CATALOGUE OF COINS IN THE PANJAB MUSEUM, LAHORE BY
R. B. WHITEHIAD
INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY AND OP THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
VOL. I BTDO-GKEEK COINS
PUBLISHED FOR THE PANJAB GOVERNMENT
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1914 OXFOKD UNIVEESITY PEESS LONDOX EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TOEO^TO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHEEY MILFOED M.A. PUBIISHEE TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE
THIS volume describes the Collection of Indo-Greek coins in the Lahore Museum, Panjab, India, I have applied the term Indo-Greek to the issues of the Greek Kings of Bactria and India, and of their contemporaries and immediate successors in North-West India, who struck money bearing legible Greek inscriptions. These were the Indo-Seythic and
Indo-Parthian dynasties, and the Great Kushans, down to
1 and including Vasu Deva. The coins in the Lahore Museum were contained in two separate Collections. One was the Government Collection proper, and the other was the Cabinet of Mr, C. J. Eodgers, a well-known figure in Indian numismatics, a Collection which was purchased by the Panjab Government. Mr, Kodgers prepared Catalogues under official auspices, both of the Government Collection and, of his own Cabinet; and these ^* r\ '. were printed at the Baptist'* Mission Press, Calcutta, in the years 1892 to 1891 Neither work was illustrated, a fact which has detracted much from their value.
In the, Preface to one of the Parts of his Catalogue, Mr. Kodgers mentions the fact that at the beginning of his career as a coin collector, he specialised in the issues of the Indo-Greeks. But he found that they were so difficult to obtain, and that such a large outlay was necessary for their
1 The epithet Indo-Greek, to be strictly accurate, is only applicable to the coins of the Greeks in India and on the Indian Frontier. It cannot coyer the Kushans, except in the abbreyiated sense in which I haye used it in the title of this work, iv PREFACE acquisition, tliat lie turned his attention to Mughal coins, and left the ancient coins to his friend General (afterwards Sir Alexander) Cunningham, Nevertheless the Indo-Greek sec- tion of his Cabinet was not to be despised, and it was very strong in the copper series. The Government Collection contained some good Greek coins, and there were a few very fine specimens in a small but valuable supplementary Collection, which is described in the Government Collection Catalogue, and was apparently purchased en bloc, probably from Mr. C. J. Eodgers himself, by means of a special grant. Then there were also the coins purchased from time to time during the nineteen years which have elapsed since the 5 production of Mr. Eodgers Catalogue. The Indo-Greek coins of the Bleazby Collection were pur- chased for the Lahore Museum in the year 1911. They cost 800, and this expenditure was met in equal shares by the Government of India, and by the Panjab Government. The splendid Collection of which they formed part, was made by Mr. G. B. Bleazby, late of the Financial Department of the Government of India, during a long career spent in North- West India. It was felt that the time had arrived for the incorporation of all these coins into one combined Collection, and for the production of a new Greek Catalogue. I was asked to carry out this work. A new Catalogue of the combined Mughal coins in the Lahore Museum has been prepared simultaneously with this volume. For convenience of treatment I have divided this work into three parts, to each of which I have written a brief Intro- duction. The first treats of the coins of the Greek Bangs of Baetria and India. The second describes the issues of the Indo-Scythians and of the Indo-Parthians, and the third the coins of the Kushans. The distinction between Indo-
Scythians and Indo-Parthians is at present largely con- ventional. In Volume I of the recently-produced Indian PREFACE v
Museum Catalogue, Mr. Vincent Smith calls both dynasties Indo-Parthian. The intrinsic interest of the coins described in this work is great, and they make a strong appeal to the favourable notice of collectors, especially to those belonging to that European nation which is the first to have accomplished from the sea what Greece did from the land, and so may be re- garded as the legitimate successor of the Greeks in the Panjab. Mr. Stuart Poole remarked in his Preface to theBritishMuseum Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India, that few fields of numismatics offer richer material, historical, archaeological, and even philological. To a very large extent these contemporary documents in met^l are the only testimonies to a period which would otherwise have disappeared from history. The names of Menander and Apollodotos are just mentioned by classical annalists, but those of the numerous other Indo-Greek princes are merely found on their coins, and till four years ago no other epi- graphical evidence of their existence was known. But now we have the inscription at Besnagar in the Gwalior State, which relates that the stone pillar on which it is inscribed was erected by Heliodoros, son of Dion, a subject of the great king Antalkidas of Taxila, the ruler whose name is familiar from his coins in the form Antialkidas. This is one of the several remarkable discoveries recently made by the Archaeo- logical Department of India. The historical importance of these coins is not confined to the issues of the Greek princes. Our knowledge of the Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, and Kushans is again almost the of their coins entirely derived from study ; and the interest is strengthened by the fact that the coins of the Indo-Parthians give us the name of Gondophares, known to Christian tradi- tion as the Indian ruler under whom the Apostle St. Thomas was martyred. Then on the coins of the Kushans we have the name of Kanishka, known to fame as the convener of the vi PREFACE
con- fourth great Buddhist Council, the Council which gave sistency and official sanction to the doctrines of Northern Buddhism.
As regards the philological importance of the Indo-Greek coins, it must not be forgotten that they provided the key to in the IQiarosthi script. Many documents written the Kharosthi character have been discovered recently by Sir Aurel Stein in Khotan. A further interest lies in the shape of these coins, many of them being square or oblong, and in the characteristic designs of gods and animals as conceived by the oriental Greek artist. I have modelled this Catalogue on Professor Gardner's The Coins of the Greek and ScytMc Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum, which, though published in 1886, is still the best guide to the student. I have derived much assistance from the first volume of the Indian Museum Coin Catalogue, by Mr. Vincent A. Smith. This was published at the Clarendon Press in 1906. In the Introduction I have used material from my paper 'The Place of Coins in Indian 5 History (Journal of the Panjab Historical Society). I have been unable to arrange for a Kharosthi fount for the inscrip- tions in this language. The system of transliteration is that used by G. Biihler in his well-known palaeographical tables published in the Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie. It is hoped that the information contained in the Text will be found accurate and up to date. Points worthy of attention have been noticed in the body of the Catalogue. I have done my best to exclude forgeries. The one or two doubtful coins which have been included, are marked with an asterisk. The Catalogue contains lists of coins unrepre- sented in the Museum, which lists I have made as complete as possible. Supplementary Plates at the end of each Section contain reproductions of important and interesting coins which are absent from this Collection.
Owing to the comparatively small scope of this work, vil
I have thought It unnecessary to prepare any Index. The names of the rulers represented appear In the List of Contents. The Bleazby coins are distinguished throughout by the Initials G. B* All the work of preparation of the Catalogue has been done In the Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum, with the permission of Mr. G. F. Hill, Keeper of the Coins, and I desire to thank Mm and Ms colleagues for their kindness and help. I am especially Indebted to Mr. J. Allan, who has generously placed the whole of his knowledge of these coins at my service, and whose intimate acquaintance with the bibliography of the subject has been essentially valuable. The Plates illustrating this work have been produced from casts by the collotype process at the Clarendon Press. Professor E. J. Eapson and Dr. J.F. Fleet have kindly helped me In the elucidation of one or two difficult points. I am further indebted to Mr. J. Allan for reading through the proofs of this Catalogue. Finally, I wish to thank the Staff of the Clarendon Press for the promptitude and accuracy of their work. E, B. WHIIEHEAD.
BOOTLE RECTOET, CUMBEKLANB, August, 1913. CONTENTS
PAGE
PBEFACE iii LIST OF PLATES xi ABBREVIATIONS ...,.,,.*%. xii
SECTION L COINS OF THE GREEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA INTRODUCTION ...... 3 CATALOGUE ...... 9
9 DIODOTOS ...... 9 EUTHYDEMOS I ...... 10 DEMETRIOS ...... 12 EUTHTDEMOS II ...... 14 PANTALEOBT ...... 16 AGATHOKMES ...... 16 AJSTTIMACHOS THBOS ...... 18 EUKBATIDES ...... 19 Plato ...... 27 HEUOKLES ...... 27 LYSIAS ...... 30 ANTIALKIDAS ...... 32 DIOMEDES ...... 36 ABCHEBIOS ...... 38 APOLLODOTOS ...... 40 STBATO I ...... 49 SERATO WITH AGATHOKLEIA ...... 52 POLYXENOS ...... 53 ...... 54 64 DIONYSIOS ...... 64 Zoaos ...... 65 APOLLOIHAOTS ...... 68
1 Rulers whose names are in italics, are unrepresented. CONTENTS ix
PAGE 68 ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOBOS 70 PHILOXENOS 71 NIKIAS 73 HIPPOSTEATOS 74 THEOPHILOS 77 AMYNTAS 78 TELEPHOS 79 PEUKOLAOS 80 STBATO I WITH STBATO II 81 HEBMAIOS 82 HEBMAIOS AND KAJQLIOPE 86
Supplementary ...... 87
SECTION H. COINS OF THE INDO-SCYTHIANS AND INDO-PAKTHIANS LTTBODUCTION 91 CATALOGUE 98
INDO^SCYTHIANS MAUES 98
AZES * .... 104 AZES AND AZIHSES 132 AZILISES 133 VONONES WITH SPALAHOBES 141 VONONES WITH SPALAGADAMES 142
SPALTBIS (SPALAHOBES) WITH SPALAGADAMES . . . .143 SPAUBI&ES (AS KING'S BBOTHEB) ...... 143 SPALIBI&S WITH AZBS .144
SPAMRI&ES (AS KING) 144 ATHAMA 145 Supplementary ..,,..,... 145
INDO-PAETHIANS GONDOPHABES 146 ABDAGASES 153 OBTHAGNES 155
Sanabares . 156 PAKOBES 156
ZEIONISKS , 157 CONTENTS PAGE
- KHAKAHOSTES . . . .159 Arsakes Theos ...... 16 <> SOTEB MEGAS 1 ...... 16 163 HEEAOS (MIAOS) ...... HYEKODES ...... 164
. . - .166 PHSEIGACHARIS . . !66 Sapaleizes . . , ...... KAJITVULA ...... 166 INDO-CHINESE RULEKS ...... 167 ODUMBARA KAJAHS: DHARAGHOSA ...... 167 HUDRAYARMA .,... 167 ...... 168
SECTION HI. COINS OF THE KUSHANS INTBODTJCTION ...... 171 CATALOGUE ...... 178 HEEMAIOS WITH KTJJXJLA KABPHISES ...... 178 179 KuJUiiA KADPHISES (KADPHISES I) ...... KADAPHES ...... 181 183 VIIMCA K&JDPHISES '(KADPHIBES II) ...... KANISHKA ...... 186 HUVJSHKA ...... 194 YASU DEVA ...... 208 KANISHKO ...... 211 VASU ...... 212
KUSHANO-SASSANIAIT BuLEES : IMITATIONS or YASU BETA ...... 212 HOBMAZD II ...... 213 YAEAHBAN I ...... 213 ...... 214
TABI.E CXF THE EEI/ATIVJJ WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GBAIKS AND FBENOH GEAMMBS ...... 215
RELATIVE TABLE off INCHES AND MILLIMETRES . . . .217 MONOGBAMS ...... 218 PLATES I TO XX ...... at the end of volume
1 The inclusion of Soter Megas and the following rulers amongst the Indo-Parthians, i& explained in the Introduction to Section II, p. 96, and in a footnote on p. 164. LIST OF PLATES
COINS OF THE GREEK KINGS OF BAOTEIA AND INDIA
L DlODOTOS, EUTHYDEMOS I, DEMETBIOS, ElITHYDEMOS II. II. PANTALEON, AGATHOKLES, AJSTTIMACHOS THEOS, ETIKBATIDES. III. ElTKBATIDES, HELIOKLES, LYSIAS, AtfTIALKIDAS. TV. ANTIALKIDAS, DIOMEDES, AECHEBIOS, APOLLODOTOS.
V. APOLLODOTOS, STBATO I, STBATO AND AOATHOKLEIA, POLYXENOS. VI. MENANDEB, EPANDEK. VII. DIONYSIOS, ZOILOS, APOLLOPHANES, ABTEMIDOEOS, ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOKOS, PHILOXEKOS, NIKIAS. V3II. HIPPOSTBATOS, THEOPHILOS, AMYNTAS, TELEPHOS, PETTKOLAOS^ STBATO I WITH STBATO II.
IX. HERMAIOS, K.ALLIOPE, Supplementary.
COINS OF THE INDO-SCYTEIANS AND INDO-PAETHIANS
X. XI. AZES. XII. AZES, AZES AND A&PAVAEMA. XIII. AZILISES.
XIV. AZILISES, VONOOTS WITH SPALAHORES, VONONES WITH SPALAGA- DAMES, SPALYBIS (SPALAHOBES) WITH SPALAOADAMES, SPALIBI^ES, SPALIBISES WITH AZES. ATHAMA, XV. Supplementary, GONDOPHABES, ABDAGASES. XVI. OBTHAGNES, PAKOBBS, ZEIONISES, KHABAHOSTES, SOTEB MEGAS, HEBAOS, HYBKODES, PHSEIGAOHABIS, HAJXTVULA, Dharagkosa, Rwkra/varma.
COINS OF THE KUSHANS
XVII, Supplementary, KADPHISES I, KADAPHES, VIMA KADPHISES, KANISHKA. XVIII. KANISHKA, HUVISHKA. XIX. HUVISHKA, VASXT DEVA, KANISHKO, VAST;. XX. KUSHANO-SASSANIAN, Supplementary. Xll
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
JE . . copper, including bronze.
jR . . silver.
N . . gold.
B. M. . . British Museum.
B. M. Oat . Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythw of Sactna and India in the British Museum.
Cunn. . . For Section I, The Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East. By Sir Alexander Cunningham.
For Section TL, The Coins of the tfakas. For Section HI, The Coins of the Kushans. doubtful.
ex. . . exergue.
G. B. . from the Collection of G. B. Bleazby, Esq.
I. M. Cat. . Indian Museum Catalogue, Vol. I.
/. A. S. B. . Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
J. R. A. S. . Jourml of the Royal Asiatic Society.
KL . . Kharosthi (Bactriau Pali),
1* . . * left (of reader).
M. . . . monogram, or kindred mark,
N. S. . Numismatic Supplement to the Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal.
Num. Chron. . Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic
Society.
PL . . Plate. r. , . . right (of reader), rd. . . round, rect. . . rectangular.
S. . . . size (in inches)* sq. . . square.
"W. , . weight (in grains). SECTION I
COINS OF THE GREEK KINGS OF BACTKIA AND INDIA INTRODUCTION
THE romance of the discovery of Greek coins in India is well told by Professor EL H. Wilson in Ariana Antiqua (London, 1841). Coins of Apollodotos and Menander were published for the first time by Colonel Tod in the first volume of the transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1824 The coins described and figured became the subject of an interesting and learned dissertation by Augustus Wilhelm von Schlegel, which appeared in the Journal A&iatique, November, 1828. Of the medals of Apollodotos and Menander,
c Schlegel observes, ces deux m^dailles sont, pour ainsi dire, hors de prix tant pour la conservation parfaite que pour leur extreme rarete et leur importance historique/ Their historical importance remains undiminished, but their attribute of rarity was soon to be changed through the discoveries of the American explorer Masson in Afghanistan. Mr. Massoxi resided for some time in that country, and during the years 1833 to 1837 he succeeded in accumulating some thirty thousand coins from the Kabul Valley and its vicinity. The far greater proportion of these must have been too much injured by corrosion to have had any other than metallic value, but several new names of Greek princes unknown to history were found, such as Archebios, Lysias, and Hermaios, and numerous pieces of what are now called the Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, and Kushans. Meanwhile collateral progress in the decipherment of the legends was being made in India by James Prinsep, and in Europe by such savants as M, Raoul Rochette and Lassen. The results of Prinsep's labours are embodied in his Essays cm Indian Antiquities, a scholarly work of the first rank, but now out of date. Another early worker in this field was Cunningham, who as Lieutenant A. Cunningham wrote on these coins in the Jiwrnal of the Asiatic Society of B&ngd for 1834, and as General Sir Alexander Cunningham crowned his long and devoted labours on the Indo-Greek series of coins by producing the fully informed and striking essays which appeared in the Nwrnd** matic Chronicle during the years 1868 to 1892, under the titles of 'The Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East, Greeks, Indo- 1 and 'The of the ISjakas 'The Coins of Scythians, Parthians', Coins , the Kushans', and so on. The objection has been raised that these papers, although of great value, require to be ^ead with 4 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA
being disfigured by an excessive amount of fanciful conjecture. Perhaps this criticism applies with the greatest force to Cunning- ham's attempts at explaining the monograms see British Museum Catalogue, Introduction, p. xxxviii. But I think it would be equally difficult to prove or disprove the truth of these theories, and no one else has so far ventured to grapple with the subject. Cunningham may have attempted too much, but these essays still remain the only full accounts of the Indo-Greek series of coins, and are remarkable testimony to the knowledge and ingenuity of their author. During the sixty years covered by his activities, Cunningham, who eventually became Director of Archaeology in India, was an unremitting col- lector of Indo-Greek coins, and spared neither trouble nor expense in their acquisition. The result is to be seen in the truly superb Cabinet of Indo-Greek medals in the British Museum, which contains his entire Collection. Almost every known type and variety, some of which are still unpublished, are to be seen, and many of the rarest coins are represented by several specimens. A companion to Cunningham's Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East is Yon Ballet's Die Nachfolger Alexanders des Gfrossen in Baktrien und Jndien (Berlin, 1879). A well-known modern worker in the same field is Professor E. J. Bapson, who amongst other essays has written papers entitled Indian Coins, Notes on Indian Coins and Seals, and Coins of the Graeco-Indian Sovereigns Agathocleia, Strato I Soter> and Strata II Philopator. It is a mistake to suppose that the Greek princes of the Panjab and the North-West Frontier were the direct successors of Alexander the Great. The Macedonian conqueror did not leave behind him any permanent settlements in India itself, but a Greek kingdom was firmly established in Syria under Seleukos and his successors, and it was from a province of this new kingdom that the second Greek invasion of India came, more than a century after Alexander's death. That province was Bactriana or Bactria, the country north of the Hindu Kush, whose capital was on the site of the present Balk&. We learn from the brief statements of the historians Trogus, Justin, ,and Strabo, that Diodotos, the satrap of Bactriana, took advantage of the disturbances which followed the death of Antiochos Theos, to make himself independent. The date of his revolt was about 246 B, a It is also known from history that Diodotos was succeeded by his son of the same name, who was supplanted by Euthydemos; and that Demetrios, the son of Euthydemos, was deposed by Eakratides, who was himself murdered, and succeeded by his own son, of name unknown. It was Euthydemos who extended the Bacfcrian power into the Kabul Valley, and so to India proper, and INTRODUCTION 5
the Greek conquest of the North-West Panjab was probably effected towards the latter end of the reign of Euthydemos, or during the early career of his son Demetrios. The coins of Diodotos and Euthydemos are Greek money of the Attic standard. The Greek kings of Bactriana steadily adhered to the monetary system of Athens, which had already been adopted by Alexander and by his immediate successors in Syria. But the Greek kings of India, from the very first, departed from the Attic system in the mass of their copper money, as shown in the coins of Pantaleon and Agathokles, which are of the same weight, and of the same square shape, as the indigenous copper coins of Taxila. The copper money of Pantaleon's successors is usually square or rectangular, but the only square silver pieces are hemidrachms of Apollodotos and Philoxenos. The first coin to exhibit legends in both the Greek and the Kharosthi scripts, is a square copper coin of Demetrios. There is a good specimen in this Collection. Demetrios is known as the first king of Bactria and of India, that is to say, he held sway both in Bactria proper, and also in Gandhara and the regions on the side of India where Kharosthi was used. Eukratides struck coins of the purely Greek type and weight, and also of the bilingual Indian type, in silver and in copper, while both types are found in silver only of Heliokles and of Antialkidas. The succeeding princes coined bilingual money alone in silver and copper. In the absence of money of the Greek type, it may be assumed that their power was confined to the regions about the North-West Indian frontier. Gold coins of the Greek standard till the time of Eukratides are known, though very scarce. The discovery of a twenty-stater piece of Eukratides at Bukhara caused a sensation in the numismatic world about sixty years ago. The medal itself is in the Cabinet de France, Bibliothkjue Nationale, Paris. It is a remarkable fact that after Eukratides a gold currency of any Greek prince up to and including 1 the last king Hermaios is absolutely unknown. We are told that Persian darics and Roman aurei found their way to India in great quantities, but no darics were struck in Persia after 330 B.C., and gold was not coined at Rome in any quantity before the early Empire, There is nothing to guide us to the history of the successors of Eukratides except their coins. It is conjectured that after his death
1 There is a gold stater in the British Museum Collection which has been tenta- tively assigned to Menander. The obverse design is the helmeted bust of a Mng, and that on the reverse side is a standing owl ; there are no inscriptions. The figure of the owl is of very inferior artistic merit, and cannot bear comparison with that on the owl hemidrachm of Menander. In the absence of any legend I do not think that any definite attribution can be made. The coin may be a contemporaneous imitation. 1535 B 6 GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA
the empire of the Bactrian Greeks crumbled to pieces, that various scions of the royal house succeeded to different governorships, and that the Indian province became separate from Bactria proper. Cunningham held that only one hundred and twenty years elapsed from the revolt of Diodotos to the Indo-Scythian conquest of Kabul and Western India, and in that case we have to fit the reigns of some of time. thirty-seven Greek kings and satraps into this short space It follows that more than one of these rulers must have been reigning at the same period, and it is possible that the latter ones occupied positions in the mountains of Hazara, Kashmir, and Kangra, analogous with those of the present Hill Rajahs. Two of the Greek kings appear to have been of importance, Apollodotos and Menander. They are both mentioned by name in ancient history, and their coins are found in comparative abundance over a great extent of country. They are almost as common in the North-West Panjab as in the Kabul Valley, and many specimens have been found to the east of the Satlaj, and even in the United Provinces. The progressive degradation of the Greek lettering and design enables us roughly to classify these coins, and this conjectural succession of reigns can be checked by a close study of the monetary type and fabric. Thus joint as well as separate coins of Lysias and Antialkidas are known, which fact argues a very close relationship between these rulers, and successive reigns. From a tetradrachm of Eukratides we know that his father and mother were called Heliokles and Laodike. Then coins are known presenting conjugate busts of Strato and Agathokleia, and of Hermaios and Kalliope. One group of princes is distinguished by devotion to the deity Herakles, whose image is found on the coins of Euthydemos and of his son Demetrios among the Bactrian kings, and on those of Strato, Lysias, Theophilos, and Zoilos, amongst the Indian kings. The worship of Athene Promachos is characteristic of another group, and the figure of the goddess occurs on the coins of Strato, Menander, Epander, Dionysios, and Apollophanes. But probably the locality where the coin was struck would determine the god to whom it would be dedicated. It is common for the coins of some one ruler to bear the images of more than one deity. The well-executed Herakles hemi- drachms of Zoilos are quite different in style from his poor coins on which the figure of Athene is found, and bear different monograms. Some moneyers were partial to the use of the purely Indian types of the elephant and humped bull, which are found together on the coins of Heliokles, and Apollodotos, and singly on. many other pieces. The fact that we have hemidrachms of Apollodotos bearing the elephant and humped bull, and that again other hemidrachms are INTEODUCTION 7
known of the Athene type on which the king is called Apollodotos has led to Philopator, the creation of two kings, Apollodotos I, and his supposed son Apollodotos II. Dr. Gardner E. M. Cat. distinguished Apollodotos Soter from Apollodotos Philopator, and Professor E. J. is Rapson disposed to accept this view, but I, like Mr. Vincent Smith, have combined the coins under one king of the name. Since Cunningham wrote his book on Alexander's Successors in the East, the coins of two new kings Peukolaos and Polyxenos have been found. Only two pieces of Polyxenos are yet known, one in silver and the other in copper, and both are in this Collection. Mr. Eapson doubts their authenticity, but I think they are genuine, and Mr. J. Allan is inclined to support my view. There is no reason to that suppose the list of kings is yet complete. From such considerations as those described above, worked out entirely from the study of the coins, it is possible to reconstruct the probable succession and mutual relationships of these Greek rulers, and to estimate the extent of country over which they ruled. The coin of only the entire series which bears what may be a recognisable date, is the unique tetradrachm of Plafco in the British Museum. Coins of Hermaios presenting his name alone are abundant in copper and fairly common in silver. There is the striking hemi- drachm which exhibits the conjugate busts of Hermaios and his consort Kalliope, and a third class of coin also bears two names, that of Hermaios in the Greek legend, and of one Kujula Kadphises on the Kharosthi side. This joint appearance of the names of a Greek and of a barbaric ruler on the same coin, offers a convincing proof that Hermaios was the last of the Greek princes, and that Kujula Kad- phises, of the Kushan race, was the leader who subverted the Greek dominion in India. A definite proof of this conclusion lies in the fact that the of name Hermaios finally disappears from the coinage, and its in place the Greek legend is taken by that of his conqueror, without any further alteration of the type. There is no reason to suppose that Alexander struck money in India of the types current elsewhere. Yon Sallet published a copper coin of Alexander as a piece of Indian origin, because its shape was more square than round, but I am informed that this theory has been abandoned. On the other hand, ancient imitations of the well-known silver currency of Athens are found on the Indian on the Frontier, which owl is replaced by a standing eagle with its head turned over one shoulder. In the British Museum there are two tetradraehms which bear the name of Alexander and this same eagle device, and these were probably struck in or near India. B 3 8 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA
this One specimen is illustrated among the coins supplementary to Section.
The Collection now catalogued is fine and up to date, and contains many rarities. It is weakest in the coins of the Bactrian are not issues of the Greek kings, but the deficiencies great. The Attention is princes of India are very well represented indeed, all of directed to the fine silver coins of Hippostratos, nearly are the which eaine from the Bleazby Collection, Notable pieces of the unique club coin of Theophilos, the copper coins Telephos,
unique coins of Polyxenos, the silver pieces of Epander, Artemidoros, in Nikias, and Apollophanes, and others. Several of these appear
a catalogue for the first time. The pieces of Andragoras, described
in the British Museum Catalogue, do not properly belong to the
Bactrian series, so the only coinages unrepresented here are those of
Sophytes and Plato. Issues of these rulers, and the coin of Eukra- tides of his bearing the names parents, Heliokles and Laodike, which is also absent from the Museum, are illustrated in the Supplementary Plate.
A rigid exclusion of forgeries and doubtful coins has led to the
rejection of a large number of specimens. The great extent to which
Greek Bactrian coins are forged is well known. Fortunately for the the as a rule confines collector, forger his energies to making casts of
known specimens, especially of Bactrian tetradrachms and Indian didrachms. On the other hand, I have seen several good die-struck
imitations, especially of the tetradrachms of Antimachos Theos, and of those medallions of Agathokles which bear the portrait of Diodotos Soter. all the rare coins are Nearly very copper forged, especially the scarce copper types of Menander. In the Supplementary Lists I have made brief indications in the cases of those coins which are
extensively imitated. CATALOGUE
Metal No. Obverse Reverse
SOPHYTES
Satrap in the Panjab about the time of Alexander
Unrepresented type :
Head of king to r., helmeted. I Cock. JB. Jf. I. 3. Cat., PL Drachm. M \
DIODOTOS 1
King of Baetria, circ. 245 B. o.
head and Zeus; round N (a) Type: of king gold, 2 to 1. I Head of the king r., diademed. Zeus striding and hurling 1. thunderbolt ; aegis on arm, and in field underneath it at W. 130. wreath ; S. -75. his feet eagle 1. To r. BA2IAEJQI Tol. A10AOTOY G.B. PI. I.
r (P) fyp&: d-; silver, round
on No. but in addition in IE circle, head of king to r., As 1, diademed. r. field B G.B. PL I. W. 255. S. M.
I and the Diodotos 1 I have not attempted to discriminate between Diodotos younger of Justin. 2 A flattish coin, but I think it is genuine. 10 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA
Metal No. Obverse Reverse
As on No. 2. As on No. 2, but rubbed; de- tails are indistinct. W. 57. 3. -7.
(y) Type-' head of king wearing flat cap ami Pallas ; M copper, round 1 4 In dotted circle, head of king In dotted circle, Pallas facing, to r., wearing flat Macedonian cap spear in r. hand, and buckler (kausia). resting on the ground in 1. Apparently no monogram. W. 169. To r. BAIIAEjQS S. -85. To 1. AIOAOTOY P1.1,
125. W. (poor) S. -75. G.B.
Unrepresented types : bust (i) Diademed of king to r. As on No. 2, but B. M. Tetradraehm. Tor. AIOAOTOY
To 1. SHTHPOS M. 4.
Artemis to r. with torch; on one J3. Jf. PI. Cat., I. 9, specimen she is accompanied by a dog.
EUTHYDEMOS 1 2
King of Baetria, tire. 220 B.C.
(a) Type: head of king and seated Eerakles with club
on rock; silver9 round JR.
e* Head of king r., diademed. In dotted circle, naked Herakles with club in his r, hand seated to W. 60. 1. on rocks; head of club rests on S. -65. stone in front of him. Tor. BASIAEJQS The tetradrachm is not repre- To 1. EYGYAHMOY sented here. In ex., M. 2. G. B. PL I.
1 rare cf. A very type ; White King, Sale Catalogue, No. 7. 2 For convenience I have adhered to the old classification of the B. M. Cat., though there seems to be no good reason for the existence of a second Euthydemos. Mr. Vincent Smith has amalgamated all the coins under one king of the name. 3 It has been noticed that the of coins Sophytes and the gold and silver coins of the early EUTHYDEMOS I 11
Metal No. Obverse Reverse
As on No. 6. As on No. 6.
W. 30. S. -55.
Type : head of king and seated Her(tides ivit/i club
on knee ; silver, round
Head of king r., diademed. Herakles with club as before, seated 1. [Elderly portrait, cp. B.M.Cat., on rock, OTer which lion's II. skin has been thrown club PL 5.] ; rest- ing on his r. knee. W. 256. Tor. BASIAEaZ S. 1-1. To 1. EY0YAHMOY R. M.S. G.B. PI. I.
M. 3. W. 240. G.B. S. 1.
10 1 Monogram indistinct. W. 145. S. 1.
11 As on No. 10.
W. 173. S. 1.
12
W. 92. S. -95.
Seleukids were struck in such a way that the obverse and reverse designs are placed in also and of the exactly opposite directions. This is true of the coins of Diodotos early Bactrian staters. It holds good -with most of the coins of this type of Euthydemos, while the same Hence it is fair to on those of type (/3) the two designs generally point way. all the silver Bactrian the assume that type (a) is earlier than type (0). On gold and coins, designs are carefully struck so as to point either in opposite directions, as on the earliest that as a rule the coins were types, or in the same direction. I understand European Greek struck haphazard as far as the comparative orientation of the obverse and reverse designs was concerned. 1 Coins Nos. 12 to 16 appear to be contemporaneous or early imitations. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA
Metal Obverse Reverse No.
13 As on No. 8, As on No. 10.
W. 103. a 1-1.
14 Parthian type, cp. /. M. Cat., Legends quite barbarous and PL I. 6. illegible.
W. 142. S. 1.
15 As on No. 8 ; indistinct mono- W. 62. gram on extreme r. S. -7. G.B.
: head Herakles and horse round (y) Type of ; copper> 16 Bare head of bearded Herakles r. Horse prancing to r. Flat coin. Above, BASlAEnZ Below, EY0YAHMOY
W. 110. Possible monogram to r., but S. -9. indistinct. G. B. PL I.
17 No monogram. W. 100. G.B. S. -9.
Unrepresented types :
The stater of 6. S. (i) gold ; type No. M. Cat, PL I. 10. * (ii) An Apolline type of copper coin. Ariana Antiqua.'
DEMETRIOS
King on N.W. Indian Frontier, circ. 200 B.C.
(a) Type: lust of king ivearing elephant's scalp and EeraHes; silver, round
18 Diademed bust of king to r., Naked Herakles standing to wearing elephant's scalp. front, crowning himself with his r. hand, and carrying club and W. 255. lion's skin under his 1. arm. S. 1*3. To r. BAZIAEHZ Drachm unrepresented. Tol. AHMHTPIOY L. M. 4.
G. B, PL I. DEMETRIOS 13
Metal Obverse No. Reverse M 19 In dotted circle, as on No. 18, In dotted circle, as on No. 18. 20 but head, not bust. M. 3.
W. 9. S. -5.
: (j8) Type elephant's head and caduceus; copper, round
(y) Type: HercMes and Artemis ; copper, round
of Herakles to r. to head 22 Bearded bust ; Artemis standing front, knot of lion's skin in front of radiate, wearing chiton and neck, and ivy-wreath in hair; buskins; holds bow in 1. hand, club over 1. shoulder. and with r. hand draws an arrow
from a quiver at her back ; legend W. 126. as on No. 18. S. -9. M.S. G. B, PL I.
