Tome 25 - 1996 - Fascicule 2
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New Light on the Pāratarājas 1
NEW LIGHT ON THE PĀRATARĀJAS 1 New Light on the Pāratarājas PANKAJ TANDON1 IN this paper, I present 57 previously unpublished silver coins of the Pāratarājas, bearing Brahmi legends, which shed considerable new light on this little-known and poorly- understood series. Specifi cally, the coins help us connect what R.C. Senior has identifi ed as two (previously disconnected) branches of the Pāratarāja family, thereby allowing us to organize the series in a more coherent way. New kings are identifi ed in the process, and corrected spellings of several kings are also indicated. Several new coin types are presented, including the fi rst two known didrachms of approximately 7 g each. The coins also allow us to re-examine and re-attribute several coins that have been studied in the past, and to begin an exploration of the place of this dynasty in history. A catalogue of the known coins is also presented. The Pāratarājas are identifi ed as such by their coins: two series of coins, one mostly in copper bearing legends in Kharoshthi and the other mostly in silver bearing legends in Brahmi. Among coins known so far, there has been no overlap between the two series, which appear to be quite separate from one another, despite commonalities of content. The notable feature of both series is that almost all of the coins bear the name ‘Pāratarāja’ as part of the legend, and they nearly always bear a swastika on the reverse (the exceptions being some very small fractions that seem to eliminate the swastika and/or the long legend, including the words ‘Pāratarāja’, for lack of space). -
Alexander's Silver Coins
Alexander’s silver coins: a millennial tale of influence While Alexander’s image, motivations, and character have been the subject of numerous debates, ranging from his glorification as a patron of intercultural exchange to his dismissal as a bloodthirsty conqueror, his conquest has had an undeniably profound impact on the Ancient world. The effect of his conquest on the Hellenistic and Roman world has been long discussed but the impact that his coins had on the succeeding civilizations in the Middle East has not received as much attention. Despite the fact that the influences of Alexander’s coins on Hellenistic, Roman, Parthian, and Western coinage, in general, have been well established, in recent years numismatists have started turning their eyes to the East. Recently, works centered on the Kushans1, Indo- Parthians2, Sassanians3, and Iranian Huns4 have offered new insights into the influences and connections between the civilizations that were founded in the easternmost reaches of the former Macedonian Empire. These new catalogs of coins have offered new perspectives on both the geographical and chronological scope of Hellenistic influence in these regions that are often considered peripheral to the leading civilizations of Antiquity – Parthian and Sassanian Iran, Han and Tang China, Maurya and Gupta India, and the Roman Empire. It is a paradox that the lands Alexander conquered last chronologically held onto his legacy in the field of numismatics the longest. This new evidence requires an updated analysis of the silver coins of Alexander – their 1 Razieh Taasob “Early Kushan Coinage in the Context of Exchanges and Contacts across the Indo-Iranian Borderlands” (Ph.D. -
A Reflection on the Indo-Parthian Political History Based on Numismatic Resources
مطالعات باستانشناسی، دورۀ 12، شمارۀ 2، تابستان 1399 )از ص 187 تا ص 203( 10.22059/jarcs. 201903-142690 Print ISSN: 2676-4288- Online ISSN: 2251-9297 https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir A Reflection on the Indo-Parthian Political History Based on Numismatic Resources Thahere Azizipoor Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch Received: 02 March, 2019; Accepted: 21 September, 2020 Abstract Archaeologically, and historically Indo Parthian kingdoms is not a well-known for us they have not has been mentioned in mythological history and in the historical resources of early Islamic period. They dominated the territory that Indo - Greeks and then Indo –Scythians were ruled there. Some scholars have not separated the Parthian and Scythian kings from India, and have not made any clear distinctions between kings of the two governments. Most of our knowledge of this government is based on the numismatic studies. The purpose of this paper is to analyses of the history of Indo-Parthian kingdom and their political relation to with Iranian Parthian Empire. The research method of the present study is descriptive-analytical method and an attempt has been made to pay attention to the ambiguities and complexities of the Parthian rule of India by relying on numismatic sources and reviewing historical researches and researches. The results of the study showed that the Parthians of India were politically independent from the Parthians of Iran, and although there appeared to be no hostile relations between the two governments; However, the Parthian rulers of Iran saw the Parthians of India as an intruder in their territory. -
The Historical Context
The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran’s National History Studies in Persian Cultural History Editors Charles Melville (Cambridge University) Gabrielle van den Berg (Leiden University) Sunil Sharma (Boston University) VOLUME 7 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/spch The Sistani Cycle of Epics and Iran’s National History On the Margins of Historiography By Saghi Gazerani LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Indo-Parthian Tetradrachm circa 20 CE; obverse: Gondophares on horseback, reverse: Siva standing holding trident. Copyright A. Gazerani Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gazerani, Saghi. The Sistani cycle of epics and Iran’s national history : on the margins of historiography / by Saghi Gazerani. pages cm. — (Studies in Persian cultural history ; 7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28199-8 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28296-4 (e-book) 1. Iran—History— To 640—Historiography. 2. Rustam (Legendary character) 3. Firdawsi. Shahnamah. I. Title. DS271.5.G39 2015 935’.70072—dc23 2015027598 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 2210-3554 isbn 978-90-04-28199-8 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28296-4 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
