 ^-(Unified Electric Power System)4 2) 1986^ ^ls. - 471^1 Alfl-^^ ^^^-S(Rostov-l, 2 ^ Kursk-5, Kalinin-3), 7]& ^-^H) ^7?-S^?i^ (Kursk, Smolensk, Leningrad, Kola, Novovoronezh, Beloyarsk), 27fl<^ ^Ifl- ^-^Hl -^^ ?i^(Sosnovy Bor (St. Petersburg), South Urals) ^^4. o] H -124- 2-6) * * Type Model (MWe Hi JL net) £3 Balakov, Balakovo-1 WER-1000 B-320 950 1986.5 PWR Saratov Balakovo-2 ti WER-1000 B-320 950 1988.1 PWR Balakovo-3 1! WER-1000 B-320 950 1989.4 PWR Balakovo-4 II WER-1000 B-320 950 1993.12 PWR Zarechny Beloyarsk-3 FBR BN-600 560 1981.1 Sverdlovsk Bilibino-1 Chukotka LWGR-P EGP-6 11 1974.4 Bilibino-2 " LWGR-P EGP-6 11 1975.2 Bilibino-3 LWGR-P EGP-6 11 1976.2 $.7], %7\^ Bilibino-4 » LWGR-P EGP-6 11 1977.1 $.7], 97]?^ Kalinin-1 Tver,Volga WER-1000 V-338 950 1985.6 PWR Kalinin-2 ti WER-1000 V-338 950 1987.3 PWR Kola-I-1 Polyarine zori WER-440 V-230 411 1973.12 PWR Kola-I-2 it WER-440 V-230 411 1975.2 PWR Kola-I-3 it WER-440 V-213 411 1982.12 PWR Kola-I-4 WER-440 V-213 411 1984.12 PWR Kursk-1 Kursk RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1977.10 LWGR Kursk-2 ti RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1979.8 LWGR Kursk-3 ti RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1984.12 LWGR Kursk-4 tt RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1886.2 LWGR Leningrad-1 Sosnovy Bor RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1974.11 LWGR Leningrad-2 it RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1976.2 LWGR Leningrad-3 •I RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1980.6 LWGR Leningrad-4 n RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1971.8 LWGR Novovoronezh-3 Novovoronezh WER-440 V-179 385 1972.6 PWR Novovoronezh-4 WER-440 V-179 385 1973.3 PWR 11 Novovoronezh-5 WER-1000 V-187 950 1981.2 PWR Smolensk-1 Smolensk RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1983.9 LWGR Smolensk-2 Smolensk RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1985.7 LWGR Smolensk-3 Smolensk RBMK-1000 RBMK-1000 925 1990.1 LWGR TOTAL 2971 18893 -125- (New Generation) 7HJ-^S.3.), VVER-640 (V-407-^^S) ^ 31^-*) 3. "3 BN-800^ 37}*} f^f-Sl Qz\3.7} 4. Sosnovy Bor, Kola, Novovoronezh ^ 37^£i°\} £^1-3^ -g^t- 4*±.?% Qx\g_ *m$_ 64*V kW^ V-407 V-392^ ^ 7fl^ PWR 27]-^^: £W3 ^4. o] ^ V-407^ - 1996^ Sosnovy Bor(7l^5] sfl\iii5fH -g^ e^)°fl 64^> kw Kola 31^1 ^-^r -g-^Si ^^ -fi-qe. 37l» ^^ Novovoronezh €^°flt 100^ 7> Kalinin 3s.7]S\- Kursk 5^71^ 1 Rostov 71 -126- 3) Gosatomnadzor^ ^3.?! Beloyarsk-3, 600MW Beloyarsk ^-4 tf-f ^ $l*Iei|) 3145^3. Beloyarsk 1998^ . 4J171 ^5.