23 1
. 6. W. 120. G.B. S. -85.
M. I. W. 115. S. -9.
25 M. 1. W. 132. S. -9.
Note the unusual monogram. 14 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA
Metal No. Obverse Reverse
(8) T\jpe: bust of king and winged thunderbolt ; M copper, square 1 26 Bust of king to r., as on No. 18. Winged thunderbolt. Kharo-
Legend on three sides : ihi legend on three sides. BASIAEni ANIKHTOY AHM To r. maharajasa HTPIOY Top, aparajitasa To 1. Dime
W. 94. To 1. M. 33. PL I. S. -75.
Unrepresented types :
(i) Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas facing, with shield and spear. (without elephant's scalp). Tor. BASIAEHS Tetradrachm. B. M. and Cabinet Tol.AHMHTPIOY de France. Drachm. B. M. See5.Jlf.Caf., PI. XXX. 1. (ii) Buckler with gorgon's head. Trident. B.M. M
Z, M. Oat., vol. i, PI. I. 12. (iii) Bust of king. Seated Pallas. Cunningham. M JB.af.Grt., PI. XXX. 2.
EUTHYDEMOS II
bust and Herakles round M (a) Type: of king ; silver, 27
28
1 One of two known specimens ; cp. Cunningham's Coins ofMexand&r's PI, IV. 11. The latter coin is now in the British Museum. EUTHYDEMOS II 15
Metal No. Obverse Eeverse
round (/3) Type: Apollo and tripod ; nickel, Nickel
In dotted circle, laureate head Tripod-lebes. of Apollo to r. Tor. BAZIAEHS To 1. EYOYAHMOY W. 110. M.4. S. *95. G.B. PL I.
M. 4. W. 107. G.B.
31 M. 4. W. 101.
(y) As type ($), but copper, round JS 32 As on No. 29. As on No. 29. M. 4. W. 160. G.B. PL I. S. 14.
M.4. W. 145. G.B.
aides round (S) Type: head of Her and horse; copper,
84 As on No. 16. As on No. 16; no monogram. Thick plano-conyex coin. G.B.
W. 130.
Unrepresented types : None. 16 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA
Metal Reverse No. Obverse
PANTALEON
King on N.W. Indian Frontier, circ. 190 B.C.
Type: dancing girl and leopard; copper, square .SI l 35 Dancing girl in oriental costume In incuse square, maneless lion, to 1. in r. hand. or to r. ; holds flower her leopard, standing ; above, Legend in Brahml characters, r. BASIAEHS, Ibelow, T7ANTAAE rajane, L JPatalevaska. N T S. No monogram. G. B. PL H. W. 165. S. -8.
G.B. W. 160, S. -75.
37-40 W. 160. S. -75-9.
Unrepresented types :
(i) Diademed bust of king to r. Enthroned Zeus, as on Alexander's Tetradrachm. B. M. silver coins. Obol also known. Tor. BAIIAEHS E.M.Cat., PI. XXX. 4. ToLTTANTAAEONTOS M. 4,
(ii) Type of No. 43. Nickel and M. B. M.
AGATHOKLES
King on N.W. Indian Frontier, circ. 185 B.C.
(a) Type: head of Alexander and enthroned Zeus;
silver> round 412 Head of Alexander to r., -wear- Zeus seated on throne to 1. j ing lion's scalp; to r. AAEZAN holds eagle and long sceptre; APOY, to L TOY (DIAinnOY legend on three sides : R. BASIAEYONT02 W. 222. Below, AIKAIOY S. 1-55. L. ArAOOKAEOYE M. 3. PL II
1 I have followed Mr. Vincent Smith's reading of the obverse legend. 2 Some ingenious person has picked out the outlines of the reverse design and letters on this specimen with a sharp instrument, but I think its authenticity is fairly certain. AGATHOKLES 17
Metal Obverse No. Reverse
St&stf o and Zeus with round M (/?) Hecate; silver,
42 Bust of the king r., diademed. Zeus standing facing, clad in himation in 1. ; hand, long sceptre ; W. 64. on outstretched r. hand he bears S. -8. the three-headed Hecate, who holds Tetradrachm and obol absent. two torches. Tor. BAIIAEnZ To 1. ArA00KAEOY2 L. M. 4. G. B. PI. ii.
(y) Type : Dionysos and leopard ; nickel, round Nickel
Bust of Dionysos r., wearing Leopard standing to r., touching 1. a vine with raised wreath ; spear over shoulder. paw. Above, BASIAEnS W. 115. Below, AfAOOKAEOYI 8. -85. L. M. 4. PL II.
44 (worn) W. 105. G.B. S. 85.
(S) Type: dancing girl and leopard ; co2iper, square
1 45 As on No. 35, but legend in As on No. 35, but legend Brahml characters, r. rajane, 1. BASIAEni ArAGOKAEOYZ A gathuldayasha. No monogram. G. B. PI. II. W. 185. S. -75.
46-48 G.B. S. -6-9.
49 50 S. -75.
1 I have followed Mr. Vincent Smith's reading of the obverse legend. 18 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA
Metal Obverse Reverse No.
and Buddhist (e) Type: stupa symbol; copper , four-sided 1 51 Buddhist stupa, surmounted Tby Symbol star. In ex., Kh. legend hitajasame. S. -6. G. B. PL II.
Type: stupa and tree in railing; copper, four-sided
in Tree in 52 As on No. 51 ; ex., Kh. inside a railing; ex., 53 legend Akathukrtyasa. Kh. legend as on No. 51. rect. PL II. S. -7.
Unrepresented types : Commemorative silver medallions bearing names of
(i) AlOAOTOZ ZHTHP. B.M.Cat, PL IV. 2.
(ii) ANTIOXOZ NIKATOP. B. M. Cat, PI. XXX. 5. NowinB.M. PI. IV. 3. (iii) EY0YAHM02 0EOI. 3.x. Cat,
AJSfTIMACHOS THEOS
King of Bactria and N.W. Frontier
(a) Type: bust of king and Poseidon ; silver, rmnd JR
54 Diademed bust of king to r., Poseidon standing facing, wear- wearing kansia. ing Mmation and diadem; in r. 1. band long trident ; under arm W. 250. palm bound with fillet. S. M. To r. BABAEHZ 0EOY Tol. ANTIMAXOY L. M. 7. PL II.
552 In dotted circle, as on No. 54. As on No. 54, but M. 8 to r.
W. 260. S. 1-2.
1 Cp. White King, Sale Catalogue, No. 26. The Kh. inscription used to be read Hindujasame and interpreted 'Lord of the Hindus' or 'Just to those born in Hind'. Biihler has pointed ' out that the correct reading is hitajasame, meaning good-fame-possessing '. This would be a literal translation into Prakrit of the Greek word Agathokles. See G. Buhler, 'The Kharoshthi Inscriptions on the Indo-Grecian Coins,' Vienna Oriental Journal, 1894. 2 Several good die-struck forgeries of this coin have been placed on the market, and I regard this specimen with some suspicion. ANTIMACHOS THEOS 19
Metal Eeverse No. Obverse M 56 As on No. 55. As on No. 55. M. 8. W. 58. G. B. PL II. S. -8.
57 M. 8. W. 56, S. -8.
58 As on No. 55, but M. 3 to r. G. B. PL II. W. 11. S. -4.
() Type: elephant and Nike ; copper.round
59 Elephant to r. Winged Nike standing to 1. To r. BAZIAE.QS - - - S. -9. Tol. ANTIMAXOY G. B. PL II.
Unrepresented typos :
Commemorative silver medallions bearing names of
(i; EY0YAHMOS 0EOI. B.M.
(ii) A10AOTOZ HrrHP. jB.ar. EUKEATIDES King of Baetria and N.W. India, circ. 175 B.O. head and silver, round M (a) Type: of king Apollo; to 60 In dotted circle, diademed head Apollo standing L, holding in r. hand bow in L hand of king to r. arrow ; resting on ground. W. 56. Tor. BASiAEHI S. -7. Tol. EYKPATIAOY Tetradrachm absent. L. KL G. B. PL II. 20 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Obverse Reverse No. and Amounted Dioskmwoi ivith (/?) inscrip- round M EYKPATIAOY; silver, 61 1 Bust of king r., diademed. Mounted Dioskouroi holding palms, charging to r. with levelled W. 240. S. 1-3. Above, BAIIAEX1Z Below, EYKPATIAOY R. M. 4. 1. 62 In dotted circle, as on No. 61. As on No. 61 ; monograms, A, and r. M. 10. W. 59. S. -75. 63 In border of reels and pellets, As on No. 61. 3 on No. 61. R. M. 3. G.B. PL II. W. 62. 2 (?) Type : helmeted bust of king and mounted Dioskouroi ^vith inscription BA21AE0I METAAOY EYKPATIAOY; silver, round In astragalos border, diademed Mounted Dioskouroi, as on No. bust of king to r., wearing crested 61. helmet adorned with ear and horn of bull. Below, EYKPATIAOY R. M. 11. W. 258. G. B. PL II. S. 1-3. M. 11. W. 244. S. 1-3. 1 I regard this as a corroded, genuine specimen. 2 This is what Cunningham calls the common type of the tetradrachms of Eukratides. in his Bactrian Apparently day tetradrachms were frequently brought down into India, tout are all now they extremely rare, with the exception of the tetradrachms of Euthydemos I. the Perhaps coins which used to come from Bukhara to India now go up to Bussia. But I have not been able to test this theory by a visit to St. Petersburg. EUKBATIDES 21 Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 66 As on No. G4. As on No. 64. L. M. 12. W. 256. G.B. S. 1-4. 67 l W. 261. R. M. 13. S. 1-25. G.B. W. 258. R. M. 14. S. 1-3. G.B 69 In dotted circle, as on No. 64. R. M. 15. W. 62. G.B. PL IL S. -8. 70 W. 55. (worn) Monogram indistinct. G.B. Type: helmeted bust of king and palms of the Dioskouroi; silver, round 71-73 In dotted circle, as on No. 64. Two upright palms, and the 1 piloi of the Dioskouroi. W. 10. ' Tor. BASIAEnS S. -45. To 1. EYKPAT1AOY Below, M. 16. G. B, PL II. 74-76 W, 9. M. 16. 8, -45. as (c) Type-' (8), but diademed bust; silver, round 77 In dotted circle, as on No. 61. Below, M. 12. W. 10. G.B. PL II. S. -45. felfc close to the head. , an egg-shaped, cap, fitting GREEK KINGS OF BACTKIA AND INDIA Metal Obverse Reverse No. M 78 As on No. 61. As on No. 7L M.S. W. 9. G.B. 79 )i W. 9. M. 15. SO W. 8. (worn) : helmeted hist of king and mounted Dioskouroi with Greek round JE legend only; copper , 81 In circle, diademed bust of king Mounted Dioskouroi charging 82 wearing crested helmet to r. to r., as on No. 61. Above, BASIAEHS MEPAAOY W. 88. Below, EYKPATIAOY S. -85. Monogram illegible. G.B. 83-85 . 83-92. S. 86 W. 82. Indistinct monogram to r. S. -9. similar to M. 13. PL III. lust (rj) Type: hdmeted of king and mounted Dioskouroi with bilinguallegends ; copper, square 87 Helmeted and diademed bust of Mounted Dioskouroi charging king to r. to r., as on No. 61. L. BASIAEJCIS Above, Kh. Maharajasa. Above, MEfAAOY Below, JSvutoatitasa. Below, EYKPATIAOY R. M. 12. W. 98. S. -85. 88 W. 132. R. M. 17. S. 1X-9. EUKEATIDES C 2 GKEEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA EUKRATIDES Metal No. Obverse Reverse JE 121 As on No. 87. As on No. 87 ; indistinct mono- gram to r. W. 115. G.B. 122 As on No. 87; no monogram W. 135. visible. G.B. 123 As on No. 87 ; to 1. under r. W. 98. horses, M. 27 ; to second mono- S. -85. gram similar to M. 17, but in- distinct. 87 no 124 As on No. j monogram W. 75. visible. S. -75. 125 As on No. 124. W- 59. S. -75. 126 W. 48. S. -7. 127 As on No. 124, but to r. M. 17. W. 58. S. -7. 128 As on No. 124, but to r. Kh. ha. W. 49. S. -7x-6. 129 As on No. 124. W. 44. S. -55. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Ho. Obverse Reverse helmeted bust W. 52. 8. -65. helmeted bust (i) Type: of king and enthroned Zeus ; copper, square 131 As on No. 130. Zeus sitting on throne to front, holds wreath and palm; to r. of W. 65. throne of forepart elephant (not S. -8. visible on this specimen), and to 1. a pilos; above this indistinct monogram. Kharosthi legend, beginning from r. 'and going round - - - the coin, Kawiiyenaga G- B- PL III (K) bust of and Type: king palms of Dioskouroi ; copper, square 132 As on No. but bust of 130, king Palms and piloi of the Dios- without helmet, kouroi. To r. Kh. Maharajasa. W. 46. To 1. Kh. JEvukratitasa. S. -5. No monogram. G- B - PI. III. * Sir Alexander Cunningham read the reverse legend to mean 'The god of the of M* tf M*mt*. Successor* in the Kamx^see Mast, p. 169. The correct reading now* fert, Metal No. Obverse Reverse Unrepresented types : (i) Twenty-stater piece and stater of type (7). (ii) As type (), but helmeted bust. Cunningham, PI. V. 3. Tetradraehm. (iii) Tetradrachm and drachm with names of Heliokles and Lao- dike. Cunningham, PI. V. 6. (iv) As type (7), but helmeted bust to 1., thrusting javelin. Cunningham, PI. Y. 8. Tetradrachms in B. M. and Cabinet de France, (v) Bilingual silver type. Cunningham, PI. V. 10. (vi) As type (*), but Greek legend only. Cunningham, PI. V. 11. .2E (viz) Apollo. Horse. Cunningham, PI. V. 13. M (viii) As type (), but one of the Dioskouroi only. Cunningham, PL T. 14. .23 (ix) Bust as on (iv). Nike. Cunningham, PL VI. 3. M title (x) As type (17). but with CCOTHP Unpublished. B. M. A strange coin, rather a freak than a distinct type. PLATO Unrepresented type : Helmeted bust of king to r. Deity driving quadriga. . BASIAEnS ETTI0ANOYI Unique tetradrachm in B,M., TTAATJQNOZ of which I have seen one or two forgeries. HELIOKLES King of Bactria and India standard- (A) Coins of the Attic bust Metal No. Obverse Reverse 134 l As on No. 133. As on No. 133. G.B. W. 258. S. 1*4. 135 As on No. 133; no monogram, W. 59, but below A1KAIOY the letters s. -8. nr PL III. M Barbarous imitations of the above in copper 136 As on No. 133 ; barbarous As on No. 133, but Greek words design. blundered. G.B. W. 225. S. M5. 137 W. 230. S. 1-15. 13S As on No. 136, but instead of W. 210. Zeus, a horse walking to 1. S. 1-2. G.B. 139 W. 212. PL III. S. 1-05. 140 As on No. 136, but smaller size. W. 55. S. -75. 141 142 W. 52-60. PL III. S. .7. 143 144 W. 55. 8. -7. G.B. 1 A barbarous imitation of No. 133. HELIOKLES Metal No. Obverse Reverse (B) Coins of the Indian standard similar to but in round JR (/?) Type: (a), different style; diver, 145 Diademed bust of king to r.; Zeus standing to front holding above, BASIAEHS AIKAIOY, a thunderbolt in r. hand, and a below, HAIOKAEOYZ. long sceptre which rests on the ground in 1. hand, W. 33. Kharosthi legend : S. .6. Above, Maharajasa dhrainikasa. Below, Ildiyakreasa. R. M. 29. 146 As on No. 145; in 1. field, 2; W. 32. in r. probably monogram, but S. -6. rubbed. G.B. 147 As on No. 145, but king's name W. 35. written Heliyakreyasa, R. M. 28. G. B. PL III. (y) Type: lust of'king and elephant ; co2?per, square 148 Diademed bust of king to r. Elephant standing to 1. L. BASiAEnZ Kh. legend : Above, AIKAIOY R. Maharajasa. R. HAIOKAEOYI Above, dhramikasa. L. Heliyakreyasa. W. 128. In ex. indistinct monogram. S. -8. G, B, PL EL (S) Type: elephant and bull; copper, square to r. Indian bull 149 Elephant walking ; Greek humped standing legend as on No. 148. to r. Kharosthi legend as on No. 148, but king's name spelt W. 138. Heliyakreasa. S. -85. In ex. M. 19 and 2. G. B. PL IH. Unrepresented types : r. Zeus (i) Helmeted bust to Enthroned Nikephoros. Cunningham, H. VI. 9. Tetradrachm and drachm in B. H. bust (ii) As type (0), but helmeted to 1. thrusting javelin. Hemidrachm size only. B. H. 1. (iii) As type (8), but elephant to Unpublished, B. M. 30 GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Keverse LYSIAS King of the N.W. Frontier (a) Type; bust of king wearing elephant's scalp and HeraJdes; M silver, round 150 Diademed bust of king to r., Naked Herakles standing to rearing elephant's scalp; above, front, holding club, lion's skin, BAZIAE&Z ANIKHTOY; below, and palm in his 1. hand, and AYZIOY. crowning himself with his r. Kh. legend, above, Maharaja^, Lisiasa. W. 37. apadihatasa ; below, S. -65. L. M. 30. PL III. 151 As on No. 150, but name spelt W. 36. Lisikasa; monograms, 1. M. 31; r. S. G.B. 152 W. 34, 153 As on No. 150 ; to L M. 32. W. 36. G.B. As type (a), but helmeted bust; silver, round 154 Diademed bust of king to r., Exactly as on No. 151. wearing helmet adorned with ear G. B. PI. III. and horn of bull ; Greek legend as on No. 150. W. 35. 155 Exactly as on No. 153. W. 36. G.B. LYSIAS 31 Metal Keverse No. Obverse As but wears round M (y) type (a), king kausia; silver, 1 156 Diademed bust of king to r., Exactly as on No. 151, flat PI. III. wearing low, kausia ; Greek legend as on No. 150. W. 36*5. bust HeraUes and M (8) Type: of elephant; copper, square r. 157 Bust of Heraldes, bareheaded, Elephant to ; Kh. legend on sides : 158 to r., with lion's skin knotted three 2 round neck, and club over 1. R. Mahamjasa. shoulder; Greek legend on three Top, apadihatasa. sides : L. Lisihasa. L. BAIIAEnZ In ex. M. 31 and 2. Top, ANIKHTOY G.B. PL III. R. LYZIOY W. 122. S. -75. 159 W. 125. S. -8. 160 As on No. 157, but king's name W. 123. spelt Zisiasa. S. -75. G.B. 161 W. 126. S. -8. 162 As on No. 160, but to 1. in ex. W. 120. M. 27. S. -8. G.B. 163 As on No. 160, but to L over 164 W. 122. the elephant M. 30. S. -8. 1 One of two known specimens. The other is in the British Museum. 2 This is well shown on No. 162. GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse JE 165 As on No. 157. As on No. 157, but to 1. in L 34. W. 120. S. -75. 166 As on No. 157, but worn. W. 124. S. -75. Unrepresented types : (i) As type (a), fcut bust of king diademed only. JB.Jlf.Ca*., PL VIII. 5. (ii) As type (a), but bust of king to 1. helmeted and thrusting javelin. Unpublished. B.M. (iii) As type (5), but round. B. 31. Cat., PI VIII. 8. M. (iv) Copper coin in joint names of Lysias and Antialkidas. B. Jf. Cat., PI. XXXI. 2. ANTIALKIDAS King of the N.W. Frontier and Taxila (a) Type: king wearing flat kausia, and enthroned Zeus round M Niltephoros ; silver, 167 Diademed bust of to 1. king r., Zeus seated on throne ; in 1. wearing flat kausia; Greek legend, hand long sceptre, which rests above, BASIAEnZ NJKH0 over 1. shoulder; on outstretched POY; below, ANTIAAKIAOY. r. hand he bears Nike, holding palm, but her wreath has just W. 35. been snatched away from her by S. .65. an elephant retiring to 1. in 1. field; in r. field M. 30. Kharosthi legend, above, Maha- rajasa jayadharasa ; below, Am- G. B. 168 As on No. 167, but elephant is 37. W. just raising its trunk for the S. -7. wreath which Nike is still holding out. G.B. 169-171 . 36. PL III. ANTIALKIDAS 33 Metal Obverse Beverse No. M 172 ! As on No. 167, but instead of As on No. 168; in r. field BASIAEHZ is BACIAEOJC. M. 35. G. B. PL III. W. 34. 173 As on No. 167. As on No. 168; same monogram. W. 35. 174 As on No. 167; under throne 175 W. 34-37. M. 34. S. -65. 176 177 W. 37. G.B. 178 W, 35. As on No. 174, but M. 28, S. -7. G.B. 179-183 W. 33-37. S. -65. round Type: as (a), but king is helmeted; silver, 184 Diademed bust of king to r., As on No. 167, with same Kh. wearing crested helmet, Greek legend, but elephant with bell to r. legend as on No. 167. round its neck is advancing to take the wreath from Nike; W. 35. under throne M. 32. S. .75, 185 W. 36. G.B. 186 As on No. 184, but elephant its W. 39. facing and reaching up trunk ; S. -65. in r. field M. 30. are * The late forms of the letters S and H are remarkable occurring so early. They see No. 212, also found on the extremely rare elephant type of the copper coins of Antialkidas I do not know of any other examples in this series prior to the well-known copper coins of Nikias. The monogram is also unusual. 34 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse 187 As on No. 186. As on No. 186. G. B. W. 39. 188 W. 36. S. -7. 189 As on No. 184, but elephant is retiring to L; Nike still holds 35. wreath; in r. field M. 30. PL III (y) Type: as (a), but king diademed only; silver, round 190 Diademed bust of to r. as king ; Exactly on No. 184, with 191 Greek legend as on No. 167. same legend and monogram. G. B. W. 37-34. S. -7. 192 As on No. 190, but elephant is 36. W. retiring to 1., and has just cap- -6. S. tured wreath ; under throne M. 34. PI. III. (8) Type: Zeus andpiloi and palms of Dioskowroi; copper, round 193 l bust of to Undraped Zeus r., Laureated piloi, and palms of thunderbolt with r. hurling hand ; theDioskouroi; Kh. legend, above, Greek BA2IAEn legend, above, Maharajasa jayadharasa ; below, NIKH4>OPOY; below, ANTIAA AmtialiJdtasa. KIAOY. To r. in ex. M. 32. G. B. PL IV. W. 115. S. 1. 194 W. 51. S. -9. 1 The round coins of copper Antialkidas are uncommon, and those of Lysias extremely rare. I know of three of only specimens the latter, two in the British Museum, and one in the Indian Museum. It is to be noted that these round issues all bear the same monogram, M. 32. They are probably earlier than the square coins. ANTIALKIDAS 35 Metal Obverse Reverse No. 195 As on No. 193. As on No. 193. W. 60. S. -85. 196 As on No. 193, but monogram W. 45. tol. S. -9. as but Type: (8) t square shape Piloi and 197 Bust of Zeus to r., bareheaded ; palms of the Dios- thunderbolt over 1. shoulder. kouroi. Kharosthi legend, r. Greek legend, 1. BASIAEHS; Maharajasa; top,jayadharasa; 1. top, NIKH00POY; r. ANTIAA Amtialifatasa. KIAOY. In ex. M. 31 and S. PL W. W. 133. S. -7. 198-204 As on No. 197; same mono- grams. W. 120-130. S. -7. 205 206 G.B. W. 122-131. S--7. 207 As on No. 197; in ex. to L W. 125. M. 34. S. "7. G. B. 208-210 As on No. 207. W. 118. 211 As on No. 197, but Zeus is As on No. 197; in ex. to 1. about to hurl thunderbolt -with M. 30. IV. his r. hand. PL W. 117, S. -7. 36 GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse lust and M (C) Type: of king elephant; copper, square 212 "bust of to r. to Diademed king ; Elephant standing r., holding Greek legend as on No. 197, but wreath in its upraised trunk; L instead of 2E. Kh. legend as on No. 197; to r. Cp. B. M. Cat., Supplement, in front of elephant M. 36, p. 166. G. B. PL IV. W. 110. S. -75. Unrepresented types : (i) Like type (7), but a tetradraehm of the Attic standard with Gk, legend only, - bust to usual bi- (ii) Diademed r.; Elephant marching to 1. with up- B. M. its lingual legends. lifted trunk ; Nike ou head, and A didraehm of the Indian sfcan- Zeus by its side, dard, cf. White King, Sale Cata- M. 28. logue, Part I, No. 50. These are the only two known speci- mens, but the coin is much forged, (iii) As (ii), but a didraehm with diademed bust to 1. thrusting javelin. Unpublished. (iv) As type (7), but Zeus holds wreath and palm in r. hand. B. M. Cat., PI. VII. 10. Hemi- drachm only. (v) As type (a), but a drachm of the Attic standard with Gk. legend only. Cunningham, PI. VIII. 6. Cabinet de France. It is to be noted that the elephant is found in both the advancing and retreating positions on all three types (a), (), and (7). DIOMEDES (a) Type: diademed bust of king and Dioskouroi charging; silver round M t 213 Diademed bust of to r. king ; Mounted Dioskouroi with palms Greek legend, above, BASI AEHZ and lances charging to r. as on No. SX1THP02; below, AIOMHAOY. 61 ; Kh. legend, above, Ma- tratarasa harajasa ; below, Diyu- W. 148. metasa. S. 1. In r. field 351 37. G. B. PI. IV. DIOMEDES 37 Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 214 As on No. 213. As on No, 213, but in r. lower field M. 38. W. 34. G. B. PI. IV. S. -65. but helmeted bust As type {#)> ; silver, round 215 Diademed bust of ting to r., As on No. 213, but in r. lower wearing crested helmet, Greek field M. 38. legend as on No. 213. G. B. PI. IV. W. 33. S. -65. bust (y) Type: diademed ofldng and Dioskouroi standing; silver, round 216 As on No. 213. Dioskouroi standing facing, holding long spears which rest W. 33. on the ground. Kh. legend as on S. -65. No. 213. L. M. 38. but (S) As type (y), helmeted bust; silver, round 217 As on No. 215. As on No, 216. G.B. W. 35. 8. -65. Dioskouroi and JB (e) Type: standing bull; copper, square 218 Dioskouroi standing as on No. Humped bull r. Kh. legend, r. 216; Greek legend,!. BASIAEnS; Maharajasa ; top, tratarasa-, L top,2nTHPOZ; r. AIOMHAOY. Diyumedasa. In ex. S and M. 39. W. 120. G,B. S. *8. 219 W. 125. In ex. 2 and M. 39. S. -8. 220 W. 122. In ex. M. 34. S. *8. G, B. PL IV. 38 GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Ko. Obverse Reverse JE 221 As on No. 218* As on No. 220. 222 W. 131. S. -85X.75. 223 As on No. 220, but monogram W. 100. rubbed. S. -7. (worn) 224 As on No. 220, but monogram W. 110. cut. Unrepresented type : Didrachm of type (a), but bust of king to 1. helmeted and thrusting javelin. B. M. Unpublished. Unknown in hemidrachm size. Both the didraehms of Diomedes are much forged. ARCHEBIOS : diademed lust (a) Type of king cmd standing Zeus ; silver round M t 225 Diademed bust to r. of king Zeus clad in himation, standing Greek legend, above, BAIIAEnS to front, hurling thunderbolt. In AIKAIOY NIKH 226 W. 35. G.B. PL IV. A didracbm of this type is in the British Museum. 227 As on No. but bust 225, larger, As on No. 225, but to 1. M. 3, the king being of apparently more and to r. M. 41, mature age. G.B. W. 32. ARCHEBIOS 39 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 228 As on No. 227, As on No. 227. W. 36. PL IV, but round (13) As type (a), king thrusting javelin ; silver, 229 As on No. 225, but diademed As on No. 227. bust of king to L, wearing chain G. B. PL IV. armour, and thrusting javelin with his r. hand. W. 37. S. -7. (y) Type : Zeus and palms and piloi of the Dwskouroi; copper, square bust of Zeus to r. and 230 Diademed ; Egg-shaped caps (piloi) long sceptre over 1. shoulder, palms of the Dioskouroi; Kh. Greek legend on three sides as legend on three sides as on on No. 225. No. 225. Monogram in ex. illegible owing W. 145. to the fact that the piece has been 8.1. restruck, probably on a coin of Heliokles. Cp.B.M.Cat., PL XXXI 5. G. B. PL IV. Unrepresented types : (i) As type (a), but helmeted bust tor. Known also in didrachm size. B. M. Cat, PL IX. 3. is (ii) As type (J8), but bust helmeted. Known only in didrachm size. JS. M. Cat., PI. IX. 4. (iii) Victory. Owl. &M.Cai., PL IX. 6. M (iv) Elephant. Owl. A Jf. OWL, PL IX. 7. Much forged. D 2 40 GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse APOLLODOTOS King of N.W. India and bull round M (a) Type: elephant ; silver, 231 to r. Greek bull to r. Elephant moving ; Humped moving ; Kh. legend running round the coin, legend running round the coin, l BASIAEnS ATTOAAOAOTOY Maharajasa Apaladatasa trada- SaTHPOZ. raw. No monogram. W, 31, G. B. PI. IV. S. -6. 232 28. W. (in poor condition) S. -6. (/?) Type: elephant and butt ; silver.square 233 to Greek bull to r. Elephant moving r*; Humped ; Kh. legend, 1. r. BAZIAEnZ; top, Maharajasa ; top, Apaladatasa ; ATTOAAOAOTOY;r. L tradarasa. In ex. M. 43. G. B. W. 36. S. -6. 234*239 As on No. 233 j same mono- gram. PL IV. W. 36-37. S. .6-65. 240-244 As on No. in ex. M. 3. 233; As on No. 233 ; but tratarasa instead of tradarasa. W. 34-36. In ex. M. 44. S. .6-65. 245 W. 36. G. B. 3. -6. 1 The form Apuludatosa seems as commoa, on the British Museum coins as Apafadatasa, but I am of chary readmg all terminatory turns as the nnal vowel wcp. foot-note on the coins of Pakores, Section II. APOLLODOTOS 41 Metal Mo. Obverse Eeverse M but in ex. C. 246 As on No. 240 ; same mono- As on No. 240, 24=7 gram. W. 37. S. -6. 248 As on No, 240, but in ex. (JL). W. 36. S. -6. No. in ex. 45. 249 As on No. 233 ; in ex. M. 45. As on 233 ; M. 250 W. 33-35. S. -65. No. in ex, M. 47. 251 As on No. 233; in ex. M. 46. As on 233 j 252 W. 37. S.-65. on No. in ex. NO. 253 As on No. 233; in ex. EE. As 233 ; W. 37. S. -7. round (y) Type: bust of king and Pallas; silver, r. Pallas with on out- 254 Diademed bust of king to ; 1., aegis thunder- Greek legend, abo^e, BAZIAEftZ stretched 1. arm, hurling SflTHPOS; below, ATTOAAO bolt with r. hand. Kh. legend, tratarasa be- AOTOY. above, Maharajasa ; low, Apaladatasa, W, 37-5. In r. field M. 48. S. -7. G-.B. 255 W. 37. 256 W. 36. R. M. 49. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 257 As on No. 254, As on No. 256 ; same mono- gram. W. 35. G. B. 258 t) As on No. 254. W. 37. R. M. 50. L. Kh. dri. G. B. 259 )t W. 35. 260 As on No. 258, but no mono- W. 36. gram to 1. 261 As on No. 258, but in 1. field 262 W. 35-36. Kh. ram. 263 j> As on No. 254, but In r. field W. 37. M. 51. G. B. PL IV. as but with title (S) Type: (y), 4>IAOnATnP ; stiver, round 264 Diademed bust of to r. king ; As on No. 254 ; in 1. field ' " " " " " Greek legend, above, M. 52. EXiTHPOS KAI W. 36. S. -7. 265 W, 35. G. B. 267-275 W. 35-37. S. -7. 276 As on No. 264, but in 1. field . 36. M. 53 j in r. field Kh. stra. & B. Pi, IV. APOLLODOTOS Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 277 As on No. 264, but rude style. As on No, 264, but in r. field M. 54. W. 36. G. B. S. -7. 278 279 W. 36. 280-282 As on No. 277, but in r. field W. 34-35. M. 48. 283-291 As on No. 277, but in r. field W. 32-40. M. 51. 292 As on No. 283, but name written W. 37. Apalatatasa. G. B. PL IV. with at (e) Type: Apollo and tripod, name of king top of M coin ; copper, square 293 Apollo, laureate, standing fac- In dotted square, tripod-lebes, in r. hand arrow in bow- Kh. r. ; 294 ing ; ; L, legend, Maharajasa top, resting on ground. Greek legend, Apaladatasa; 1. tratarasa. 1. BASlAEni; top, ATIOAAO In r. field M. 10. AOTOY; r.IftTHPOS. On No. 294 tratarasa is written tradarasa* W. 111-130. S. -85-1. 295 As on No. 294, but in r. field 296 W. 130-135. M. 55. G. B. 297-299 W. 130-140. 8. .8-9. 300 As on No. 294, but in r, field In L lower field M. 45. M45. W. 145. S. -9, 44 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 301 As on No. 300. As on No. 300. W. 130. As on No. 293, but in 1. lower As on No. 294, but in r. field field M. 46. M. 47. G. B. W. 150. 8. -9. 303 804 S. -9. 305 As on No. 293, but in 1. lower As on No. 293, but in 1. field field EL M. 56. G. B. VT. 145. S. -9. 306 As on No. 305, but no mono- S. -85. gram. G.B. As on No. 307 293. As on No. 294, but in r. field M. 57. S. -9. - B. pi. IV. 308 99 S. -85. 309 )> As on No. 294, but in r. field 8.1. M. 58. G.B. 310 ?? As on No. 293, but in r. field 311 S. -9, M. 58. 312 As on No. but in 1. 293, lower As on No. 293, but in 1. field field M. 35. M. 59. W. 141. 8. -85. APOLLODOTOS 45 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 313 As on No. 293. As on No. 293, but BO mono- gram. in 314 As on No. 293. As on No. 293 ; monogram r. field, but indistinct. W. 126. S. -75. 315 As on No. 293, but monogram W. 102. indistinct. S. -8. 316 As on No. 293, but no mono- W. 79. gram. S. -7. 317 W. 44. S. -65. (() Type: bull and tripod, wo legends ; copper> square 318 In beaded square, humped bull In beaded square, tripod-lebes ; r. or no or Two to ; no legend monogram. legend monogram. specimens W. 17. S. -5-65. 319 Two W. 26. specimens S. -5. 320 Two W. 28. specimens S. -6. 321 Three W. 22. G.B specimens S. -5. 