博士学位論文（東京外国語大学） Doctoral Thesis (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) 氏 名 ゴルモハマディ アリ 学位の種類 博士（学術） 学位記番号 博甲第 199 号 学位授与の日付 2015 年 9 月 9 日 学位授与大学 東京外国語大学 博士学位論文題目 近世日本とイラン・ガージャールの近代化 （社会制度的及び文化的前提条件） Name Golmohammadi Ali Name of Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Humanities) Degree Number Ko-no. 199 Date September 9, 2015 Grantor Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, JAPAN Title of Doctoral Modernization in Edo Japan and Qajar Iran Thesis (Structural and Cultural Preconditions) Modernization in Edo Japan and Qajar Iran (Structural and Cultural Preconditions) Golmohammadi Ali Area and Culture Studies Tokyo University of Foreign Studies September 2015 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………..…4 Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...5 Part One: Theoretical Discussion ...................................................................................... 14 Chapter One: Methodology and Theories Review ......................................................... 14 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14 Theory & Methodology ................................................................................................ 15 Units and Periods of Study ......................................................................................... 20 Review of Development Literature ............................................................................. 20 Modernization School .................................................................................................. 21 Dependency School and World-System Analysis ....................................................... 22 The Methodology and Assumptions of Modernization School .................................. 24 The Classical Studies of Modernization ..................................................................... 27 Revision and the New Studies of Modernization School .......................................... 29 Chapter Two: Literature Review and Historical Background ..................................... 31 Comparison of Japan and Russia ............................................................................... 31 Comparison of Japan and Turkey ............................................................................... 34 Comparison of Japan and Thailand ........................................................................... 35 Ahmad Ashraf: Bourgeoisie and Patrimonialism ...................................................... 37 Homa Katouzian: Socio-economic and Foreign Factors ............................................ 37 Charles Issawi: Internal and External Factors ......................................................... 38 Majid Tehranian: Preservation of Culture and Adoption of Technology ................. 40 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 42 Historical Background ................................................................................................. 43 Historical Review ......................................................................................................... 46 Part Two: Organizational Structure and Some Practices ................................................ 51 Chapter Three: Uji (Clan), Tribal, and Ie (Household) Societies ................................. 51 Ie and Tribal Society: The Socio-political Consequences .......................................... 53 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 53 Historical Background ................................................................................................. 53 The Role of Ecological and External Factors ............................................................. 55 Tribal History in Iran .................................................................................................. 61 Some Characteristics of uji and Tribal Societies ....................................................... 68 Ie Society ...................................................................................................................... 78 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 78 The Origin of Ie Society ............................................................................................... 81 The Evolution of Ie ...................................................................................................... 88 The Organization and Characteristics of Ie............................................................... 92 The main Characteristics of Ie ................................................................................... 99 The Negative Impact of Tribal Organization ........................................................... 101 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 105 Chapter Four: Organizational Practices and Sale of Rank and Offices .................... 108 1. Promotion, Participation, and Control in Japanese Organization .................... 108 2. The Sale of Ranks and Offices in Edo Japan and Qajar Iran ............................. 115 Part Three: The Petition Box………………………………………………………………….139 Chapter five: Historical Background ........................................................................... 138 The Installation and General Characteristics of the Petition Boxes……………….141 Background and Goals…………………………………………………………………….148 Limitations: Topics, Anonymous Petitions and Petitioners………………………….155 Significant Distinctions…………………………………………………………………...158 Petition Box in Tosa Domain and Fȃrs Province………………………………………162 Historical Background…………………………………………………………………….166 The Box Mechanism and Security……………………………………………………….187 Legal Appeals, Suggestions and Critiques……………………………………………..195 Chapter six: Suggestions, Critiques, and Establishment of Parliament……………..207 Justice and Legitimacy .............................................................................................. 232 Petition Box and Parliament .................................................................................... 236 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 243 Final Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 245 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………..250 3 Acknowledgements My studies could not be finished without the guidance of my committee members, my friends` help, and my wife and family`s support. I would like to spress my gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Makoto HACHIOSHI, for accepting me as a PhD candidate. I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Yuriko YOSHIDA, for providing me with a deeper insight into the history of Edo era in her seminar classes. I would also like to thank my advisor, Professor Yasuyuki MATSUNAGA, for his supports, guidance, and accurate comments. I should appreciate my respectable friend, Mr. Eiki WATANABE, for helping me in comprehending the Japanese historical texts and terms. I should also thank the kind staff of university in various offices such as the libraries of university and The Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Yumiko UMEDA from foreign student office, Rie ISHIDA from PCS office and others. I would also thank my family who alsways supported and encouraged me with their best wishes. Finally, I should thank my dear wife, Elham and sweet daughter, Viana and express my gratitude for their constant support, patience, and unconditional love. 4 Abstract Modernization in Edo Japan and Qajar Iran (Structural and Cultural Preconditions) In the mid nineteenth century and early twentieth century two pre-modern societies, Edo Japan and Qajar Iran transitioned into modern societies with two very distinct outcomes. Despite having relatively similar pre-modern structures, Japan became a developed society while Iran remained underdeveloped. By focusing on issues of development and by applying a comparative-historical method, this paper answers the question, “why did social change in these two societies lead to development in modern Japan and underdevelopment in modern Iran?” This extensive research is based on the most recent theoretical developments within the Modernization School and focuses on the organizational structure and some of its practices and institutions in each society as the unit of analysis. The original hypothesis that the organizational structures and the consequent cultural factors have an important role in development and underdevelopment of these two societies is supported. While the organizational structures often appeared to be similar at first glance, indeed there were distinct differences which created divergent cultures. The study focuses on the pre-modern periods of Edo Japan (1603-1868) and Qajar Iran (1785-1925) in general and the reigns of the eighth shogun of Tokugawa, Yoshimune Tokugawa and the fourth king of Qajar, Nȃsir al-Din Shȃh. These periods preceded the formation of modern states in Japan (Meiji 1868) and Iran (Reza Shah 1925). This study is comprised of three sections: 1. Methodology and theories 2. Organizational structure and sale of offices 5 3. Functions and cultural impact of the petition box In the second