^J]M 43:71 cf. Beloyarsk -tffl- ^^^1 cfl*V ^ 1997»d^M #i£ ^|^°14- BN-800 Beloyarsk ^^ofl^ lAlo^ Beloyarsk-3 6. til ^l^S. 7fl 2: 4) ^4:^ WER-500/60034 VPBER-600^- WER-1000 PWR WER-640 7fl -127- 14. VPVER-600£ 37H ±*§°- VPBER-600£ AST-500o)H VPBER-600^1 ABV(38MWt/module)fe AST ^4 7m 180MWe^- ATS-150()^ ^^7]^^^-^^i^.(Experimental Machine Building Design Bureau)^^ ^ 1-t^^r 535 MWt, 180MWe AST-500(500 A]O} OKBMoflA-1 -g7.>S.l- 41^1^1-^JI Atomenergoprojekt Instituted]A^ BOP* A|^)5]-^6_^, AtommasholH 7l7l^l4# %f$|4. AST-500^- ^ RUTA(20MWt)fe ^^^^^^-^^^/^^(RDIPE : Research and -128- Development Institute of Power Engineering, RDIPE)<>H t-ft^M 10, 20 ^ 55MWt ^ 4 UNITHERM(1.5 - 6.5 ^ 5) A]4^ olEfl f&Tfty}*} 167} - SM-2(61\! 7>^-)4 MIR/MJ^^d 7}^-), 40MW MR-40(63\! 7}%-)o] 9X PIX, lOMW^- RBT 10/l(83\l 7}&)3\- RBT 10/2(84Hi . ^.*|/ Dmitrobogradsky 6) ^^> 1960\l 1977 ~ 1990^ ^H^O ^^°fl # ^^7} WER-440, WER-1000, RBMK-1000, BN-600 ^ SL& Qx}3_°\} cflsfl ^A] S\JL -129- Mintopenergo(Minstry of Fuel and Energy)^. . MINATOM ^ Rosenergoatom^ , Mintopenergo/RAO-ESSt 1994^ 1997^ 9^ WER(PWR) 47]7> <^)^^ 2005 V-213 l ^ ^^ g>fl^ f ^g 2003 WER-1000 €^>S.#olt).. at!: WER-1000 ^}S.6\) cfl -130- RBMK-1000 Gosatomnadzor (GAN)°1 State Committee for Safety in the Atomic Industry(Gospromatomenergonadzor)/ Ministry of Public Health ^ State Committee for the Technical Supervision of Safe Operation for Industry and Mines(Gosgorteckhnadzor)£) 37fl 71^^.5. 1989^ Gospromatomenergonadzor^ Gosgortekhnadzor# Gosatomenergohadzor(GAEN)AS f-tM^1}. 1991 id 12-S ^l^ji, Gosatomnadzor(GAN)6le}-fe- A]]5.£ ^^lAS ^:§H1 Science and Technical Center on Nuclear and Radiation Safety- 2,000^^ ^3]-^^- Moscow £~^ Science Center Stpeetersburg, Vulakovo, Ekaterinburg, Khabarovsk, Novovoronezh % Novosibirsk^ «fl^)5]^cf. a]^- cflf-^5] S^]S ^t}^ Gosatomnadzor -131- , MINATOM^I GosatomnadzoH Ministry of Medium Machine Building^ 1995^ 1996V1 Ji^l ^ ^r^a.^011 -f ft ^lJ^ll^l $^\ j^ ^]>^ ^ o> 71 #^ €-^|*^> WANO, Rosenergoatom ^ A^wj-^-7]-^^ ic^AS. 1988^ ^ 2.2*>]^AM- 1993^^|^ 0.8, 1994 3? -132- 4. 1996M 1) Gosatomnadzorfe- ^ ^fl 1986VS ^11^ SSKG. 5U4- $*]<>} Qx}3.^ 3.7]} 5,800 MWe)fe 1973^^1 7fl -133- Novovoronezh 1, 2S.7] ^ Kola 1, 2X71°] WER440 (Model-230)4 7} RBMK ^84; Leningrad 1, 2£7| ^ Kursk 1, 2Ji7l7f -^ 14,500 MWe)fe 1973\! . Gosatomnadzorofl $]i^ 43. 711 Rosenergoatom 92 Rosenergoatom 1990^ ^efl 3|7i-7i- n scale WANO(World Associate of Nuclear Operators)^ g\X\6\. -134- 9X9X7] RBMK Rosenergoatom^r 4.efl^ RBMK-1000 Rosenergoatom^ SAl-1- £3.3311*. -135- 2) Sfl^ 4JL71S} . 47fl ^t]Ef 35:71^0] 7^^>31 XI 6.UJ-, 2000\l7>^ 7V 1 - 4J17] (EBRD)^ 451711- ^1231 ^tA5 . 4X71 ifloll^ 200^ >§£^ ^^S7l- ^-c.1^71 nfl^-otf 71 i 1997\1 7^ 21 <|3 ^ « 3J17H1 -136 . 280^ ^517> iASlfe- o] A}^^- 71 -f 2H . 1994\i -fe?