46 GEEEK RINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Obverse Reverse No. Type: Apollo and tripod ; copper, round * in lebes. Kh. 322 Apollo standing r., clad Tripod legend, tratarasa be- chlamys and boots, holding out above, Maharajasa ; an arrow in both hands; quiver low, Apaladatasa. at his back. Greek legend, above, In r. field Kh. di. BAZIAEni I0THPOS; below, In 1. field Kh. u. AfTOAAOAOTOY. In 1. field P1.V. M. 50. W. 255. S. 145. 323-325 G. B. S. 1.05-1-15. 326-328 3. 1-1-2. 329 As on No. 322; same mono- As on No. 322. gram. In r. field Kh. ram. In 1. field Kh. di. W. 235. S. 145. As on No. 322 no 330 ; monogram. As on No. 322. In 1. field M. 60. W. 243. PI. V. S. 145. 331 As on No, 322, but in 1. field As on No. 322. 1.51. In r. field Kh. a. In 1. field Kh, ra. S. 145. G. B. PI. V. 332 W. 239. S. 145. 1 Coin No. 322 is common. The varieties exemplified by Nos. 329-882 are very scarce. APOLLODOTOS Metal No. Obverse Reverse : as but (6) Type (77), different style, coin thick, and dwmpy ; M copper, round 333 As on No. 322 no No. as ; monogram. As on 322 ; monograms on No. 329. W. 250. S. -9. Cp. /. if. Cat., PL IV. 7. as (i) Type: (17), but legends in straight lines; copper, round r. 334 As on No. 322 ; Greek legend, Tripod-lebes. Kh. legend, tratarasa 1. 335 ; top, SfltTHPOZ ; jasa ; top, j r. ATTOAAOAOTOY. Apaladatasa. No monogram. In r. field Kh. da. In 1. field Kh. gi. W. 255. G. B. S. -95. 336-338 S. -95. PL V. (K) Type : resembling (c), but name of king to right of coin ; copper, square Apollo to r. as on No. 322. Tripod-lebes. Kh. legend, r. 1. 1. Greek legend, BASI AEHS ; top, Maharajasa; top, tratwasa; 2HTHPOZ; r.ATTOAAO AOTOY. Apaladatasa. In r. field Kh. lu. W. 251. S. -9. 340 As on No. 339; monogram to 1. W. 261. r. Indistinct ; to Kh. ji. S. 1. 341 As on No. 339. W. 215. Monograms illegible. S. -95. 342 As on No. 339. W. 229. To r. Kh. ra. S. -9. GREEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse 343 As on No. 339. As on No. 339. To r. Kh. mith. W. 229. To 1. Kh. di. S. 1. 344 As on No. 339. S. -9. G. R PJ. V. 345 As on No. 339. In r. field M. 50. W. 130. In 1. field Kh. dri. S. -75. 346 As on No. 345. Two S. -7-8. specimens 347-349 As on No. 345, but monogram W. 103-121. indistinct. S. -8-85. 360 As on No. 345. W. 88. S. -65. 351 As on No. 345, but monogram W. 54. indistinct. S. -65. similar to but with title 01 (A) Type: (/r), AGITATOR ; copper, square 352 r. as on Apollo No. 322, but in Tripod-lebes. Kh, legend run- Two addition, bow rests on the on three r. upright ning sides from to 1., specimens ground in front of him. Greek tratarasa MaJiarajasa ; below, on three egend ; sides from 1. to Apaladatasa. r., BASIAEni ZnTHPOS KAI Inr. field M.I 7. *IAOrTATOPOZ; below, An A AOAOTOY. W. 66. S. -65. 353 S. -65. G. B. PLY. APOLLODOTOS M Type: variety of (X) ; copper, square 354 Within square of beading, Tripod - lebes within beaded Apollo with bow and anxrw as square. On three sides Kh. legend on No. 352. Inscription rubbed as on No. 352. Monogram indis- and illegible, but is the same as tinct. that on No. 352, and is contained on three sides only. Cp. PL IX. 9, of Cunningham's Coins of Alexan- der's Successors in the Eot^st. W. 94. S. -75. Unrepresented types : (i) Didrachm with title MEfAAOY B.M.Cat., PL X. 1. Both known specimens in B. M. to (ii) As type (), but Apollo front with bow behind his back. J3.Jf.Cat, PL X. 6. M to (iii) As type (), but Apollo seated r. on throne. Cunningham, PL IX. 12. .33 (iv) Apollo. No Greek legend. Boyal diadem (Kh. legend only). Cunningham, PL IX. 7. M (v) As (iv). Tripod (Kh. legend only). B. M. JE STRATO I M bust titles 355 (a) Type: of king and Pallas; SHTHP AIKAIOS ; silver, round Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas with thunderbolt to 1. Greek legend, above, BASIAEnZ as on No, 254. Kh. legend, above, SnTHPOS AIKAIOY; below, MaJiarajasa tratarasa dhramikasa; STPATHNOS. below, fitratasa. In 1. field S. W. 130. G. B. PI. V. S. 1-05. HemidracLms known with Pal- las to r. and to front. B. M, 50 GBEEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Eeverse No. Obverse titles ET71 357 W. S3. 358 As on No. 356, but in r. field W. 36. M.S. Didrachm also known. B. M. (y) Type: lust of king helmeted with title SHI HP only, but with additional epithet dhramlkasa (= AIKAIOY) on the reverse; silver, round 1 359 Diademed bust of king to r., As on No. 355, and with same wearing crested helmet. Greek Kb. legend. legend, above, BASIAEnS ZH In 1. field M. 61. THPOZ; below, ZTPATHNOS. G.R P1.V. W. 37. S.-7. diadeined bust title (S) Type; with Z&JH? only ; silver, round No. 360 As on 359, but bust of king As on No. 355. Kh. legend, diademed barbarous. only ; style above, Maharajasa tratarasa^ be- low, Stratasa. W. 38. In r. field Kh. a to ; monogram S. -65. L indistinct. 361 As on No. 360, but in r. field W. 37. M. 62; in. 1. field Kh. to. S. -6. Pl.V. 1 Note the additional dhramiJcasa on the epithet Kharofthi side. There are two duplicates this fine coin in the B. M. of of I know no other specimens. No didrachm has yet been found of this type. STRATO I 51 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 362 As on No. 360. As on No. 360. Four (barbarous) specimens W. 21-36. S. -55. and with titles ETTKDANHS () Type: Apollo tripod SHTHP ; copper, square 363 Apollo wearing chlamys and Tripod-lebes in square of dots. boots, facing, with arrow in r. On three sides running from r., Land, and in 1. bow resting Kh. legend as on No. 356, on the ground. Greek legend In 1. field M. 3. running from 1. on three sides, G.B. BAZIAEJQS Eni4>ANOYZ ZJ1 THPOZ ZTPATHNOS. W. 140. S. -9. 364 As on No. 363; in 1. field W. 135. M. 42. S. -85. Pl.V. 365 As on No. 363; monogram il- W. 123. legible. S. -85X-75. ivith title Type; Herakles and Nike ZHTHP ; copper, square 366 Diademed bust of Herakles to r., "Winged Nike standing to r., with club over 1. shoulder. Greek with wreath in outstretched r. legend on three sides, BASl AEHZ hand, and holding palm over 1. ZHTHPOZ STPATHNOI. shoulder. Kh. legend on three sides, Maharajasa tratarasa Stra- W. 125. tasa, S. -75. R., monogram similar to M. 62. G.B. 367 As on No. 366, but r. M. 28, S. -75, G. B. PL V. 368 369 S. -8 X -7. GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Eeverse No. Obverse Unrepresented types : Pallas to front. (i) As type (a), but Didrachm and hemidraehm in B.M. is (ii) As type (a), but king bearded. B. M. Didrachm, (iii) As type (a), but helmeted bust, and titles written thus SnTHPOS KAI AIKAIOY B. M. Didrachm. helmeted bust. (iv) As type (j9), but B. M. Cat., PI. X. 10. Didrachm. (v) As type (7), but without addi- tional epithet dhramikasa. B.M.Cat., P1.X. 12. (vi) Bust to r. with legend as on Quiver with straps. B. If. Cat., PL XL 2. JE Three specimens in B. M. (vii) Square copper coin with legends as on type (a). Herakles. Nike. S. It. Oat, PI. XL 5. STRATO WITH AGATHOKLEIA (a) Type: lust of queen, and Herakles ; copper, square of 870 Bust queen to r, without Naked Herakles sitting to 1. on diadem, but helmeted. Greek a rock with club on his knee, as legend as usual on three sides, depicted on No. 8. Kb. legend on B ASI Al 22H2 OEOTPOTTOY three sides, Mahwajasa tratarasa APAOOKAEIAS. dhramikasa Stratasa. In L field M. 61. W. 125. a. B. FLV. S. -8. Unrepresented types : (i) SHTHPOS Maharqjctsa tratarasa dhramilcasa Stra- tasa. STPATnNOS KA1 AfAeOKAEIAS Conjugate busts of Strato and Pallas to 1. Agathokleia to r. M.27A. This remarkable didrachm is in the B. M., and I know of no other genuine specimen. The coin is much forged. STRATO WITH AGATHOKLEIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse (ii) Gk. legend as on type (a). Kh. legend as on type (a). Diademed bust of queen to r. Male figure with shield and spear r. Coin L M. Cat., vol. i, PL IV. 11, walking to is apparently a poor duplicate Tor. M. 27 A. B. M. of this fine hemidraehm. These unrepresented types of Strato, and of Strato and Agathokleia, are * discussed and illustrated in Professor . J. Rapson's Coins of the G-raeco- 1 Indian Sovereigns, Agathocleia, Strato I Soter, and Strato II Philopator , OyroUa Numismatics, Oxford, 1906. POLYXENOS with titles ETT1 l 371 Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas to . as on No. 356. Kh. . . Greek legend, above, BAZIAEHS legend above, Maharajasa . . ; Eni bust and (j8) Type: helmeted of king, aegis; copper, square JE 372 Diademed bust of king to r., radiate with Gorgon's wearing crested helmet. Greek head. Kh. legend round three legend running round three sides sides from r. to L, Maharajasa from 1. to r., BASIAEXiZ ETTI praeactiasa tratarasa Paliswasa. 0AIMOYS ZQTHPOS TTOAY In ex. M. 42. ZENOY. G. B. PL V. S. -85. Unrepresented types : None. 1 This remarkable coin belonged to Mr. Bleazby, and was formerly in the White King existence of Collection. It and 3STo. 872 (a copper coin) are the only testimony to the but ito* a king named Polyxenos. The silver coin came to light about sixteen years ago, 6 of Mr. Vincent Smithj s Intro- authenticity was doubted by Professor E. J. Kapson see p. duction to Vol I of the J. M. Oat. In my opinion it is a genuine coin. The copper coin wa* discovered after the hemidrachm, and! was also once in the White King Collection. Both, I have s&afe coins are still unique, though I have seen one or two casts of the hemidrachm. GEEEK KINGS OF BACTKIA AND INDIA Metal Obverse Reverse No. MENANDEE King of N.W. India bust r and Pallas to (a) Type: diademed of king , left; M silver, round 373 Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas to 1. as on No. 254, Kh. Greek legend, above, BAZIAEftS legend, above, Maharafasa trata- ZflTHPOS; below, MEN AN A rasa ; below, Menadrasa. POY. In r. field M. 32. In 1. field 2. W. HO. S. 1. 374r-377 As on No. 373; same mono- W. 140-145. grams, S. 1. G. B. PI. VI. 378 As on No. 373, but monograms: 3.1. In r. field M. 32. In L field M. 63. Type: helvieted bust of king, and Pattas to left; silver, round 379 Diademed bust of king to r., As on No. 373; same mono- wearing a crested helmet. Greek grams. legend as on No. 373. PI. VI. W. 135. S. 1. 380 W. 125. G.B. 8.1. 381 As on No. 379, but monogram S. 1. in L field M. 63. yet come across any reproductions of the copper piece. Thehemidraehm helps us to place this ruler. It is similar to a new very common issue of Strato I. The copper coin is different, the reverse design being like that on the copper coins of Antimachos Nikephoros. But the titles ETTI0ANH2E Z&THP, exhibited by the silver hemidrachm, are again used. Both coins hear monograms often found on the coins of Strato. I should be inclined to consider a close and the Polyxenos relation, successor of Strato, in all, or part of the latter king's dominions. His reign can have had only a brief duration. MENANDER 55 Metal No. Obverse Eeverse ' (y) Type diademed bust of king thrusting javelin, and Pallas to left ; silver, round Diademed bust of king to 1. As on No. 373, but in r. field thrusting javelin with r. hand. M. 15. Greek legend as OD No. 373. G. B. PI. VI. W. 140. 8.1. Cp. No. 229. } round (ai) type-' (a), but small size; stiver, on No. inr. field M. 32. 383-386 As on No. 373. As 373 ; W. 34-36. S. -65-7 387 S. -65. G.B. 388 As on No. 383, but M. 32 in 1. W. 38. field. S. -65. 389 As on No. 388, but additional W. 37. letter T in r. field. S. -65. 390 As on No. 388, but in r. field S. -65. additional letter E. 391 As on N*o. 373, but in r. field S. -7. M. 64. G.B. 392 As on No. 373, but in r. field 393 S. -65. M. 65. 394 As on No. 373, but in L field 395 S. -65. M. 66. 56 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse 396 As on No. 373. As on No. 373, but in r. field M. 67. S. -75. G.B. 397-400 W. 31-36. S. .65-75. 401 As on No, 373, but in r. field W. 38. M. 34. S. -65. 402-406 As on No. 373, but in r. field W. 37-38. M. 24. S. -65-7. PL VI. 407-413 As on No. 373, but in 1. field W. 32-38. M. 68. S. -65. 414 As on No. 373, but in r. field W. 35, M. 69. S. -7. 415 As on No. 373, but in I. field S. .7. M. 63. G.B. Type: as (), but small size; silver, round 416-421 As on No. 379. As on No. 379, but in r. field M. 34. W. 35-37. 8. .65-7. 422 S. .65. G.B. 423-430 As on No. 379, but in r. field W. 34-38. M. 30. S. .65-7. MENANDER 57 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 431 As on No. 379. As on No. 423. G. B. s. -7. 432 As on No. 379, but in r. field 433 s. -7. M. 65. PL VI, 434 JJ S. -7. G. B. 435 As on No. 379, but in r. field M. 32. G. B. 436-443 As on No. 379, but in r. field W. 33-38. M. 15. S. -65-75. OB (y), but small dze; silver, r&md 444-446 As on No. 382. As on No. 382, but in r. field M. 69. W. 34-42. S. -7-75. 447 S. -75. G.B. 448-452 As on No. 382, but in r. field W. 33-38. M. 27. 8. -65. 453 S.-7. G,B, 454-458 As on No. 382, but in r. field W. 34-36. .24. S. -65. PI. VI. 58 GREEK KINGS OF BACTKIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 459 As on No. 382. As on No. 454. G. B. S. -7. 460 jj As on No. 382, but in r. field 461 S. -7. M. 70. (S) Type : as (y), but Pallas to right; silver, round 462-469 As on No. 382. As on No. 382, but Pallas stand- ing and hurling bolt to r. In W. 35-37. 1. field M. 15. S. .65-75. 470 As on No 462, but in 1. field 471 S. -65. M. 27. PL VI. (e) Type: variety of (y), Pallas to right; diver, round 472-474 As on No. 382, but Greek As on No. 462, but Kh. legend runs legend continuously round runs continuously round the coin,. the coin. In 1. field M. 24. PI. VI. S. -65. 475 As on No. 472, but in 1. field 476 S. -7. M. 70. 477 As on No. 472, but in 1. field 478 W. 36-37. M. 27. 8. -65-7. as but bust (0 type-' (y), of king hehneted; silver, 479 As on No. but 382, king is As on No. 382, but in r. field wearing a crested helmet. M. 27. A very rare type. & B. pi. VI. W. 35. S. -6. MENANDEK 59 Metal No. Obverse Reverse Pallas and round M (77) Type: wwl; silver, 480 Bust of Pallas to r., helmefced. Owl walking to r., with head Greek legend reading continuously facing. Continuous Kh. legend round coin, as on No. 373. as on No. 373. Very scarce. G. B. PI. VI. W. 32. S. -65. (&) Type: bust of king, and asyncretic winged figure, tvith title A I K A 1 02 ; silver, round 1 481 AIKAIOY Maharajasa dhrcmikasa Mena- MENANAPOY drasa. Diademed bust of king to r. Winged figure walking to r., Unique. bearing wreath and palm. To r. M. 71. W. 37. PL VI. S. -7. Pallas and M W Type: Nike; copper, square 482 BASIAEHZ ZCITHPOZ Winged Nike standing to r., MENANAPOY with palm and wreath. Helmeted bust of Pallas to r. Maharajasa tratarasa Mena- drasa. W. 240. To r. M. 34. S. -9. G. B. PL VI. 483 484 S. -9. 1 One or two extremely rare copper coins of Menander of the panther type see No. 515 are is I I known on which the king entitled A K A OS. Two silver A 1 K A 1 02 coins were in the White King Collection, Sale Catalogue, Part I, Nos. 964 and 965. This specimen has come from it to the Lahore Museum via the Bleazby Cabinet. The second coin was of a different tvpe, the bust of the Icing on the obverse side being helmeted, and the reverse design is that of a mounted horseman. There are two silver A IK A 1 02 coins in the British Museum of a third type, the reverse design being the conventional figure of Nike. On all four silver coins the bust is that of an aged man> so it would appear that towards the end of his long reign the title of Menander on the coinage was altered from 2EX1THP to A I K A I OZ. Attention is drawn to the reverse design of this coin as conceived by the oriental Greek die-cutter* The figure is winged, and bears a wreath and palm, so must be meant for Nike. But, on the other hand, the deity is dressed like Artemis, and wears the cap peculiar to the Dioskouroi. The head is surrounded by what looks like a halo, but is more probably intended to represent a veil floating round the head compare the figure of Artemis on a copper coin of Maues, . M. Cat., PL XVI. 4 GKEEK KINGS OF BACTBIA AND INDIA Metal Beverse No. Obverse JS 485 As on No. 482. As on No. 482, but to r. M. 68. 486 S.-9. 487 As on No. 482. W. 140. G.B. S. -85. 488 As on No. 482, but to r. M. 70. 489 W. 70. G. B. PL VI. S. .75. 490 As on No. 482, but to r. M. 72. S. -8. 491-493 As on No. 490. W. 120. S. -7. 494 S. .7. G.B. buckler (K) Type: with Gorgoris head ; copper, square 1 495 2I1THPOS Buckler -with Gorgon's head. MENANAPOY Maharajasa tratarasa Mena- Eelmeted bust of king to r. drasa. In ex. M. 34. vr. i3o. G.B. a -85. 496 As on No. 495; in ex. M. 70. 497 S. -85. G. B. PI. VI, 498 As on No. 495; monogram 499 S. -85. deleted. 1 Mr. Vincent Smith in this type prefers to consider the design on th buckler oat-headsee remark on Coin 83, p. 26 of I. AT. Oof., vol. i MENANDEE Metal No. Obverse Eeverse bull's head and M (X) Type: tripod; copper, square 500 BAZIAEttZ 20THP02 Tripod-lebes. 501 MENANAPOY Maharajasa tratarasa Mema- Bull's head. drasa. To r. A. To r. M. 34. To 1. Kh. ma. W. 316. G. B. S. -95. 502 S. -95. PI. VI. : with and (p) Type bust of kmg javelin Pallas; copper, square 503 Diademed bust of king to 1. Maharajasa tratarasa Mma- holding poised javelin. drasa. Above BASIAEH2 Pallas to r. with aegis and To r. ZHTHPOS thunderbolt. Below MENANAPOY To r. M. 15. G. B. PL VI. W. 140. S. -S. 504 S. -8. 505 As on No. 503; to r. M- 72. S. -8. bust and (v) Type; helmeted of king Pallas; copper, square 606 As on No. 495. Maharqjasa tratarasa Mena- drasa. W. 82. Pallas with aegis and thunder- S. -75, bolt to 1. To 1. M. 27, G. B. PL VI. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Eeverse No. Obverse head and M (I) type; elephant's club; copper, sqwre 507 BASfAEni SjQTHPOS Club of Eerakles. MENANAPOY Maharajasa tratarasa Mena- Elephant's head with bell round drasa. neck. To r. A. To 1. M. 34. W. 38. G. B. S. -6. 508 509 510 As on No. 507, but no mono- gram to 1. 511 A. As on No. 507 ; in ex. As on No. 507, but to r. Kh* san. G. B. 512 513 PI, VT. 514 As on No. 507. As on No. 507. To r. M, 15* To J. A. : ivith title I K 1 (o) Type figure of king A A 2, and panther ; copper, square l 515 AIKAIOY Panther or lion to 1. MENANAPOY Maharajasa dhramikasa Mena- Figure of king to r. in full drasa. war panoply. G.B. PL VI. W. 130. S. -9. 1 There is a good specimen of this coin in the British Museum Collection, but on that the is turned to the panther right. Another type of panther A I K A 1 copper coin has Pallas on the obverse see Cunningham's Coins of Alexander's Successors in the Hast, PI. XII. 14. This coin is also in the British Museum. MENANDER 63 Metal No. Obverse Eeverse Unrepresented types : (i) Hemidraehm with title A I KAIOS as type (0), but helmeted bust, and mounted horseman. White King, Sale CM., PI. X. 964. (ii) As (i), but instead of mounted horseman is a conventional figure of Nike. Unpublished. B. M. (iii) As type (t), but on reverse a prancing horse. Cunningham, PI. XII. 1. (iv) As type (t ), but Nike to 1. B.M.Cat., PI. XII, 1. (v) Variety of type (/<). B.M.Cat.,PL XIL3. In the B. M. is a coin with obverse of type (), and re- verse of type (v). (vi) As type (t), but owl on reverse. B. M. Cat., PL XII. 4 (vii) Wheel. Palm branch. B, M. Cat., PI. XII. 7. Still unique. (viii) As type (o), but on obverse is figure of Pallas with shield at her feet. Cunningham, PI. XII. 14. (ix) As type GU), but on reverse figure of Nike to r., and Kh. legend arranged as type (<). Really a mixture of types (/*) and(i). B.M. (x) As on type (*), but bust dia- Lion's skin of Herakles. demed only. B. M. M. 70. Unpublished. Unique. (xi) As type (o), but panther to r. B.M. (xii) Elephant. Ankus. B. M. Cat., PI. XXXT. 11. Now in B. M. (xiii) Boar's head. Palm branch. B.M.Cat., PL XXXI. 12. Now inB.M. (xiv) Bactrian camel. Ox-head. J?.Jf.(7a*., PI. XXXI. 10. Original in Indian Museum LM.Cat., vol. i, PI. V. 11. Still unique, but much forged, (xv) Bust to r. Dolphin. 9. B.M.Cat. t PL XXXT. Also illustrated in Cunningham, and in Wilson's Ariwa Anti- gua. The original is lost, and I do not think any other genuine specimen exists. I have seen many forgeries all struck from the same dies. Several of the very rare types of Menander copper coin, e.g. type (xiii), are regularly forged. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse EPANDER bust and M (a) Type: of king Pallas; silver, round 516 NlKHcfrOPOY Maharajasa jayadharasa Epa- EFTANAPOY drasa, Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas to 1. with aegis and thunderbolt. W. 34. To r. M. 73. 8. .7. G. B. PI. VL : NiJce and bull M Type ; copper, square 517 On three sides, inscription as on On three sides, inscription as No. 516. on No. 516. Winged Nike to r. with palm Humped bull to r. and -wreath. In ex. M. 73 and M. 3. G. B. PL VI. W. 150. S. -9. 518 S. -9. 519 3> As on No. 517, but to r. M. 73 S. -9. only, G.B. Unrepresented types : None. DIONYSIOS (a) Type: Apollo and tripod; copper, square 520 ZnTHPOZ Maharajasa tratarasa Diymi- AIONYZIOY riyasa. Apollo to r. holding arrow in Tripod-lebes. both hands. To r. 45 M. (Kh. fl). Extremely rare. Tol.Kh.^. G. B. PL VII. W. 240. S. -85. DIONYSIOS 65 Metal No. Obverse Reverse Type: Apollo and diadem ; copper, square JE 521 Apollo in incuse square as on Kh. legend on three sides as on No. 520, but no legend. No. 520. Royal diadem. W. 40. Gr. B. PL VII. S. -5. The name of the king is almost off the coin, so this may possibly be a coin of Apollodotos of whom the type is also known. Unrepresented types : (i) The silver hemidrachm. J?. K. Cat., PI. XII. 9. (ii) As type (a), but round. N. S. 7*""" ZOILOS (a) Type: bust ofKng and Heraides; silver, round 522 BAZIAEHZ A1KAIOY Maharajasa dhramikasa Jhdi- 523 Z&1AOY lasa. Diademed bust of king to r. Undraped figure of Herakles standing to front, crowned with W. 34. ivy, holding wreath in r. hand, S. -7. and club and lion's skin in 1. To 1. M. 67. G. B. 524 As on No. 522, but to I. M. 34. S. -65. PL VII. 525 As on No. 522, but in addition S. -65. a little figure of Nike is standing on the left shoulder of Herakles, and crowning him. To 1. M. 15. G. B. PL VH. Type: bust of king and PaMas ; silver, round 526 BASIAEHS ZftTHPOS Maharajasa tratarasa Jhoilasa. ZniAOY Pallas to 1. with aegis and Diademed bust of king to r, thunderbolt. To r. M. 62 and Kh. sti. S. -65. To L trident-battleaxe. 66 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Eeverse 527 Hemidracbm as No. 526. As on No. 526, but instead of Kb. stii&Kb.ji. 528 As on No. 527, but the trident- battleaxe is replaced by Kb. ra. G.B. 529 As on No. 528, but a Kb. mono- gram in place of Kb. ra. 530 As on No. 526. To r. M. 62 and Kb. ga. To 1. Kb. gri. 531 As on No. 526. To r. M. 62 and Kb. Jm. To L Kb. sti. 532 As on No. 526. To r. M. 62 and Kb. ha and stri. To 1. Kb. monogram. 533 As on No. 526. To r. M. 62 and Kb. monograms. To 1. Kb. monogram. 534 As on No. 526. To r. M. 50. PL VII. 535 As on No. 526. 536 To r. M. 50. To 1. Kb. n*. 537 As on No. 526. To r. M. 50. Tol. Bl. 538 As on No. 526. To r. M. 50. To 1. M. 45 (Kb. $t). ZOILOS Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 539 As on No. 526. As on No. 526. To r. M. 51. To 1. Kh. bu. 540 As on No. 526, but name of As on No. 526. king written ZWIAOY. To r. M. 51. ami round M (y) Type: Apollo tripod; copper, 541 BAZIAE.QS SnTHPOS Kh. legend as on No. 526. ZCOIAOY Tripod-lebes. Apollo to r. holding arrow in To r. Kh. a. both hands. In 1. field a small To 1. Kh. ra. elephant. W. 240. S. 1-1. 542 As on No. 541. S. M. To r. Kh. monogram. To L Kh. di. G. B. 543 544 As on No. 542, but ia poor condition. 545 As on No. 542. To r. Kh. a. To 1. Kh. stra. G.B. PL VII. rownd (8) Type: elephant cmd tripod; copper, Jhoilasa. 546 In reel and pellet border, ele- Maharajasa tratarasa to r. no phant moving ; legend. Tripod4ebes. To r. Kh, A". W. 30. To 1. Kh. ri. S. -6. G. B. PL VIL 547 S. -6. 68 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 548 As on No. 546. As on No. 546. To r. Kh. a. S. -7. To 1. Kh. ra. 549 As on No. 546, but monograms S. -7. illegible. G. B. Unrepresented types : (i) Similar to type (7), but square. B. K, Gat., PL XII. IS. I have heard of only one other specimen of this extremely rare coin. (ii) Head of Herakles in lion's skin. Bow in case, and club, enclosed by 5. JT. Cat., PL XXXII. 2. m ivy-wreath. Genuine specimens in B. M. and Cabinet de France. Much forged, (iii) Variety of type (7). APOLLOPEANES bust and round M (a) Type: of king Pallas; silver, 550 BASIAEftE SHTHPOS Makarajasa tratarasa Apalavi- ATTOAA04>ANOY nasa. Helmeted bust of king to r. Pallas to 1. with aegis and thunderbolt. W. 35. To r. M. 62 and Kh. ma. S. -65. To 1. Kh. M. G. B. PL VII Unrepresented types : None. AETEMIDOEOS (a) Type: bust of kmg and Artemis ; silver, round 551 BAZIAEnZ ANIKHTOY MaJiarajasa apadikatasa Atri- APTEMIA&POY mitorasa. Diademed bust of king to r. Artemis to 1. clad in skins, drawing a bow, quiver at back. W, 128. To 1. M. 74. S. 1. PL vn. ABTEMIDOBOS Type: Victory; silver\ round 553 As on No. 551. Inscription as on No. 551. Winged Nike to r. with palm W. 37. and wreath. 8. -7. To r. M. 75. G. B. PL VIL 554 W. 37. G. B. (y) Type' Artemis and butt ; copper, square M 555 Inscription on three sides as on Inscription on three sides as on No. 551. No. 551. Artemis facing, drawing arrow Bull to r. from quiver at back. In ex. M. 28. G. B. PL VIL W. 130. 8. -75. 556 As on No. 555 ; in ex. M. 39. 65. Unrepresented types : (i) Similar to type (a), but helmeted i bust ; hem drachm only. How in B. M. (ii) Male figure to front ; copper, Panther to 1. square. Bilingual legends as H. 5. on type (7). B. M. Unpublished and unique, 1. Bull to r. (iii) Artemis to holding out bow. * Small square copper coin. N.S. xiv. 70 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal No. Obverse Reverse ANTIMACHOS NIKEPHOROS (a) Type: Victory and horseman ; silver, round 557 NIKHcDOPOY Maharajasa jayadharasa Amti- ANTIMAXOY. Legend runs con- makhasa. tinuously round the coin. King on horse prancing to r. Winged Nike to 1. with palm PI. VII. and fillet, To L M. 34. W. 37. a *65. 558 Hemidrachm as No. 557. G. B. 559-564 565 As on No. 557, but to 1. M. 27. 566-569 570 As on No. 557, but to L M. 70. 571 As on No. 557, but to I. M. 15. 572 G. B. and M ()8) Type: aegis wreath; copper, square J 573 On three sides inscription as On three sides inscription as on on No, 557. No. 557. Aegis with Gorgon's head, Wreath and palm. In ex. M. 27. W. 150. G. B. PL VII. S. -95. 1 Coin B.M. Cat, PI. VIII. 4, has been attributed to Antialkidas, but is really a coin of Antimachos of this type. ANTIMACHOS NIKEPEORQS 71 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 574 As on No. 573. As on No. 573. G. B. S. -8. Unrepresented types : None. PHILOXENOS M (a) Type: bust of king avid horseTnan ; silver, round 575 BASIAEHS AWKHTOY Maharajasa apadihatasa Phila- 576 S. 1-1. M. 76. PL VII. 577 of No. in field As on No. 575, but bust king As on 575 ; lower is helmeted. S and M. 39. G. B. PL VII. S. 1-05. (/3) Type: bust of king and horseman ; silver, square 578 On three sides inscription as on On three sides inscription as on No. 575. No. 575. Helmeted bust of king to r. King on horseback to r. Monogram deleted. W. 37. G. B. PI. VII. 8. -65. 579 As on No. 578; in ex S and S. -55. M. 39. 580 As on No. 578 ; in ex. M, 42, S. *6. s 2 GEEEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse M in 581 As on No. 578, but king wears As on No. 578 ; ex. M. 34. diadem only. G. B. S. -55. 582 a -6. 583 As on No. 578 ; in ex. M. 38. S. -6. PL VII. Dwnder and bull (y) type: ; copper> square 584 On three sides inscription as on On three sides inscription as on No. 575. No. 575. Demeter standing to I. with Bull to r. r. hand raised and cornucopiae In ex. 2. inl. M. 39, W, 130. S. -85. 585 586 S. -8. G.B. 587-589 j> S. -8. 590 As on No. 584, but M. 34. As on No. 584, but in ex. Kh. va. S. -8. PL VII. 591 As on No. 590, As on No. 590. 592 593 G. B. 594 As on No. 590, but no mark in 595 exergue. PHILOXENOS 73 Metal No. Obverse Reverse JE 596 As on No. 590. As on No. 594. G.B. 597 As on No. 590, but no mono- As on No. 594, but in ex, M, 77. gram. G.B. S. -9. 598 Unrepresented types : (i) As type (a), but on obverse king helmeted to 1. and thrusting javelin. Didrachm size only. B. M. (ii) Sun-god facing ; copper, square. Nike, JB.jlf.Ca#.,Pl.Xin.9. Extremely rare. Forged. NIKIAS (a) Type: bust of king and warrior; silver, round 599 BAZIAEQ2 Maharajasa tratarasa Nihiasa. N1KIOY "Warrior fully accoutred to 1. Diademed bust of king to r. holding palm in 1. hand. To 1. M. 39. W. 37. PI. VII. S. -7. bust and M Type; of king horseman; coppert square 2 600 BACIAEWC CCOTHPOC On three sides inscription as on NIKIOY No. 599. Diademed bust of king to r. Eider on horse prancing to r. W. 130. S. -8x1. 1 The silver hemidrachms of Nikias are extremely rare, and are considerably forged. Though the word BAlAEjQ on this specimen is blundered, yet its workmanship, I or casts texture, and general appearance make its authenticity certain. have seen one two of this coin, 2 Note the late forms of the letters on these copper coins of Nikias, which are also peculiar in being without monogram. One or two specimens are known on which the letters are normal. Cp. coins Nos. 172 and 212 of Antialkidas. 74 GREEK KINGS OF BAGTRIA AND INDIA Metal Obverse Beverse ffo. M ,601 As on No. 600. As on No. 600. S. -85. 