Component-I (A) – Personal Details
Component-I (A) – Personal details: Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Prof. V. Sakunthalamma Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. & Prof. Susmita Basu Majumdar Dept. of AIHC, University of Calcutta. Prof. Suchandra Ghosh Dept. of AIHC, University of Calcutta. Prof. Susmita Basu Majumdar University of Calcutta. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module : Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Indian Numismatics Module Name/Title Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins Module Id IC / NMST / 10 Pre-requisites Ancient Indian Economic History and Monetary system Objectives To understand the Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian Coins of Ancient India and its importance Keywords Indo-Scythian / Indo-Parthian / Coins / Numismatics E-text (Quadrant-I) : 1. Introduction The history of the Indo-Scythians has to be reconstructed largely on the basis of numismatic evidence as the names of the rulers are furnished by their coins. Scythian is a generic term which refers to a group of people, originating in Central Asia and then migrating to south and west. Maues was the earliest of the Indo-Scythians to rule in a part of India. The other Scythian clan was that of Vonones and his associates who reached India through Afghanistan, the other was Maues who had crossed the Pamirs and entered into India. However in the middle of the first century BCE, it was Azes, once a co-ruler of the Vonones group who assumed sole power and extended the rule of the Scythians in India. The earliest Saka kingdom was established by c. 158 BCE in a region of extreme north western section of the subcontinent. -
Recent Discoveries of Coin Hoards from Central Asia and Pakistan
RECENT DISCOVERIES OF COIN HOARDS FROM CENTRAL ASIA AND PAKISTAN NEW NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE ON THE PRE-KUSHAN HISTORY OF THE SILK ROAD Osmund Bopearachchi (C.N.R.S. Paris) As we know, the reconstruction of the history of the Indo-Greeks and their nomadic successors in Central Asia and India depends mainly on numismatic evidence. The other sources (ancient texts and inscriptions and various data obtained in archaeological excavations) are, though important, secondary compared to the vast and rich information conveyed to us by coins. The ancient texts are represented by short passages from a few Greek and Latin authors, and some Indian and Chinese texts relating some important events or mentioning the names of some Graeco-Bactrian kings. Apart from a few well-known dates, the rest of the chronology of the Kushans and their predecessors still remains uncertain. Few as they may be and as difficult to interpret the fragments of Greek and Latin sources, enable us to establish a few chronological markers which form the framework for the reconstruction of the history of the Greeks in India. We know that the conquest by Alexander the Great of the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria and Sogdiana in Central Asia took place in 329-327 BC and of the Indian territories south of the Hindu Kush in 327-326 BC. The next well-dated event of this period is the attempt made by Seleucus I in 303 BC to re-conquer Alexander's Indian territories south of the Hindu Kush during the time of the Mauryan king Chandragupta.1 We also know that when Bactria was besieged by Antiochus III in 208-206 BC, a certain Euthydemus claimed that he had assumed power in Bactria by annihilating the descendants of those who had first revolted against the Seleucid Empire.2 The remaining fixed points at our disposal are the dates of the accession of Eucratides to the Bactrian throne in c. -
Indo-Greek Coins
CATALOGUE OF COINS IN THE PANJAB MUSEUM, LAHORE BY R. B. WHITEHIAD INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY AND OP THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL VOL. I BTDO-GKEEK COINS PUBLISHED FOR THE PANJAB GOVERNMENT OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1914 OXFOKD UNIVEESITY PEESS LONDOX EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TOEO^TO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHEEY MILFOED M.A. PUBIISHEE TO THE UNIVERSITY PREFACE THIS volume describes the Collection of Indo-Greek coins in the Lahore Museum, Panjab, India, I have applied the term Indo-Greek to the issues of the Greek Kings of Bactria and India, and of their contemporaries and immediate successors in North-West India, who struck money bearing legible Greek inscriptions. These were the Indo-Seythic and Indo-Parthian dynasties, and the Great Kushans, down to 1 and including Vasu Deva. The coins in the Lahore Museum were contained in two separate Collections. One was the Government Collection proper, and the other was the Cabinet of Mr, C. J. Eodgers, a well-known figure in Indian numismatics, a Collection which was purchased by the Panjab Government. Mr, Kodgers prepared Catalogues under official auspices, both of the Government Collection and, of his own Cabinet; and these ^* r\ '. were printed at the Baptist'* Mission Press, Calcutta, in the years 1892 to 1891 Neither work was illustrated, a fact which has detracted much from their value. In the, Preface to one of the Parts of his Catalogue, Mr. Kodgers mentions the fact that at the beginning of his career as a coin collector, he specialised in the issues of the Indo-Greeks.