-^ (yellow cake, LEU, 9%id ^ ^^ ^^-f^-^ yl#^^r 125000 - 190000tc>14. 1991^ Miniistry of Atomic Power and Iudustries(MAPI) ^ 4,200 t/aA Vitimsky ^l^^l 4$ 52,000^, Streltsorsk *1«H ^ 167,000^ v^s\d\ SH4. ^e7W e]^o>tfl -f^w «£: Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources^} ^l^^^l-?!^1^] Geologorazvedka 137- Krasnokamensk°M 2,400 - 2,9001/80)T}. . Priargunsky Krasnokamensk, Siberia 1991 ~ 92^ Streltsovsky • 1990^4 «.S 3,776 . 1992 ~ 2,900tUS 4,000tUS 2) Sl 51 -138- 50H1 ^tf q 3^) ]^^ # ^ MINATOM^ MINATOM RT-1 Mayak^-^-^r 1976\i f. 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TViq- £ sa •f -284- -285- 4. 7V td-8-fcei^ 7ll ^ 71 «M: sa-i- -286- sa ^ sa4. 1-isKr -287- 71 3M ]ofl 5. -288- iv. " -289- ., =L 1. "3^711 ^"^ ifl^- 7\. -290- oil- 57fl o] ^^^ " 5atj-. "ECO-BIO d.S Jial -291- tflHI^ ne) . «• tfl o]-g- -292- ASIATOM, PACFICATOM, NEATOM, PACATOM %Si\ t\-7,\7]^- adults)^ el 7MS P] ^s. -293- «• 2. -294- . 1997^ sa ^-71- -295- # n 71 s 57 5^0.0} 51 2000^ ^^-^^ 2003^1 A 451- -296- -297- INEXTPAQEfS) I toft BLANK l. , 1996. 3. 2. 1997. 7. 3. 1997. 7. 4. Mh 1993. 10. 5. "/ 1984. 3. 6. ", 1994. 4. 7. , 1997. 10. 8. «]£. PNC ", 1997. 12 9. <^^- PNC 6>^^E. cflsfl", 1997. 12. 10. ", 1997. 4. 11. PNC / "PNC V', 1997. 8. 12. 1997. 12. 13. 1996. 14. ", 1997. 9. -299- 15. , 1997. 12. 16. fe^-U 1997. 10. 17. 1997. 18. 1997. 6. 19. "2lAfl7l <£zjL»r KAERI/RR-1436/94, 1994. 20. KAERI/RR-1614/95, 1995. 21. )", 1997. 22. ", 1997. 23. "/ KAERI/RR-1749/96, 1996. 24. ", KAERI/RR-1749/96, 1996. 25. ", KAERI/TS-23/97, 1997. 26. 27. ", KAERI/RR-1063/91, 1991. 12. 28. ^-^-^^^-4, ^$\%m$2L, 1997. 1. 29. i^.;u^ —, 1997. 10. 30. x % )V%— Ut 3., 1997. 11. 31. Adiwardojo Arianto Iskandar Soedijatmo, "The Energy Situation -300- and the Prospect of Nuclear Energy in Indonesia", IAEA RCA Workshop, Taejon, Korea, 12-16, June, 1995. 32. Alian Chappie, "Used nuclear fuel: Deadline looms," Nuclear News, May, 1997. 33. Alliance for Sound Nuclear Policy; http://www.nei.org/pressrm/floor/alliance.htm. 34. "Benefits from continuous renewal," Nuclear Engineering International, June, 1997. 35. B. J. Csik et al, "Nuclear Power Applications", IAEA Bulletin : Quartery Journal of the IAEA, Vol. 39 No. 2, 1997. 36. "Continued progress for the U.S. nuclear industry," Nuclear News, May, 1997. 37. David Albright et al., "Plutonium and Highly Enriched Uranium 1996: World Inventories, capabilities and Policies," SIPRI, Oxford Press, 1997. 38. Department of Trade and Industry and The Scottish Office, "The Prospects for Nuclear Power in the UK: Conclusions of the Government's Nuclear Review", 1995. 5. 39. DOE, "DOE Performance Agreement with the President for FY 1996," 1996. 