602 BACIAELJC CLUTHPDC NIK1E3Y G, B. PL VII. Diademed bust of king to r. S. -8. 603 S. -7x-9. Unrepresented type : As type (ft). Dolphin twined round anchor. B.M. Oft., PL XIII. 12. HIPPOSTBATOS bust and round M (a) Type; of king city goddess ; silver, 604 BA2IAEJC1Z 2HTHPD2 Maharajasa tmtarasa lligustra- I17TTD2TPATDY tasa. Diademed Ibust of king to r. City goddess to L, carrying cornucopiae. W- 155 (looped). To r. Kh. a. S. M. To L M. 78. 605 S. 1-05. G. a 606 a MS. G.B. PL VIII. 607 S. 1-1. G.B. 608 S. 145. G.B. 609 W. 36. G.B. PL VOL S. -65. 1 The hexnidraohms of Hippostratos are extremely rare. There are three in this Collection. EIPPOSTRATOS Metal No. Obverse Beverse bust with title (/3) Type: of king and horseinan, METAAQY ; silver, round 610 BASIAEni MEfAAQY Maharajasa tratarasa mahatasa nyHpDS mnazTPATQY jayamtasa Hipustratasa* Diademed bust of king to r. King in full panoply on horse prancing to r. W. 135. To r. M. 79. S. 1-15. To 1. Kb. mam. In ex. Kh, pri. G, B, PL YIII. 611 S. 1-05. G. B. 612 S. 1-1. G. B. 613 As on No. 610, but in ex. S. M. Kh. lo. As on No. 610, but in ex. M. 80 S. 145. only. G. B. PL VIII. 615 As on No. 610. W. 37. G.B. PL VIII. S. -7. e: 6 without title (/) TyP as ty'P (P)> Iw* MEfAAQY ; &ttver, round 616 BASIAE02 SnTHPOS MaharoQasa tratarasa jayamtasa innOSTPATOY Hipustratasa. Diademed bust of king to r. As on No. 614. G. B. PL VIII. W. 37. S. -75. Didrachm in B, M. 76 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse as but round M (8) Type: type (ft), standing horse; silver, 617 As on No. 610. As on No. 610, but horse is standing to r. 8. Mo. To r. M. 79. To 1. Kb. mam. In ex. Kh. pa. G. B. PL VIII. 618 S. 1-15, G.B, 619 As on No. 617, but in ex. S. 1-05. Kb. na. G.B. 620 As on No, 617, but in ex. S. M. Kh. sra. G.B. 621 As on No. 617, but nothing in S. 1-15. exergue. G.B. and M (e) Type: Apollo tripod ; copper, square 622 Apollo to r. carrying arrow in both hands. tasa. To 1. BAZIAEJQ2 Tripod-lebes* Above, inTHPOS To r. Kh. a. TO r. innorrpATOY To 1. M. 78, G.B. W. 140. S, -9. 623 624 8. -9x-75 and -9. G.B. 625 626 a 627 8. -8. PL VIIL HIPPOSTBATOS 77 Metal No. Obverse Reverse Type: Apollo and tripod ; copper, round 628 As on No. 622, but round. As on No. 622. but round. To 1. M. 80. W. 212-5, G. B. PL VIII, a 1-2. : enthroned and horse (17) Type deity ; copper> square 629 Inscription as on No. 622. Kh. legend on three sides Maha- Deity on square-backed throne. rajasa tratarasa jayatasa ffipu- siratasa. W. 90. Within reel and pellet border, S. -85. horse standing to 1. To 1. M. 80. Large size known, G. B. PL VIII. 630 S. -9 x -75. G. B. triton (6) Type: and city goddess ; copper> square 631 Inscription as on No, 622. Kh. legend as on No. 622, Triton holding dolphin and City goddess to 1. with mural rudder. crown and palm. To r. Kh. a. W. 270. To I. M. 78. 8. 1*1. G. B. PL VIII. Unrepresented types : None. TEEOPHILOS (a) Type: Herakles and cornucopiae; copper, square 632 BA2IAEX1I AIKAIOY Maharajasa dhramikasa Theil- 0EOIAOY philasa. Bust of Herakles to r. with Cornucopiae. club over 1. shoulder. To L M. 34. PL VIII. W. 120. S. -8. 633 a -8. G. B. 78 GREEK KINGS OF BAOTEIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse Herakles and club; copper t square M (|8) Type; 634 l Inscription as on No. 632. Inscription as on No. 632. Bust of Herakles to r. wrapped Club. in lion's skin. To r. M. 39. G. B. PL VIII. W. 114. S. -9. Unrepresented type : The silver hemidraehm. , 3. Jf. Ctefc , PI. XXXI. Now in B. M. AMYNTAS bust and Zeus round M (a) Type: of king Nikephoros; silver, 635 BAIIAEjQZ N1KATOPOS MaJiarajasa jayadhwrasa Ami- AMYNTOY tasa. Diademed bust of king to r. Zeus with long sceptre seated to 1. on throne; Nike on his out- W. 33. stretched r. hand. S. -65. To 1. M. 81. G.B. 636 As on No. 635, but to 1. M. 71, S. .7. Pi. VIII. lust with and JS 08) Type: of king sceptre Pallas; copper, square 637 Bust of king to r. in Phrygian Inscription as on No. 635. cap with sceptre over shoulder. Draped figure of Pallas to 1. Tol. BASIAEHZ with shield and spear. Above, NIKATOPOS To L M. 42. To, r. AMYNTOY G. B. PL VIII. W. 140. 1 This unique coin was in the White King Cabinet and has come to the Museum via the Bleazby Collection. It was published by Mr. Yincent Smith in his paper 'ISTumismatie Notes and i Novelties ', J.A.S.2., 1897. AMYNTAS 79 Metal No. Obverse Keverse (y) Type: of king without sceptre and Pallas; copper, square 638 As on No. but does to I. 637, king As on No, 637 j M. 71. not carry sceptre. S. -85. 639 As on No. 637; monogram S. -85. deleted. Unrepresented types : (i) The didracbm, helmeted bust to r. DIdrachm known of this type only. Unique : much forged. JS.JJf.Otf., PI. XIV. 9. (ii) As type (a), but king wears flat cap (fc#wst*a). B. M. Cunningham, PI. XIII. 2. to 1. B. (iii) As type (a) T but diademed bust of king thrusting javelin. M. (iv) As type (iii), but bust is helmeted. B. M. Unpublished. TELEPHOS (a) Type : enthroned Zeus and warrior ; copper, square 640 ] Zeus to 1. on throne with long To r. Maharotjasa. sceptre in 1. hand, and r. arm Above, kalanakramcbsa. outstretched. To 1. TdipJiasa. To i. BAZIAEHZ Male figure, with cloak and cap, Above, EYEPfETOY walking to r. with r. arm out- To r. THAE00Y stretched and long spear over 1. shoulder. Below the spear is a W. 126 conical object which maybe apilos ; S. -9X-75. cp. a similar object on coin No. 131. To r. M. 82. PI. VIII, 041 S. -9X-75. (poor) 1 A hemidrachm of Telephos was discovered about the year 1841, and for many years the existence of this Indo-Graecian king remained known from this one specimen. Two more are now in the Berlin Museum, and were published in Von Ballet's monograph. coins JDte Naehfolger Alexander ties Grossen in Mien. Kecently one or two copper of Teleplios Mr. Vincent Smith of two different types have come to light. Type (ii) was published by in < Numismatic Notes and Novelties*, Part III, J.A.S.B-, 1898. I published type (a) in N. S. XIV, from a good specimen in my own Cabinet. Since this latter publication I 80 GREEK KINGS OF BACTKIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse Unrepresented types : (i) The silver hemidraehm. JB.Jf.Ctt., PL XXXII. 7. obverse as but on the reverse is (ii) Inscriptions and design type (a), a crouching figure to r, possibly a city goddess. Now in B. M. M PEUKOLAOS (a) Type: Artemis awl city goddess; copper, square J3 l to 1. 642 Artemis standing to front draw- Crowned city goddess ; ing arrow from quiver at back palm in 1. hand, and flower-like with r. hand. object in r. [Greek legend on three sides : [Kh. legend on three sides : BAIIAEni AIKAIOY KAI Maharajasa dhramikasa tradarasa SXVTHPOZ TTEYKOAAOY] Peitkulaasa. To 1. M. 95.1 W. 135. G. B. PL VIII. S. -85X-75. Unrepresented types : None. acquired the two additional specimens of this second type which are now in the Lahore Museum. Of the hemidraehm Sir Alexander Cunningham remarked that its strange types offer nothing whatever to guide us in assigning Telephos a position either in time or place, and that its single monogram is not found on the coins of any other Greek prince. He surmised that Telephos may have ruled either in Peshawar or in the North-West Punjab for a few months just prior to the reign of Hermaios. The monogram on the hemidrachms of Telephos is not only common to them and to his coins copper of type (a), but is also found on the biga type of the silver coins of the Indo- ruler Manes and on a coin of Scythic (Moa) ? copper Maues. Copper coin type (ii) bears a monogram - which is only found elsewhere on square copper coins of Maues. As regards the design, crouching figure on type (ii) is unique in the entire Indo-Greek series, but the walking figure on the reverse of type (a) somewhat resembles that on the hemidraehm of Ag&thokleia. The obverse copper coin design is similar to the reverse design of the silver coins of Hermaios, and to that of the Maues silver pieces of the biga type. We are then to look for kinship in time and place with Maues, and this agrees very well with Cunningham's tentative conclusions. 1 This coin is in extremely poor condition, but I have inserted the legends and mint-mark from a fairly good specimen in the British Museum. A copper coin of Peukolaos was published by Mr. Vincent Smith in 'Numismatic Notes and Novelties', Part III, J.A.83., 1898. STRATO I WITH STKATO II 81 Metal No. Obwrse Keverse STEATO I WITH STRATO II (a) Type : bust of Strata I and Pallas; silver, round l 643 BAZIAEY STHPC Maharajasa - - sa casa priyapita Stratasa, Diademed bust of aged king Pallas to I. with aegis and to r. thunderbolt. To r. Kh. ri. W. 36. G. B. PL VIII. S. -6. 644 As No. 643; same part of Similar to No. 643. Greek inscription visible. S. -6. (]8) Type : Apollo and tripod ; lead, round Lead 645 Traces of Greek legend as on Traces of Kh. legend. No. 643. Tripod-lebes. Apollo to r. holding arrow in To r. Kh. vL both hands. To L Kh. ga. W. 133. S. -8. 646 As on No. 645, but to L Kh. spa. S. -8. 1 These coins were attributed by Cunningham to a StratoII, son of Sfcrato I, but Professor E. J. Rapson has shown that : (i) The cojns bear the joint names of Sfcrato Soter and Strato Philopator, who may be termed Strato I and Strato II, the Strato I being identical with the Strato already known from his coins ; (ii) Strato Philopator (Strato II) is not the son but is the grandson of Strafco Soter (Strato I) ; first (iii) the aged bust on the coins must be that of the Strato. The full Kharosthi inscription on the type of coin Wo. 643 is Maharajasa tratarasa Stratasa, poirasa &t,sa priyapifa Stratosa. 1 (The coin) of King Strato Soter, and of his grandson Strato Philopator,' These conclusions are contained in a paper 'Coins of the Graeco-Indian Sovereigns Agathocleia, Strato I Soter, and Strato II Philopator', CoroUa Numisvnatica, Oxford, 1906. GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse Lead 647 As on No. 645. As on No. 645, but to r. Kh. la. S. -65. PL VIII. Unrepresented types : None. HERMAIOS (a) Type: diademed bust of king and enthroned Zeus; M silver, round 648 BASIAEjQI SHTHPOZ MaJiarajasa tratarasa Herama- EPMAIOY yasa. Diademed bust of king to r Zeus radiate seated to 1. on throne; long sceptre in 1. hand; W. 145, r. arm outstretched. 3. 1. To r. M. 83. G.B. 649 As on No. 648, but to r. M. 84, S. 1. and under throne Kh. sa. PL IX. As on but form As on No. to r. 650 No 648 3 square 648; Kh, ga\ of Greek letter 0, thus D. to 1. M. 85 G.B. S. 1. 651 As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 87 and Kh. ma \ to 1. M. 86. S. 1. 652 As on No. 648. As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 88. G.B. W. 37. S. -65. 653 S. -65. G.B, 654 As on No, 648 ; to L M. 38. S. -75. HERMAIOS Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 655 Hemidrachm as No. 648. As on No, 648; to 1. M. 61. G. B. 656 As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 37. G. B. 657 As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 24. G. B. PL IX, 658 As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 85. 659 As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 89. 1. 660 As on No. 648 ; to M. 80, 661 As on No. 648. 662 As on No. 650. As on No. 648 ; to r. M. 91 ; to 1. M. 90. as lut round M (0) Type: type (a), copper, 668 Similar to No. 648. Similar to No. 648 ; to 1. M. 92. G.B. W. 143. S. 1. 664 S. 1. 665 As on No. 663, but to 1. M. 93. 8. 1. G.B. 666 8.1. G.B. PI. IX. 667 8.1. G.B. GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA Metal Reverse No. Obverse JS 668-673 As on No. 663. As on No. 665. S. 1. 674 jj As on No. 663, but monogram 675 S. 1. deleted. bub with (y) Type: as type (/S), legends 2THP022Y and mahat&sa; copper, round 676 l As on No. 663, but inscription Mahamjasa maha illegible. As on No. 663, To r. Kh. pro, and M. 94. W.56. To L monogram similar to M. S. -75. G. B. 677 ---Q2 2Y---AIDY Maha Heramayasa. 678 As on No. 663. As on No. 676. S. -75. : bust horse (8) Type of king and ; copper , square 679 Radiate bust to r. of king in Horse standing to r. Phrygian cap. To r. Maharajasa. Tol. BAZIAEnS Above, trataraxa. Above, SQTHP02: To L H&ramayasa. Tor. EPMAIOY PL IX. W. 125, S. -75. 680 S. -7. G.B. 681 S. -8. 1 Coins Nos. 676 to 678 are of the type of Cunningham, PL XIV. 14. The full legends are probably BAEIAEnS ZTHP022Y EPMAIOY and Mafwrajasa mahatasa Meramayaw. HEKMAIOS 85 Metal No. Obverse Beverse bust and round M (e) Type: ofkmg MJce; copper, 682 J THPDS Diademed bust of king to r. Winged Nike to I. with palm and wreath. W. 45. To r. M, 94. S. -65. PL IX. - 683 BACA - - EPMDY sa rajarqjasa As on No. 682 ; to r. M. 94; to W. 29. 1. Kh. pra, S. -6. G.B. 684 As on No. 683, but 685 illegible. G. B. S. -6. 686-688 S. -65. 689 Maharajasa S. As on No. 682. 600 As on No. 682, but Nike facing ; S. -65. legend and monograms rubbed. G. B. 691 S. 65. 692 As on No. 682, but Nike turned S. -6. tor. Uncertain monogram to L 1 Coins Nos. 682 to 692 are of the type of Cunningham, PI. XIV, 15. The full legends are BASIAEnZ STHPD22Y EPMAIDY and Mahajarasa rajarajasa maMtosa Heramayasa. as the coins of Hermaios and I. Types (9) and (e) hare the same Greek legend joint Kadpliises For remarks on the Greek form ZTHPDZZY see footnote to the Kush&n Section of this Catalogue, Coin No. 1. The Kharosthi legend on type (e) makes it a link between the Indo-Greek coins proper and those of the Sakas. 86 GREEK KINGS OF BACTEIA AND INDIA Metal ObTerse Reverse No. Unrepresented types : but helmeted bust (i) As type (a), ; didrachm and hemidrachm size inB.M. Cunningham, PL XIV. 8, Zeus as (ii) Mounted horseman tor*; legends Enthroned on type (a). as on type (a). Hemidrachm now in B. TL Unique, (iii) Cunningham, PL XIV, 10. M Now in B. It HEEMAIOS AND KALLIOPE busts and munked round & (a) Type: conjugate king ; silver, 893 BASIAE&S IQTHPOS Makamjasa tratamsa Herama* EPMAIOY KAI KAAAIOTfHI Conjugate diademed busts of King panoplied and armed on king and queen to r. horse prancing to r. 1188. W. 87. G. B. PL IX. S, -65. Known only in hemidrachm size. 8. -65 697 698 S. -65, Unrepresented types : None, SUPPLEMENTARY Obverse Beverae (i) Diademed head of Zeus to r. Eagle with head turned to L, and thunder- M Tetradraehm. B. M. bolt. Greek legend AAEEANAPOY. Probably a coin of Alexander struck PL IX. in or near India. SOPHYTES (ii) Heimeted head of king to r. Cock. PL IX. | JR Drachm. B. M. Cai. DEMBTBIOS (iii) Diademed bust of king to r. Pallas armed. PL IX. M Tetradrachm. B. M. EUKBATIDES WITH HELIOKLES AXD LAODIKE (iv) Helmeted bust of to r. busts of Heliokles and Laodike. king [ Conjugate " J2. Cat. PL IX M Tetradrachm. M. \ PLATO (v) Helmeted bust of king to r, Deity in quadriga. PL IX. M. Tetradrachm. B. M. Cat. STBATO WITH AGATHOKLEIA (vi) busts of Strato and Agatho- Pallas to 1. PL IX. M Didrachm. B. E. 3". Rapson, Corolla Numismatica. STBATO WITH AG^ATHOKLEIA (vii) Diademed bust of Agathokleia. Armed male figure to r. PL IX. JE Hemidrachm. B. M. E. J. Eapson, Corolla Numismatica. THEOPH1LOS (viii) Diademed bust of king to r. Herakles. PL IX. JR Hemidrachm. B. M. BHADAYASA (is) Early imitation of Strato's currency. PL IX. M Hemidrachm. B. M. E. J. Rapson, Corolla Numismatica, TELEPHOS (x) Figure with serpent tails. Grod and goddess standing to front. M Hemidrachm. PI IX. Bodleian Library Collection. Two duplicates in the Berlin Museum. G 2 SECTION II COINS OF THE INDO-SCYTHIANS AND INDO-PARTHIANS INTRODUCTION THE first Section of this work has treated of the coins of the Greek invaders of North-West India. We now come to the next in chrono- order logical of the foreign lines which are known to us chiefly through their coins, the so-called Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian dynasties, The Indo-Scythian, Kushan, and White Hun invasions mark the subjection of the extreme North-West of India to tribes which came from regions of Central Asia. Apart from the coins and the to scanty inscriptions, the only information we can glean as the Indo-Scythians and their immediate successors, is to be found in 1 the Rajatamfaginl, the Sanskrit metrical chronicle of Kashmir, in the official annals of the Chinese dynasties, and in the records of those Chinese pilgrims who visited the sacred Buddhist sites in Northern India. According to Chinese accounts, the Sakas Se or Sok a nomad horde living to the west of the Chinese Empire, were driven out of their lands by another nomad horde, the Yue-chi, and migrating into Ki-pin (Kashmir) about the end of the second century B.C., spread over a region which roughly corresponded with the present provinces of Sistan, Sind, and the North-West Panjab, They overthrew the east and Greek power in these parts, and established a new kingdom west of the Eiver Indus which is known as Indo-Scythia, The Greeks of Kabul probably maintained their independence- According to Indo- Cunningham, there were three distinct dynasties of Saka or Scythian rulers whose names have been preserved to us on their coins: one proceeding from Vonones and his lieutenants Spalahores and to the of the Indus a second from Spalagadames, holding west ; Maues or and in the and a third in Sind and Moa, Azes, Panjab ; Western Central India, to which the great satrap Nahapana belonged. The coins of the three prominent kings Maues, Azes, and Azilises, are These three found chiefly in the Panjab, and rarely in Afghanistan. rulers certainly preceded the Kushan conqueror Kujula Kadphises, with whom they seem to have had nothing in common, whereas 1 Translated by Sir Aurel Stein. 92 INDO-SCYTHIAN AND INDO-PAKTEIAN KINGS their connexion with the Saka dynasty o Vonones is undoubted, as are and was a joint coins of Azes and Spalirises known, Spaliri^es member o the Vonones dynasty. The name of Vonones is found in the Greek coin legends in the form ONnNOY, and the corresponding Kharosthi legends contain the names of two of his relatives, Spalahora (Spalahores) and Spalaga- dama (Spalagadames). That the latter were subordinate to Vonones is certain from the fact that the name and titles of Vonones are given in the Greek script as BASIAEHS BASIAEXIN METAAOY ON.QNOY, while Spalahora is merely called brother of the king, and Spalagadama is the son of Spalahora. On a square copper coin the Greek form of Spalah&rasa is given as STTAAYP1OZ, the presumed nominative of which is 2TT A AY PIS. We also possess similar coins struck by one as * brother of the with a Spalirisa (Spalirises) king ', Greek legend BASIAEnZ AAEA The name of Gad, mentioned by tradition as the brother of Gondo- phares, possibly occurs in the Kharosthi legend on the coins of Orthagnes. A reference is invited to the footnote on this point in the body of the Catalogue. Subordinate members of this dynasty are the satraps Zeionises, son of Manigul, Kharahostes, son of Arta, and Arsakes Theos. Probably the last king of the line was an anonymous ruler who is known on his coins merely by his titles of the King of Kings, the Great Saviour. His currency is found in copper only, and is extremely common all over the Panjab, as well as in Qandahar and in the Kabul Valley. All the coins without exception bear a three-pronged symbol, 5 , there is a which was evidently the peculiar device of this prince, but total absence of Greek monograms. Certain issues bear the single Kharosthi aJcsara vi in the field. The rule of this nameless king must have been both long and extensive. Why he should have remained anonymous is still a puzzle, though many investigators have attempted a solution of the mystery. In the above account of Vonones, Maues, and their successors, I have followed Cunningham, A modern view is expressed in Mr. Vincent A. Smith's article, 'The Indo-Parthian Dynasties', to which I have already alluded in this Introduction. Mr, Vincent Smith holds that the key to these problems is obtainable from the history of Parthia. Remarking on the square copper coin of Maues with horse obverse and bow-case reverse, Von Sallet observed in his Nachfolger Akxanders des Grossen that 'this fine coin is remarkable on account of the completely Arsakidan types, of which occur especially on the reverses of the copper money were the Arsakes VI (Mithradates I), and exactly copied by hitherto imperfectly known Arsakes Theos of Bactria. Without these indulging in further conjectures, we must maintain that both pieces indicate an Arsakidan rather than an Indo-Scythian origin for Maues/ Mr. Vincent Smith quotes this observation, and holds that Maues was a Parthian chieftain who, about 120 B.C., during the troubles which ensued upon the death of Mithradates I, made himself king of the Western Panjab, which seems to have formed an integral part of the Parthian dominions for a few years. Vonones was another Parthian chief who about the same time became king of Sistan and the Indian borderland. There is no adequate justification for describing the coins of Azes, Vonones, and the rest as coins of the Sakas. According to this view the terms Indo-Scythian and Saka disappear, and the dynasties under discussion become simply Indo-Parthian. I have already stated that the invasion of these Saka, or Parthian, who chiefs preceded that of the Kushan leader, Kujula Kadphises, 96 INDO-SCYTHIAN AND INDO-PAKTHIAN KINGS swept away the last remnants of Greek authority as represented by Hermaios, and annexed Kabul to the growing Kushan empire about the year A.D. 50. Thus the Saka dominion overlapped that of the Greeks, and it is supposed that some of the later Greek princes were driven out of the Panjab into the mountains, Artemidoros perhaps to Kashmir, and Dionysios, Zoilos, and the second Strato to Kangra. Late in the first century A. B., all the minor states of the Panjab, both Greek and Parthian, were absorbed by the second Kadphises into the Kushan monarchy. With the exceptions that Gondophares is mentioned in a single inscription and in a well-known early Christian tradition, both of which have been already touched upon, coins are our sole source of direct knowledge of the Indo-Scythie and Indo-Parthian dynasties. Of the rulers called Indo-Parfchian in this Catalogue, I suppose the only ones of undoubted Parthian lineage are Gondophares, Abdagases, Pakores and Arsakes Theos. I can Orthagnes, Sanabares, 3 only say of the others that perhaps they fall more naturally into this Section than into the third Section. Zeionises and Kharahostes may have been satraps of Taxila, and Eajavula was probably of Saka descent. Heraos has been called a Saka, and a Kushan, and the types of thp coins of Soter Megas ally him both to the Kushans and to the Indo- Parthians. Hyrkodes, Phseigacharis, and Sapaleizes are nondescripts. The subject is a difficult one, and the correct and full solution of all the problems involved must await the discovery of adequate epi- graphical evidence. For further information on this period I can refer the reader to the publications already mentioned in this Introduction, and in the Introduction to the first Section, and to the following : Dr. J. Marquart, JSranSahr. Berlin, 1901. V. A. Smith, 'The Kushan or Indo-Scythian Period of Indian Jl 1903. History ', R. A. 8., R. D. Banerji, 'The Scythian Period of Indian History', Indian Antiquary, 1908. There are Dr. Fleet's c and /. Moga, Maues, Vonones ', R.A.S., 1907, and other papers by the same authority, and introductory remarks in ' the papers, White Huns and Kindred Tribes in the History of the Indian North-West Frontier Sir Aurel ', by Stein, Indian Antiquary\ 1905, and F. W. Thomas's, 'The Date of Kanishka', with subsequent contributions by other specialists on the same subject, J", R. A. &, 1913. The Lahore Museum Collection of Indo-Scythic and Indo-Parthian coins is very good, and the number of unrepresented types is quite small. It contains an unpublished, unique silver coin of Maues, and INTRODUCTION 97 a similar piece of Azilises. Attention is directed to the superb silver coins of Azilises, nearly all of which, came from the Bleazby Collec- tion, The rarer silver types of this king are known from coins which are either unique, or at the most not more than two or three in number. All the silver types are shown here. The issues of Azes there is the rare coin of as the are excellently represented ; Spalirises brother and the the name of a coin king's ; gold piece bearing Athama, which is unique of its kind. As regards the Parthian series, there is a new and unpublished type of the satrap Kharahostes, and the coin which may contain the * name of Soter Megas. This was published in my paper Two Coins of Soter Megas', J. R. A. S., July, 1913. The Cabinet includes one or two specimens of the piece which I have attributed to Gondophares and Aspavarma. Apart from these coins there is nothing particu- larly noteworthy, but the Collection is thoroughly representative. 98 COINS OF THE INDOSCYTHIANS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse MAUES (MOA) Zeus and Nike round M (a) Type: ; silver, I BASIAEnN Itajatirajasa mahatasa Moasa. MEfAAOY MAYOY Winged Nike to r. with wreath Zeus carrying long sceptre, and palm. standing to 1. with r. arm out- Tor. M. 1. stretched. G. B. PLX. W. 135. S. 1. S. 1-1. W. 35. To r. M. 2, S. -75. G.B. PLX. Type : enthroned deity and Zeus Mkephoros; sHvery round Greek legend as on No. 1. Kh. legend as on No. 1. Enthroned deity to r, with long Zeus with long sceptre standing 1. sceptre in hand and r. arm out- to 1,, with Nike on outstretched stretched. r. hand. To r. Kh, wi. W. 36. To L Kh. ta. S. -7. G. B. PL X. head and caduceus round M (y) Type: elephant's ; copper, 5* In border of reels and pellets, Caduceus. elephant's head to r. with trunk Tor. BAZIAEHZ upraised and bell round neck ; no To I. MAYOY legend. M. 2. G.B. PLX. W. 130. S. 1. 1 This coin is unpublished and unique. 3 This type is modelled on that of a copper coin of Pemetrios No. 21. It is the commonest of the copper coins of Manes. All the specimens known to me bearmonogram M. 2. MATJES Metal No. Obverse Eeverse JE 6-8 As on No. 3. As on No. 5. G.B. S. 1. S. M. (S) Type : Artemis and bull ; copper, round 10 Greek legend as on No. 1 . Kh. legend as on No. 1. Artemis radiate to r., with veil Humped "bull to L floating round her head. To 1. M. 3. G. B. PI. X. W. 135. S. 1. 11 S. -95. To 1. M. 2. 12 S. 1. Monogram illegible. Type: lunar deity and Nike; copper> square 13 On three sides BASIAEjQS On three sides Eajatirajasa ma- BASIAEilN MEfAAOY MAY hatasa Moasa. OY Winged Nike to 1. with wreath Lunar goddess with long scep- and palm. tre standing to front between two To r. Kh. sa. star-like ornaments. To L 2. PL X. W. 168. S. 1X-8. As on No. 13, but no monogram .85. to r., and to 1. M. 4. G.B. (C) Type-" enthroned Zeus and city goddess; copper, square 15 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Zeus with long sceptre in L City goddess with turreted 1. r. to veil in hand to on throne j hand crown standing front, extended to a small radiate deity r. hand and long sceptre in L tol. To L M. 4. G. B. PI X. W. 144. 8. -9. 100 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse Zeus and wiale ; square M (77) Type: standing deity copper, 16 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Zeus carrying long sceptre Male deity with pointed cap standing to 1. with r. arm out- standing to front. stretched. To 1. M. 4. G.B. P1.X. W. HI. S. -95. (6) Type: Apollo and tripod; copper9 square 17 On three sides BASIAEnS On three sides Maharajasa MAYOY. Moasa. Apollo standing to front with - Within dotted border a tripod- arrow in r. hand and bow in 1. lebes. To 1. n. G.B. W. 35. S. -55. 18 S. -5. Pl.X. 19 Two coins 8. (i) Type: Poseidon with trident and Bacchante ; copper; square Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Poseidon standing to front with Female figure standing to front long trident in 1. hand and r. foot resting on a small radiate figure among vines). underneath him ; r. hand on knee. To r. M. 5. P1.X. W. 180. S. -95. This coin has been struck twice To 1. M. 4. by the same die in different positions. S. *95. 1 On the smaller coins of this type Poseidon stands with right arm outstretched. MAUES 101 Metal No. Obverse Reverse JB 22 As on No. 20. As on No. 20. Indistinct monogram in r. field. To 1. Kh, pri. G.B. S. -8. with (A:) Type: Poseidon trident, thunderbolt, and Bacchante; copper, square 23 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Poseidon standing to front with Design as on No. 20. long trident in 1. hand, and r. foot To r. Kh. a. resting on a small radiate figure underneath him; hurls thunder- bolt with r. hand at a small figure tor. W. 120. S. -8. (X) Type : Poseidon with thunderbolt and Bacchante ; copper, square Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Poseidon as on No. 23, but Design as on No. 20, grasps an object (possibly an To 1. M. 1 . aplustre or a palm-branch) with G. B. his 1. hand, to which a small figure is clinging, at whom he hurls thunderbolt with his r. hand. W. 125. S. -85. male with and (/i) Type: deity club, goddess; copper, square 25 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on " on No. 13. No. 13. Male deity striding to 1. with Goddess to r. with flowing flowing draperies, holding club in draperies. r. hand and long spear or sceptre Monograms deleted. PI. in 1. Monogram to L, but illegible. G. B. X. W. 180. S. 1. S. 1X-85. 102 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse : on horseback and Nike M (v) Type king ; copper, square 27 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. King on horseback to r. -with Winged Nike to 1. with -wreath couched lance. and palm. To 1. M. 1. W. 170. G. B. PI. X. S. 1X-8. Type: king on horseback and goddess; copper, square 28 Greek legend on three sides as Kh, legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. King on horseback to r. with Goddess striding to r. with over whip. flying draperies ; long sceptre 1. shoulder. W- 135. In r. upper field Kh. dami. S. 1 X -85. G.B. : seated (o) Type elephant and king ; copper , square 29 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 1 3. No. 13. In square frame elephant with In square frame king to front wreath in uplifted trunk running seated cross-legged on raised to r. cushion. In r. upper corner M. 1. W. 140. S. -9. 30 S. -9. 31 S. -9. G.B. P1.X. (TT) Type: running elephant and "bull; copper, square 32 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. In square frame elephant to r. Humped bull to r. holding wreath as on No. 29. To r. M. 1. G. B. PL X. W. 140. S. -9. S. -95. MAUES 103 Metal No, Obverse Reverse Type : elephant walking and bull ; copper, square JE 34 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 13. No. 13. Elephant walking to 1. with Bull to 1. trunk down. a. B. PI. x. Inscriptions illegible. W. 130. S. -95. (0-) Type: horse and boiv; copper, square 35 Horse to r. Bow in case. Tor. To r. Maharajasa* Tol. MAYOY To 1. Moasa. To 1. M. 2, PL X. W. 66. S. -8. Unrepresented types : of silver coin (i) The biga type known in the didrachm, hemi- drachm, and square hemi- drachm sizes, all now in the B. M. Cunningham, PI. II. 1, 2, 8. The square hemidrachm is the only known square silver coin of the Indo-Scythians. with shield or wheel. (ii) Mounted horseman. Deity Cunningham, PI. II. 7. Bound JE Lion. (iii) Herakles. Cunningham, PL II. 9. Bound JE (iv) Standing male figure with. ante. Aegis. Cunningham, PL II. 13. M Two specimens in B. M. be- Herakles. (v) Zeus Nikephoros enthroned ; fore him forepart of elephant with upraised trunk. -33 5. M. Cat., p. 70, No. 14. Design taken from that on the silver coins of Antialkidas. coin (vi) As type (0), but full-sized with, the usual bilingual legends in their entirety. M In B. M. Imitated from type (c) of Strato I. H 2 104 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Eeverse No. AZES (1) Type: mounted king ivith spear and standing Zeus; silver, round JR 36 BASIAEHS MaJmrajasa rajarajasa maha- MErAADY AZDY fasa Ayasa. Mounted king to r. holding Zeus standing to 1. with long couched spear. In ex. Kh. letter sceptre in 1. hand, and r. arm (indistinct). outstretched. Known in this size only. To r. Kh. mam. To 1. M. 6. W. 142. G. B. PL XL S. 1-1. (2) Type: mounted king ^uith spear and standing Zeus brandishing thunderbolt ; silver, As on No. 36. Kh. legend as on No. 36. Zeus standing to front with S. 1. long sceptre in 1. hand and brandishing thunderholt with r. To r. Kh. a. To 1. M. 7. G.B. 38 In ex. Kh. sa. G.B. PL XL W. 145. 8. 14. 39 W. 36. G.B. 8. -7. S. -6. PL XL (3) Type : mounted king with spear and standing Zeus holding thunderbolt ; silver, round As on No. 36. Kh. legend as on No. 36. In ex. Kh. ba. Zeus standing to front with long sceptre in 1. hand and holding W. 150, thunderbolt in r. hand. S. 1-1. To r. Kh. a. To 1. M. 7. AZES 105 Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 42 As on No. 41. As on No. 41. S. M. S. 1-1. 44 jj In ex. Kh. $a. S. M. Ex. blank. G. B. S. M. 46 i> S. M. G. B. PI. XL 47 W. 36. G.B. PI. XI. S. -65. 48 S. -7. G. B. 49 50 Same type but different style; To r. Kh. ra> 1. M. 8. cp. B. H. Cat., PI. XVII. 9. To W. 150. S. 1. 51 (looped) 8. 1. S. 1. To r. Kh. lo. it W. 36. To r. Kh. dhra. 8. -7. 106 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. (4) Type ; mounted king with ivhip and standing Zeus Nikepkoros; silver, round m. 54 Greek legend as on No. 36. Kh. legend as on No. 36. to Zeus to 1. Mounted king r. } holding standing with long whip in r. hand. sceptre in 1. hand and Nike on To r. Kh, a. outstretched r. hand. To 1. Kh. sa. To r. Kh. ra. To 1. M. 9. W. 152. S. 1. 55 To r. Kh sam alone. To r. additional mon. M. 10. G.B. S. 1. 56 To r. Kh. gra" PL XL S. 1. 57 53 To r. indistinct monogram. S. 1. 58 To r. Kh. snid! G.B. S. 1. 59 To r. Kh. sam" but instead of Kh. ra is Kh. S. >9. 60 " To r. Kh. va. S. -9. 61 " To r. Kh. la. but instead of M. 9 is M. 11. S. -9. AZES 107 Metal Obverse Reverse No. 62 As on No. 54, Kh. legend as on No. 36, but To r. Kh. monogram. rajatirajasa instead of rajarajasa. As on No. 54. S. -95. To r. M. 10 and Kh, dhra. To 1. M. 12. 63 As on No. 54. To r. Kh. monogram. To r. Kh. sam. To 1. M. 13. S. 1. G. B. 64 3 To r. Kh. mi, To r. Kh. dhra and o. Tol. Kh. omandM. 13. S. 1. 65 To r. Kh. fa. To r. Kh. bra and sa. To 1. Kh. ht. S. -9. G. B. 66 As on No. 54, Three coins To r. Kh. a. W. 36. S. -6. 67 Two coins Tor. M. 13. G.B. 68 " As on No. 55* Two coins To r. Kh. da. 69 " To r. Kh. me. 70 Two coins To r. Kh. ga. 71 ' To r. Kh. fa. 108 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse M 72 As on No. 54. As on No. 55. To r. Kh. jpr#. 73 To r. Kb. ba. but Kh. dhra instead of Kh. ra. Three coins To r. Kh. a. 75 As on No. 61, but Kh. a instead To r. Kh. ma. of Kh. bu. 76 As on No. 6 1 , but Kh. fia instead To r. Kh. sa. of Kh. bu. 77 As on No. 54. Tor.M. 14. To r. additional mon. Kh. 78 As on No. 54. Two coins To r, Kh. ca. To r. additional mon. Kh. a. 79 To r. Kh. ba and ri. To 1. M. 9. 80 To r. O- To r. Kh. monogram. To 1. M. 9. 8* Four coins To r. Kh. u. Tor. Kh. ra and pa. To L M. 9. To r. Kh. mi. Additional monogram to r. A. Two coins To r. Kh. to. AZES 109 Metal No. Obverse Keverse 84 As on No. 54. As on No. 54. To r. Kh. mi. Tor. M. 15 andKh. 85 To r. Kh. sa. 86 Five coins To r. Kli, bu. To r, Kh. sam. To 1. M. 16. 87 Four coins To r. Kh. cam. 88 Five coins To r. Kh. de. 89 To r. Kh. sa. 90 Two coins To r. Kh. sani. To r. Kh. dhra and a. To 1. M. 16. 91 To r. Kh. mi. 92 To r. Kh. de. 93 To r. Kh. im. To r. Kh. jim. To 1. M. 16. 94 To r. Kh. bra. To r. Kh. a. To 1. M. 16. 95 To r. Kh. ba. To r, Kh. *i and A. Tol. M. 16. 110 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal < Obverse Reverse STo. 96 As on No, 54. As on No. 54. To r. Kh. la. To r. Kh. monograms* 97 Two coini To r. Kh, de. To r. Kh. a and 8. To 1. M. 16. 98 To r. Kh. la. 99 Two coins To r. Kh. ha. but instead of Kh. a is Kh. am. 100 Two coins To r. Kh. lu. 101 To r. Kh. sa. 102 To r. Kh. ta. 103 Three coins To r. Kh. la. To r. Kh. ma and sa, To 1. M. 16. 104 To r. Kh. de. To r. Kh. lu. To L M. 12. As on No. 62. Two coins To r. Kh. sa. 106 Four coins but instead of M. JO is M. 17. 107 To r. Kh. monogram. AZES 111 Metal No. Obverse Eeverse M 108 As on No. 54. As on No. 106. To r. Kh. de. 109 To r. Kh. ka. 110 As on No. 54. Two coins Tor. Kh. Tor. M. 12. To 1. A and Kh. dhra. 111 To r. Kh. go. but instead of A is Kh. jha. 112 To r. Kh. scm. but instead of A is B. 113 To r. Kh. de. To r. Kh. so. To 1. S. To r. Kh. sam. To r. additional mon. M. 13. 115 To r. Kh. sa. 116 To r. Kh. Team. but instead of M. 13 is M. 16. 117 To r. Kh. na. G.B. 118 To r. Kh. ta. To r. M. 10, IT, and Kh. To 1. M. 11. 119 To r. Kh. de. To r. B and Kh. a. 112 INDO-SCYTKIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 120 As on No. 54. As on No. 54. Two coins To r. Kh. leu. To r. Kh. sew* To 1. M. 18. G. B. 121 To r. Kh. ra. 122 To r. Kh. a. PL XI. 123 As on No. 64. 124 As on No. 54, but Zeus has a Two coins To r. Kh. i different head-dress, possibly a helmet. To r. Kh. monogram. To 1. M. 9. 125 Five coins To r. Kh. monogram. To r. 8 and Kh. w. 126 Similar to Nos, 124 and 125. PI. XL Ten coins (5) Type: mounted king with spear and Pallas with thunderbolt ; silver, round 127 BAIIAEHI BAZIAEON Mahamjasa rajarajasa maha- MEFAADY AZDY tasa Ayasa. King on horseback to r. holding Pallas to 1. with aegis and couched lance. thunderbolt. To r. Kh. a. W. 141. To L M. 19. S. 1-05. G. B. PL XL 128 8.1. 129 S. M. AZES 113 114 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Keverse No. Obverse JR 143 As on No. 127, As on No. 136. Two coins To r. Kh. 00. 144 To r. Kh. ga. (6) Type : mounted king with whip and Pallas standing to left ; silver, round 145 BAI1AEHN Makarajasa rajarajasa maha- MEfAADY AZDY tasa, Ayasa* King on horseback to r. holding Pallas standing to 1. with shield whip in r. hand. on 1. side and r. arm outstretched To r. Kh. go. tol. To r. M. 20. W. 143. To 1. Kh. a. S. 1. G. B. PL XI. 146 To r, Kh. sam. W. 35. S. -65. 147 B. -65. 14S As on No. 145. G. B, PL XI. S. -7. (7) Type; mounted king with whip and Pallas standing to right with outstretched arm; silver, rmnd 149 As on No. 145. Kh, legend as on No. 145. To r. Kh. ri or ti. Pallas standing to r. with r. arm outstretched and shield and W. 140. spear on 1. side. S. -95. To r. M. 12. To 1. A and Kh. ri. 150 S. -95. AZES 115 Metal No. Obverse Keverse M 151 As on No, 149. As on No. 149, but rajatirajasa^ 152 To r. another Kb. monogram. Tor. M. 16. To 1. M. 21. S. -95. 153 As on No. 149. S. 1. 154 155 To r. Kh. la. To r. M. 22. To 1. 156 To r. Kh. sa. To L M. 15 alone. G.B. 8. 1. 157 As on No. 149. To r. Kh. so. To r. M. 26. To 1. M. 23. i. a G.B. PI. XL 158 159 To r. Kh, sa. Tor. M. 11. To L M. 24. W. 35. PI. XL S. -6. 160 161 To r. Kh. la. 8. -65. 162 G.B. 163 To r. Kh. da. G.B. 164 ' To r. Kh. tha. G.B. 165 To r. Kh. de. To r. M. 25. To L M. 19. G.B. 116 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Keverse No. Obverse Pallas (8) Type : mounted king ivith whip and standing to r. round M ; silver, 166 As on No. 145. As on No. 145, but r. arm is by To r. Kb. &. side. To r. M. 26. W. 34. To L M. 23. S. -6. G. B. PL XL Didrachm also known. Cunningham, Coins of the Sakas, PL V. 13. (9) Type : mounted king with whip and Pallas crowning herself; silver, round 167 As on No. 145. Kb. legend as on No. 145. 16S To r. Kh. sam. Pallas standing to front with shield on 1. arm and spear at her W. 36. back; she crowns herself with her S. -7. r. hand. To r. M. 7. Also in didrachm size, B.M.Cat. To 1. Kh. monogram. 4 rare. PL XVIII. ; very 169 170 To r. M. 19. To 1. Kh. a. 171 G.B. 172 To r. M. 24. To L same Kh. monogram as on No. 167, PL XL 173 G.B. 174 To r. Kh. so. G.B. AZES 117 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 175 As on No. 167. As on No. 167. Two coins To r. Kh. la. G. B. 176 out "without akswa. G. B. (10) Type : mounted king with whip and Poseidon standing to r. ; silver, round 177 As on No. 145. Kh. legend as on No. 145. To r. Kh. pra. Poseidon holding long trident standing to r. with r. arm out- W. 148. stretched. S. -95. To r. Kh. si. To 1. M. 27. PI. XI. 178 W. 34. G. B. PL XI. S. -6. (11) Type: mounted king with spear and goddess with palm; silver, round 179 BAZIAEQS BASIAEHN Maharajasa rajarajasa maha~ MEfAAOY AZOV King on horseback to r. holding Goddess to L with palm in 1. couched lance. hand and flames on outstretched r. hand. W. 142. To r. Kh. mi. S. 1-05. To 1. M. 28 and Kh. dhra. G. B. PL XL 180 181 S. M* 182 To r. Kh. dfvra. To r. Kh. sa. 8.1. To 1. M. 27. G.B. 118 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse M 183 As on No. 179. As on No. 179. PL XL W, 35. S. .65. 184 S. -6. To r. Kh. si. ToLM. 11. G. B. am? JTi/ce; s&Zver, round 185 BASIAEHS BASIAEHN MaJiarajasa rajarajasa maha- MEfAAOY AZOV tasa Ayasa. Zeus standing to 1. with long Winged Nike to r. with palm sceptre in 1. hand and r. arm out- and wreath. stretched. To r. M. 29. Known in this size only, W. 36. S. -7. 186 G.B. 187 B. PL XL (13) Type: king seated cross-legged and Hermes; copper, round 188 BASIAEHN Maharajasa rajarajasa maha- MEfAAQY AZDY tasa Ayasa. King seated cross-legged to Hermes with caduceus in L hand front on raised cushion with head walking to 1. with r. arm out- turned to L; sword or mace stretched. across body, and ankus in out- To r. M. 10 and Kh. ra. stretched r. hand. To 1. M. 9. To r. Kh. vi. S. -35. 189 To L Kh. S. -9. AZES 119 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 190 As on No. 189. As on No. 188. Instead of M. 1 is A . S. -9. 191 )5 Two coins S. -9. 192 f> S. -9. To r. Kh. ra alone. 193 194 To 1. Kh. gra. G. B. S. -95. 195 99 To 1. Kh. monogram. PL XI. W. 170. S. 1-15. 196 " To 1. Kh, ku. To r. M. 10 and Kh. a. G.B. S. -9. 197 99 S. 1. 198 J> 199 S. -9. To r. Kh. de alone. 200 To 1. Kh. monogram. G.B. S, -95. 201 As on No. 188. 202 To 1. To r. Kh. sam. To 1. M. 18. a .95. G. B. I 2 ISO INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. 203 As on No. 188. As on No. 201. To 1. symbol. G.B. S. -95. 204 As on No. 188. Tol. Kb. pa. Tor. Kh, foandM. 10. To ]. M. 21. S. -85. G.B. 205 Two coins S. -85. 206 S. -85. 207 S. -7. 208 Two coins S. -75. (14) Type: enthroned Demeter and Hermes; copper, round 209 Greek legend as on No. 188. Kh. legend as on No. 188. Demeter seated on throne, r. Hermes to left, r, arm extended, arm extended, 1. hand holding caduceus in 1. hand. cornucopiae. To r. M. 24. To 1. Kh. monogram. W. 200. G.B. S. 1-1. 210 211 3. M. G.B. ,212 Two coins S. 1. G.B. 213-216 S. M. 217 S. 145. PI. XI. AZES 121 INDO-SCYTKIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Keverse 228 As on No. 220. As on No. 220. Three coins In upper field Kh. monogram. To r. Kh. v. S. -6. 229 Two coins W. 33. To r. Kh. sam* S. -6. G. B. 230 3. -6. (17) Type: mounted king with title dhramikasa, and stcmding Demeter; copper, round 231 Greek legend as on No. 188, but Maharajasa mahatasa dhrami- barbarous . Jcasa rajatirajasa Ayasa, King with whip on horseback Demeter standing to front with tor. r. arm extended and cornucopiae To r. M. 30. in 1. hand. To r. Kh. mon. segasa* W. 145. PI. XII. S. -85. 232-237 238-240 G. B. (18) Type: Poseidon and Bacchante ; copper, square * 241 On three sides BAZIAEQS On three sides Maharajasa BASIAEflLN MEfAAOY AZOV rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa. Poseidon standing to front with Female figure standing to front trident in 1. long hand and r. foot between trees (possibly Bacchante on shoulder of a small to figure L ; among Tines). r. hand rests on knee. To 1. M. 29. G.B. W. 170. S. M. 1 Coins of this type seem commonly to have been restruck on suitable issues of the Greek In this kings. Collection there are two specimens restruck on coins of Apollodotos (type B. M. Cat., PL X. 6) and Hippostratos respectively, while in the British Museum there is a restruck on a coin of specimen large Hippostratos copper type 5. If. Cte#., PI. XIV. 8. AZES 123 Metal No. Obverse Eeverse 242 As OTI No. 241. As on No. 241. 243 G. B. S. 1. 244 This coin has been restruck on G.B. a large coin of Apollodotos of type Cunningham, Coins of Alexanders Successors, PI. IX. 1 1 , PL X. 6. S. M. 245 As on No. 241. G.B. S. 1*05. 246 This coin has been restruck G.B. on a large coin of Hippostratos oftype&Jf. 0ofc, PL XIV. 6. S. IX 1-2. 247 As on No. 241. 248 S. 1. 249 S. -9. (19) Type: male deity with club, and goddess; copper, square 250 Greek legend as on No. 241. Kh. legend as on No. 241. Male deity striding to 1. with Goddess to r. with flowing flowing draperies, club in r. hand draperies. and long sceptre in L To r. M. 29. Cp. B. M. Oat., p. 89, No. 185, of and type (j^) Maues. a -75. 124 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse (20) Type: mounted king and Pallas ; copper, round 251 Barbarous Greek legend. Maharajasa rajatirajasa maha- King with whip on horseback tasa Ayasa. tor. Pallas, armedj standing to r. Kh. monograms l/iu and lam. To r. M. 16. To 1. M. 31 and Kh. dha. W. 145. S. -8. 252 As on No. 251, but different Kh, monograms. PL XII. 253 S. -5. G.B. (21) Type: HeraJdes and horse; copper, square l 254 On three sides BASIAEQS On three sides Kh. legend, only BAZIAEHN ME[fAAOY partly visible, as on No. 241. AZOV] Horse standing to r. Above it, Herakles standing to front with Kh. mi. club and lion's skin in 1. hand, G. B. PI. XII. and wreath in r. hand with which he is crowning himself. To 1. M. 32. W. 145. S. -9. (22) Type : mounted king and seated Herakles; copper, square 255 In square frame mounted king In square frame Herakles seated to r. holding couched lance. to 1. on rock with club resting on To 1. BASIAEnS knee. Above, BAIIAEJQN On three sides Maharajasa Tor. MEfAAOY mahatasa Ayasa. Below, AZOV To r. M. 1. PL XII. W. 110. S. -85. 1 This coin belongs to one of the types common to Azes and Azilises. I have published a coin ofthis type exhibiting both names, Azilises in Greek and Azes in Kharosthi N. S. XIV. AZES 125 Metal No. Obverse Eeverse (23) Type : moused king and standing Hemkles ; copper, square 256 In square frame mounted king In square frame Herakles stand- ,o r. Greek legend, probably as ing to front with club and lion's on No. 255. skin in 1. hand, and crowning This is coin No. 127 on p. 36 himself with wreath in r. if the Rodgers Catalogue. It is To r. Haharajasa. still unique. Above, [rajarajasd]. To 1. mahatasa. W. 58. Below, Ayasa. S. -7. R. Kh. monogram. L. Kh. to. PL XII. (24) Type : bull and lion ; copper, round 257 BASIAEHZ BASIAEHN Maharajasa rajatirajasa maha- MEfAADY AZDY tasa Ayasa. Humped bull to r. Lion (or leopard) to r. In upper field M, 19. In upper field M. 25. .B. W. 220. S. 1. 258 259 In upper field M. 15, and to r. In upper field M. 22. G. B. S. 1-05. 260 In upper field M. 23, and to r, In upper field M. 26. Kh. monogram. G.B. 261 262 S. 14. 263 field Kh. mon. sasi. 264 In upper field M. 24, and to r, In upper Kh. monogram. G. B. PI. S. 145. 126 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal Eeverse No. Obverse M 265 As on No. 263. As on No. 263. Two coins S. 14. 91 267 S. 14. 268 ? As on No. 257. S. 14. In upper field M. 11. 269 270 S. 1. 271 In upper field M. 28, and to r, In upper field M. 33. Kh. & G.B. S. 1-1. 272 273 S. 14. 274 " To r. Kh. Jca. a i. 275 9) In upper field M, 33. In upper field Kh. mon. sram. S.I. 276 277 Tor. Kh. si S. 1. 278 As on No. 263. As on No. 268. KB. W. 107. , S. 1. AZES 127 Metal No. Obverse Beverse JB 279 As on No. 257. As on No. 257, In upper field M. 24. In upper field M. 22. a.B. W. 108. S. -8. 2SO As on No. 275, As on No. 275. S. -8. 2S1 282 To r. Kh. pra. In upper field M. 31, and to r. Restruck. Kh. ra. S. -8. (25) Type: elephant and bull; copper, round 283 Greek legend as on No. 257. Maharajasa rajarajasa maha- Elephant -walking to r. tasa Ayasa. In upper field Kh. a. Humped "bull to r. In upper field M. 19 and Kh. a. W. 210. S. 1. 284 285 S. 1. G-.B. 286 JJ 287 No Kh. monogram. In upper field M. 19 and M. 28. S. M. 288 W. 110. PL XH. S. -85. 289 W. 100. S. -9. 138 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse and bull JS (26) Type: elephant ; copper, square 289 a Fragmentary Greek legend. ra[ja]sa Elephant to r. Bull to 1. This coin is more probably an issue of Azes than of Maues or of Azilises. It differs from B. M. Cat., PI. XIX. 12, W. 23. S. -55X-45. (27) Type: mounted king and bull; copper, square 290 King on horseback to r. holding Bull to r. couched lance. To r. Maharajasa. To 1. BASIAEnS Above, rajarajasa. Above, BASIAEnN To 1. mahatasa. Tor. MEFAAQY Below, Ayasa. Below, AZDY In upper field M, 19 and Kh. a. Also known in smaller sizes. W. 187. S. -9. 291 S. -9. G. B. 292 293 To r. Eh. & In upper field M, 19 and M. 28. G. B. PL XII. S. -9. 294-297 " To r. Eh. sa. In upper field M. 15. S. -9. 298 As on No. 290. As on No 294. 299 To r. additional Kh, dhra. S. -85. 800 As on No. 294. As on No. 294. Eestruck. S, -9. AZES 129 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 301 As on No. 290. As on No. 294. Above, rajatirajasa. S. -9. G.B. 302 As on No. 290. W. 186. Kh. legend on three sides only. S. -9. G.B. 303 S. lx*9. bull (28) Type: mounted Idng and ; copper, round 304 As on No. 290, but round coin. As on No. 290. PI. XII. W. 288. S. 1-15. and (29) Type: king on Sactrian camel, yak; copper, square 305 King on two-humped camel to Yak to r. r. with axe in extended r. hand On three sides and bow in case behind him. rajarajasa mahatasa Ayasa. To 1. BACIAEHS To r. M. 8. Above, BAEIAEHN G. B. PL XII. To r. MEfAAOY Below, AZOV W. 205. S. -95. 306 S. 1. 307 S. 1-05. (30) Type : Laksmt and bull ; copper, round 308 BASIAEHI BAZIAEX1N Mahwrajasa rqjatirajasa MEfAADY AZDY tasa Ayasa. Goddess Laksmi standing to Humped bull to r. front with flower in raised r. hand. To r. Kh. t& To L complex Kh. monogram. PL XII. To r. M. 28. W. 160. S. 1. 130 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse md M (31) Type: Hephaistos lion; copper, square 309 On three sides Greek legend as On three sides Kh. legend as on on No. 308, the word AZOV No. 305. plainly visible to r. Lion to r. Deity (Hephaistos, cp. No. 371) standing to front. ToLM. 11. In very poor condition see Cunningham, Coins of the Sakas, PI. VI. 7. W. 77. S. -8. (32) Type: mounted king and Polios, with name of Aspavarma ; copper, round * 310 BAIIAEni Indravarwiaputrasa Aspavar- MEfAADY AZDY masa strategasa jayatasa. Mounted king with whip to r. Armed Pallas to r. To r. Kh. age. To r. M. 28. To 1. M. 31. W. 160. G.B. 8. -8. 311 As on No, 310, but under the 312 horse additional Kh. dha. S. -8. SIS As on No. 310. S. -8. 314 3) S. -8. To 1. additional Kh. bha. 315 W. 147. To 1. additional Kh. ga. S. -85. 1 The of name Azes is found on the Greek side, the side of honour, but is absent from the Kharosthi side. There is instead an inscription to the effect that the coin is the issue of son of the Aspavarma, Indravarma, victorious general. Aspavarma was apparently an Indian general and subordinate ruler of the suzerain monarch Azes. A reference is invited to coins Kos. 35-87 of the coins of the Indo-Parthians in this Catalogue, which I have attributed to Aspavarma as the sirategos of Ctondopharnes. 131 Obverse No. M 316 As on No. 310, but under horse As on No, 310. indistinct monogram. S.-8. 817 As on No. 310. To 1. HL da. W. 151. 8, '85. S.-8. To 1. Kb, mo. Winged Victory to L Didrachm only, Cunningham, Coins of m Mas, PL V, 1. Now in B. M, Lion, (ii) Elephant. Bodleian Collection. Small so, M B,M, (iv) Mounted king. Lion. I, X Ctt, PL IX. 8. 8q. JE as (v) King seated, on type (13), Pallas facing. I. If. No. 7& A (U, ^ 48, as on (vi) Mounted king, Zeus Nikephoros, type (4), N.S.XIV. 8q.JB Pallas, (vii) Mounted king* Thun4ering Mr.Vincent Smith, 'Numismatic Notes and Novelties', J",A&B. Beet. JE 132 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal Beverse No. Obverse AZES AND AZILISES (a) Type : goddess with p&lm ; silver, round JR 1 319 BASiAEHS BASIAEHN Kh. legend Makarajasa raja- MEfAAOY AZOV rajasa makatasa Ayilisasa. r. on holds Goddess to 1. King horseback; standing ; holds couched lance. in r. hand flames and in 1. palm Cp. B. H. Gat., PL XXXII. 9. bound with fillet. Kh. mi in r. field; in 1. field W. 151. Kh. sam and M. 28. S. 1. PL XIII. Unrepresented types : Pallas thunderbolt to 1. (i) As on No. 319, but AZIAI20Y hurling Kh. as on No. but instead of AZOV. legend 319, Ayasa instead of Ayilisasa. Coins Cunningham, of the SaTeas, PI. VII. 2. Bidraohm. Now in B. M. JR to Zeus (ii) Similar (i), but king holds Nikephoros; Kh. legend as whip. on (i). . M. CUL, PI. XX. S. Hemidrachm. M Herakles with as (iii) wreath, club, and Horse ; legend on (i). lion's skin ; legend as on (i). N. S. XIV. Nos. 357. Cp. * 254, Beet. M 1 This coin is of the common type of the silver currency of Azilises and is also of well-known a silver type of Azes. The reverse design is that of a standing female figure with knotted hair. She does not wear a mural crown. Sir A. Cunningham remarks in his Coins of the SaJeas that it is very doubtful for whom this female figure is intended. Professor H. H. Wilson calls her Victory, while Professor Gardner suggests a city (B. M. Cat). Cunningham himself inclined to Demeter, or Tyche (Fortune). The object held on the outstretched hand is as uncertain right regarded by Cunningham and Gardner ; Mr. Vincent Smith a brazier with fire vol. suggests (I. M. Cat., i). A comparison with the gold coins of Huvishka on which the Pharro is e. . deity depicted, g. Jf. Cat, PI. XXVIII 26, will, leave little I think, doubt that the object is a representation of flames, possibly issuing from some such receptacle as a brazier, if not from the hand itself. In connexion with the joint coinage of Azes and Azilises, I may mention the theory of G. Hoffmann Au&ztige aussyrischenAktenpersisch&rM&rtyr&r, Leipzig, 1880, p. 142 that the names are the same, one being a contraction of the other. He apparently was led to this erroneous conclusion because he did not recognize the existence of what is really a joint type. Such are well in the types known Indo-Greek series, e. g, joint types of Lysias and Antialkidas, of Vonones and his relatives, and of Spaliri&s and Azes. AZILISES 133 Metal No. Obverse Keverse AZILISES (a) Type: mounted king and standing Zeus; silver, round 320 BASIAEHZ BAZIAE.ON Kh. legend Maharajasa rajati- MEFAAOY AZIAIZOY rajasa mah King on horseback r., holding Zeus standing r, with r. arm ankus in r. hand; behind him outstretched and long sceptre in bow. 1. hand. In r. field M. 34. In r. field Kh. a. In L field Kh. ya. W. 150. G.B. PL XIII. S. 1. 321 As on No. 320, but AZIAICOY As on No. 320. instead of AZIA120Y In r. field Kh. ta. In 1. field Kh. a. W. 148. S. 1-05. 322 As on No. 320. G.B. PL XIII. W. 36. S. -6. Type: standing Zeus Nikephoros and mounted Dioskouroi; silver, round 323 Legend as on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. Zeus standing to L, "with long Mounted Dioskouroi with palms levelled to r. sceptre in L, and Nike on out- and spears charging stretched r. hand. To r. Kh. pa. To 1. M. 35. In ex. Kh. am* G. B. PL XIII. W. 148. S. 1-05. W. 35. G.B. PL XIIL S. -65. 134 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Eeverse No. Obverse Type : as type (), "but enthroned Zeus Nikephoros ; silver, round Jl 325 As on No. 323, but Zeus is As on No. 323. sitting to r. on throne. No monograms. To r. M. 36. G.B. PI. XIII. Unique. W. 151. S. M. 326 W. 36. G.B. PL XHL S. -65. (S) Type: mounted king and standing Dioskouroi; silver, round 327 As on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. To r. M. 36. Dioskouroi standing side by side armed with spears. W. 150. No monogram. 8.1. G. B. PL XIIL 328 W. 35. G.B. PL XIII 8. <65. one the Dioskouroi (e) Type: mounted king and of standing; silver, round 329 As on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. To r. M. 37. One of the armed Dioskouroi standing facing, spear in r. hand W. 150. and L hand on hilt of sword. S. 1-05. To 1. Kh. monogram. G. B. PL XIIL 330 W. 37. G.B. PL XIIL S. -65. AZILISES 135 Metal No. Obverse Reverse mounted and Pallas silver round M Type: king ; 9 331 As on No. 320, but king holds Kh. legend as on No. 319. couched lance, and bow is absent. Pallas to 1. hurling thunderbolt, Hemidrachin size also known. with aegis on 1. arm. To r. Kh. a. W. 137, To 1. M. 19. 3. 1. PL XIII. (77) Type: mounted king and Laksmt; silver, round 332 * As on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. Indian goddess, Laksnri, stand- W. 148. ing facing on a lotus-flower with twin stalks and leaves. On each leaf stands a small elephant sprink- ling water on the head of the deity. To r. Kh. a. To 1. Kh. ya. G. B. PL XIII. 333 W. 35. G. B. PL XIII. (Q) Type: mounted king and god and goddess; silver, round 334 2 As on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. To r. M. 38. God and goddess standing to front; male deity carries long W. 150. sceptre in 1. hand, and points to S. M. r. with outstretched r. arm. God- dess has diadem in r. hand and bears mural crown; cornucopiae on 1. arm. To r. Kh. mon. spila. To 1. Kh.#a. G. B. PL XIII. 335 W. 36. G.B. PL XIII. 1 This design of the abhiseka of Laksmi is well known in sculpture. It also occurs on an unpublished early Hindu cast coin in the Cabinet of the Hon'ble Mr. B. Burn, X.G.S., and on the coins of Jayagupta. 3 According to Prof. Bapson, the male deity is Zeus. He conjectures that the goddess may perhaps be the tutelary deity of Puskalavati (Notes on Indian Coins and Seals, Part VI). K 2 136 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse round (L) Type: mounted king and a&yncretic deity; silver, l 336 As on No. 320. Kh. legend as on No. 320. Goddess to 1. with diadem in r. and on W. 37. hand ; shield, spear, palm L arm ; mural crown on head. Monogram missing. G. B. PL XTII. (K) Type: mounted king and goddess with palm; silver, round 337 As on No. 331, but 2 in As on No. 319. AZIAi SOY is written C, To r. Kh. mi. To 1. M. 28. W. 153. S. 1. 338 W. 149, Additional Kh. alcsara to 1. S. -95. 339 W. 145. To r. Kh. sam. 8. 1*05. To 1. M. 25 and Kh. dJvra. PL XIII. 340 2 As on No. 331. In ex. Kh. pri. To r. Kh. se. To L Gr. 2. W, 150. G.B. S. 1-1. 341 As on No. 340, but no mon. G.B. W. 149. 1 Note the asyncretic panoply of the deity, a decidedly pantheistic type. This coin is unpublished and unique. 