3. 22; http://www.doe.gov/html/policy/library/ secagree.html. 40. "Draft nuclear energy policy statement for DOE report to the International Energy Agency: long version," Los Alamos National Lab., NM (United States), LA-SUB -94-46, DOE Contract W7405ENG36, 1994; http://apollo.osti.gov/waisgate/gpo.html. 41. EdF and EC, Current State and Prospects of Nuclear Energy Research in Western Europe, 1996. 7. -301- 42. ENS Nucnet, 1997. 5. 14. 43. ENS NucNet, 1997. 8. 4 44. "Federal Energy Research and Developement for the Challenges of the 21st Century", Report of the Energy R&D panel, The President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Sep. 30, 1997. 45. 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Zhao Ren-kai, "Present Status and Prospects of Nuclear Power Development in China", 9th ; Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1-6, May 1994. -303- A-j X] ^ Jjl_ "^ -£] ^^7l^iJL^«lS S^SLJlAluJJr INIS ^^112£ KAERI/RR-1804/97 *** 1998. 1 303 £S -fr(6 ), -?-( ) 371 26 cm ^W ^l^^S •& 'Si g^^^^fi] ^r^4 ^l€-i- fltb ^¥ ifl-5] •£!* f-^oz}. ^^L^-Sl ^}x}^ °l-§-7H^- ^^^\*fr &q ne) 1|-^±S. tfl-S-S']-7l $\*}; *#*£ ^^§5 Jti(-. ^IS)- ^-7)1 ^-iflollAl -^4^011 ifl^ ^- ^^S) ^Ji-S}- 7)#7]]W"# -rit!" ^ 1-Hr ^J-^S) ^fl >]] °1-Hfl °fl 'H ^1 •$! S"-§-^/ €^1"^ 'ST1^^^ 7l#^-A> ^1J •i- 7i^*F ^MH3 ?ifln (io^ This study analyzed the major issues as the research activities for the support of establishment and implementation of national policy. The analyses were focused on the recommendations of the responsive direction of national policy in positive and effective manners in accordance with the changes of international nuclear affairs. This study also analyzed the creation of environmental foundation for effective implementation of the national policy and national R&D investment such as securing national consensus and openings of policy information to the public, the major results of the role and position of nuclear policy, trends of nuclear policy and nuclear R&D activities of USA, France, Japan, Asian developing countries etc. and international trends of small- and medium-sized reactor as well as spin-offs of nuclear R&D activities, were analyzed. Subject Keywords nuclear policy, technology policy, nuclear R&D, competitiveness, policy environments, government (about 10 words) restructuring, technology spin-offs^ ^%t 223 2. €*l-3 ^^^^J^ ^J-^-A^ ^ AJi ^-^ 225 3. ## 233 III. o}X\o} 7im5L^43 Qxm^^ 235 1. Q*m ^^^^1^1 ^A^ 235 2. ^^iJ-tf 236 6 7171 Si ^-^^14 «1* ^7> - #*u^ *^ - ^V^d^el #^^ll^ s||*i3b*i 71711- -§-7H Bflxl 3}-<^ol ^-ol - €4SS1 #e^# 1M1 0 <£3-g-7lSl ^114^71 *n ^ - -S^H ^^l^Sl 3}tfl#3-g: 600-700 MWeS. 31^^ O