2 The design and workmanship of Nos. 340 and 841 are superior to those of the remaining coins of the type in this Collection, and are separately illustrated in the B, M. Cat., PL XX, 10. AZILISES 1B7 Metal No. Obverse Beverse 342 As on No. 337. As on No. 340. To r. Kh. si. W. 147. To 1. Kh. sa and M. 39. G. B. 343 5> In upper field Kh. tL To r. Kh. si. To 1. M. 39. W. 145. G. B. 344 )) To r. Kh. sam. W. 138. 345 As on No. 337. As on No. 337. G. B. W. 36, S. -65. 346 5> W. 34. To r. Kh. <. To 1. M. 40. 347 As on No. 340. As on No. 340. G. B. PL xm. W. 36. 348 As on No. 337. As on No. 343r VT. 32. 349 Two coins Tor. Kh. tra." W. 35-37. 350 Six coins To r. Kh. saml W. 34, 138 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse 351 As on No. 337. As on No. 343. Two coins To r. Kh. $a, W. 33. 352 As on No. 337. W.3o. (X) Type: mounted king and seated Herakles; M copper, square 353 On four sides BAZIAEnS Kh. legend on three sides BAZJAEX1N MEfAAOY All AISOY In square frame naked Herakles In dotted frame king on horse- with diadem, seated on a rock, back with whip to r. resting club on knee. To r. M. 39 and Kh. si. W. 123. Pi. XIV. S. -85. 354 W. 107. 355 3. -9. 356 S. -7. : (ft) Type EeraMes and horse; copper, square 357 On three sides Greek legend as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 353. No. 320, but name of king in- Herakles to and be standing front, complete, may Ayasa, \ cp. diadem in r., and club and lion's N. S. XIV, 82, coin 16. skin in 1. hand. Horse to r. * Metal Ko. Obverse Reverse bull (v) Type: king on horseback and ; copper, square 358 As on No. 353, but king holds Kh. legend on four sides MaJia- couched lance. rajasa rajarajasa mahatasa Ayili- W. 164. Bull to 1. S. 1. In upper field Kh. se and Gr. 2. PL XIV. 359 S. 1-1. Monograms illegible. G. B. 360 S. -7. but bull to r. and monograms in upper field as on No. 353. G.B. Type: king on horseback and elephant ; copper, square 361 As on No. 358. Kh. legend on three sides as on No. 353. W. 80. Elephant to r. 8. Monograms in upper field as on No. 353. 362 G. B. PL XIV. (0) Type: elephant and butt ; copper, square 363 Greek legend as on No. 357, but Kh. legend as on No. 358, but barbarous. on three sides only. Elephant to 1. Bull to I. To 1. M. 37. S.lX-8. G. B. PL XIV. 364 Greek legend as on No. 357. As on No. 363, but bull to r., Elephant to r. and monogram to r. of bull. W. 122. S. -9X-75. 140 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. : (TT) Type standing king and deity ; copper, square 365 On three sides BAZIAEOS Kh. legend on three sides Maha- BAIIAEftN MEfAAOY AZI rajasa rajatirajasa mahatasa Ayili- AISOY King fully accoutred with hel- Deity standing to r. with flowing met, shield, spear, and palm, to r. veil, holding diadem. To 1. Kh. mi. S. 1-1 X-9. G.B. 366 S. lx-8. PL XIV. 367 1. 36S S. 1. (p) Type: Hephaistos and lion; copper, square 369 Greek legend as on No. 365. Kh. legend as on No. 365. to front Deity standing ; sceptre Lion striding to r. in in 1. r., tongs and hammer hand. In upper field Kh. monogram To L M. 37, as on No. 329. G. B. PL XIV. S. MX -95. 370 S. -9. G.B. 371 1 S. -5x- G.B. 1 This coin was originally in the White King Collection, and is No. 269 of the Sale Catalogue. It is there described as an unpublished coin of Azes, and the deity is called Neptune. But it is undoubtedly a coin of Azilises of the type of the two larger coins which, precede it here. These are good specimens, and show that the objects in the left hand of the deity, so far unelucidated, are tongs and hammer. The deity must therefore correspond with Hephaistos. AZILISES 141 Metal No. Obverse Reverse Unrepresented types : (i) Deity with, mural crown en- Zeus Nikephoros with flowing throned to r. draperies standing to 1. Cunningham, PI. VIII. 6. Sq. JE (h) Zeus Nikephoros standing to r. Deity with flowing draperies stand- Cunningham, PI. VIII. 7. ing to front. Rect. M (iii) Standing male figure with palm Bull to r. over 1. shoulder. Cunningham, PL VIII. 5. Rect. M (iv) Laksml between elephants. Goddess standing to front. White King, Sale Cat.. Part I. PI. IV. 299. Sq. M Known also in small size, (v) Male figure striding to 1., with Lion to r. wreath in outstretched r. hand. Cabinet de France. Large sq. M Probably of Azilises. YONONES WITH SPALAHORES on and roimd M (a) Type: king horseback Zeus; sHver, 372 BASIAEOS BASIAEXIN Kh. legend Mdharajabhrata Three coins MEfAAOY ONX1NOY dhramikasa tfpalahorasa. King on horseback to r. with Deity (Zeus) radiate, standing couched spear. to front, leaning on long sceptre r. Didrachm size also known, in 1., and with thunderbolt in hand. W. 35. Tor. M. 10. S. -65. 373 W. 30. To 1. M. 41. S. -6. 374 S. -65. G.B. PL XIV. HeraJdes (j8) Type: and Pallas; copper, square 375 Greek legend on three sides as Kh. legend on three sides as on on No. 372. No. 372. Herakles standing to front Pallas standing to L with shield crowning himself with r., and and spear. club and lion's skin in 1. hand. To 1. probably M. 10. W. 119. S, -75. 142 INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGS Unrepresented types : None. VONONES WITH SPALAGADAMES (a) Type: king on horseback and Zeus; silver, round 382 As on No. 372. As on No. 372, but Kh. legend Didrachm size also known. &palahoraputrasa dhramiasa JSpa- lagadamasa.4 -65. S. To 1. M. 42. G. B. PL XIV. 383 S. -65. Mon, probably similar to M. G.B. 384 As on No. 382. W. 38. S. *6. Pallas JE Type: H&raUes and ; copper, square 385 As on No. 375. As on No. 375, but Kh. legend as on No. 382. S. -8. To 1. M. 42. G. B. PL XIV. Unrepresented types : None. SPALYRIS WITH SPALAGADAMES 143 Metal No. Obverse Reverse SPALYKIS (SPALAHOEES) WITH SPALAGADAMES (a) Type: mounted king and seated Herakles; M copper, square l 388-389 CTTAAYPIDC A1KA1DY Kb. legend &palahoraputra$a AAEA 390 391 S. -85. 392 Square mon. similar to M. 41 . Type: as (a), but round As on No. 386. As on No. 386. W. 103. S. -9. Unrepresented types : None, SPALIKI&ES AS KING'S BROTHER on horseback and silver round M (a) Type: king Zeus; > 394 BADAEUJC AAEA Unrepresented types : None. 1 The Kharosthi legend on this coin is identical with that on No. 382, while the Greek legend is a translation of the Kharosthi legend on No. 872. It is hold that Spalyris is the Greek form of the Scythian-Persian name Spalahores, who was brother of a suzerain king Vonones. Spalagadames, the Greek form of whose name is not given to us, was son of Spalahores. He also struck coins under Yonones. 8 The only known round specimen. 144 INDO-SCYTEIAN KINGS Metal No, Obverse Reverse SPALIBI^ES WITH AZES 395 J (a) Type: king on horseback and Zeus ; silver, round BACIAEUJC MEPAAOY Kh. legend Haharajasa maha- [mAAIPlCOY takasa Ayasa. Design as on No. 394. Zeus as on No. 372. Didrachm size also known. To r. Kh. si. To 1. mon. similar to M. 43. .65. G. B. PI. XIV. Type: king on horseback, and bow and arrcnv; copper, round JE 396 Greek legend as on No, 395. Kh. legend as on No. 395. on horseback to r. holds r. King ; Strung bow, with arrow to ankus or -whip. of it. To 1. M. 44. W. 120. G. B. PL XIV. S. 1. Unrepresented types : None. SPALIRI&ES AS KING ; and (a) Type king Zeus enthroned ; copper, square 397 On four sides BADAEUJN Kh. legend on three, sides Ma- BACIAEltlC MEfAADY CTTA harajasa mahatakasa AIPICDY Spalirtiasa. Zeus radiate on throne, long In frame square king walking sceptre in 1. hand, r. arm ex- to 1. with battle-axe and bow. tended. To r. M. 44. W. 127. PL XIV. S. -85. 398 S. -8. G.B. Unrepresented types : None. 1 Attention is directed to the first letter of the king's name in the Greek legend. Its appearance seems to foreshadow the use of the new letter the of [> (sA) on coins Kanishka. ATEAMA 145 Metal No. Obverse Reverse ATHAMA : mounted N (a) Type king ; gold^ 399 * Greek legend YDAD Field occupied by M. 16. King on horseback to r, with r. Symmetrically placed round the arm extended, as on the coins of monogram are the four Kh. letters Azes and Azilises. Athamasa. G. B. PL XIV. W. 3-4. S. -4. M Unidentified 2 400 King on horseback to r, with r. Kh. legend rayasa arm extended, as on the coins of jayatasa Azes and Azilises. Corrupt Gr. Draped deity standing to r. legend. PI. XV. W. 25. S. -5. SUPPLEMENTARY MAUES (i) Deity in biga. Zeus enthroned. PI. XV. B. M. M Didrachm. Also known in round and square hemi- drachm size, (ii) Male figure holding ankus. Aegis. PL XV. B.M. Square M VONONES WITH SPALAHOKES (iii) Didrachm of the hemidraehm type. PL XV. B. M. SPALIRISES WITH AZES (iy) Didrachm of the hemidrachm type. PL XV. B.M. 1 Special attention is drawn to this remarkable coin, which has been published by Prof. E. J. Bapson in Part VI of his Notes on Indian Coins and Seals. The name Athama is reasonably certain, and we can have no hesitation in recognizing him as a member of the dynasty of Azes and Azilises. The coin is unique of its kind. It is the only known specimen in gold of the Indo-Scythic series. 8 This is a well-executed little coin, and must belong to either this or to the Indo-Parthian series, but differs in style from any coin I know. The epithet jayaiasa is perfectly clear, and its presence shows that this specimen is quite a new type. The only coins in the entire Indo-Scythic and Indo-Parthian series known to me, which bear this epithet, are those of Aspavarma, but the presence of the word on this specimen ending in rayasa differentiates it from both types of the Aspavarma coins. The only Kharosthi epithet on Indo-Greek coins ending in rayasa. is maharayasa, a variant of maharajasa, but on this coin the preceding afaara, which is partly off the coin, does not look like ha. 146 COINS OF THE INDOPAETHIANS Metal No. Obverse Reverse GONDOPHARES l (GONDOPHARNES) (a) Type : king on horseback and standing Zeus ; billon, round BL I 2 BACIAEUJC BACIAEUJN Zeus standing to r. with r. arm in MEfAAOY YNAOcMEPOY extended ; long sceptre L hand. to r. oa horseback r. arm Kh, King ; legend Maharaja rajatiraja extended. ifata.ro, devavrada Grudupkarasa. Tor. 5 To r. Kh. ta or ra above, and jphre below. W. 151. To 1. M. 1. 8. -9. G. B. PL XV. S. -9. To r. Kh. plvre above, and ft* or TU below. To 1. M. 1, and above it Gr. B. G. B. Greek legend corrupt. In L field A instead of B. G. B. S. -9. W. 152. No Greek letter in L field. S, -85. 5-7 S. -9, 1 Derived from Old Persian rindapharna, or corrupt Armenian form Gathaspar -Justi, Geschichte Irans. 2 devavrata or see Prof. For reading tUvawada E. J. Rapson, Notes on Indian Coins and Seals, Fart V. The fourth aksara here is da. GONDOPEARES 147 Metal Obverse Reverse No. Type: king on horseback and standing Zeus, with name l 2acra$ ; billon, round Bi. 8 As on No. 1, but legend quite Zeus as on No. 1 . 9 corrupt and illegible. Kh. legend Maharajasa maha- Under horse Kh. the. tasa tratarasa devavradasa Gudu- pharasa J3asasa. W. 155. To r. Kh. va and pa, S. -8. To 1. M. 2. 10-12 Kh. ga. G. B. S. -8. 13-15 Kh. gJisa. G.B. S. -8. 16 Kh. dha. S. -85. 17 Kh. a, S. *8. 1 Coins in mixed metal bearing the name of Gondophares with an additional name or epithet Sasasa on the Kharosthi side are quite common. Sir A. Cunningham called these the coins of Sasaa see his Coins of the Sakas. Prof. Gardner described them as coins of Gondophares with the inscription Sasasa, but did not further discuss the bearing of this name or title. Mr. Yincent Smith prefers to consider the word as a mere epithet, but cannot fix its meaning Z Jf. Cafc, vol. i. The coins themselves are our only evidence, and it is noteworthy that the word Sasasa occupies the place of honour, where the name of the king is almost always situated. In support of his contention that the word is a title, Mr. Vincent Smith instances the coins of Azes and Aspavarma on which this very place is occupied by the undoubted epithet jo^otosa. But I think that if it can be shown that there was a name, the genitive form of which was Sasasa, the numismatic evidence must be interpreted in favour of Sir A. Cunningham's theory, and there is no doubt that such a name existed. SUsan was the name of the father of Ardeshir, founder of the Sasanian (Sassanian) dynasty. Then Justi in his Iranisches Nameribuch gives references to 3a Metal Eeverse No. Obverse Bi. 18 As on No. 8. As on No. 8. Kh. tr. S. *8. 19 As on No. 8. PL XV. W. 154. S. -75. Type: king on fiorseback and standing Zeus Nikephoros, with name Scccr&s ; billon, round * Zeus to 1. 20 As on No. 8, but no .monogram standing ; Nike on yisible. outstretched r. hand. Kh. legend Mdharajasa rajati- W. 150. rajasa devavratasa &udupharasa S. -8. Sasasa, To r. M. 3 and Kh. va. To 1. M. 1. PI. XV. 21 Tor. Kh.pa. S. -8. S. -8. but under monogram on L is Kh. afaara lha. 23 24 To r. Kh. ma. S. -8. 1 The full reading of the Kharosthi legend on this type is given by Cunningham as Maharajasa rajatirajasa, mahatasa dhramikasa, Gudapharasa Sasasa, but the specimen illustrated by him in the Coins of the Sakas does not help us, and the reading given may be only tentative. The full legend was not elucidated either by Gardner or Vincent Smith. From the fifteen specimens in this Collection! the reading Maharajasa rajatirajasa G-udupharasa Sasasa is certain, but there is a difficulty about the word or words following rajcdirajasa. This is also missing from all the British Museum specimens. As far as I can judge, the word is devavratasa, or possibly wubwcratiwa. QONDOPHAEES 149 Metal No. Obverse Reverse Bi. 25 As on No. 23. As on No. 22. S. -8. 26 27 To r. Kh. m. W. 157. S. -8. 28 Tor. Kh.ji. S. *85. 29 ' To r. Kh. ra. S. -8. 30 ' To r. Kh. va. S. -8. 31 32 To r. Kh. . aa 3. -85. 33 S. -85. 34 As on No. 20. As on No. 20. PI. XV. W. 35. S. *5. 150 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Reverse Zeus with name (S) Type: mounted king and standing Aspavarma ; billon, round BL 35 ' Greek legend corrupt and il- Zeus to r. as on No. I. legible. Kh. legend King on horseback to 1. with r. R. Jayatasa tratarasa. in horse L. Indravarma hand extended ; front of putrasa. the Gondopharian symbol 3 an(^ Above, Strategasa. Kh. lu. Under horse apparently Below, Atyavarmasa. a modification of M. 2. To r. Kh. a, si, and M. 4. To 1. M. 2 and M. 5. W. 149. G. B. PI. XV. S. -8. 36 S. -8. G. B. 37 S. -8. Type: king on horseback and Pallas ; billon, round 38 BACIAGC BACIA6CON MCPA Pallas standing to r. with r. rONAOd>CPPOY arm advanced; spear and shield King on horseback to r. with on L arm. r. extended in front of horse Kh. arm ; legend Maharaja rajadiraja 5 tratara devawata Gudupfwrasa. To r. M. 1 and Kh. ma. W. 142. To 1. Kh. monogram. S. -9. G. B. PL XV. 1 I have already published this type as a coin of Gondophares and Aspavarma see N. S. XIV, 82, I need not dwell on the differences between this coin and the known type of Azes and Aspavarma illustrated at PI. XX. 2 of the #. M. Cat., as they are so apparent. My reasons for attributing the coin to Aspavarma acting as the governor or satrap of Gondophares, although the name of G-ondophares cannot be read in the illegible Greek inscription, are briefly these : (i) The Kharosthi inscription resembles that on the coins of Azes and Aspavarma, but there is the additional epithet tratarasa. I invite attention to the unusual, if not unique, arrangement of the inscription. (ii) The coin not only bears the planetary symbol used by Gondophares, but it agrees closely in design with a known type of Gondophares see I, 3f. Cat, PI. IX. 9. Each piece has five monograms, and three of these are common to both coins. GONDOPHARES 151 Metal No. Obyerse Keverse Type : head of Hng and Pallas ; copper, round JE 39 Barbarous Greek inscription. Pallas to r. with aegis and Three coins Head of king to r,, diademed. thunderbolt. Fragments of a Kharosthi W. 34. legend, which from a comparison S. -5. of all fourteen specimens of this type contains the words Malia- rajasa rajatirajasa tratarasa Gada- pharnasa. To r. Kh. he. To 1. Kh. stra. G. B. PL XV. 40 Six coins W. 32. S. -5. 41 Five coins W. 37. S. -45. horseback round (77) Type: king on and billon, Bi. 42 BACIA0)C BACIA(x)N Siva facing, holding trident in MePAAOY YNAO 43 but with additional Kh. mon. To r. Kh. gu. sain. To L M. 6. G. B. PL XV. 8. -95. 44 As on No. 42. W. 132. S.-9. Prof. E. J. Eapsozx discusses this type in Part V of his Notes on Indian Coins and Seals. L 2 152 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse ^vith Eh. (6) Type: resembling (77), but different legend; billon, round. Bi. 45 BACIAEUJN BACIAELJN iya facing, with trident in 1. --- TDNA- hand, and r. arm extended. to r. in King on horseback ; Kh. legend Maharaja rajaraja front of horse 5- mahata dhramia devavrata Gudu- pharasa. S. -9. To r. Kh. mon. similar to M. 5* To 1. M. 7. G, B. W. 146. PL XV. S. -87. : (t) Type bmt of king mid Nike; copper, round Nike to r. holds 47 BACIAEnC aiTHPDC Winged ; wreath 48 YNAO 49 50 but square forms III and CJL W. 142; 125. S. -85; 95. 61-57 As on No. 47. S *8 *9 BA - - - Nike to r. holds 58 BAZIAE032: Winged ; palm Bust of king diademed to 1. and wreath. Kh. legend rajati W. 124. To 1. Kh. ma. S. 1. 59 B INAY Metal No. Obverse Keverse (K) Type: king on horseback^ omd symbol of Gondophares; M copper, square J 60 Corrupt Greek legend. Symbol of Gondophares * King on horseback to L, receiving Kh. legend wreath from Nike who stands in front of him. L. d&vawatasa. Below, Gudwpharaw. S. -75. To r. M. 2. To 1. Kh. rtu. G. B. PL XV. Unrepresented types : (i) Enthroned king. Nike. B, X. Cat., PI. XXII. 10. M (ii) Enthroned king. Standing male figure. Cunningham, PL X. 11. M (iii) In incuse area Apollo holding Gondopharian symbol. arrow. N. S. XIV. M (iv) Silver of the Arsakid type. B, M. Oat., PI. XXXII. 10. ABDAGASES with title (a) Type: mounted "king and standing Zeus, of nephew of king Gondophares; billon, round Bi. 61 BA2IAEYONTDC BA2IAE Zeus standing to r. with long liJNY ABAAPAEDY sceptre in 1. hand and r. arm to r. in extended. King on horseback ; front of him 5- Kh. legend Gudupharabhrata- putrasa maharajasa tratarasa S. -95. AvadagaSasa. To r. Kh. tre and sa. To L M. 8. G. B. PL XV. Similar to No. 61, but king on r. Kh. toa and toe. horseback to 1.; in front 5 and To To I. M. 8 and Kh. monogram. W. 147. S. -85. 1 from that The Kharosthi legend on this specimen is shorter and differently arranged and described in the B. M. Cat. published by Cunningham, 154 INDO-PABTEIAN KINGS (/S) 2*2/^0: wowwted! 7rf7i# araZ standing Zeus Nikephoros, with title of nephew of Gondophares ; billon, round 64 1 As on No. 61. Zeus standing to 1. with long sceptre in 1. hand, and bearing 8. *9. Nike on outstretched r. hand. Kh. legend Maharajasa rajati- rajasa Gadapharabhrataputrasa Avadagafasa. To r. Kh. va and M. 3. To L M. I. G. B. PL XV. 65 W. 151. S. -85. (y) Type: bust of king and Nike; copper, round 66 BAC ABAAfACOY Winged Nike r., holding wreath Bust of king to r., diademed. and palm. Kh. legenS Maliarafasa Avada~ S- '9. gatasa - - - G. B. 67 Greek legend fragmentary. Kh. legend ga$a$a maha - - W. 116. S. -8. 68 2 W. 92. S. *S5. 69 W. 87. S. -75. 1 Care should be taken not to this confound little-known type of Abdagases with type (y) of Gondophares. a Coins Nos. 68-71 are probably coins of Abdagases. ABDAGASES 155 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 70 As on No. 67. As on No. 66. harahagafasa maha W. 104. S. -85. Pi. XV. 71 W. 91. S. -8. Unrepresented types : (i) As type (a), but title of king's nephew in Greek. S. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 3. (ii) As type (7), but bust to 1. Cunningham, PI. XI. 4. ORTHAGNES (a) Type : bust of king and Nike, with names of Gondophares and of Guda (Gad)*; copper, round 72 BACIAYC BACIA Winged Nike to r. with palm NHC and wreath. ----- Bust of king to 1., diademed. Kh. legend Gfadapha- rasagudana maharajasa W. 124. To r. Kh. go. S. -9. Tol.Kh.ja. PL XVI. 1 On p. 121 of Ms Coins of the Sakas Cunningham remarked that 'as the name of Orthagnes is written in Arian characters as Gurdana or Gadana, beginning with the letter G, it seems not improbable that he is the king's brother mentioned in the Legend of St. Thomas under the name of Gad'. Corresponding to the Greek coin legend BACIAYC BACIAU)N MTAC OP0AFNHC, there is the Kharosthi inscription Maharajasa rajatirajasa Gudupharasagudana. The last word must signify some connexion with (Gondophares, but Cunningham's alternative of the coins. If suggestion of Gudupharasagar'bha, 'brother Gondophares ', cannot be read on r Metal Obverse Reverse No. 73 As on No, 72. As on No. 72. Full Kh. legend Maharajasa S. -95. rajatirajasa ynahatasa Gudujphara 74 S. -9. To r. Kh, gu. To 1. Kh. ti. : (/J) Type resembling (a), but with name Gudrana alone; round. 75 l ME--- As on No. 72. --- - - As on No. 72. rajasa ynahatasa Gudrana To r. Kh. ma. W. 109. Tol. Kh.mt. S. -9. Unrepresented types : None. SANABAEES Unrepresented types : (i) Arsakid type, but in copper. B. M. Cat., PI. XXIII. 11. (ii) Ordinary Indo-Parthian type, but with Greek legends on both sides. B. M. Cat., PL XXIII. 12. PAKOEES (a) Type: bust of Hng and Nike ; copper, round s 76 BACIACYC BACIACWN Winged Nike r. with palm and MfAC nAKOPHC wreath. of Bust king to L, diademed. Kh. legend Maliarajasa rajati- rajasa mahatasa Pdkwasa. W. 121. Tor. Kh.jpte, S. -9. To L Kh. fe. PL XVI. 1 This coin to the second of apparently belongs variety Orthagnes, B. M. Cat., p. 109, No. 7. 2 Several of the ak&aras in the Kharosthi legend on this and other coins of Pakores are little finished off with hooks which may signify the final vowel sound M, in which case the inscription would run Mdharujusu ntjutiinyusu mahatasu Puburttsu, and might be regarded as a later form or dialect. O. Buhler remarks on the occurrence of the forms Maharajusa and PAKOEES 157 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 77 As on No, 76. As on No. 76. To r. Kh. pu. S. -9. To 1. Kh. ga. 78 ?! 79 S. -9. 80 W. 123. To r. Kh. m. S. -9. To L Kh. tre. 81 As on No. 77. S. -9. G. B. Unrepresented types : None. ZEIONISES on horseback round M (a) Type: king ; silver, * 82 Corrupt Greek legend in which Male figure (king) r. facing a - - - the words CATPAfTY Zl mural crowned deity with cornu- GJNICOY are fairly legible. copiae who is crowning him with King with bow on horseback to a wreath. r. with r. arm extended, Kh. legend Hanigulasa chatra- To r. M. 2. pasa jmtrasa chatrapasa JiJwwiasa. Below, Kh. Jca. To r. mon. similar to M. 5. To 1. Kh. mon. msa.' W. 155. G. B. PL XVI. S. 1. 83 but below, Kh. a. On this coin the remaining two words of the Greek inscription appear to be MANNOAOY YIOY. S. 1. rajurajusa see Mr. Vincent Smith's footnote on p. 59 of the J. M. Cat., vol. i. 158 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. butt (j9) Type: and lion; copper, round 84 Corrupt Greek legend as on Lion to r. No. 82. Kb. legend Manigula ytutrasa Bull standing to r. chatrapasa Jifatniasa. Above, M. 2. In field mons, as on No. 82. To r. Kb, sa. G. B. PL XVI. W. 203. S.I. 85 S--9. G. B. j> Doublestruck on both sides. S. -9. 87 To r. Kb. pu. S. -9. 88 89 S. -85. To r, Kb. dhra. G.B. 90 As on No. 84, but above addi- tional Kb. va. To r. Kb. tra, S. -9. Unrepresented types : (i) As type (a), but on reverse king being crowned by two allegorical figures. 3.X. CW, PI. XXXII. 11. Now in B. M. Didrachxn. (ii) Elephant. Bull. White King, Sale Cat., Part I, PI. IV. 198. Also Cunningham. KHARAEOSTES 159 Metal No. Obverse Reverse KHARAEOSTES l (a) Type: king on horseback and lion ; copper, square 2 91 XAPAHklCTE! CATPAT7EI Lion to r. APTAYDY Kh. legend Ckatrapasa pra King on horseback with levelled Itharadstasa Artasa putrasa. spear to r. To r. X. To r. Kh. sath. Above, Kh. monogram. G. B. PL XVI. S. -8. 92 W. 123. S. -8. horseback (j8) Type: king on and standingfigure ; copper, square 93 s As on No. 91, but Greek legend Standing figure to front. illegible. Kh. legend raosta putrasa W. 39. S. -5. Unrepresented types : None. 1 The recognition of the fact that the letter H in the Greek form of Kharahostes is h and 1048-4. and not m is due to Dr. Fleet ; see J.R.A.8., 1907, pp. This discovery offers a convincing explanation both of the omission from the Kh. form of the name of any akswra corresponding to m, and of the otherwise anomalous use of the initial form of the dksara o, is the two words and are The Greek word APTAYOY not a compound ; APT A YOY both in the genitive singular. 2 The Kharosthi legend shows that the satrap Kharahostes was son of one Arta. He has been identified with the KharaSsta of the Mathura Lion-Capital, but this identification was disputed by Buhler. The name of the satrap is preceded by the monosyllable jpra, the meaning of which has not yet been elucidated. These points are discussed by Prof. E. J. Kapson in Part VI of Notes on Indian Coins and Seats. 8 This new and unpublished type was one of the unidentified coins in the Bodgers Collection. I fchink my attribution is certain because of the characteristic use of the initial form of the ahsara o in the Kharosthi inscription. I have seen two other specimens of this type. 160 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Reverse ARSAKES THEOS Unrepresented types : (i) The Indo-Parthian type. Cunningham, Coins of the Saleas, PI. XI. 11, 12. M On a good specimen of this type in the Bodleian Collection, the Greek legend APZAKDY 0E is fairly legible. (ii) The Arsakid type. Sq. JS B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 12. SOTEB MEGAS (a) Type: helmeied bust of king and horseman, with Greek legend oiily ; copper\ round JB3 * 94 Within reel and pellet border King on horseback to r. with in r. helmeted bust of king to 1., hold- ankus outstretched hand. ing spear in outstretched hand; Greek legend AYBA no inscription or monogram. CIAY--- To r. M. 9. W. 191. PL XVI. S. -9. 95 To r. M. 9. but Greek inscription is To 1. Kh. . YOJNC(OTHP M--- To r. M. 9. S. -95. G.B. Type: bilingual, king on horseback and standing Zeus; i copper , round 2 96 V -CJNCJN CGOTHPCOOTHP M6A Zeus to r. with r. arm out- King on horseback to r. with stretched and long sceptre in L ankus in raised r. hand. hand. To r. M. 9. Kh. legend Maharajasa rajati- - rajasa maJiatasa tratarasa ra ~ W. 141. To r. flower-pot and plant. S. -8. To L Kh. t. PL XVI 1 The only specimen of this rare type known to me in which monograms are absent from the obverse side. Coin No. 95 is a normal specimen. 2 The coins of Soter Megas purport to be struck by an anonymous ruler calling himself the King of Kings, the Great Saviour. Are they to be reckoned a separate series issued anonymously by some king whose name is otherwise unknown to us, or are they the currency of a monarch whose name we know, possibly from other coins as well as from inscriptions ? The coins are found in extraordinary abundance, and over a wide stretch of country from to extending Peshawar Mathura. These facts point to great power and a long reign, and SOTEE MEGAS 161 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 97 As on No. 96. As on No. 96, but Kh. legend W. 148. is completed by the word tratarasa. S. -8. 98 r S. -8. G. B. 99 W. 30. S. -5. (y) Type: diademed bust of king and horseman, with Greek legend only ; copper, round 100 Within dotted border, diademed BAC1AYC BACIAYOJN 101 bust of king to r., radiate, holding CCOTHP MfAC long filleted sceptre or lance. King on horseback to r., hold- Tol.M. 9. ing ankus. To r. M. 9, S. -8. G. B. PL XVI. are much in favour of the supposition that we must look for Soter Megas amongst the most important of the kings and satraps known to us, as it is very improbable that such a great potentate would be nameless and unknown except from these coins. The style of the coins, which are in copper only, and the absence of square forms, point to a period about the Kushan conquest, so that Soter Megas was probably a contemporary of one of the two Kadphises. As far as their inscriptions are concerned, the coins fall into three groups : (i) with as * the of Greek legend only, translated Of King Kings, the Great Saviour* ; (ii) with the its literal into same Greek legend accompanied by translation Kharosthi ; and (iii) without any inscription. All are distinguished by the presence of a three-pronged symbol ^ peculiar to the striker, which may be called the symbol of Soter Megas, while certain types almost invariably exhibit in the field the Kharosthi aksara m. Cunningham suggested that this may possibly be the initial of the king's name, but there is no ground for such a hypothesis. He remarked that the want of monograms distinguishes the coins of the Nameless King from those of the Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian dynasties, and would seem to connect him with the Kushans. On the other hand, the horseman is the favourite type of the Saka kings Sir A. Cunningham's Coins of the Sakas. It is possible that these coins were struck by more than one ruler, and that the differing types issued from distinct localities. Such rulers might have been subordinate to a single suzerain. Cunningham says that not one of the types gives even a single letter of any name. Coin No. 96 of this Collection, which was No. 2 on p. 52 of the Kodgers Lahore Mv&eum a CataZoflrwfi, exhibits three extra afcsaras, which must signify either name, an epithet, or a monetary denomination. This fact did not escape Mr. Eodgers' notice, as he remarked on be. is it, but made no suggestion as to what the name might The word unfortunately slightly to. off the coin. The first aJcsara is probably ret, and the last looks like All that one can see of the second afaaiu is the lower part of a down-stroke terminating in a slight hook to the t& termination. left, possibly a letter with the When I came to examine the British Museum coins, I found another similar specimen, but nothing more of the extra word was legible than the probable ofcsoras Za and $a. Both, in 'Two Coins of Soter 7 1913. coins have been published my paper Megas , J.R.A.S., July, 162 INDO-PAKTHIAN KINGS Metal Eeverse No. Obverse JB 102 As on No. 100. As on No. 100. Two coins W. 128. S.-8. 103 Twenty S. -8-85. coins 104 Two coins W. 123. but square forms of the Greek S. -8. letters. The above twenty-six coins are typical specimens of this very abundant type. They exhibit both the round and square forms of the Greek letters, and differ largely in style and workmanship. The bust may be intended for the representation of a deity. If it is the king, there is little or no attempt at portraiture. 105 W. 84. S. -65. 106 W. 31. S. -55. 107 Two coins S. -5. G.B. 108 Thirteen S. coins (8) Type: diademed bust of king and Zeus, with Greek inscription only ; copper, round l 109 Diademed bust of king to r. Standing Zeus with long sceptre 110 To r. M. 9. in 1. hand and thunderbolt in r. Corrupt Greek legend as on W. 56. No. 100. S. -65. 1 is This coin of what has been called the Mathura type see L M. Cat., vol. i, and Cunningham's Coins of the SaJcas. I have found it in Delhi and Jagadhri, and it probably was current in what is now the S.E. Panjab. Under the thunderbolt on the reverse side is an which called a formed of the Greek letters TT and object Cunningham monogram A , and which Prof. Gardner described as an altar. I think that coin No. 112 clearly shows that this object is merely the lower part of the thunderbolt. The die-sinker's idea of a thunderbolt was vague, and on this coin the bolt is terminated at the ends by a bow and trident respectively. SOTER MEGAS 163 Metal No. Obverse Reverse JE 111 As on No, 109. As on No. 109. PL XVI. S. -7. 112 35 S. -7. no round (e) Type: deity with cornucopia^ legend; copper, 3 113 Within dotted border erect nude Within dotted border drapeddrapei to figure with long sceptre in r. hand figure standing r., holding and drapery over L arm. cornucopiae. To r. Kh. vi. To r. flower-pot containing plant. To I M. 9. To 1. M. 2. PL XVI. Possibly iva, cj>. figure on type of on the (17) Gondophares and gold coins of Wema Kadphises. W. 25. S. -45. 114 S. -5. Unrepresented types : None. HERAOS (MIAOS) 2 (a) Type : bust of king and horseman, with Greek inscription only ; silver, round JBL fol- 115 Within reel and pellet border, King on horseback to r., diademed bust of king to r. lowed by flying figure of Nike with wreath. W. 196. Greek legend TYANNDNTDZ S. 1-2. HADY KDUANDY In exergue a word which has been variously interpreted as IANAB and ZAKA. On this specimen it looks like ZAKA. G. B. PL XVI, 1 This rare type is not represented in the existing B. M. Cat., but was described and illustrated by Cunningham in The Coins of tfa Sakas. The British Museum now possesses : the attribution is several specimens, and these clearly show the absence of any inscription certain owing to the presence of the characteristic Soter Megas symbol. The Hindu symbol the It is found on of the pot and plant is common to this type and to bilingual type. 19. ancient Hindu coins, e.g. I. M. Cat., vol. i, PL XXII. 2 The coins of the ruler whose name has been read as Heraos or Miaos, have been much * ' der discussed. Full references are given on p. 9 of Prof. E. J. Bapson's Indian Coins (Grundriss 164 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. bust with Greek (/3) Type: of king and standing figure, round M inscription only ; silver, 116 "Within dotted border, bust of Standing figure. --- -- king to r. Greek legend IAIIHD ---DIIANDY W. 11. G. B. S. 45. 117 Same design, but Greek legend W. 11. reads - - - IA10Y -- - IANOY S. 45. G. B. PL XVI. Unrepresented type : Bust of king. Horseman with Nike flying after Cunningham, PI. IX. 3. him. A doubtful attribution. Two coins in B. M. HYRKODES l (a) Type; bust of king and standing figure, Greek legend only; silver, round 118 Diademed bust of king to r. Draped figure standing to front Tol. YPKOJAOY with long sceptre or spear in r. hand ; flames issuing from shoul- W. 30. ders. - S. -6. To r. - - OYKYO - - - indo-avischen un& to which be J. Phftotogie Alt&riumskunde} t may now added Mr. Kennedy's recent note in J.R.A.S., 1013, pp. 124-7. Cunningham remarks that these coins are altogether exceptional, as they consist entirely of tetradrachms and obols. He should have qualified this observation owing to his own tentative attribution ofa copper coin to Heraos. The Parthian style of the bust on the tetradrachm, together with the design of the king on horse- back accompanied by the flying Nike, connect this currency with that of the ludo-Parthians, amongst which I have put it. On the other hand Prof. Gardner held that Heraos was a king of the Sakas owing to the presence of the word he read as 2 AK A. Yet again we have the additional epithet which may be interpreted as Kushanou, and Heraos then becomes a KushSn ruler, as held by Mr. Vincent Smith I. M. Cat., vol. i. While the tetradrachm is Parthian in style, the obols appear to have been directly imitated from those of the early Bactrian rulers. 1 A word of explanation is required here as to why the coins of Hyrkodes and the other rulers placed after him in this Catalogue, have been included in this section. I have placed Hyrkodes and Phseigacharis with Heraos because of similarity of the types. The coins of Rajula, of the two Odumbara rajahs, and the Indo-Chinese coins are of approximately the same period, and have been included because they were in the Collections from which the present Cabinet was formed, and though worthy of record, would otherwise have remained uncata- logued. I have separately noted other points of interest. HTRKODES 165 Metal No. Obvei'so Keverse M 119 As on No. 118. As on No. 118. To r. - - - OYKYCO - - W. 27. Tol. ---OAOllAO--- S. -6. PL XVI. 120 S. -55. Tol. OAON --- 121 3. -65. Tor. MAKAPO -- To 1. OPAH - - POY On this specimen the long spear or staff is radiate. 122 W. 48. To r. - - - AKAPOY S. -7. To 1. OHA 123 Three coins S. -5. G.B, 124 Mve coins S. -5-6. 0) Type: bust of king and horse's head, Greek legend only; silver, round 125 As on No. 118. Head and forequarters of bridled horse to r. W. 24. - - - To 1. YPKCO S. -5. PL XVI. 126 W. 14. S. -45. 127 W. 41. (barbarous) S. -7. 128 Two coins S. .45. G.B. Unrepresented types : None, 166 INDO-PARTHIAN KINGS Metal No. Beverse PHSEIGACHARIS JR 129 In reel and pellet border, bust Standing radiate figure of of king to r. Herakles with club and lion's skin. Greek legend OCElfAXAPIC W. 40. G. B. PL XVI. S. -6. Unrepresented types : None. SAPALEISES Unrepresented type : Helmeted bust of king to r. Lion to r. with Greek inscription S. M. Cat., PI. XXIV. 14, 15. NANAIA. KAJUVULA (KAJULA), SATEAP OF MATHURA bust and Bi. (a) Type: of king Pallas; billon, round 130 Greek Corrupt legend. Pallas with aegis and thunder- Diademed bust of king to r. bolt to 1. Kh. legend partly off coin but W. 37. probably Apratihatacaforasa chatra S. -6. pasa fiajawdasa. To r. Kh. ha. To 1. Kh. stl G. B, 131 Similar to No, 130. Similar to No. 130. Two coins PL XVI S. -55. 132 Four coins S. *5. Lead Type: lion and Herakks ; lead, round 133 l Corrupt Greek legend. Herakles standing to front. Lion to r. Kh. legend illegible on this coin, but probably similar to that on W. 76. No. 130. S. -6. * This specimen of lead is Eajula's coinage illegible, but I have fire specimens, one of whioh gives the Kharostbi word Rqjatasct or Rajutasa quite distinctly. Erom a com- I read the parison Kharosthi legend on my coins as toqpcua Rajcilasa ayratiha , INDO-CHINESE RULERS 167 Metal No. Obverse Reverse INDO-CHINESE RULERS 1 JE 134 Chinese characters Luh tcJw Horse or wild ass to r, * tira - - - 135 tsim, i. e. six tchu (of) money '. Kh. legend G. B. PL XVI. W. 50. S. -75. ODUMBARA RAJAHS M DHARAGHOgA 136 Figure standing to front. Tree in railing, and trident- Kh. legend devasa rajna battleaxe. obverse DTiaraghosasa Brahmi legend as on Across field sa rajna Dharaghosasa W. 37. PL XVI. S. -7. RUDRAVARMA flower. to r. 137 Bull to r. j in field, Elephant Kh. legend Brahmi legend as on obverse. To r. trisul. ka. Budravarmasa vijayata, Above, Kh. PL XVI. S. *7, 180. I find that the coins of this in that is to say, a similar inscription to that on No. type in the the British Museum hare already been included by Prof. E. J. Bapson currency o^ of their attribution to this ruler. Also see Rajula, but the present is the first publication * Numismatic Notes and Novelties ', Lead Coins, No. IX of Part II of Mr. Vincent Smith's Sale is a lead coin of this J.A.S.B., 1897. Coin No. 115 of Part I of the White King Catalogue attributed to Sfcrato II. type; and was wrongly 1 All the Indo-Chinese coins come from Khotan and its neighbourhood, and must be of this referred to the first and second centuries A.D. A full and interesting description Coins in the British Collection of currency is contained in Dr. Hoernle's paper 'Indo-Chinese in the Central Asian Antiquities % Indian Antiquary, 1899. Two sises are known copper only, this Collection to the latter large and the small, and the specimens in belong category. of the coins. The The Chinese legend merely gives the monetary denomination large variety while the small is equivalent to one liang and four toJtu of copper money, variety weighs six trim. read the name on the The name of the ruler is given on the KharostM side. Cunningham see tos Coins tf Alexandra Swwssors tn the large coin known to him as Heramaw&a (Hermaios) as and lie remarks teabut this is incorrect. The name is given by Dr. Hoernle Gugramaya, all with that there are altogether five varieties of royal names, commencing Gugra. 168 INDO-PAETHIAIST KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse and Copper Unidentified lead alloy 138 * ---ATPAHOY MEfAAO Herakles with club and lion's ---OY skin in 1. hand and r.arm extended. Horse standing to r. Kh, legend Chairapasa makatasa W. 150. dhramilcasa To r. Kh. dhra. S. -9. To 1. Kh. ma. PL XVI. 139 W. 165. M S. -95. 140 Diademed bust to r. as on coins Deity. of Rajula. Kh. legend sasaja W. 37. 141 > Pallas with aegis and thunder- Corrupt Greek legend. bolt to r. W. 37. Kh. legend illegible. SUPPLEMENTARY SANABABES (i) Silver coin of the Arsakid type. PI. XVII. B. M. Cat. JB, Drachm, (ii) Copper coin of the Indo-Parthian type, PI. XVII. but with Greek legends only. S. M. Cat. M VIJAYAMITBA'S SON (iii) Mounted king to r. Standing deity. Now in B. M. JE PL XVII. See Cunningham. A coin either of the Indo-Scythians or Indo-Parthians. SAPALEIZES (iv) Helmeted bust of king to r. Lion to r. with name of goddess PL XVII. J5. If. Cat. M Hemidrachm. N A N A 1 A . ABSAKES THEOS (v) Horse to r. Bow in case. PL XVII. Now in B. M. Sq. JB Illustrated at JB. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 12. 1 There are two specimens of this interesting coin in the present Collection, while there are three in the British Museum, one of which, however, is quite illegible. The type has never been identified or discussed. The metal connects it with the lead currencies of Strato II and of Rajula, but in execution and legibility it is superior to either, and must belong to a comparatively early period. I am fairly satisfied with my readings, and think that the only word unelucidated is the name of the satrap. Coin No. 138 shows that this name is very short, and on the KharostM side there is only room for two atearas, or three at the very most, in addition to the usual genitive termination sa, which is plainly visible. SECTION III COINS OF THE KUSHANS INTRODUCTION THE few and disconnected facts that have been gleaned concerning the Greek principalities in Bactria and India, have come almost entirely from the study of their coins. But we have more detailed information about the time and immediate cause of their fall. Occasional notices in Strabo and Justin give us the bare informa- tion that an irruption of Scythian tribes of various names Asii, Pasianij Tochari, and Sakarauli made an end of the Greek dominion in Bactria and Sogdiana. The classical notices have been thoroughly discussed by J, Marquart in his brilliant work Er&nfahr (Berlin, 1901), a historical geography of the old Indo-Scythian territories between the Oxus and Indus. For more precise data as to the time of this event, the true origin of the tribes which finally supplanted Greek rule, and the spread of their power towards India, we have to turn to other sources of information, namely the records preserved for us in the annals of the Chinese dynasty of the Hans, "A statement recorded during the period of the Former Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-A.D. 24) clearly identifies the Great Yue-chi people (Ta-7ue-cki) with the invaders of Bactria in the second century before the Christian era. Originally, so the text asserts, the Great Yue-chi lived a nomad life beyond the north-western frontiers of China. With their flocks they moved hither and thither the over those vast tracts like their neighbours, the hordes of Hiung-nu. In 201 B.C., and again in 165 B.C., they were attacked the by the same powerful Hiung-nu, the Huns of later days. On last occasion their king was slain, and his skull turned into a drinking bowl, and the Yue-chi themselves, driven to forsake their camping over the grounds, wandered far to the west. Here, after a victory Ta-hia, the nation occupying Bactria, the Great Yue-chi settled down in the tracts north of the Oxus. It was there that the Chinese envoy a know- Chang-k'ian, on Ms famous mission which first opened up ' them ledge of the Western Kegions' to the Chinese, came across not in 126B.C. Some time after his visit, in what year does made definitely appear, the Great Yue-chi crossed the Oxus, and The themselves masters of the Ta-hia capital south of that riven the territory they thus secured was bounded to the west by A-si, 172 KUSHAN KINGS or the kingdom of the Arsacidae, and to the south by Ki-pin, that is, the Upper Kabul Valley. . . . The victors split up the conquered territory among five chiefships, and remained in it for a hundred odd years. Then one of the five princes, named Kieu-tsieu-khio according to the Chinese accounts and chief of the Kuei-shuang tribe, attacked and conquered the other four Yue-chi principalities. Uniting thus the whole people under one sway, he founded the mighty Kuei-shuang empire, so named after the ruling family. Led by this king the Yue-chi crossed the Hindukush mountains, the southern frontier of Bactria. Kao-fu, the present Kabul, fell before them, and they made themselves complete masters of Ki-pin, the valley of the Upper Kabul River, and the adjoining territories. After these conquests Kieu-tsieu-khio died in the eightieth year of his age. His son and successor Yen-kao-tsin-tai, according to the Annals of the Later Han Dynasty, conquered India proper, and established there generals who ruled in the name of the Yue-chi. From this time forward the Yue-chi nation is said to have grown rich and powerful. 1 Or preferably Vima Kadphises. See p. 11 of Professor E. J* Kapson's On #w? Alphabet qf the Kharoathi Documents, Paris, 190&. 174 KUSHAN KINGS the legends are plainly legible in both languages. On copper coinage the king is given the full suzerain titles of BACIA6YC BACIA6CON CO)THP M6TAC, while in the Kharosthi inscription he is called 'The great king, king of kings, lord of the world, the Mahivara, the defender'. Mahisvara is a name of 6iva, so perhaps Vima Kadphises claimed to be an incarnation of the Indian destroying deity. Only one single piece is known in silver of the Kadphises dynasty, and that is a coin almost exactly resembling the ordinary small copper type of Vima Kadphises, but struck in silver B.M.Cat, PL XXV. 11. Cunningham sug- gested that this piece was intended for the equivalent of the Eoman silver denarius Num. Chron., 1892, p. 70. But if the coin were struck for ordinary circulation, it is very improbable that it would have remained unique for more than seventy years the coin is figured in Ariana Antiqua, published in 1841. I should be inclined to regard it in the nature of a proof-piece. In the chronological order generally accepted by numismatists up to the present, the Kadphises group was succeeded by the following Kushan princes in the order named : Kanishka. Huvishka. Vasu Deva. Between Kanishka and Huvishka came a ruler named Vasishka, but his coins, if he issued any, have not yet been identified. It was in the times of Kanishka and Huvishka that the power of the Kushan Empire reached its zenith. According to the Rdjatarangim both rulers were Turushkas, that is to say, of Turkish stock. So probably was Vasu Deva, but he assumed an Indian name. These questions were discussed by Prof. Sten Konow of Christiania in a paper on the nationality of the Kushanas, read before the International Congress of Historical Studies, London, 1913. Their barbarian origin notwithstanding, these rulers testified to their religious leanings by the founding of numerous monasteries and shrines. The name of Kanishka is prominent in the history of Buddhism in North-West India. Kanishka, Huvishka, and Vasu Deva coined extensively in gold and copper, and these coins exhibit legends in the Greek script alone. The only possible exception to this statement is the unique bilingual copper piece which may have contained the name of Huvishka Cunningham, Num. Chron., 1892, p. 82. In addition to this fact, the coins are differentiated from the issues of the Kadphises group by their general design and style. The issues of the Kanishka group are found in such profusion throughout North-West India that this INTRODUCTION 175 fact alone is a clear indication of the power and prosperity of the Kushan rule. Sir Aurel Stein has remarked that the copper coins of Kanishka and other Kushan sovereigns are to be got in such numbers in the bazars of the Western Panjab, Kashmir, and Kabul, that one might almost say that they have remained in circulation for eighteen centuries. Gold coins also of Kanishka and Huvishka have come to light in these parts in relatively large numbers. The effigy of Kanishka on the coins closely resembles the standing figure of Vima Kadphises, and is radiate. On the small gold pieces we are given a half or quarter length portrait, but this is quite distinct from the similar portraiture of Vima Kadphises. The usual representation of Huvishka on his abundant gold coinage is a characteristic head or half-length figure in four different styles see Cunningham, Num. Chron., 1892, p. 98. On the copper coins the king is generally represented as riding an elephant, reclining on a couch, or seated in a cross-legged attitude. He is never shown standing, as on the coins of Vima Kadphises and Kanishka. But the monetary issues of Vasu Deva invariably depict him in an attitude closely resembling the standing figure of Kanishka. The reverse sides of the coins of Kanishka and Huvishka present us with a strange and extensive gallery of deities with Greek, Buddhist, Indian, and Iranian names. Mr. J. Kennedy remarks that it was from Babylonia and Mesene that Kanishka derived the greater part of his pantheon, a pantheon perhaps without an equal until Heliogabalus iu his youthful extravagance assembled all the gods of the Empire on the Capitol at Kome to do homage to the black stone of Emesa 'The Secret of Kanishka', J.R.A.S., 1912, p. 1003. In his Coins of the Kwhdns, Cunningham gives a list of thirty-three types. The deities, mainly Zoroastrian in character, are also described in Stein's Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythian Coins, and in the British Musewm Catalogue. For other references see Professor E. J. Eapson's Indian Coins, p. 18, 73. The full pantheon of some thirty deities is confined to the medals of Kanishka and Huvishka. Vasu Deva figures only the goddesses Nana and Ardokhsho, and the Indian Oesho or 6iva. Much has already been written on this subject, and I do not propose to deal with it at any greater length in this Introductory Note. A full list of the deities is given in the Catalogue. It would seem that not long after the reign of Vasu Deva, the external power of the Kushans was considerably reduced. The rise of the Gupta Empire is dated from the fourth century, and it would appear that the Kushan dominion was forced back into the territories where it had originally grown into power, the Kabul Valley, and Qandhara. It ,is to this decadent period that we must ascribe the 176 KUSHAN KINGS coins issued by kings using the names of Kanishko and Vasu (Deva). Gold coins of the Vasu Deva type continued to be struck in Gandhara as the by chiefs of the original Yue-chi stock, who are usually known Lesser Kushans. The so-called Kushano-Sassanian pieces, the result of Sassanian invasions of the Kabul Valley, are found on the Sistan side, and were probably struck in the fourth and fifth centuries of our era. A copper coinage, very much debased, but undoubtedly designed on the old Kushaii model, persisted in Kashmir from the sixth to the sixteenth century. The widest divergence of opinion exists as to the position in time, and the sequence of the Kadphises and Kanishka groups of Kushan kings. Numismatists have usually had no hesitation in placing the Kadphises group before the Kanishka group, and I have followed this convention. Tor a typical presentment of this view see H. Oldenberg's 'The Era of Kaniska', Journal of Hie Pali Text Society, 1912. Mr. Vincent Smith L M. Gat., vol. i, p. 64 holds that the following chronology of accessional dates is approximately correct : Kadphises I A. t>. 45 or 50. Kadphises II (Wema Kadphises) A. D. 85. Kanishka A, D. 120. Huvishka A D. 150. Vasu Deva A. D. 180. No less than eleven theories have been broached regarding the date of Kanishka. They carry the initial year in which the Kushan inscriptions are dated over a period ranging from 58 B. c. to A. D. 278 see V. A. Smith, 'The Kushan Period of Indian History', J. R. A.S., 1903, and K. D. Banerji', 'The Scythian Period of Indian History', Indian Antiquary, 1908. Dr. J. F. Fleet holds that Kanishka established the era dating from 58 B. c., which subsequently became known as the Vikrama era. This view involves the assumption that the Kanishka group preceded the Kadphises kings* It is only a year that Mr. J, in his 'The Secret of Kanishka ago Kennedy paper, *, J.E.A.S., 1912, has with much learning and ingenuity advocated this theory afresh, A reply by Dr. Thomas, Librarian of the India Office, and the subsequent discussion, are reported in the Journal the of Royal Asiatic Society for the present year, 1913. The entire ground is fully covered by these contributions, to which I refer the reader. The final decision still awaits the excavator's find. The copper issues of the Kushans are strongly represented in this Collection. The Buddha type of Kadaphes makes its appearance in a Museum Catalogue for the first time, and very few of the copper of types Kanishka and Huvishka are missing. There are four specimens INTRODUCTION 177 of a new type belonging in all probability to Kanishka. As regards the gold coinage, there are a fine double stater of Vima Kadphises, and a few specimens of the rarer types of Kanishka and Huvishka. But on the whole the gold Kushan issues are very inadequately represented, and the Collection in this respect is immeasurably inferior to the superb British Museum Cabinet. However, as I have already remarked in the Introduction to the first Section, it must be remembered that the British Museum contains Sir Alexander Cunningham's entire Collection, and Cunningham's Collection represents the cream of the entire output of Indo-Greek coins for more than fifty years (1840- 1895 approx.). A word as to forgeries. Mr. Vincent Smith mentions certain very clever forgeries of rare Kushan gold coins which were so well executed that they could be ascribed with confidence to the skill of a Rawalpindi dealer who was able sometimes to deceive the very elect, including Sir Alexander Cunningham himself/. M. Cat,, vol. i, p. 65. The Lahore Museum Cabinet of Forgeries contains one or two of the original dies from which these imitations were struck, A numis- matist who has the advantage of collecting in India itself, and is in constant touch with the Rawalpindi dealers, can generally detect even the best of their manufactures. But Mr. J. Allan has pointed out to me that some of the most realistic forgeries go back to earlier years. The Kushan gold coins in the British Museum, most of which came from Cunningham, do not include a single specimen of the characteristic Rawalpindi imitations. A few gold forgeries kept in the British Museum Cabinet have been there more than sixty years. One of these, a coin of Vasu Deva, is illustrated in Asiatic Researches, vol. xvii (1832). Cunningham wrote about forgeries as early as 1842. It is probable that some of the imitations to which Mr. Vincent Smith refers, were made before the days of the dealer he suspects, As regards the Rawalpindi dealers, it must be remembered that the best of the genuine coins and other antiques still pass through their hands. They are well known throughout the Frontier, they constantly visit the likely find spots, and spare no pains in acquiring valuable specimens. Several of the rarer Kushan gold types are forged, but I have never seen a forged copper coin. 178 COINS OF THE KUSHANS Metal Obverse Reverse No. HEEMAIOS WITH KUJULA KADPHISES : bust Herniaios and Herakles round M (a] Type of ; copper, 1 I Bust of Hermaios, diademed, to r. Herakles facing, with lion's skin on 1. arm club on Above, BACIAEHZ ZTHPOZ ; resting ground, Y in r. Land. Below, EPMAIQY Kh. legend Kujula, Kasasa dhramatkidasa] W. 115. PI. XVII. S. -9. S. -9. G.B. W. 139. S. -9. W. 97. S. -9. W. 156, S. -95. S. -9. 1 On the supposition that STHPQZ is a contraction of Z-QTHPQSj Cunningham offered a conjectural explanation of the puzzling particle 2Y, which he tended to regard as a prefix to the name EPMAIQY P 46 of Coins of the JBTwsMns. But Professor E, J. Eapson has rightly pointed out that 2Y is really attached to STHPDZ? and discusses the possibility of a single epithet STHPDZSYj corresponding to some Kharosthi word- f see Two Notes on Indian Numismatics ', J.R.A.S,, 1897. HERMAIOS WITH KUJULA KADPHISES 179 Metal No. Obverse Keverse JE 7 As on No. 1. As on No. 1. Two coins S. -9. KUJULA KADPHISES (KADPHISES I) (a) Type : bust of Hermaios and Herakles ; copper, round KDZQYADY KAAd>IIDY Herakles to front, with | | standing KDPCDADY r. hand resting on club, and lion's Diademed bust of Hermaios to r. skin over 1. arm. The corrupt Greek inscription Kh. legend Kwjula, Kasasa Ku- varies on different coins. sana yavugasa dkramathidasa. In field, Kh. sam. S. -9. G. B. PL XVII. 9 Two coins W. 128. To r. Kh. lu. S. -35. To 1. M. 1. G. B. 10 Two coins 3. -9. No monograms. 11 W. 96. To r. Kh. #a. S. -75. 12 Two coins W. 58, No monograms ; Kh. legend S. -8. illegible. 13 Two coins W. 22. S. -65. Standing deity, probably Hera- Diademed bust of Hermaios to r. kles, with head turned to r. Kh. legend [tijusana ya- S. -9. B?R- 15 As on No. 8; Greek legend As on No. 8. quite corrupt. W. 74. S. -85. 180 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Obverse Reverse No. : bull and Badrian camel, with name Knjula Kara Kadphises; copper, round 1 16 Corrupt and illegible Greek Two-huniped camel to r. - - - legend. Kh. legend Maharajasa Bull to r. 2 to r. To r. Kb. sasath. ; above, M. ; monogram Kh. monogram. Above, Kh. pa. W. 167. S. -9. 17 Two coins 18 To r. Kh. Kh. legend - - - rasa Kayala, Kara S. -9. Kapasa To r. Kh. characters. G. B. PL XVII. 19 W. 148. S. -86. 20 Kh. W. 64. legend Maharaja rajadira~ S. -65. jasa 21 Four coins W. 48. Kh. legend illegible. S. -6. 22 - - S. -6. Maharajasa rajadiraja 23 Two coins S. -55. Unrepresented type : 4 Macedonian soldier' type. Cunningham, PL XIY. 5 and 6. Several good specimens in B. M. 1 The various Kharosthi legends on this type are given by Cunningham on pp. .65 and 66 ojf his Coins of the JKtaMfw. See also pp, 208 and 209 of J, Marquart's jftfln&Ar. KADAPHES 181 Metal No. Obverse Reverse KADAPHES (a) ; diademed head, and enthroned king ; copper^ round 24 XOPANCY ZAOOY KOZO King seated to r. on chair. AA KAAA4>EC Kh. legend - - - - Kapksasa Diademed head to r., possibly Khusanasa imitated from that of Augustus on Roman coins. To 1. M, 3. The legends are discussed in G.B. PL XVII. the footnote on the succeeding type. S. -65. 25 S. -65. To r. Kh. tra. To 1. M, 3. As on No. 24. W. 48. Kh. legend Kuyula Kaphsasa S. -65. 27 W. 49, a -r. 28 w. 52. S.-7. seated 1 and round (j8) Type: Buddha, Zeus; copper, 29 Fragments of illegible Kh. Fragments of illegible Greek legend. legend. Buddha seated in conventional Deity, probably Zeus, wearing attitude -with uncertain object in the diadem, standing to r., with r. hand. r. arm extended and long sceptre in 1. hand. W. 32. To L Kh. mi. S. -6. PL XVII, x of his * Numismatic Thift type was first published by Mr, Vincent Smith in Part II 1897. described he wrote : These, two Notes and Novelties ', J.A&B., Of the two specimens / 182 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Ko. Obverse Reverse jfi 30 As on No. 29. As on No. 29. G.B. As type (a), but with Nike on the reverse. Cunningham, Coins tfthe KusMns, p. 65. little coins deserve to be reckoned among the most remarkable of recent numismatic discoveries. They add two specimens to the short list of Kusana coins bearing the image of Buddha, and prove that the introduction of that image in it's conventional form does not date from the reign of Kaniska, but goes back at least to the reign of Kadaphes, one of his predecessors. . . . These Buddha pieces are assigned to Kadaphes on account of the legend XOPANCY, which is distinct on one of them, and which is peculiar to the coins of Kadaphes.' The seated Buddha occupies one side, while the other, according to Mr. Vincent Smith, bears a &va and bull design. Later on he published a third similar Buddha coin of of the Zeus Kadaphes, (described by Mr. Vincent Smith as a king or god) instead of the &va and bull Part type III of 'Numismatic Notes and Novelties', JU.&&, 1898. There was a in the White good specimen King Collection, Sak Catafogue, Part I, No. 360 (illustrated in Plate I four IV) ; possess specimens, and have seen two or three more. But all these latter are of the Zeus and I think that a careful type, examination of the Plate illustrating Part II of 'Numismatic Notes and Novelties', and comparison with the reproductions of the Zeus will show that the type, two specimens first published are identical in type with the later and that all are of one and the same that of ones, type Buddha, and the king or god usually called the obverse of Zeus, cp, design coins B,.af. Cat., Pi. XXIII. 2 and 8, and XXIV. 1. As regards the legends. The White King coin plainly shows the Kharosthi atearas la while one of has - - - - ~ Kadaphasa , my specimens sanasa -. The words Ztiyuto Kfiusanasa at once RadapHma suggest themselves, and the legend is probably completed by one more word. The new name-form Kadaphasa is interesting. If the name Kadaphes is only another form of and if the ruler is identical Kadphises, Kadaphes with Kadphises I, a view suggested by Cunningham and J. Marquart, and followed by Mr. Vincent Smith in Part I of the Indian Jfwseww Catalogue, we have the four different Kharosthi forms of the name Kasa the I (on ordinary Kadphises coins), Kaphsa (on the ordinary 'Kadaphes* on these Buddha and Kali on the ' coins), Kadapha coins, 'Macedonian soldier type of Kadphises I see coin No. IV of Part III of 'Numismatic Notes and Novelties'. Our only evidence is the coins, and these exhibit four different names in the Kharosthi and two in theflreek. On 208 and 209 of his pp. Jrffw&fcr, Berlin, 1901, J. Marquart discusses the legends on the coins of and Kadphises Kadaphes. The Kharosthi Kusmayawgasa or Rh^maayafaa, has the Greek equivalent XOPANCY ZAOOY, and means 'of the jabgu of'the Kushans'. is a well-known Turkish word for 'leader' Mgu or king'. See also Mr. J. Kennedy, 'The Secret of Kanishka', J.R.A.B., 1912, pp. 669, 1002, and 1003. Marquart holds that K OZOA A KAAAcDEC is a variant of merely KDZDYADY K A A ' VIMA (WEMA) KADPHISES (KADPHISES II) (a) Type : king enthroned, with Indian deity Siva, and bull round N ; gold, 31 BACIAEYC OOHMO *KAA Type: half-length figure of king, and iva ; gold, round BACIA KAA 33 BACIAEYC OOHMO KAA ICHC G. B. PL XVIL Half-length figure of king as on r. No. 32, but to L ; holds club in hand and ankus in 1. hand. To r. M. 4. S. -8. 1 Vima is preferable to Wema see p. It of Professor E, J, Kapson's On the Alphabet of the Kh&rosthi Documents, Paris, 1905. 184 KUSHAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eererse (y) Type : head of king in frame ; gold, round 34 Greek legend as on No. 33. Trident-battleaxe. Diademed head of king to r. in Zh. legend Mahwagarajadiraja square frame. Vima Kaptiasa. To r. M. 2. W. 30. To 1. M. 4. S. 45. G. B. PI. XVII. S. -4. three (S) Type: standing king, and $iva and butt, of sizes; copper, round A. size M Large 36 BACIAYC BACIA0)N Siva, radiate, standing to front, CCOTHP MCfAC OOHMO wearing necklace, with long tri- KAA4HCHC dent in r. hand, and leaning with King in panoply as on No. 31, L arm on bull. standing to front "with his head Kh. legend as on No. 31. turned to L; makes an offering To 1. M. 2. with his r. hand over a small altar. G.B. PL XVII To r. M. 4 and club (possibly a sceptre or ceremonial weapon, cp. the mace in recently unearthed statue of Kanishka). To L trident-battleaxe. W. 270. 3. M. 87-39 G.B. 40-45 46 Eleven coins VIMA KADPHISES (KADPHISES H) 185 C. Small size W.65. G.B. 50 Two coins 51 Three coins 52 Three coins Unrepresented types : Double staters : (i) B. M. Cat., PL XXV. 7. (ii) Cunningham, PL XV. 3. (iii) Cunningham, PL XV. 5. (iv) N. S. XIV (head in frame type). Staters: M, PL XXV. 8. (v) B. Cat., (vi; Type of No. 38, but king diademed only. Cunningham, PL XV. 6. (vii) As type (v), but king helmeted as well as diademed, (viii) As type (v), but on reverse 6iva and bull, (ix) Type of No. 82, but on reverse Siva and bulL (x) B. M. Cat., PL XXXII. 18. All the above coins with the exception of (iv) now in the B. M. (xi) The unique silver coin. B.X.CA, PI. XXV. 11. (xii) The unique copper coin exhibiting a bust with two faces. Cunningham, PL XV. 14. (xiii) A variety of type (5) on which the Kh. inscription la replaced . by a reel and pellet border. Known in all three sizes. Cunningham, PL XV. 10. M 186 KUSHAN KINGS Obverse Reverse tfo. KANISHKA 1 (a) Type: with Greek title BAC1AEYC BACIAEGJN; M one size only; copper, round 58 a BACIAYC BACIA6GON HAIOC to 1. KANHf>KOY Sun-god, radiate, standing ; Bang, radiate, standing to L, characteristic halo of sun-rays wearing peaked helmet, long behind head. 4. heavy coat, and trousers ; sacrifices To L M. at a altar in 1. G. B. small ; long spear PL XVII. hand. W. 133. S. -9. 54 G.B. 55 Five coins G.B. 56 Seven coins 57 NANAIA W. 128. Goddess Nanaia to r., nimbate S. *9. and diademed; in r. hand short sceptre. PL XVIL 58 1 The strange and extensive gallery of gods and goddesses with their Greek, Indian, and Persian names, which adorns the currencies of Kanishka and his successor Huvishka, has been, discussed in various publications, of which I may mention Cunningham's Coins of the, KusMns and Sir A. Stein's Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythic Cbiws see p. 175 of this Catalogue. In the case of Huvishka, however, the workmanship of the coins is so poor that specimens which at first sight appear to present new and unknown deities are sometimes only variations of old types with names blundered and deities wrongly labelled. 2 Copper coins of Kanishka with his Greek title of Basileos basileon, are obtainable, though much rarer than the common type bearing the title of Shao, The Greek type of gold coin is exceedingly rare. In the British Museum Collection are one Helios, one Hephaistos, and two with the deity Salene. No others are known up to the present. For descriptions see Cunningham, Coins of the KwMns* KANISHKA 187 Metal Eeverse No. Obverse M 59 As on No. 53. As on No. 57. Six coins 60 Two coins title (j8) Type: with Iranian t>AONANO|>AO (ShaonanosMd) ; gold, round 61 |>AONANOl>AO KANHf>KI MIIPO to as No. 53. ROMANO. [Shaonanoshao Sun-god L, on shU Koshaaw, 'Of the king of To 1. M. 4. kings, Kanishka, the Kushau.] King as on No. 53. W. 122. S. -8. 62 G.B. S, -8. 63 S. -75. PL XVII. 64 MAO 8. -75. Crescented male figure of the moon-god, radiate, to Lj filleted sceptre in his 1. hand. To 1. M. 4. GK B. PI. XYIL 65 OH{>0 S. -8. Four-armed Siva to L wearing or necklace in his four garland j hands he bears a trident, goat, drum, and gourd with elephant goad, respectively. To L M. 4. G. B. PI. XVII. 188 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse N 66 As on No. 61. NANA[>AO Goddess to r. as on No. 57. S. -8. To r. M. 4. G-.B. PL XVII. 67 (3AONANO KANH|>Kl A0[>0 KO|>ANO Bearded deity radiate, to L, with Half-length portrait of king to fillet in r. hand and tongs in 1. with helm and diadem To 1. M. 4. L, ; spear in 1. hand. G. B. PL XVII W.31, S. -5. (y) Type: with title |)AO (Shoo), i% three mes; copper, round MIOPO Sun-god to L as on No. 53. To 1. M. 4. G.B. G.B. 1 The of ordinary type Kanislika's copper currency is usually found in three sizes the large, half, and quarter. smaller Occasionally coins come to hand, e.g. Ho. 82. This Collection is fairly complete. It includes the rare middle size of N A N A, but the following sizes and types are : small wanting A0|>0, middle-sized, and small standing Buddha, and the Buddha known in the sitting large size only. Cunningham mentions the existence of a small-sized but it is not in A0|>0, the B. M. Collection, and I do not otherwise know of it Coins tfos. 68-113 in the vary legibility of their obverse inscriptions, but these remain invariable throughout. KANISHKA 189 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 73 As on No. 68. MIYPO Five coins As on No. 68. W. 55-69. PL XVIII S. -7. 74 Two coins G.B. 75 MAO Three coins W. 245. Moon-god, radiate, with crescent S. I. behind shoulders. To 1. M. 4. 76 PL XVIII. 77 Three coins a.B. 78 W. 130. S. *85. 79 Two coins W. 122-136. 80 Five coins W. 67-79, S. -75. 81 Two coins as. 82 Two coins W. 26. S. -5. 83 OAAO W. 260. Wind-god, undraped and radi- a i. ate, running to 1. To L M. 4. PI. XVHL 190 KTJSHAN KINGS KANISHKA 191 192 KUSHAN KINGS KANISHKA 193 Metal Reverse No, Obverse M 112 As on No. 68. As on No. 110. G.B. 113 Illegible Greek circular legend W. 248. in peculiar style. S. 1. Buddha, nimbate, facing, stand- ing in preaching attitude. PL XVIII. The Greek legend probably records the name of Sakya-Muni Buddha. See Cunningham, Nwm. Chron.> 1892, pp. 57 and 8L Also B. M. Cat., p. IxvL (S) Type: "king seated on throne, and deity; copper, round King seated on wide throne OH|>0 Three coins -with back and sides, with head Two-armed Siva exactly as on turned to 1.; wears a peculiar No. 110. wide-brimmed hat, and volumi- To L M. 4. nous trousers. To r. letters probably reading W. 68. S. -65. 115 MAO 8. -65. Moon-god as on No. 75. To L M. 4. PI. XVIIL 1 These four coins of the king seated on throne type were in the Rodgers Collection, and are and are briefly mentioned in his Catalogue, but otherwise unknown unpublished. I think the attribution to Kanishka is certain because of the size and style, which are This new is known with quite different from those of Huvishka's copper currency. type some OH|>0 and MAO reverses only. I found a specimen of the MAO variety years ago of in Ambala City, and have identified another in the B. M. Collection. I know no others. 194 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse Unrepresented types : Staters : (i) As type (a) with HAIOC (ii) CAAHNH (iii) H0AICTOC (iv) As type (/3) with APOOACTTO (v) cDAPPO (vi) OPAAfNO (vii) NANA (viii) A0f>0 (ix) APAOX[)0 (x) BOAAO (xi) MOZAOOANO (xii) MANAOBAfO Quarter staters: (xiii) As type (jS) with MI0PO (xiv) A0|>0 (xv) MAO (xvi) NANA[>AO (xvii) OH|)0 (xviii) 0APPO (xix) Type of No. 67, but with MAO (xx) NANA (xxi) OH{)0 Nearly all the above figured in Cunningham, Cains of tJte Kushnns. All B. now in M. except (xiii). Kare types (iv), (vi), and (xi) are much forged. For the missing copper types see footnote to No. 68. HUVISHKA I : (a) Type half-length figure of "kwg, and deity ; gold, round 116 |>AONANO|)AO OOHbKl MIOPO KO|>ANO Sun-god, with characteristic sun- of to 1. Half-length figure king 1., ray halo, to radiate and diademed, -wearing To L M. 5. rounded helmet and embroidered G.B. coat : holds ankus in 1. hand, and a kind of sceptre in r. hand. S. -8. 1 describes Cunningham four different busts of Huvishka as found on his gold coins, which he refers to as the B and D Num. A, 7 0, types-see Chron., 1892, p, 98, and J. Jf. Metal No. Obverse Reverse N 117 As on No. 116. MIIPO Similar to No. 1 16, but of better W. 121. execution. S. -8. To 1. M. 6. PL XVIIL 118 MIOPO Similar to No. 116, but sun-god holds a long sceptre in 1. hand and a fillet, or possibly flames, in r. hand. G.B. 119 MIPO W. 122. As on No. 116. S. -75. 120 Similar to No. 117, but name W. 121. of deity blundered. S. -8. 121 As on No. 116, but somewhat MAO different style, and name OOH|>KI Male lunar deity, radiate, to 1., is written O^OH^K I. with long staff or sceptre in r. hand, and 1. hand on handle of S. -8. short sword hanging at 1. side. Crescent behind shoulders. To 1. M. 6. G.B. 122 As on No. 116. MAO Lunar deity as on No. 121, S. -8, but r. arm is outstretched, and a knobbed staff, with Met, is in 1. hand. To 1. M. 6. G.B. 123 G.B. PL XVIII. S. -5. 196 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse N 123 a 1 As on No. 116. MANAOBAPO Moon-god seated to front on couch, with head turned to r. To r. M. 6. PL xvm. MI IPO and MAO Solar and lunar deities standing face to face ; between them M. 6. GL B. PI. XVIII. 125 A9|)0 but king -wears a peaked helmet Hephaistos, radiate, to r., with and coat of mail with cloak; in hammer in r. hand and tongs in L 1. hand in place of the ankus there To 1. M. 6. is a lion-standard from which G. B. PI. XVIII. hangs a fillet. 126 As on No. 125, but the standard 127 As on No, 126. 0APPO As on No. 126. Or. IB. 128 As on No. 116. Deity to r., radiate, with r. hand at side, and long filleted staff in 1. hand. To r. M. 6. G.B. 129 W, 122. PI. xvm. S. -85. 1 This type is the most forged of all the gold coins of Kanist&a and Huyishka, but I think this specimen is genuine. HUVISHKA 197 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 130 As on No. 126. APAOXfX) Goddess to r. holding conmco- piae In both hands. To r. M. 6. G.B. 131 APAOX[>0 W. 122. As on No. 130, but goddess to 1. S. -8. To 1.-M. 6. PL XVIIL 132 OANINAO "Winged goddess to 1. with palm in L hand and wreath in out- stretched r. hand. To r. M. 6. G. B. PL XVIII. 133 As on No. 116. NANA Goddess standing to front, W. 123. radiate, with head turned to L; 8. -75. sceptre in outstretched r. hand. To L M. 6. PL XVIIL 134 Figure of goddess Nana stand- W. 122, ing to r. as on No. 97. but name S. -8. is blundered and illegible. To r. M. 6. 135 NANA and OH|>0 W. 28. Figures of the deities facing one S. -5. another ; between them M. 6. G. B. PL XVIII. 136 Figure of goddess with the W. 120. cornucopiae as on No. 130, with S. *8. name to L, which is quite blun- dered and illegible. To r. M. 4. G, B. PL XVIIL 198 KUSHAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Reverse Type: elephant-rider; copper, round 137 Legend, never complete, and M1IPO Three coins often blundered or barbarous, Sun-god to 1. but usually fcAO NANO |>AO To 1. M. 4. OOHf>KE KppANO PI. King r., diademed and nimbate, riding on elephant; holds spear and elephant-goad. W. 245. S. 1. 138 MIOPO W. 237. As on No. 137. S. -95. 189 As on No. 137. Two coins W. 120. S. -9. 140 MAO W. 178. Male lunar deity to 1., with S. -85. crescent behind shoulders. To L M. 6. PL XVIII. 141 Four coins W. 200-240. 142 W. 213. Moon-god, but name blundered S. 1. and illegible. 143 (barbarous) G. B. W. 180. S. M. 144 Two coins W. 131. S. -85. HUVISEKA 199 Mecal No. Obverse Reverse 145 As on No. 137. As on No. 142. W. 81. 8. -8. 146 x MAO W. 174. Goddess with cornucopiae to 1. S. -95. To 1. M. 6. G.B. 147 2 but elephant to 1. G.B. PL XVIII. W. 159. S. 14. 143 As on No. 137. A0|>0 Five coins God of metals (Hephaistos) to 1, W. 211-240. with fillet in r. hand and tongs in 1. To 1. M. 4. 149 W. 103. S. -85. 150 Three coins W. 160. Two-armed Siya to L with long S. 1-05. trident in r. hand and gourd in 1. To 1. M. 5. G.B. 151 Six coins W. 146-162. PI. XIX. 152 W. 135. S. -85. 1 On this com there is the figure of Ardochsho, but she is labelled MAO. There is I. . vol. No. 28, Sir A. another specimen in the Indian Museum M Ctofc, i, p. 80, Cunningham noticed several similar coins Coins of the Kushans, p. 107. * Coins with the elephant-rider to the left instead of right are extremely rare. 2 200 KUSHAN KINGS 1 A AO coins of Huvishka are very rare. Sir A. Cunningham knew of two Coins of the .SfosMfls, p. 108. There are four in this Collection. This name is only fotind on the copper money of Kanishka and Huvishka. EUVISHKA 201 Metal Obverse Reverse No. 162 As on No. 137". HPAKHAO Herakles with club and lion's W. 152. skin standing to front. S. 1. To 1. M. 6. PL XIX. 63 AFIN (sic) W. 233. Four-armed deity to 1. 8.1. To 1. M. 6. 164 T OHA W. 241. Deity, nimbate, with fillet in S. 1-1. outstretched r. hand. To 1. M, 6. 165 Male deity; coin rubbed and W. 223. illegible. S. -95. 166 Deity ; coin barbarous. W. 80, To 1. M. 4. S. -85. 167 Figure, probably of king, seated but elephant-rider to 1. cross-legged. W. 162. S. -8, 168 As on No. 1 37. Deity ; coin barbarous. W. 54. S. -8. 169 W. 64. S. -8. 1 Sir A. Cunningham considered AOH to be another name for A9{>0, and discussed this coin a tke point at some lengthCw'ws of ike KusMns, p. 183. On we have figure resembling that of A0[>0, with the legend OHA. I should be inclined to consider the fragmentary labels in the Greek script on copper coins of Huvlshka as blunders made by ignorant die- sinkers, unless there were good evidence to the contrary. 202 KUSEAN KINGS Metal Obverse Eeverse No. JE 170 As on No. 137. As on No. 168. W. 225. S. -95. 171 OPH W..240. Deity to L, somewhat in the manner of OAAO. To 1. M, 4. G.B. 172 OFT ; coin barbarous. but elephant-rider is armed with Deity with cornucopiae to 1. a long trident. To L M. 26. G.B. W. 60. S. -8. (y) Type: king reclining on couch, and deity; copper, round 173 Greek inscr. as on No. 137. MIIPO King, facing, diademed and Sun-god to 1. radiate, reclining on a low To L M. 4. cushioned couch. G.B, W. 230. 174 W. 237. 175 W. 152. 3. 1. 176 MIOPO W. 224. As on No. 173. 177 Two coins W. 31. 8. -8. HUVISEKA 203 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 178 As on No. 173. MAO Two coins Moon-god, creseented, to 1. W. 227. To 1. M. 6. S. 1. 179 Two coins W. 130. S. -9. 180 W. 78. S. -7. 181 AG|X> Four coins W. 220. Deity to 1. with fillet and tongs. To 1. M. 4. 182 OH|>0 W. 240. Four-armed SiTa to L as on S. 1. No. 106. To 1. M. 4. G. B. PL XIX. 183 W. 242. S. 1. barbarous. 184 Deity ; coin W. 69. S. -8. 185 W. 52. 8. -85. 204 KUSHAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Reverse (S) Type: king seated to front, cross-legged, and deity ; copper, round JE 186 Greek inscr, as on No. 137. MI1PO King, facing, diademed, seated Sun-god to 1. cross-legged on cushions, with To 1. M. 4. sceptre in raised 1. hand; r. arm at side. W. 227. 8.1. 187 Two coins W. 100. S. -9. 188 W. 121. S. 1. 189 MEIPO W. 147. As on No. 186. S. *9. 190 MAO Three coins W. 225. Moon-god to 1. To 1. M. 4. 191 W. 180. S. -9. 192 W. 230. G.B. 193 W. 180. G.B. 194 W. 200. G.B. PL XIX. HUVISHKA 205 Metal No. Obverse Keverse M 195 As on No. 186. OOA--- As on No. 190. W. 267. 8. 1. 196 As on No. 190; barbarous. W. 100. S. 1. 197 W. 80. G.B. S. -9. 198 W. 112. but illegible name to 1. and M. 4 S. -9. tor. 199 As on No. 190. Two coins W. 90, S. -85. 200 A0|>0 Three coins W. 230. Deity with fillet and tongs to 1. S. 1. To 1. M. 4. 201 OH|X> vr. 120. Pour-armed Siva to 1. S. -95. To 1. M. 4. 202 [OAAO] W. 244. Wind-god running to 1. S. 1. To 1. M. 4. to round (e) Type : king seated with head right ; copper, 203 Greek inscr. as on No. 137. MIIPO Four coins King seated to front, but facing Sun-god to 1. 1. 5. r., ninabate and diademed. To M. W. 135. 8. -85. 206 KUSHAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 204 As on No. 203. [MAO] Crescented deity to 1. W. 140. To L M. 5. G. B. PI. XIX. 205 Like No. 203, but quite bar- Coin barbarous. barous. W. 81. S, -9. Type: king seated tvith both arms raised; copper, round 206 Inscr. gone. [ (7?) Miscellaneous r. 207 Elephant-rider to ; barbarous. Deity; barbarous. W. 182. S. 1. 208 l W. 228. S, 14. 1 The copper coins of Huvishka exist in various denominations, but these are somewhat vague, and I have made no attempt to subdivide the coins according to their respective weights. HTJVISHKA 207 Metal Obverse Reverse No. Unrepresented types : Staters : With obverses of Cunningham's types A, B, or C, and the following deities : (i) APAIX|>0 (ii) APOOACnO (iii) MAACHNO (iv) X6PO (v) NANA|)AO (vi) N A N A (seated on lion) (vii) OAX[>0 (viii) NANAwithOHJ)0 (ix) [>AOPHOPO (x) POJM (PIOM) (xi) CAPATTO (xii) CKANAO KOMAPO BIZAPO (xiii) CKANAO KOMAPO BIZAfO MAACHNO (xiv) CO PON (xv) OHt>0 With obverse of Cunningham's type B, and deity : (xvi) MIGPO With obverse of king seated cross-legged, and deities : (xvii) HPAKIAO (xviii) NAN A With obverse of king on elephant, and deity : (xix) APAOX[>0 Quarter staters : With obverses of types A, B, C, or D, and deities : (xx) APAOX[>0 (xxi) MAO (xxii) MIGPO (xxiii) NAN A (xxiv) CAP ATT (xxv) <>APPO ( Copper coins : reverse. (xxvi) Type (8) with Nana with of before Nana Cunning- (xxvii) Type (8) design king kneeling ham, Num. Chron., 1892, p. 117. AP (xxviii) Type () with deity AOX|>0 reverse of before Nana (xxix) Type () with design king kneeling Cunningham, Num. Chron., 1892, p. 118. the varieties of the I have made no attempt above to distinguish between reference to coin. main types, the only exception being the (vi) an^^sting such as I have also excluded probable blundered names AOXRO, OAMO, are in the and ONI A. All the above iix practically every known variety Cabinet. superb British Museum of and of tne Many types are forged, forgeries types (xu) y (xui), abundant. MANAOBAfO type (No. 128 a) being particularly 208 KUSHAN KINGS Metal Reverse No. Obverse VASU DEVA (a) Type : king at altar, and Siva with bull ; gold> rowiid 209 l |>AO NANO [>AO BAZOAHO OHJ)0 KO|>ANO Two-armed Siva standing to *Bazodeo (Vasudeva), the Ku- front, with noose in r. hand and of trident in 1. behind him shan, king kings.* long ; bull in 1. King, nimbate,to 1., with peaked standing to L; upper helmet and complete suit of chain- field M. 7. mail, making an offering with r. Name OH|>0 is on r. and reads altar hand over a small ; long upwards. 1. in the trident in hand j trident with One or two coins British lillet in 1. field. show a Museum , many-headed Obverse A. figure of Siva. This deity has five heads. See also Num. Chron., W. 121. 1892, PI. XIV. 7, 8, 9. S. -85. PL XIX. 210 In r. field symbol like M. 2. G.B. PL XIX. Obverse E. W. 115. S. -95. 211 Corrupt legend f>AO N ANO |>AO As on No. 209; name OH(>0 is BAZOAHO on r. and reads downwards. As on No. 209, but no trident PL XIX. in 1. field. Obverse D. W. 123. S. -8. 212 Similar to No. 209, but no As on No. 209. trident in PL XIX. L field ; inscr. illegible. W. 31. S. -5. 1 'Coins of The alphabetical obverse types are references to p. 125 of Cunningham's the Kushans', Num. Chron., 1890. VASU DEYA 209 Metal No. Obverse Reverse 213 As on No. 212. As on No. 209. W. 31. S. -5. 214: W. 31. G. B. S. -5. Type; as type (a), but copper, round JE 215 Greek legend quite corrupt; Similar to No. 209, but name design as on No. 209. OH|>0 is omitted or illegible. To r. M. 7. W. 154. S. -9. 216 W. 117. PI. XIX. S. -85. 217 Eight coins S. -9. 218 Three coins S, -9. G.B. 219 - - VT. 109. but name OOH[> is legible on S. -85. r., reading downwards. 220 As on No. 215. Two coins but with obverse JS as on No. 210. W. 135. S. -9. 221 As on No. 215 ; barbarous, W. 60. S. -7. 210 KUSEAN KINGS Metal No. Obverse Eeverse JE 222 As on No. 215. As on No. 215. W. 56. S. -7. 223 As on No. 210. G.B, PL XIX. W. 35. 8. -5. 224 As on No. 215. W. 29. S. -6. 225 W. 56. S. -7. 226 barbarous; a mixed metal coin. W. 70. S. -65. (/) Type: king at altar, and seated goddes$; copper, round 227 As on No. 215; legend either Goddess seated on throne to front fillet in r. and cormi- absent or quite corrupt. ; hand, copiae in 1. W. 132. S. -85. 228 W. 120. PL XIX. S. -8, 229 JFour coins S. -8. VAST! DEVA 211 Metal No. Obverse Reverse M 230 As on No. 227. As on No. 227. W. 29, S. -6. Unrepresented types : Staters with reverses of (i) NANA (ii) OH|>0 without bull. Quarter staters : (iii) With reverse of OHbO without bull. Copper coin : Entire field word Vasu Entire field (iv) occupied by occupied by , the in Brahml characters. symbol of Vasu Deva. B.M. Cunningham, PL XXIV. 1. LATER KUSHANS KANISHKO Type: &iva atid bull; gold, round 231 H|>KO KO|>ANO King to 1. as "on No. 209. As on No. 209, but name OHf>0 Obverse A. reads downwards. Br,hmi characters, in lower 1. PL XIX, field ha, between feet tha, and to r. sum. e Cp. Cunningham's Later Indo- Scythians^Pl.1 17 (Num. Chron., 1893). W. 120. S. -8. 232 "W. 121. S, -85. 233 W, 121. S. -85. LATER KUSHANS Metal Reverse No. Obverse 234 As on No. 231, but ha is in As on No, 231. the r. lower field instead of in thel. W. 122. S. -8. 235 but without ha. W. 25. S. -55. VAST! Type: seated goddess ; gold, round 236 Similar to No. 231, but to r. Goddess seated on throne to to -feet fillet j L bha, and between front, holding and cornu- copiae; to r. debased rendering of APAOXfX). W. 119. In I. upper field M. 7. S. -95. PL XIX. 237 To r. G.B. PL XIX. To 1. sa. Between feet m. W. 30. S. -5. KUSHANO-SASSANIAN RULERS With name of VASTJ DEVA 238 Simil ar to obyerse E No. 2 10 OH|>0 with same inscr. ; between feet Similar to No. 209. swastika mark. G.B. PI. XX. W. 115. S.I. 239 W. 112. S, 1-05. KUSHANO-SASSANIAN EULEBS 213 With name of HORMAZD II N 240 Corrupt Greek legend. and bull as on No. 209, Design as on No. 210, but in but debased. Sassanian style; king wears the PI. XX. characteristic lion head-dress of Hormazd II; between his feet swastika. To r. illegible Brahim monogram. W. 122. S. 1-2. With name of VAKAHRAN I 241 Similar to No. 240, but king As on No. 240. wears head-dress characteristic of PL XX. Varahran I. W. 120. S. 1-4. For Sir A. Cunningham's read- ing of the legends on the aboye two coins see pp. 179 and 181 of Num. Chron., 1893. 214 SUPPLEMENTARY KUJULA KADPHISES ' coin of the * soldier PI. (i) Copper Macedonian XX. type. JB B.M. Also see I. M. Cat., vol. i, PI. XL 2. VIMA (WEMA) KADPHISES stater of a PI. (ii) Double type unknown in the XX stater series. E B.M. See JS. M. Cat., PI. XXV. 7. (iii) Stater of the biga type, PL XX. E B.M. B. M. Cat, PL XXXII. 13. KANISHKA (iv) Stater of the Greek legend type with PL XX. the deity HAIOC. E B.M. (v) Quarter stater of the normal stater type PL XX. with deity MAO. E B.M, (71) Staterwith the deity MOZAOOANO. PL XX, E B.M. (Tii) Stater with the figure of BOA A 0. PL XX. E B.M. (viii) Copper coin with figure of sitting PL XX. Buddha, M B. M HUVISHKA (ix) Stater with deity HPAKIAO. PL XX. E B. M. (x) Staterwith deity N A N A seated on lion. PL XX. E B.M. VASU DEVA (xi) Stater showing many-headed figure of PL XX, OHDO X * ' Vasu in Brahmi characters. (xii) ^ \ LofVasuDeya* j9B /<&& ML PL XX. 315 TABLE THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS AND FRENCH GRAMMES 316 TABLE THE RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ENGLISH GRAINS AND FRENCH GRAMMES NOTE. This Table is taken from the British Museum Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India. 217 KELATIVE TABLE OF INCHES AND MILLIMETEES !r\do- Greeks N H bf 24 N I6P 37 to A ft ,54 < A 1C fc.0 68 70 TI >K m 7\ 82 83 178 T9 A X 23 [zl 26 T- 3T 08 lr\do - O * J B. >f 3 6 MONOGRAMS AND MARKS PLATES COINS OF THE GREEK KINGS OF BACTRIA AND INDIA VOL. I PLATE DIODOTOS, EUTHYDEMOS I, DEMETRIOS, EUTHYDEMOS II VOL. I PLATE II 77 PANTALEON, AGATHOKLES, ANTI MACHOS THEOS, EUKRATIDES VOL. PLATE ill EUKRATIDES, HELIOKLES, LYSIAS, ANTIALKIDAS VOL PLATE IV 1 220 , 230 263 236 ANT1ALKIDAS, DIOMEDES, ARCHEBIOS, APOLLODOTOS VOL PLATE V \** 344 330 ,356 359 361 367 364 370 371 372 APOLLODOTOS, STRATO I, STRATO AND AGATHOKLE1A, POLYXENOS VOL. PLATE VI ;**> ^ *!* ' 382 375 **> , *'Sr'?b,Ak, .^r, EI #o ' "1 .A7V '".' >> wm^'' 402 432 456 379 8& N ^ ^S>' 473 480 MENANDER, EPANDER VOL. PLATE VII 602 590 DIONYS10S ZOILOS, APOLLOPHANES, ARTEMIDOROS, ANT1MACHOS NIKEPHOROS, PH1LOXENOS, NIKIAS VOL. VOL PLATE IX y-y . 693 682 679 HERMAIOS, KALLIOPE, SUPPLEMENTARY COINS OF THE IN DO-SCYTHIANS VOL. PLATE X MAUES sazv IX 3-LVld I "IDA VOL. PLATE XII 218 222 231 254 252 AZES, AZES AND ASPAVARMA VOL, PLATE XIII 333 335 339 AZILISES VOL. I PLATE XIV 353 362 366 379 385 386 396 397 AZILISES, VONONES WITH SPALAHORES, VONONES WITH SPALAGADAMES, SPALYR1S (SPALAHORES) WITH SPALAGADAMES, SPALIR1SES, SPALIRISES WITH AZES, ATHAMA COINS OF THE INDO-PARTHIANS VOL. I PLATE XV SUPPLEMENTARY, GONDOPHARES, ABDAGASES VOL. I PLATE XVI ORTHAGNES, PAKORES, ZE10NISES, KHARAHOSTES, SOTER MEGAS, HERAOS, HYRKODES, PHSEIGACHARIS, RAJUVULA, DHARAGHOSA, RUDRAVARMA COINS OF THE KUSHANS VOL. I PLATE XVI i SUPPLEMENTARY, KADPHISES I, KADAPHES, VIMA KADPHlbbS, KANISHKA VOL. PLATE XVIII 123A 124 129 140 KANISHKA, HUVISHKA VOL PLATE XIX 237 HUVISHKA, VASU DEVA, KANISHKO, VASU VOL. PLATE XX KUSHANO-SASSAN IAN, 'SUPPLEMENTARY LETTERPRESS AND PLATES PRINTED AT OXFORD BY HORAOe HART .M.A,